No, People can harvest wild rice, but that doesn't make it domestic: Domestication happens when people plant seeds to form a new generation of rice ‘that carties certain desired traits.
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Al
Mi: Today, class, we are golng to be talking about opera
Me: Operal Oh no | know what that is Operas are so boring
It: Boring? Not at ai! Operas are dramas that employ the use of music
Ma: They are dramas? | thought an opera was when performers dressed up in costumes and then sang
in foreign languages on the stage
Mis Well, am eure an opera appears that way if you
don't know what is happening, Why don’t we look
atthe history of opera to find out exactly what an
‘opera is and how this form of crama evolved? We have the ancient Greeks to thank for inspiring this form af expression The ancient Greeks performed dramas that incorporated music and singing and
‘sometimes even dancing
Me: The ancient Greeks? But when | think of opera | think of large woman wearing @ horned helmet, and she is singing in don't know German?
ttakan?
Mt: Either one would be corect, as both the Germans and Italians embraced operatic performances
Modern opera began in Italy during the Renaissance One of the very fst modern operas was composed during the late sixtaenth contury by
<iacopo Per was called Dafne and was an opera based on a Greok myth,
‘MO: tts hard enough to follow a play Why must they
ad such complicated songs? Sometimes it sounds
‘ne the singers are screaming!
Lt Thess Yecmplisatad songs.” as you rate to thee, are known as arias An ara ls complex musical passage crasted to showcase a singer's vocal
‘ange But can you think of another reason why a wide range in vocal sound might be important?
M2 To show when someone is angry?
246
Mi Close An aria allows the performer to express 2 varied range of emotions through the tone of his singing It can be compared:to haw babies ory Lsing differing intonations depending on their need,
‘say, hunger or tiredness
M2: Are Italy and Germany the only places where operas are performed’?
IM: Not at all The art form of opera is very popular al
‘over the world but especially in Europe Venice, Italy, was where the first opera house was create, but there are opera houses in England, France
Portugal, Spain, and Russia Stil, because opera is thought of as an Italian art form, composers from other countries, such as Germany's Handel and
‘Austria's Mozart, stil wrote thelr works in Italian
tt wasn't until later that composers felt confident
‘enough to write operas in their own language:
M2: tt seems that everyone ends up dying in sn opera,
‘Are all operas so morbid?
M1: Again, you are thinking of opera in its clichéd form, Just as a play can be @ comedy or a tragedy, so too can operas The most popular is the one you
‘mentioned, the opera seria, which has a dramatic plot that may involve death, but there is also the opera comique, which is a comical opera
‘Operettas are shorter versions of operas that ofter) have comical plots
\M2: Gan you recommend an opera to us? They don't appear so boring afterall
Mt: Certainly, There is, of course, Puccini's Madame Butterfly, Mozart's The Marriage of Figaro, George Bizet's Carmen, or Wagner's Der Ring des
‘Nibelungen These are all examples of dramas that utilize music, singing, or dancing
W: We've been talking a lot about how rice is prepared,
‘but what is the actual origin of rice?
M: An excellent question, but one that is complicated
W: Complicated?
M:Yes, because it all depends on which way you
‘approach the question Do you mean the origin of
My
w:
Trang 2‘Wild rice oF domestic ice? Are you interested in the
‘Scientific origin of rice, oF are you interested in the mythological stories surrounding it?
Let's assume you are interested in all the possibilties and begin with wild rice Now, because wild ries occurs natural, It is very hard to pin down
4 precise date in history when it first developed
‘What is known, however, is that the earliest evidence
of rice dates back more than 16,000 years ago, when the Great toe Age was coming to an end
Early humans, who were once mainly hunters,
‘now cultivated the land, gathering, among other things, wild rice Scientists know this because microscopic rice cells have been discovered near the sites of these ancient civilizations What is also known, through a process called electrophoresis, 's that cultivated rice from areas as widespread as Australia, Asia, Africa, and North America ail stem from one common type of rice that existed when the continents were connected Despite the widespread distribution of rice ~ there are 20 wild species spread
‘across four continents ~ experts believe the likely Jocation of its origin is Asia due to a 1920s finding
Cf ice imprints from the Yang-shao site in Northern China {¢ 3200-2500 B.C) in the 19208
‘That is wild rice, but what about the rice that we eat today?
Domestic rice originates back to the early days of Chinese cutture Various archeological sites revealed deep rice paddies in Hunan Province The oldest paddy sites date from nearly 12,000 years ago in {an area just south of the Three Gorges Dam on the middle Yangtze River
But what do you mean by domestic? Does domestic Just mean that itis collected by people?
No, People can harvest wild rice, but that doesn't make it domestic: Domestication happens when people plant seeds to form a new generation of rice
‘that carties certain desired traits For exampie, early humans would have tried to grow heartier crops or crops that yielded more volume, sơ they would have
‘sown only seeds from erops that exhibited those positive tits
‘That is the science behind the origin of rice, but | want to hear the myths!
(Well, | am certain there's more than one myth behind
the origin of rice, but I will briefly summarize one such legend, called The Gift of the Sky Flood The
Chinese story states that a long time ago, a girl named Shuhwa lived with her family cultivating
buckwheat along the bank of the Yangtze River
‘One year, however, powerful rains flooded the area,
‘nd 20 Shunwa and her family were driven to higher
‘ground During the ood, Shuhwa spied @ wild dog Clinging to @ floating log Shuhwa saved the dog,
‘and, later, a8 she was running her fingers through the dog's fur, Shuhwwa found a small seeding The very
‘next day, Shuhwa planted the seeding on the higher, yet stl marshy ground, and yaar after year the plant thrived, yleiding the grains which were later to be
‘enown a8 rice So you See, there are three ctferent Ways 0 100k atthe origin of rice
IMI: Yesterday we ended our lecture with a discussion
of cavities Today, we willbe discussing oral plaque
Does anyone know the definition of oral plaque?
\W: Is oral plaque a build-up of sugar on your teeth?
(M1: That Is @ goad guess Plaque can build up on your teoth due to the ingestion of too much sugar, but
‘oral plaque is actually a yellowish, sticky film of bacteria It is not so much the presence of this particular bacteria that is bad for your teeth Aftor ail, it occurs naturally within our mouths, it is the failure property to clean the plaque from our teeth on a day-to-day basis that leads to what we
‘discussed yesterday ~ dental cavities or even more
‘serious diseases such as periodontis or gingivitis
(M2: But if the bacteria that makes up plaque occurs:
‘maturally, then it must be good for us And if it
is good for us, why would it lead to cavities or diseases?
: Good question It is because if the plaque is not removed regularly, it hardens into what is known
as tartar Tartar is a very hard substance that imftates our gums, causing them to grow red and
‘swollen And once tartar starts collecting near the
‘gum line, it becomes very dificult to clean your teeth propery Your gums may even start to bleed, leading to one of the diseases | named earlier, gingivitis
Ma: Ewed That sounds disgusting!
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‘Mi: It Is very disgusting and a serious problem if a Porson falls to take proper care of his teeth The
‘900d news is that the body has a natural defense against plaque, and so with regular brushing and
‘regular visits to the dentist, you'can help protect your teeth trom the build-up of plaque
W: Would diligent brushing be good enough? | just hate going to the dentist!
Mis | wish | could say yes, but it is imperative that you See a dentist at least twice'@ year so that he or
‘she can clean plaque not only from your teeth but also from below the gum line Once the dentist
‘has cleaned your teeth thoroughly, it takes three
to four months for the plague to return In the
‘meantime, your own saliva is doing its utmost to help you keep plaque at bay by actively neutralizing the acidic environment caused by the bacteria
Eventually, however, the plaque builds up to such a level that your saliva is no longer able to penetrate and neutralize the acidity When that happens, the microorganisms in the plaque release their acids, which attack your tooth enamel and cause it to break down,
W: | guess | never considered the serious consequences
of not brushing my teeth reguiarly!
Mi: Well, don't worry too much The practice of good
‘rai hygiene ~ daly brushing and flossing is the best way to prevent the build-up of plaque This,
‘combined with regular visits to the dentist, should keep you in good oral health,
‘Mi: Today we are going to be discussing the beautiful and yet intimidating animal, the tiger First of all,
| am asouming everyone knows what animal Fm tailing about when | mention the word tiger?
(wz: 01 A tiger's mammal with orange and black sltped fur It also has white markings on its face, chest, and underside,
Mt: Good And did you also know that ne two tigers share the same stripe pattern?
a:
Mi Ma:
Mi
Ma:
Mt
So their stripes are.like:our fingerprints Each has their own unique print
‘Yes, an excellent analogy
Professor, but one time | was at @ 200, anc} saw ani all white tiger Was it'sick?
(Oh no, not sick What you saw was something very rare ~ an albino tiger
‘An albino tiger? What is that?
An albino tiger is a tiger with a marked deficiency
in skin pigmentation, for example, white fur, pinkish
‘8ye8, and no stripes, due to @ hereditary defect:
“The tiger | saw was enormous! When you see tigers .en television or in e-magazine or book, they never appear that big
A tigers size can be very deceiving Did you know that they are the largest ofall the cats?
‘No.way! Lions are the largest cat!
‘One would think so But a lion's mene can actualy
‘206 to the illusion that it is bigger than a tiger, iti
‘however, the tiger that can grow up to thirteen feet
‘in length and weigh as much as 700 pounds or es litle @s 200 pounds And yet some tigers are as
‘small 2s four feet
‘That's a pretty big discrepancy in the range of tigers’ length and weight There must be @ lot of iflerent types of tigers
Good observation Most people may think that al tigers are the same Besides the size differenices
‘that occur between males and females, there are aiso-eight subspecies of tiger that scientists have
‘identified The biggest tiger is the Siberian tiger
With eight different subspecies, you'd think we would see lots of tigers, but aren't tigers on the
‘endangered species list?
Unfortunately, yes About 100 years ago, there were an estimated 100,000 tigers in the wild
‘Today, estimates are anywhere from 2,500 to 6,000
both in the wild and in wildlife preserves and 2005
‘And not ail of the subspecies of tigers are stil in
‘existence The Ball tiger, for example, became
‘extinct in the 1940s The Caspian and Javan tigers
‘ae also extinct OF the remaining subspecies, all ae endangered These include the Siberian, Benge!
Indochinese, Sumatran, and South China tigers
‘Where are all of these tigers? Are they in North
‘America? Australia?
In the past, tigers ranged anywhere between eastern Turkey and Asia Now, sadly, most tigers
‘are found only in parts ot Asia
= But why are tigers endangered? They seem too beautiful and majestic to kill
Trang 4ink we
on the
», there
je wild
5,000,
stil in
‘M1: ts for this precise reason that tigers are becoming extinct Poachers hunt them for their skins mainly
‘And many hunters consider them valuable as big game trophies Also, as humans move into tiger habitats, people increasingly see the tigers as a threat to humans and their livestock and crops
een a
Last week we defined an opera as a form of drama
that Incorporates music or dancing or both Modern opera developed in Italy during the Renaissance, but
the origin of operas goes futher back tothe days of the ancient Greeks The operatic movement quickly spread throughout Europe and into ussia during and ater the Renaissance Such widespread interest in the Composition and production of operas naturally led to
the art form acquiring many different elements One
such development was the operetta, a short opera often
comical in nature Opere seria is a dramatic opera, often
involving death, and the opere comique Is an opera comical in nature However, one of the most famous sloments of opera is the aria, a complex musical
‘passage that exhibits a singer's amazing vocal range
| hope everyone is brushifig their testh, as yesterday
we discussed oral plaque and defined it as a yellowish, stioy fim of bacteria that forms naturally on our teeth i the plaque is not propery removed, it may bulld up into the-hard substance known as tartar the tartar is not removed, it can lead to such oral diseases as gingivitis
or periodontis Our saliva does its best to combat the
build-up of oral plaque by helping to break down the
‘bacteria by actively neutralizing the acidic environment
‘The best way to prevent oral plaque is to brush and
floss dally and to visit your dentist regularly
(M: Hi, Susan, How are you?
'W:Oh, hello, Mike It's great to see you! Things are going well Thanks Actually, I'm moving this weekend
M: Moving? You mean from the: dormitory? You live in East Hall now, on campus, right?
W: Yes, | do I've been there for more than two years M: Where are you moving? Is your new place off campus?
W: Yes, its off campus! I am moving into an apartment
‘complex I's only four blocks from campus, over off Stevens Street and Adams Road, so it's not too far away!
M: That's not bad at al | actually just moved myself, and my place isn't too far trom yours I'm in 4 different anariment complex, over off Stevens Street
‘and Garfield load i's just one street away from you, actually | usually walk or ride my bike to class, and it Usually takes me about 10 minutes to get to campus
\W: Wom, | had no idea that you'd even moved So how
do you like living off campus? Do you find that it's difficult to make it to your classes, especially the
‘ones early in the morning?
M: Jove off-campus fifel Even though I've been there only a month now, | find that there are plenty of things to do There are a lot of other college students:
living in my apartment building, so not only are there fun people there to hang out with, but we also help
‘each other study
\W:1 never thought of it that way! I know more and more
‘people are moving off campus now that the college
is accepting more freshmen, Some of my fiends are already living in my apartment building, so we're planning on meeting to walk to the library together
In the evenings so we can study there And a lot of
Us have classes at the same times, so we're going to
190 to ciass together in the mornings
M: That's wonderful,
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W: So how did you choose your new apartment? It seems lke there are 80 many around here to choose from
M: You're right, There are a lot of places nearby My friend Karl and | wanted to rent a place together,
50 we just sat down and tried to determine what was Important to us First, we wanted it to be affordable We also wanted to be relatively close
to campus And we wanted it to be in a pretty safe neighborhood
W: Those sound pretty much like the same reasons
my friend Cindy and | thought of We are renting together We saw a bunch of places before we finally decided on the one we got We also wanted
to be able to have a dog though, so that limited the options too
IM: Our place allows cats, so we've been thinking about getting one Being able to have pets is definitly one
Of the benefits of of-campus living!
W: Yes, it certainly is! Our piace also has an exercise room and a swimming pook
M:So does ours! | used to live on campus near the
‘student recreation center, and | used it all the time
Since I'm not that close to it anymore, it was great 4o bế able to rent an apartment in a building with an
‘exercise room | use ours all the time!
W: We're excited about having one in our buiing, too
‘And since our exercise room is open 24 hours a day, we'll have more options as far as the times that we work out
M: Hey, its been great talking with you, Susan, but my Psychology class is starting in two minutes, so 1 need to get going
\W: My anthropology class is getting ready to start as:
‘well, $0 I should go, too
Me It was good seeing yout Take caret W: ttwas good to see you too! Bye!
TẾ]
Wt really loved reading Hamlet, Prince of Denmark
Who was Wiliam Shakespeare that he could write such an amazing play?
Mi: An, Shakespeare, truly an amazing man, and such
‘an erigmal W: An enigma? But why?
M: Well, It is because there are many conflicting historical reports of the great English bard For Instance, no one knows exactly on which date
Shakespeare was born: All that is known is that
he was most likely bom at one of his father's two houses on Henley Street in Stratford-Upon-Avor), England The earliest record of Shakespeare was recorded on April 26, 1564, in Holy Trinity Church ir Stratford, but only because it was custom to baptize
a child three days after his birth So Shakespeare's birthday is recognized as April 23 which coincidentally enough, was the same day as his Dural fity-two years later
\W: Wow! That is a coincidence, But did he lear to writs plays when he was at school? How did he become
‘such a great writer?
IM: Actually, there is no record of Shakespeare having gone to schoo! although there is no record against
it either Things were not recorded 4s meticulous!y
as they are today What is known is that William
‘Shakespeare married Anne Hathaway in 1582, when
‘Shakespeare was just eighteen years old and Anns, Hathaway was twenty-six years old Soon after, they had three children From 1585 through 1592, there
le no official record as to what William Shakespeare was up to, It is speculated, based on the range of knowiedge revealed in his plays, that Wiliam could have been doing as many things as money lending, gardening, sailing, scavenging, soldiering, printing
or sen working as a school master in those “lost”
years Whatever the case, Shakespeare moved to London in 1592, and that is when Shakespeare's name first started showing up in records, most o!
them surrounding the realm of theater
From 1589-94 William was working hard, writing the plays, Henry VI, Titus Andronicus, and The Comedy of Errors it was also during that time that the dreaded bubonic plague hit England, closing down the London theaters, and so Shakespeare spent most of his time writing poetry For the next two years, he would be busy writing both plays and poetry, and in 1597 he purchased New Place, the
‘second largest house in Stratford-Upon-Avon, where his wife and his children fived, making frequent trips between there and London, balancing work and family life In 1599, he became one of the prime shareholders in the popular playhouse The Globe
Ín London, and he had a hand in all aspects of play production
‘The following nine years would prove to be Shakespeare's most productive in that time, he wrote the great plays, Twelfth Night, Troilus anc Cressida, Hamiet, Othello, Measure for Measure King Lear, Macbeth, and more
Trang 6
\Ws So many plays in one ietime!
M:Indeed He continued writing plays until 1613, moving permanently out of London around the year
1611 to live out the rest of his days in Stratford,
‘On April 23, 1616, the great English bard, William,
‘Shakespeare, breathed his last and died
IM: It's great to see you Please have a seat W: Thank you
M: How can | help you?
|W: Well, in our last lecture, you mentioned that the final
‘exam would be a cumulative test and that would
‘cover the entire textbook and at least one other history book | think the textbook is too big! It has
‘over 800 pages! So, I'm thinking of withdrawing from your history course
M: Oh, that's @ shame!
`W:| real don’t want to drop the course, so | thought I'd
‘consult you in case you had! any helpful advice
M: Wel, fist ofall, I's unusual for students to withdraw this late in the semester We've already completed five weeks of the course
|W: Yes, | know, but the deadiine for withdrawal isn't unt next week, | enjoy your class, and I love history, but
‘there's too much information to study, Also, | have &
parttime job here on campus, so | don’t have much time to study,
M: Well fet me take quick look at your record, Hm | see Uh huhl It looks good You're doing finel | don’t think there is any danger of you falling the course
\W: No, there isn't
(M: tt appears to me that you're working quite hard Uh
0 far, you have done well on the quiz and on the book report Your participation is good, too So, | think tt would be a real shame to see you withdraw
<atter having done so much work
W: Yeah, | know To be honest, I'm not worried about passing the course The probiem is that | need high gfades ao | can get into law school or graduate
‘School, | don’t want to risk getting a iow grade, and there's too litle time to study the entire textbook
‘What do you think | should do?
M:Well, are you familiar with HiT? it's our history
‘tutoring program
W:No, I'm not I've heard about math tutors and ESL
‘tutors, but I've never heard anything about tutors for history classes
M: Let me tell you about it It's not a well-known rogram because we just started it this semester
zm
Trang 7
Graduate students can provide you with free tutoring three times @ week Some of the HIT tutors reported:
to me that they spend a lot of time summarizing
‘the textbook and providing advice for exams and
‘assignments
W: Yes, but unfortunately, most of these university Services are offered only in the day-time, and that's when | have to work ! usually work until the early evening
M: Oh, no problem! The tutoring sessions usually don't start until after 8:00 p.m
\W: Wow! Can anyone use HIT?
IM: Yes, it's available free of charge for all undergraduate students
W: Thats good Where can | get more information?
IM: Visit our homepage Click on the HIT leon, and you
‘should be well on your way
\W: Okay, now I'm excited 'm going to check this out
‘a8 s00n as | get back to my computer
M: Let me know if you have more questions
We Thanks for your help
Mi My pleasure
IM: Are you the cafeteria manager?
Ww: Yes
IM: Oh, you're just the person | want to sea, W: Yes, | heard you wanted to talk to me about the
‘snack bar, M: That's right | live in the dormitory next door, and for the past month, some of my friends and ! have tried to buy things from your snack bar late in the
‘evening, but it usually closes at 10:00 We want it to
‘stay open much later,
‘Well, we've already extended the snack bar hours to 10:00 p.m Last year, we closed at 9:00,
| know, and | appreciate the extended hours But, you're unaware that many students, especially those from the dormitory, lke 10 hang out in the cafeteria
In the evening to take a break, do homework, work:
‘0n group projects, or to study There's usually a
‘steady flow of traffic there until late in the evening,
‘especially during exam week it would be very
convenient if you stayed open until midnight Late
at night, students don’t always feel like walking
‘ten minutes to the nearest convenience store And uring exam week, we're too busy to go for a walk late at night
Well, | understand your situation But we need to close by ten o'clock so that the cleaning staff car come in and clean the snack bar and surrounding
‘rea Our custodians finish work at 10:30, and therefore, there's nobody to clean the snack bar ater 10:30 Ifthe students working atthe snack bar leave
at 11:00 or later, there's nobody to clean up afte
‘them, It takes about 30 minutes to clean the gril anc
‘cookers,
‘Me Well, why don't you ask the snack bar staff to clean tp?
\W: fd tke to, but we usualy only employ them to serve
fn the snack bar rather than to do cleaning work
‘Aso, the custodians are unionized, and there's z Clause in the collective bargaining agreement thst prevents other people from doing their work, M: Well, why don’t you just extend the hours unt 12:00 but not allow any cooking after 10:00? Just sei Packaged goods afte 10:00,
We Wel don’t know, Hmm don't realy know whit tosay
M-Wel, | started a petition Let me show it to you
Here it is 've already got over 100 signatures {ro students Many of them ie in the dormitory, anc think | can get more,
\W: Oh my goodness! Wellin that case, 1 don’t think we need to have a big debate over this When are the midterm exams?
‘Mi: They start on October 22
All right, 1 ask the snack bar staf to keep it open nti 12:00 from October 22 to October 27,
M: That would be good, but we'd appreciate if you
‘could start doing it on Sunday, October 21, the
‘evening before the exams begin
W: Okay, we'l keep it open until 12:00 for a ful week
Hf everything goes well, of uh, rather | should say, there are no complaints, we can do it again during
‘exam week
‘Me We would appreciate that
(cj
Trang 8
W Hey, Mark | haven't seen you ina while, How are you doing?
MH, Julie Im fine Did you-eat lunch yet?
Yes, | just ate had a sice of pizza
Mi Why don't you sit with me for a while? Fim almost finished eating
Sure, Would you like some of my juice?
‘No, thank you | just had @ coke, How were your exams?
(They were okay | just finished my last midterm
‘examination an hour ago Now it's ll over t's such
2 real relief! | didn't sleep much in the last few days,
© | know how you feel Fortunately, | finished my last
‘misteem exam a few days ago, so ! have been off for the last few days
Why are you on campus then? I'd be at home resting
Oh, | have & part-time job here today, Really! How's the pay?
‘I's great It's the best part-time job I've ever had t'm {getting $30 an hour
9i S801 That's great! What are you doing?
I'm tutoring math, That sounds good! Is i dificult work?
‘Not really | quess you could say it's a litle dificult but challenging and enjoyable,
\\ What kind of math are you teaching?
Mostly it's basic math Many of the students are freshmen or high school students
It sounds tke a great idea! | had a part-time job, but
It only paid minimum wage or close to it'd rather
do tutoring work
Yes, the pay is much better, and i's more Interesting
Is iteasy to find students?
W Well f you do a good job, the number of students wil gradually build up | get most of my students by word of mouth
That sounds great! Do you think | could do that?
W Maybe, but you have to be good at math You're
‘majoring in history or psychology, aren't you?
Mi Yes I'm-majoring in psychology, | used to major in history
W: [ve studied a lot of math, $0 I'm capable of teaching Rwel
M: Well, | haven't studied much math, but I've already studied first-year university math, and | passed the
‘course without much diffiuity
W:Hmm | think most people prefer to learn trom
‘someone that has taken a lot of math,
Ms Yes, know, but think | could doit
\W: Perhaps, but you should think it over You know litle more than the students, but in my opinion, you
‘should be at feast twice as knowledgeable as tho Person you are tutering
M: Perhaps you're right
`W: And you need to be femilar with al areas of math, including algebra, trigonometry, calculus, statistics, and so on
Me Did you say caleulus?
W: Yes
IM: You know, on second thought, you might be dght
"ot very familar with calculus I's very ficult
\W: Well, perhaps you could teach some other subjects
IF Lear anything, Vet you know
M: Sure Thank you
Wt: Professor Smith, can I speak with you for a minute?
W2: Sưe
W1: tiled to call you three times this week, and | sent you three e-mails in the last few days, but you
‘ever responded
\W2: Ohi Jennifer, 'm very sony | have been out of town for the last few days | didn't have time to open
ail of my e-mails yet In fact, yesterday, | didn’t
‘get home until well past midnight And | couldn't receive any phone calls while | was out of town
Wi: That's okay | understand
\W2: What can | do for you?
W1:1 want to know if you can help us set up an
‘employment conference for Noyernber 20 and 21
W2: Oh, Jennifer, conferences are a lot of work, and
| already have a lot on my plate: Conferences
an be better accomplished through the Student Employment Genter That's what the center is there fox
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wi:
wt:
W2:
wr
wr
The Student Employment Center indicated that It
Well, maybe you don’t need an employment conference because the center has-a lot of
‘connections and it ean introduce you'to @ number cof employers isn't thet enough?
No, not at all The center isn't necessarily the best Way to find a nursing job Most of their contacts are outdated,
That’s too bad! But, Jennifer, 1'm already
‘overworked as it is More importantly, we've tried this a fev times before, and the conferences were a hhuge failure, The students were unwiling to do any work They expected the faculty to do everything,
30 vary litle was accomplished Part of the problem
\s that the students had no experience arranging conferences, Meanwhile, the faculty didn't have quality time to make ita success
Well, don't worry about that | have lots of
‘experience arranging conferences | used to work for the Nursing Association and helped organize
‘numerous nursing conferences So, | already have
8 lot of names and key contacts, and | know a lot
Cf people in the industry
Good for you | didn’t know that about you
But most of my contacts are regional You've worked abroad and in other states, s0 you have a lot of contacts in areas where | don’ All we need you to do is make « few phone calls to see who
‘Interested in participating and who's looking for
‘nurses next year: | think that with your contacts and mine, that should be enough Other than making phone calls, your participation will be very limited
‘The students wil take care of the logistics and đo
most of the work
lt sounds Iike you've really thought this out and
‘you know what you're doing: | wish you were here the last time we had a conference It was quite
‘embarrassing I'd love to help you, 80 go ahead,
‘and start organizing
‘Thanks a lot!
\W2: But don't expect me to do all the work
we
z1
No, ! won't
‘The next kind of bear I'd ike to discuss with you today
is the polar bear, As | already mentioned on Tuesday,
‘polar bears only live in the Arctic; primary In norther”
Canada, northern Russia; and Alaska If, for example you are in southem Canada, you won't see any of these bears,
Now, you're probably aware that the Arctic is ar extremely harsh environment and one of the coldest places on Earth But let me remind you of what it's really like in the Arctic, especially in-late December or
‘early January The temperature trequentiy drops beiow
‘minus 40 degrees centigrade and sometimes gets even coldert Combine that-with strong winds, little or no
‘sunlight, and Very ite vegetation, and what you get is {an environment in which very few species re capabie
of surviving The polar bear, however, thrives in this kind of environment The polar bear spends hi time roaming throughout the Arctic, walking on land and ice
‘swimming in freezing sea water and floating on sheets
f ioe while looking for seals, fish, and other food Their favorite food is seals, which they find along the edges
Of the le, in holes in the ioe, and under cracks in the ice They have no natural enemies in this environmient Which is perfectly suited for them
Now, what you see behind me is @ photo of a poiar bear As you can see, it's very beautiful But what's not
‘apparent in this and other similar photos i the bear's
‘actual sizel Polar bears are much bigger than the brown land black bears we discussed earlier In fact, they've
‘huge! They weigh up to 1,600ibs, or 720kg And they're designed to survive in theirenvironment They have very thick, white fur, which camouflages them from the snow!
‘and fee end insulates them from the extreme cold, it's
‘much thicker than the fur of bears that we discusseơ eater Polar bears are also strong swimmers They have Jarge front paws that amazingly allow them to swirn 3 few hundred kilometers from land
Despite their impressiveness, polar bears, unlike back bears, are an endangered species This Is a resi!
Of global warming, which wil be topic of our next fm
‘The Aretic is becorning too warm for the bears That ice
| just mentioned to you is now disappearing! It breaks
‘up much earlier in the spring; and now it's a lot further from iand! Ice thickness in the Arctic has decrease:
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by 40 percent in the-jast 30 years, and some scientists predict that the:Aretic basin might not have any ice in
‘another 60 years For polar bears, this is temible! ice is essential to their existence! Less:ice means fewer seals and less food
Polar bears do their hunting in the winter, but because:
the winter is getting-shorter and because the ice is disappearing earlier they have less time to restore their
‘at, In-the summer, theyre forced to remain.on land for longer periods of time,-and during that: time, they live olf the fat stored in their bodies Thiny years ago, they spent just aver thrae-months:on land Now it's almost
‘four montis The shorter:the winter and the earlier the
!eo breaks up, the tess-time they have to restore their fat This reduces their strength and energy With less ica, polar bears must swim: further to reach it This further reduges their strength and energy These circumstances have.steadily decreasad:the bear population over the last 90 years ong
Uhhh okay now, um I don't have anything further
10 say about voleanoes Uniess there are any more
‘questions Ub, are there any questions? Uh, okay, good then shall continue our discussion on waves, but this time,.I'd like to focus more on earthquakes As you know, some earthquakes are not powerful enough to
be felt-on the Earth's surtace while in others, people
‘can, indeed, feel the earth shaking And of course, there might be violent movement, often with catastrophic:
results What we feel-during an earthquake or huge explosion are.a series.of waves called seismic waves
‘These waves are similar to sound waves and light waves For example, they reflect and retract And they
‘change speed and direction as they travel through iferent densities of racks,
n an earthquake, you might intially feel some minor trembling, then perhaps violent shaking, and then some
‘more tremors The reason why you feel these different
‘ypes of movement js because there are different kinds
of selemic waves Some; of them may easily be felt at the Earth's surface while others are not The reason for this fs that not all waves travel at the Earth's surface
or with equal amplitude There are two major types of seismic waves: body waves and surface waves, The waves that you fee! first are body waves These mainly travel deep through the Earth's interior rather than at the surface Some of them travel very fast, and that's why you feel them first But because they travel deep inside the Earth, they're felt only as tremors, There are two types of body waves The first type of body wave
9 the P wave or primary wave It's the fastest kind of
‘selamic wave These waves can move through any type
of material, including rock and fluids Because ot this and because of thelr speed, these waves are the frst to
‘reach the Earth's surtace You likely won't even hear or
‘eo! these waves, but animats may-hear them They're,
‘Rot strong enough to cause significant damage The other type of body wave is the $ wave or secondary wave Because S waves travel at hal the speed of
P waves; you won't feel them in the beginning This kínd of wave moves rocks fram side to side or up and own Their amplitude is several times higher than P Waves and they are more destructive than P waves, The
‘second major category of wave is the surtace wave
Unlike body waves, surface waves move at or near the Earth's surface These waves are similar to ripples on
‘water They are usually the-most destructive type of
‘seismic wave because of their lower frequency, larger amplitude, and longer duration There are two types of surface waves The first kind of surface wave ie called
a love wave; It's the fastest surface wave, These make the.ground move from side to side The other kind of
‘surface wave is the Rayleigh wave It rolis along the
‘ground just like a wave rolls across a lake or an ocean
‘As @-resul, it moves the-ground up and down and side
to side in the same direction that the wave is moving
‘Most of the shaking felt from an earthquake is due to
‘the Rayleigh wave, which can be much lager than the
‘other waves, They are slower than body waves, and
‘sometimes cars might appear to be moving up and
down with these waves
Your textbook uses the terms Jovien planets and gas
‘Giants interchangeably And I'm going to do the same