According to the passage, “spec” writers sell their plays or scripts by CA working for a specific theater or production company submitting their work to a theater or production company f
Trang 1
Read the following passages and choose the one best answer to each question
Questions 1-3
10
é> PRACTICE
fe 3.2.A
Because all dramatic productions begin with a script, there is a constant need for playwrights and scriptwriters Beginning writers may work on “spec,” or speculation;
they do not know if their play or screenplay will find a buyer Playwrights generally
submit their work to a theater The theater may produce the play or hold readings of it
A few theaters have regular positions for playwrights in residence, but in general, even
established playwrights work on a freelance, or job-by-job, basis
This is also true of scriptwriters who write screenplays and teleplays for film and television production companies Established writers in the broadcasting industry may
work steadily for a particular television program, but many writers work on a script-by—
script basis
Stage and screen writers may initially learn their trade in colleges and universities that offer degree programs in play and screenplay writing Requirements of the programs
usually include reading the works of other writers and writing an original play or
screenplay
According to the passage, “spec” writers sell their plays or scripts by
CA) working for a specific theater or production company
submitting their work to a theater or production company first becoming established writers
@) holding readings of their work
The author makes the point that both playwrights and scriptwriters
usually begin working on a freelance basis usually begin working for one theater or production company Ce) are required to earn a college degree
p3 usually begin by writing plays and later writing screenplays
Which of the following sentences should NOT be included in a summary of the passage?
CA) Many writers work on a job—by—job basis
Some universities have degree programs in writing for the stage and screen
Ce) Itis difficult to get established as a film or television writer
Cb) There is always a need for new writers and new dramatic material
Detta’s Key To THE TOEFL® Test 365
Trang 2QUESTIONS 4-6
364
10
What made Native American and European subsistence cycles so different from one another in colonial America had less to do with their use of plants than with their use
of animals Domesticated grazing animals and the plow were the most distinguishing
characteristics of European agricultural practices The Native Americans’ relationship to
the deer, moose, and beaver they hunted was far different from that of the Europeans to
the pigs, cows, sheep, and horses they owned
Where Natives had contented themselves with burning the woods and concentrating their hunting in the fall and winter months, the English sought a much more
total and year-round control over their animals’ lives The effects of that control could be
seen in most aspects of New England’s rural economy, and by the end of the colonial
period were responsible for a host of changes in the New England landscape: the endless
miles of fences, the silenced voices of the vanished wolves, the system of country roads,
and the new fields covered with grass, clover, and buttercups
What is the main point the author makes?
Native Americans and Europeans competed over plants and animals
CB) Native Americans and Europeans tried to control animals in New England
Europeans had to learn how to hunt the deer, moose, and beaver
(2) Native Americans and Europeans differed in their use of animals
The author mentions cows and sheep as examples of
CA) European subsistence cycles
animals owned by European settlers animals hunted by Native Americans
@) animals eaten by wolves
Which of the following is NOT mentioned as an agricultural practice of Europeans in New
England?
CA) Burning the woods
Building fences Ce) Plowing fields
@ Growing grass and clover
DELrA'e Key To THE TOEFL® Test
Trang 3QUEsTIONS 7-10
A tornado undergoes considerable changes in size, shape, and behavior during its life cycle The tornado usually develops within a cumulonimbus cloud and subsequently
extends toward the ground We see this stage as a rotating funnel cloud that descends
from the cloud base When the rotating column of air reaches the ground, it becomes a
5 tornado by definition Sometimes dust and debris begin whirling on the ground before the
funnel actually touches down In weak tornadoes, particularly in dry climates, this
ground-level dust whirl may be visible before the funnel cloud
During the tornado’s mature stage, the funnel reaches its greatest width It is usually nearly vertical, and most of the time is touching the ground, though skipping may
10 occur along a lengthy path At this time, the tornado causes severe damage to whatever it
encounters
During the tornado’s shrinking stage, the funnel narrows and tilts away from its vertical position Now the path of damage becomes smaller As the tornado decays, the
funnel stretches into a rope shape, and the visible portion becomes contorted and finally
15 dissipates This stage is often called the rope stage because of its appearance
7 According to the passage, a rotating funnel 9, In its final stage, a tornado resembles
cloud is defined as a tornado when it
CA) a dust whirl
Ca) develops in a cumulonimbus cloud a funnel
Ce) touches the ground Cb) a vertical cloud
C®) causes dust and debris to begin whirling
10 The passage discusses all of the
8 During which stage is a tormado the following EXCEPT
most dangerous?
CA) how to recognize a tornado CAD The formation stage the life cycle of a tornado
Cc) The shrinking stage Cb) how to avoid a tornado
CB) The rope stage
DELTA’s Key To THE TOEFL® Test 365
Trang 4Exercise 3.2.B
Read the following passages and choose the one best answer to each question
QUESTIONS 1-2
About 300 genera and 3,000 species of the Apiaceae family exist in the Northern Hemisphere Nearly a quarter of these genera are native to the United States, with several
large genera in the West
Members of this family are usually aromatic herbs with hollow stems, fern—like
5 leaves, and small flowers in umbels that are further grouped into a compound cluster The
family is important for such foods as carrots, parsnips, and celery and such spices and
seasonings as coriander, caraway, anise, parsley, and dill However, some species are
very poisonous
1 Approximately how many genera of the 2 Which of the following is NOT mentioned
Apiaceae family are native to the United States? as a member of the Apiaceae family?
QUESTIONS 3-5
Erik Erikson believed that personality development is a series of turning points, which he described in terms of a tension between desirable qualities and dangers He
emphasized that only when the positive qualities outweigh the dangers does healthy
psychosocial development take place
5 An important turning point occurs around age six A child entering school is at a
point in development when behavior is dominated by intellectual curiosity and
performance He or she now learns to win recognition by producing things The child
develops a sense of industry The danger at this stage is that the child may experience
feelings of inadequacy or inferiority If the child is encouraged to make and do things,
10 allowed to finish tasks, and praised for trying, a sense of industry is the result On the
other hand, if the child’s efforts are unsuccessful, or if they are criticized or treated as
bothersome, a sense of inferiority is the result For these reasons, Erikson called the
period from age six to eleven Industry vs Inferiority
3 According to Erikson’s theory, what desirable 5 Industry vs Inferiority is an example of
quality should develop in a child six to eleven
and a danger (A) A liking for school CB) intellectual curiosity
A feeling of inadequacy Cc) the difference between a child of
Ce) An ability to finish tasks six and a child of eleven
4 According to Erikson’s theory, what will
happen if a child’s efforts are criticized?
CA) The child will dislike his teacher
CB The child will avoid other children
Ce) The child will try harder to win recognition
(®) The child will feel inferior
366 DELTA’s KEY To THE TOEFL® Test
Trang 5QUESTIONS 6—10
It is not known exactly when people first came to the Americas However, archaeologists have ruled out the possibility that men and women evolved in the Western
Hemisphere because no fossils of pre-Homo sapiens have been found there No remains
of the closest cousins of human beings, the great apes, have been found in the Americas,
5 either Despite these theories, however, many Native American groups believe that they
evolved in the Americas These beliefs must be respected until archaeological findings are
more conclusive
Archaeologists believe that Native Americans originally came from Asia
Estimates of when they came to this continent vary greatly However, some
10 archaeologists believe that people may have been in the Western Hemisphere as long as
35,000 years
Most archaeologists use the Bering Strait theory to explain how the first people reached the Western Hemisphere The Bering Strait is the body of water separating
Siberia from Alaska Archacologists believe that at various points in prehistory this
15 water receded and a land bridge connected present-day Siberia and Alaska The early
ancestors of Native Americans crossed this stretch of land while hunting animals and
plants to eat Archaeologists do not believe that these immigrants looked like present-day
Asian peoples If we accept this theory, we can think of the ancestors of Native
Americans as physically “pre-Asian.”
6 Why do many archeologists believe that 9 The passage discusses all of the
hurnans did not evolve in the Americas? following EXCEPT
No studies have been done on this topic CAD estimates of when people first arrived
Only fossils of the great apes have been in the Americas
Ce) No fossils of human ancestors have been came from Asia
@) Archaeological findings have not came from Asia
been conclusive @) a theory of how the first people arrived
in the Americas
7 According to the passage, many Native
American groups today 10 Which of the following is NOT part
of the Bering Strait theory?
CA) believe they originated in the Americas
believe their ancestors came from Asia (A> A land bridge used to join what is
Ce) are recent immigrants from Asia now Siberia and Alaska
Cp) are involved in archaeological study The ancestors of Native Americans
were hunters
8 The author makes the point that Ce> The first people who came to the Americas
resembled present-day Asian peoples
Native American culture began (> The first people who came to the Western
Native American culture is older than
Asian culture
Ce) the history of Native Americans is
well-known
C®) the beliefs of Native Americans must
be respected
Detta’s KEY 10 THE TOEFL® Test 367
Trang 6
Exercise 3.2.C
Read the folowing passages and choose the one best answer to each question
QUESTIONS 1-4
368
10
15
The youngest child of a prosperous Midwestern manufacturing family, Dorothy Reed was bern in 1874 and educated at home by her grandmother She graduated from
Smith College and in 1896 entered Johns Hopkins Medical School After receiving her
M D., she worked at Johns Hopkins in the laboratories of two noted medical scientists
Reed’s research in pathology established conclusively that Hodgkin’s disease, until then
thought to be a form of tuberculosis, was a distinct disorder characterized by a specific
blood celi, which was named the Reed cell after her
Marriage in 1906 to Charles Mendenhall took Reed away from the research laboratory For ten years, she remained at home as the mother of young children before
she returned to professional life She became a lecturer in Home Economics at the
University of Wisconsin, where her principal concerns were collecting data about
maternal and child health and preparing courses for new mothers
Dorothy Reed Mendenhall’s career interests were reshaped by the requirements of marriage Her passion for research was redirected to public health rather than laboratory
science Late in life, she concluded that she could not imagine life without husband and
sons, but she hoped for a future when marriage would not have to end a career of
laboratory research
Which of the following should NOT be included in a summary of Dorothy Reed Mendenhall’s
life?
CA) She earned a medical degree at Johns Hopkins Medical School
CB) Marriage and motherhood left her confused about her career
The Reed cell was named after her
(®) The latter part of her career was devoted to the health of mothers and children
What was Dorothy Reed’s area of research at Johns Hopkins?
Manufacturing Pathology Ce) Tuberculosis
@) Maternal health
Why did she stop working in the research laboratory?
CA) Marriage required that she remain at home
CB) She became more interested in public health
Ce) Johns Hopkins did not accept women as laboratory scientists
(> Her work on Hodgkin’s disease was completed
What did Dorothy Reed Mendenhall conclude about marriage?
CA) It inspired her passion for research
She would have preferred not to marry and have a family
© It need not prevent women from having careers in laboratory research
(©) It should be the greatest source of joy for women
DELtAa’s Key To THE TOEFL® Test
Trang 7QUESTIONS 5-10
Most early Americans were farmers As people moved inland, they continued to hunt and farm and supply most of their own needs However, there were some things
they could not produce themselves; for these they relied on traveling peddlers Peddlers
brought pots and pans, scissors, ribbons and lace, spices and medicines
5 ‘With the Industrial Revolution in the first half of the nineteenth century, people
moved to cities to work in factories Immigrants from Europe helped swell the
population of cities With so many people clustered together, merchants could set up
stores to supply residents’ needs
Before the Civil War, store owners made their own buying trips, or manufacturers
10 visited store owners Travel by stagecoach, canal boat or steamer was slow and crude,
and it was difficult to keep stores stocked Store owners could not visit every
manufacturer, nor could manufacturers visit every store owner The rise of the
wholesaler, who bought large quantities of manufacturers’ goods and sold them to store
owners, provided an essential link in the distribution process
15 After the Civil War, the expansion of railroads had a tremendous impact on
marketing and distribution There was now a speedy and low-cost way to move large
quantities of goods over great distances Railroads could bring goods to markets
previously unreachable Chain stores and mail-order houses flourished as a result of the
railroad
20 Traveling salespeople multiplied to take merchants’ orders New inventions were
coming into the marketplace Then, as now, sales workers had to sell the public on the
ideas behind the new inventions For instance, people reacted strongly against the
typewriter because they thought it would depersonalize correspondence and ruin
business The sewing machine, elevator, and insurance met with similar resistance
25 initially
5 What does the passage mainly discuss? 8 According to the passage, what was
one effect of the railroad?
CA) The history of marketing and
distribution in America CA Manvfacturers could easily visit every store
The impact of the Industrial Revolution Goods could reach new markets
Cc) The history of transportation in America (> Traveling salespeople were no
Cp) The causes and results of the Civil War longer necessary
6 The author makes the point that in 9 The author mentions the typewriter
CAD traveling peddlers made a good living CA) an item supplied by traveling peddlers
traveling peddlers bought what they a machine people could order by mail
needed from farmers Ce) a way to ruin business
C) farmers had to buy things they could not CD) an invention people resisted at first
produce on the farm
(@) most people worked in factories in cities 10 The author mentions all of the
following EXCEPT
7 By the time of the Civil War, an essential link
in the distribution system was CA) European immigration to America
transportation difficulties before
the immigrant Ce) supermarkets and convenience stores
(>) the wholesaler
Answers to Exercises 3.2.A through 3.2.C are on page 656
DeLta’s KEY TO THE TOEFL® Test 369
Trang 8
3.2 EXTENSION
a a a Rs aN
1 Working in pairs, students identify comprehension clues in the passages in Exercises 3.2.A
to 3.2.C Circle transitions and other expressions that help readers understand the ideas
within sentences and paragraphs
2 In reading done outside class, preferably from a textbook, students select a short passage
of 1 to 3 paragraphs Make a photocopy and bring it to class Working in pairs, students
identify main ideas in their passages Circle details, facts, and other ideas that support the
main ideas
3 Students create “TOEFL questions” to test their classmates’ understanding of supporting
details in a passage Select a short passage from a textbook for another class Working in
pairs, students write two questions for each passage Use the list of detail and supporting
idea questions on page 357 for examples of how to word the questions Then write four
answer choices for each question One must be the correct answer! Use synonyms and
paraphrasing in some of the answer choices
4, Working in pairs, students create “TOEFL questions” with EXCEPT and NOT to test their
classmates’ understanding of information that is not in the passage selected in activity #3
above Use the list of this type of question on page 357 Then write four answer choices
Be careful! This time, three of the answers must be correct and only one incorrect
according to the information given in the passage
Activities #3 and #4 may also be done individually as homework For both activities, the teacher
collects the passages with questions and answer choices, edits them, and uses them in a student—
made “TOEFL exam.”
Trang 9
ASSESSING PROGRESS — 3.1 through 3.2
Quiz 2 (Time — 13 minutes)
Read the following passages and choose the one best answer to each question Answer all questions on the
basis of what is stated or implied in that passage
QUESTIONS 1-5
At the turn of the twentieth century, people’s attitudes toward money were far more conservative than they are today Borrowing and being in debt were viewed as a
moral failing, almost as a disgrace Thrift and saving were highly prized, and people who
needed to borrow to make ends meet were seen as careless, unreliable, or extravagant The
5 focus in the economy as a whole was on developing large corporations like railroads, oii
companies, and other companies that produced basic goods and services
Then, in the 1920s, the economy changed A huge network of banks and financial institutions developed, helping money to move more quickly and easily through the
economy At the same time, the economy was increasing its focus on consumer goods—
10 clothing, cars, household appliances, and other things that individuals buy To help
promote the sale of these items, consumers were encouraged to buy on credit If they
could not afford an item right away, a store or a bank might lend them the money, which
they could pay back in installments
With the development of consumer credit and installment purchases, people’s
15 attitudes toward debt and spending changed The model citizen was no longer someone
who was thrifty, buying only what he or she needed People were respected less for
being thrifty than for knowing how to use their money to buy as many things as possible—
an attitude that persists at the turn of the twenty-first century
1 What is the main point the author makes in the passage?
CA) People are generally less conservative than they were in the past
Being thrifty is a value that persists at the turn of the twenty-first century
Ce) In the 1920s, the economy focused more on consumer goods than on corporations
(®) Changes in the economy and consumer credit have altered attitudes toward money
2 According to the passage, which of the following is NOT a belief that was commonly held in the
early twentieth century?
CA) Owing someone money is a moral failing
CB) People who save their money are respectable
Cc) People who buy as many things as possible are respectable
@) People who borrow money for necessities are careless and unreliable
3 What helped money move more quickly through the economy in the 1920s?
CA) The growth of railroads
The growth of banks and financial institutions
Cc) The rate at which people paid back their loans
@) The increase in installment purchases
DeLta’s KEY To THE TOEFL® Test
37\
Trang 104 The author mentions cars as an example of
CA) aconsumer good
a household appliance Ce) an extravagant purchase
@) anew invention
According to the passage, how did the rise of consumer credit change people’s attitudes toward
debt and spending?
CA) Attitudes toward debt and spending became more conservative
CB) People used credit to buy only what they needed
Extravagant borrowing and spending became highly prized
(®) Spending wisely became more respectable than being thrifty
QUESTIONS 6—10
572
10
15
Range managers—sometimes called range scientists, range ecologists, or range conservationists—manage, improve, and protect range resources to maximize their use
without damaging the environment For example, range managers help ranchers improve
livestock production by determining the grazing system to use and the best season for
grazing At the same time, however, they conserve the soil and vegetation for other uses,
such as wildlife habitat, outdoor recreation, and timber While in the field, they may
evaluate the water supply and types of vegetation available, take soil samples, and
estimate the number of deer and other wildlife on the land
An essential part of the job is restoring rangelands through controlled burning, reseeding, and biological, chemical, or mechanical control of undesirable plants For
example, some rangelands that have been invaded by sagebrush or other shrubs may be
plowed and reseeded with more desirable plants Range managers also determine the need
for, and carry out, range conservation and development plans that provide water for
grazing animals, erosion control, and fire prevention
Range managers usually begin their careers on the range They often spend considerable time away from home and work outdoors in all kinds of weather Employers
generally supply cars, small planes, or, in rough country, four-wheel-drive vehicles or
horses for range managers to get around
The passage primarily discusses
CA) why people become range managers
Ce) what range managers do
Cc) where range managers work
@) how to get a job as a range manager
Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a duty of a range manager?
CA) Enforcing laws relating to rangelands
Protecting natural resources
Ce) Assisting ranchers
() Evaluating the water supply
Detta’s Key To THE TOEFL® Test