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Class Aves

BIO 2215 Oklahoma City Community College

Dennis Anderson

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Class Aves

Feathers

No teeth

Flexible long neck

— One occipital condyle

Adaptations for Flight

¢ Honey combed bones

is reduced, Air passes over the

Wing of f and bird

Hollow an areroplane regains

to avoid

falling 9

Light Weight Skeleton

¢ Frigate bird

¢ / foot wing span

¢ 4 ounce skeleton

Adaptations for Flight

11-25 Cervical Vertebrae

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hand bones DR ; AM RMT TM /TJ) y Stor 3 Ulna and radius: forearm Sclerotic

ribs A> aan i ae ib Humerus: arm ring

Mie i —-f Orbit

ee 23A fi 1u/ll CN) ng oN oS Nostri

Mandible

Quadrate

Fused clavicle

Scapular feathers (furcula)

oh OE ll

‘ols ||| Toes

IV

¢ Most bones fused

¢ Much lighter than

reptile or mammal

skull

10

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Trachea

Syrinx

Anterior air sacs

Posterior air sacs

Anterior air sacs Lung with parabronchi

Inspiration

Posterior air sacs Trachea

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Feather

Structure

Adaptations for Flight

¢ Reduce body weight

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Follicle containing ovum Ovary -

Ruptured follicle

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Beak Adaptations

¢ Ripping flesh

20

Beak Adaptations

° Eating seeds

21

Beak Adaptations

¢ Sucking nectar from flowers

22

Beak Adaptations

¢ Drilling wood

23

Beak Adaptations

¢ Catching fish

24

Beak Adaptations

¢ Basket-like bill to hold

fish caught under

water

Beak Adaptations

- Filtering

Bird Beaks and Feet

-z

Seizing Prey PR đẤ7^ Tearing Meat

_

— ,

2/

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Vision

¢ Up to 8 times keener

than human vision

° Each eye moves

indendtantly

30

Respiratory System

Nine air sacs

— Connect to lungs and

centers of bones

— Cools the bird

Fresh air always

Benefits of Birds to Man

Eat insects, rodents

and weeds

Spread seeds for

flowers and trees

Food

Sport

32

Giant Moa

¢ New Zealand

¢ Hunted to extinction

about 1600

Hummingbirds

¢ Fly up, down, left,

right, backwards and

upside down

¢ Wings beat 50 -200 times per second

¢ Heart rate =600 bom

¢ Eat 2/3 body weight each day

¢ Nectar, pollen &

insects

36

Precocial

— Down feathers

— Can walk and see

— Can feed themselves

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Evolutionary Path to the Birds

Sinosauropteryx between dinosaurs

arms andranalong _‘- Velociraptor fast runner was

the ground Its body This larger, covered with

filaments thatmay theropod (symmetrical This oldest known Dirds

have been used for possessed a and therefore bird had asymmetrical

insulation and that — swiveling wrist flightless) _ feathers, with a narrow-

are the firstevidence bone,atypeof feathers er leading edge and

also found aa oor i in edge It could probably

fly short distances

_»

necessary for flight

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Three-fingered manus (partially fused in modern birds)

Lunate wristbone

Toothed jawbones (modern birds toothless)

Furcula Saurian pelvis

\\ 4 Shoulder girdle

/ Sternum (larger

and keeled in ef” modern birds) Long tail (reduced đ E p Abdominal floating ribs

to pygostyle in io (lost in modern birds)

modern birds)

` Partially fused metatarsals

(completely fused in modern birds)

ES

Archaeopteryx skeleton

Click Image for Movie

43

Evolution of Flight Running Hypothesis

`

44

Microraptor gul

45

Evolution of Flight Gliding Hypothesis

aN

46

Order Pelecaniformes

¢ Gular sac

90

Order Passeriformes

Perching foot songbirds

9000 species Mocking bird Thrushes

Swallows Magpie Crow otarling Jays

54

Order Piciformes

¢ Two toes forward and

two toes backward

* woodpeckers

61

WwWuw ronausting com

63

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The End