Delta''''s key to the toefl test part 34

Presenting yourself well in a job interview is as important as to learn Which underlined word or phrase must be changed for the sentence to be correct?. Yes PRACTICE Exercise 2.25

2.25 PARALLEL STRUCTURE

4 In equative and comparative expressions (See 2.19), the structures being compared should be parallel

The Olmec art of Yucatan is believed to be as old as the Chavin art of Peru

As much misunderstanding exists between people from the same culture as it does between

people from different cultures

Gold is softer and more malleable than other precious metals

Human error causes more problems in the workplace than computer malfunction does

Note: The two things being compared must also be parallel in meaning Consider these sentences:

The temperature on Mars is lower than on Earth, (not parallel)

The temperature on Mars is lower than that on Earth (parallel)

Two things are being compared: the temperature on Mars and the temperature on Earth The

pronoun hat is used to avoid repeating the temperature Here, that is necessary for parallel

meaning and structure

A TOEFL item may test you by having structures that are not parallel in an equative or

comparative Look at this example:

SY

x

c

=

PA)

m

about the organization

Presenting yourself well in a job interview is as important as to learn

Which underlined word or phrase must be changed for the sentence to be correct? If you chose to

learn, you were correct This sentence has an equative expression, as important as In equatives,

the two things being equated must be parallel in structure

Here, to learn must be changed so that it is parallel to presenting yourself well in a job interview

Correction: learning

Yes PRACTICE

Exercise 2.25.A

Choose the one word or phrase that best completes the sentence

1 A study found that suicides increase after

earthquakes, hurricanes, and

CA) is flooding

it happens after a flood

Ce) floods

©) to flood

2 In the 1980s there was a tremendous expansion

of the Western economies and the emergence

CA) of a global economy

global economy

globaily economic

«

there is now a global economy

Detta’s Key To THE TOEFL® Test

3 Spiders stay out of each other’s way by partitioning off their hunting grounds and different strategies for catching food

CA) the use of

to use

Ce) usefulness

©) using

4, Nuclear fusion not only powers the sun

in thermonuclear weapons

CA) but also occurs also does it occur but it also occurs

@) it also has occurred

323

225 PARALLEL STRUCTURE

5 In small companies, the same human

resource workers may interview and

hire as well as - employees

CA) training

train

Ce) to train

@) they train

6 Marilyn Monroe’s story is well-known: an

unhappy childhood, - , several marriages

and divorces, and eventual suicide

CA) a struggle to become a star

she was struggling to become a star

Cc) she became a star

Ce) then a star she became

— a unicycle usually requires more

practice than learning to swim

CA) To learn riding

CB) When you learn to ride

8 California has not only - but also the most productive economy of any state in the United States

CA) the larger a population population that is very large

it has the largest population

@) the largest population

9 Blood from the veins, high in carbon dioxide but - , returns to the right

atrium of the heart

{ A ) being low in oxygen CB) low in oxygen it is

Cc) is it low in oxygen CD) low in oxygen

10 Store layout and merchandise presentation,

as well as - help shoppers find items more quickly

CA) to have appropriate signs

> appropriate signs

Exercise 2.25.B

Choose the one underlined word or phrase that must be changed for the sentence to be correct

1, Walking reduces depression and anxiety, lessens stress, self—esteem is raised, and increases energy

2 Every organization that produces goods or services needs a wide variety of people managing the

operation and handle the clerical work

3 An emergency campfire not only for providing warmth but also has a calming effect on most people

4 The electronics technology program prepares students for employment in industries that involve the

repair, fabrication, to install, and maintenance of electronic systems

5 Garlic has been hailed for its ability to lower cholesterol, reducing the risk of cancer, boost immunity,

and curb high blood pressure

D

10

2.25 PARALLEL STRUCTURE

Contract law determines which contracts are enforceable in court and defines the steps must be taken

D

A balanced diet contains all of the essential nutrients in adequate amounts needed by the body for

growth energy, to repair, and maintenance of normal health °

D

For the waterwheel is basically the same machine as the windmill, but it is driven by air instead oƒ water

The north magnetic pole is where the magnetic force is vertically downward, and the n

magnetic pole for the south is where the magnetic force is vertically upward =

c

Entry-level jobs in retail sales include marking prices, stocking shelves, to operate a cash register, A

and some types of selling

D

Answers to Exercises 2.25.A through 2.25.B are on page 652

1 Inreading done outside class, students look for examples of sentences with parailel

structure Bring examples to share in class What types of structures are parallel: words,

phrases, or clauses?

2 Students create “TOEFL sentences” to test their classmates’ understanding of parallel

structure Students write sentences with parallel words or phrases in a series Change

one item in the series so that it is not parallel Write the sentences either on the board

or on cards Classmates identify the error and make the correction

3 Students create “TOEFL sentences” with parallel structures following two-part

conjunctions Use the list of conjunctions on page 322 Change one of the structures

so that it is not parallel Classmates identify the error and make the correction

Quiz 13

ASSESSING PROGRESS — 2.22 through 2.25

Quiz 13 (Time -— 10 minutes)

Choose the one underlined word or phrase that must be changed for the sentence to be correct

1 Most of the European immigrants to the United States settled in cities because they had neither the

means nor did they desire to settle in rural areas,

2 Socialism is a middle ground between capitalism and communism, stressing government ownership

of the means of production and plan by the state

D

3 The nerve endings in the skin respond to various stimuli, including light touch, pressure, painful,

heat, and cold

D

4 John Muir founded the Sierra Club, the nation’s first group of people who were environmental activities

5 Macroeconomics is a vital subject today because macroeconomic perform is central to the success

or failure of nations

D

6 While periods of drought, unusual and severe dust storms can arise, most frequently on the Great

Plains of North America

7 Dams may be built for multiple purposes: providing water for irrigation, aid flood control, furnish

hydroelectric power, and improve the passability of waterways

Choose the one word or phrase that best completes the sentence

8 The German contribution to the American 9 Heat is transferred from one substance to

sandwich is seen in hamburgers and hot dogs, another by three means: conduction,

as well as - on rolls and buns convection, -

Cc) sandwiches also that one sees Ce) it radiates

Quiz 13

Choose the one underlined word or phrase that must be changed for the sentence to be correct

10 The securities broker is an essential link among the consumer and the stock market

11 Business law includes the branches of law that affect the formation, operate, and termination of

a business firm

12 Having quiet time by yourself may be just as good for emotional well-being as to spend time with

friends and family

13 The bird drawings and paintings of John James Audubon remain among the greatest achievements

of American intellectuaily history

D

14 Most ducks and geese have webbed toes for swimming and to stand on soft mud, while perching

birds have feet designed for grasping branches

D

15 Since cross-country skiing includes to climb slopes as well as sliding down them, ski tourers

apply climbing waxes to their skis

D

Answers to Structure Quiz 13 are on page 653

Deita’s Key To THE TOEFL® Test 327

`

PA\)

Cc

=

MN)

m

Quiz 14

| ASSESSING PROGRESS — 2.16 through 2.25

Quiz 14 — REVIEW (Time — 15 minutes)

Choose the one underlined word or phrase that must be changed for the sentence to be correct

1 As heat is added to a liquid, some molecules nearly the surface gain enough energy to evaporate

from the liquid and change to a gaseous state

2 Because of its ability to land and take off in small areas, the helicopter is used in a wide range of

services, such as fire fighting, crop sowing, and to control traffic

3 Range managers must deal constantly with the public, ranchers, government agencies, and persons

who specialization in other areas of conservation

4 The essential basic ingredient in the creation of a thunderstorm is a warm, moist, unstable atmosphere

5 Cell division depends the replication of DNA molecules and the separation of the products of

this replication

D

6 Slang, which is not generally acceptable in formal usage, is notable for its liveliness, humor, and

it exaggerates

D

7 An endoscope, a tube that can be inserted into the throat, contains air and water pipes as well a

channel for small surgical instruments

8 Yosemite Falls is the most high waterfail in North America, with a total drop of over seven hundred

meters in two stages

9 Insurance companies prefer that claim adjusters have either college training or they have work

experience in a related field `

Cc D

Quiz 14

Choose the one word or phrase that best completes the sentence

10 In the early twentieth century, American art 12 Architecture in the United States was

and literature remained - it had been in transformed through - of Henry

the explosive 1800s Richardson, Louis Sullivan, and

Frank Lloyd Wright

CA) as productive as

to be productive as CA) their work was related

©) they are relating the work

11 In a Jawn sprinkler, - extra source of €))

Ce) nothing

C2) no

Choose the one underlined word or phrase that must be changed for the sentence to be correct

13 The gigantic carve heads of Easter Island, some weighing more than fifty tons, have been the subject

of much speculation by psychologists and ethnologists

D

14 The Republic of the Philippines consists of over seven thousand islands that to stretch eleven hundred

miles from north to south

D

15 The spleen, an organ that filters foreign organisms from the bloodstream, lies on the left side of the

abdominal cavity, besides the diaphragm

D

16 Bonds can provide a steady flow of income to help of living expenses, which makes them especially

suitable for retired people

D

17 As early as 1699, money was referred-to as “currency” in England because it was the current,

accepted generally medium of exchange

Quiz 14

Choose the one word or phrase that best completes the sentence

18 It was Alessandro Volta who discovered that 20 Humans were not alone in their ability to

electricity came not from a dead frog - build a home; neither their use of native

the metals that touched the leg of the frog materials nor - was unique

Cc) and from Ce) they built complex structures

Cb) nor @) the complexity of their structures

19 The field of electronics has become -

on inorganic chemistry

CA) to depend highly

CB) depending highly

Cc) highly dependent

(®) depends higher

Choose the one underlined word or phrase that must be changed for the sentence to be correct

21 The height of the ozone layer varies from approximately twelve to twenty miles above the earth, but

traces exist as low as six miles and its height as thirty-five miles

D

22 Robert Peary, Roald Amundsen, and Robert Scott are the best known along the early legion of men

A B

from many nations who explored the two polar regions

23 The skin provides a barrier against to invade from outside organisms and protects underlying tissues

from injury

D

24, As a parachute opens, it develops a large amount of friction with the air, and because this friction is

great than gravity, the parachutist slows down

D

25, Almost thunderstorms occur in the late afternoon and evening hours, when the effect of the heated earth

is at its maximum

D

Answers to Structure Quiz 14 are on page 653

330 DELTA'e Key 10 THE TOEFL® Test

REVIEW TEST

STRUCTURE REVIEW TEST

(Time — 25 minutes)

The Structure section of the TOEFL measures your ability to recognize language that is appropriate for

standard written English There are two types of questions in this section

In the first type of question, there are incomplete sentences Beneath each sentence, there are four words

or phrases Choose the one word or phrase that best completes the sentence

Example I

Although Chicago is not - New York, it has many attractions for visitors

iS Vu as Sample Answer

`

Yai}

Cc

Q

on

aw

m

The sentence should read, Although Chicago is not as large as New York, it has many attractions for

visitors Therefore, you should choose Ca)

The second type of question has four underlined words or phrases Choose the one underlined word or

phrase that must be changed for the sentence to be correct

Sample Answer

Guglielmo Marconi, the son of a wealthy Italian landowner, made the

first successfully transmission using radio waves

The sentence should read, Guglielmo Marconi, the son of a wealthy Italian landowner, made the first

successful transmission using radio waves Therefore, you should choose Ce)

Now begin work on the questions

DeLta’s Key To THE TOEFL® Test 331

REVIEW TEST

20Ô060606G6G0

1 The high mesa of Canyonlands National 3 Many individuals view death - a

Park, known as the Island of the Sky, time of sorrow but as a time to celebrate

2 The screw is a - form of inclined plane, 4 The exhaust gases of a gasoline engine would

one which is wrapped around a cylinder produce intolerable noise - directly

CA) disguise heavily CA) and allow to escape

heavy disguise by allowing to escape

Ce) heavily disguised Ce> allowing to escape

@) disguising heavy (> if allowed to escape

5 The parachute was one of several inventions that were forecast by Leonardo da Vinci, who drawn one

in 1485

6 When Rosa Parks was arrested for refusing to give up her seat to a white man on a city bus, the African

A

American community did the decision fo organize a boycott of the bus system

7 The first bicycles were pushed along by the feet, and it was not until 1839 that Kirkpatrick Macmillan,

a British blacksmith, inventor the pedal—operated bicycle

8 Though the sweet potato is native to the New World, what we now call simply a potato was first

been brought to Boston by the Irish around 1719

9 The great central plateau of Bolivia lies between two great mountain ranges with three of highest

peaks in South America

D

332 Detta’s Key To THE TOEFL® Test