Delta''''s key to the toefl test part 31

2.21 PREPOSITIONS Exercise 2.21.B Choose the one underlined word or phrase that must be changed for the sentence to be correct.. Quiz10 ASSESSING PROGRESS — 2.20 through 2.21 Quiz 10 T

2.21 PREPOSITIONS

Exercise 2.21.B

Choose the one underlined word or phrase that must be changed for the sentence to be correct

1

19

In the 1500s, civil unrest led to the breakup of Vietnam for several smaller states,

Inventor James Watt sold his steam engine to the industrialists, most of whom had been farmers,

Many studies of brain function come from research on animals, whose behavior we can study, but

who cannot communicate us very fluently

D

Agricultural economists deal of problems related to producing, financing, pricing, and marketing

farm products, and they provide information to many sectors of the agriculture industry

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of describing its ability to work in terms of “horsepower.”

Bitter feelings among the American colonists were caused of the Stamp Act of 1765, which required

that all legal documents bear stamps that were bought from the government

D

Oil varnishes are made out hard gum or resin dissolved in oil, and they dry to a thin, hard, glossy film

In the early 1900s, investigations were made of the role played chromosomes, bodies discovered to

exist.in the nucleus of all living cells

Using carbolic acid as an antiseptic together with heat sterilization of instruments, Joseph Lister

dramatically decreased the number deaths following surgery

D

Artificial selection, the selection of individuals that are best suited for a specific purpose, is common

of plant and animal breeding

D

The undersea mountains off the coast of Oregon resemble the Hawaiian Islands, which are volcanoes

that grew up the ocean floor to eventually break the surface

Answers to Exercises 2.21.A through 2.21-B are on pages 649 and 650

2.21 PREPOSITIONS

2.21 EXTENSION

1 In reading done outside class, students look for examples of verb + preposition structures

(phrasal verbs) and adjective + preposition structures Bring examples to share in class

2 Students create “TOEFL sentences” to test their classmates’ understanding of prepositions

Students write their own sentences or use sentences they find in print Write either on the board or on cards In each sentence, omit all prepositions, and leave blank spaces where

they should be Classmates must complete the sentences with appropriate prepositions

Note: In many places, more than one preposition may be correct

3 Students practice speaking and writing sentences with verb + preposition structures and

adjective + preposition structures from the lists on pages 289 and 290

Quiz10

ASSESSING PROGRESS — 2.20 through 2.21

Quiz 10 (Time — 10 minutes)

Choose the one underlined word or phrase that must be changed for the sentence to be correct

1 The immediate cause by most shallow earthquakes is the sudden release of stress along a fault,

or fracture, in the earth’s crust

2 The Sanctuary of Fortuna Primigenia is notable not only for its grand size also for what it reveals CN

about the Romans’ idea of the relationships between architecture and landscape

3 Poison gas, because its stealth and murderous fumes, is the most fear—inspiring of all weapons of war a

4 In 1889 President Harrison issued a formal declaration making both Montana or Washington new

states in the Union

D

5 The music group known as the Commodores picked their name out of a dictionary at placing a

finger on the page

D

6 Before World War II, the coal-tar industry was by the basis of organic chemistry, but after the

war petroleum became the major source of organic compounds

D

Choose the one word or phrase that best completes the sentence

7 The seeds of the peanut are eaten fresh or 9 Philosophers have traditionally distinguished

roasted, - oil is used for industrial purposes — - “simple” ideas and “complex” ideas

8 By the end of the sixth century, Indian 10 The first use of the principle of the airfoil

mathematicians were using the symbol was - but in water, when Thomas Moy

for zero - the decimal point tested the hydrofoil in 1861

Quiz 10

Choose the one underlined word or phrase that must be changed for the sentence to be correct

11 Buddhism was brought of China to Japan during the middle years of the sixth century

12 On the one hand, the use of synthetic chemical products is increasing; on the contrary, vegetable

oilseeds and oils are rising in value and importance

13 The flexible magnetic disk known as a floppy disk is used to the disk drive of a computer to store or

retrieve information and programs

D

14 The earth is divided to climatic zones that are based on average annual temperature and rainfall

15 The classes of steroids differ to one another only in the additional atoms attached to their central structure

Answers to Structure Quiz 10 are on page 650

Quiz 11

ASSESSING PROGRESS — 2.16 through 2.21

Quiz 11 — REVIEW (Time — 15 minutes)

Choose the one word or phrase that best completes the sentence 1 Georgia O’Keeffe’s works are marked - 2 The chipmunk lives mostly on the ground

that are painted in clear, strong colors but builds its nest in either an underground

x IMÍ

Choose the one underlined word or phrase that must be changed for the sentence to be correct

3 Commedia dell’ arte was a popular form of comedy in Italy from the sixteenth in the eighteenth

century which greatly influenced French pantomime ° ©

D

4 The higher a bond is rated, the less chance the issuer will default on the bond, and the much chance

D

5 Economists study the effects of technology on the supply of and demand for farm products and

the resulted impact on costs and prices °

6 The effect of the Industrial Revolution on architecture was much little direct than was the effect

of the political revolutions of the cighteonth century °

7, With the rise of the global economy, businesses must compete worldwide with industries that have

different costs with capital, labor, and materials ®

8 Early calculators only did arithmetic and could neither store results but be given instructions

D

Quiz 1f

9 In sixteenth-century Korea, none faction among those fighting for control of the country was

strong enough to unify the Korean people under its rule

10 The development of a cell is determined of the chemical products of neighboring cells and an

internal program that is genetically controlled

D

Choose the one word or phrase that best completes the sentence

11 Star Wars and The Empire Strikes Back were 14 The work of middle age is - that

space odyssey movies in which - entered of youth

a new dimension

CA) different from

CD) the effects were special

15 Silicon, a nonmetallic element, is -

12 The genet is not only very cat-like in abundant element of the earth’s surface

appearance - about the size of a

CB) the more second

and

©) but also

13 In the eighth century, the calendar used in

Europe was not as - used by the Mayans

in Central America

CA) that was accurate as

accurate than

Ce) accurate as that

Cb accurately as

Choose the one underlined word or phrase that must be changed for the sentence to be correct

16 A comet is a mostly gaseous body of small mass and volume enormous that can be seen from earth for

periods ranging from a few days to several months

D

17 Steel, which is basically iron mixed with carbon, depends combustion at several points in its manufacture

Quiz 11

18 Johann Bach wrote instrumental music for the organ and clavichord, as well group compositions

featuring the violin, flute, oboe, and other instruments

19 Because their locations on trade routes between Europe and the Mediterranean, Venice, Genoa, and

Florence flourished as trade with China and India expanded

20 A ripe apricot bulging with sweet juices is considered one of most pleasurable rewards from the

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21 Paul Cezanne was - to devote all his 24 The world’s largest deserts lie in regions

life to art without having to worry about where mountains block the trade winds

selling his paintings creating a condition where there is

_¬m= precipitation

CA) enough wealthy

(®) hardly none

22 The Puerto Rico deep ocean trench is almost

wanna as Venezuela’s Angel Falls is high 25 Computers can be used in stores to check

inventory and tell the store which products CA) ten times deep than are selling well and which are -

as ten times deeper

leastly popular

23 As people get older, they usually become (>) as popular as

Nng by ambition and more concerned

with the value of their efforts

CA) driving less

less driving

less driven

(©) to drive less

Answers to Structure Quiz 11 are on page 650

2.22 WorD Form

2.22 Checking Word Form

Q Focus

What is wrong with this sentence?

The question of whether computers can have minds is rapid becoming

a significant issue

This sentence has a word with the incorrect form Rapid is an adjective, which is incorrect in this

context because an adjective cannot modify a verb An adverb is needed to modify is becoming You

must change rapid to its adverb form, rapidly

The sentence should read: The question of whether computers can have minds is rapidly becoming a

significant issue

What is wrong with this sentence?

The skin of mammals is a complexity organ that serves vital protective and metabolic functions

The word form of complexity is incorrect In this sentence, complexity modifies the noun organ, which

means it should be an adjective Complexity is a noun form You must change it to its adjective form,

complex

The sentence should read: The skin of mammals is a complex organ that serves vital protective and

metabolic functions

There are three other adjectives in the above sentence Can you identify them?

The adjectives are: vital, protective, and metabolic All three of these adjectives modify the noun

Junctions All three of these adjectives have other word forms:

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ee TP ng ng, SE 0H THAI " s5 na ae foe

3 ae An SE mm ee eae eee - neh 7 eet oo ric = stabo on li =e ao ao ee eee

ee bu thiện ae Be ie Se eee oe T0 tp mm acc ee ee Ò 3: REARS RARE er " —

The form of a word must agree with its function in a sentence

2.22 WorD ForM

©) DO YOU KNOW ?

At least two items on the TOEFL will test your ability to recognize correct and incorrect word

forms in sentences

A word may have several related forms The form of a word depends on how it is used in a

sentence Sometimes a word’s function is called its part of speech Different parts of speech—

nouns, verbs, adjectives, and adverbs—take different word forms

Look at how the form of success changes in the following sentences:

Paul Newman has known much success throughout his long acting career

Paul Newman succeeded in making numerous award-winning films

Paul Newman is a successful American film actor, director, and producer

Paul Newman successfully directed The Glass Menagerie in 1987

Can you identify the function of each underlined word in the above sentences?

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(Answers: success, noun; succeeded, verb; successful, adjective; successfully, adverb)

Different word forms are made by adding different endings to a word These word endings

are called suffixes A suffix can help you identify a word’s form and function

A noun names a person, place, thing, activity, or idea

A verb expresses action, possession, or state of being

2.22 WorD Form

302

An adjective modifies a noun or other noun structure Adjectives describe or define nouns by

answering the question what kind of?

Note: Adjectives made from numbers (except first, second, and third) take the suffix -th; for

example: fifth, nineteenth,

An adverb modifies a verb, an adjective, a main clause, or another adverb Adverbs express how,

when, where, or how often

Note: The suffix —ly is used with both adverbs and adjectives Adjectives with —ly usually come

from nouns; for example: friendly, yearly Adverbs with ~Iy usually come from adjectives;

for example: commonly, clearly

Some adjectives and adverbs have the same form:

To check word form on the TOEFL, look at how words function in sentences Check suffixes to

see if word form agrees with word function

In the following sentence, identify the function of each underlined word:

Jewish American history, from Biblical times to the settlement of the first Jews in America, is

a vast story, woven into nearly four thousand years of civilization

(Answers: Jewish, adjective; Biblical, adjective; settlement, noun; woven, adjective (from past

participle of verb; see 2.10); nearly, adverb; civilization, noun)

Deta’s KeY To THE TOEFL® Tesr