top grammar 3 mitchell h q

Q Stative Verbs Stative verbs are not normally used in the Present Progressive.. Although the verbs listen, look, watch refer to the senses, they are not stative verbs and can be used i

U n it 1 P resent S im p le vs P resent P rogressive / S ta tiv e v e r b s 2

U n it 2 C om parison o f a d je c tiv e s and adverbs / O ther fo rm s o f c o m p a r is o n 7

U n it 3 P ast S im ple / The verb u s e d t o 1 1

R e v is io n M o d u le 1 U n its 1 -3 .15

U n it 4 Relative Pronouns (who, w hich, th a t, whose) / Relative adverb (w here) 17

U n it 5 C onditional S entence s Type 1 / Tim e C lauses (present - future) 2 1

U n it 6 Both / All / N e ith e r / None / Either

So / N either / Too / E ith e r 2 5

R e v is io n M o d u le 2 U n its 4 -6 .2 9

U n it 7 Present P erfect S im ple

Present P erfect S im ple vs Past S im p le 3 1

U n it 8 P resent P erfect Progressive

Present P erfect S im ple - P resent P erfect Progressive

U n it 1 2 can / could / may / will / w ould

m u s t / have to / need (to ) 57

U n it 1 3 can / could / be able to

could / may / m ight

m u st / c a n ’t .; 62

U n it 1 4 Infinitive / -ing fo r m 6 6

R e v is io n M o d u le 5 U n its 1 2 -1 4 71

U n it 1 5 The a rticle ‘th e ’ 73

U n it 1 6 Passive Voice (Present Sim ple - Past S im p le ) 77

U n it 1 7 Passive Voice (Present P erfect S im ple - Future “ w ill” - Future “ be going to ” - M odal v e r b s ) 8 1

R e v is io n M o d u le 6 U n its 1 5 - 1 7 8 6

U n it 1 8 S u b je ct - O bject Q uestions / N egative Q uestions / Reflexive P ro n o u n s 8 8

U n it 1 9 C onditional S entence s Type 2 / W is h e s 9 3

Unit 1 f Present Sim ple vs Present Progressive Stative Verbs

Read Barry’s e-mail to Ron.

Subject: [ News from Berlin

Hi Ron,

Berlin's great but the weather's awful It's raining again today

and I hate it I often think about you in Florida and I'm so

jealous! Anyway, I'm studying for my exams these days and

I haven't got much free time Tomorrow I'm taking my first big

exam and I'm not really looking forward to it However, the

exams finish on 20th February and I'm thinking of inviting

you over so that you can get a taste of Berlin

Write back soon,

Barry

Now complete the sentences.

1 Barry can’t stand

2 Barry is busy these days because

1 don’t walkHe/She It doesn't walk We/You/The> don't walk

Do 1 walk?

Does he/she/it walk?

Do we/you/they walk?

Yes, 1 do

Yes, he/she/it does

Yes, we/you/they do

No, 1 don't

No, he/she/it doesn't

No, we/you/they don't

1 am not walking He/She/It is not walking We/You/They are not walking

I’m not walking He/She/It isn’t walking We/You/They aren’t walking

Am 1 walking?

Is he/she/it walking?

Yes, 1 am

Yes, he/she/it is

No, I’m not

No, he/she/it isn’t

We use the Present Simple:

fo r habits or actions th a t happen regularly

I listen to m usic every evening

for perm anent states

He lives in New York

for general truths

Tigers d o n ’t live in Africa.

for an action th a t takes place according to a

schedule

The class finishes a t 9 o ’clock.

TIME EXPRESSIONS

usually, always, often, etc

every day/week, etc

in the m orning/spring, etc

on M ondays/M onday morning, etc

at the weekend, etc

o n c e /tw ice /th re e tim es, etc a week/day, etc

We use the Present Progressive:

for actions th a t are happening now, at the

m om ent o f speaking

John is talking on the phone a t the moment

for tem porary states

I ’m staying a t m y cousin’s house these days

fo r future arrangem ents (we usually mention when)

Sue is taking the train to Berlin tomorrow.

TIME EXPRESSIONS

now, at the m om enttoday, these days, th is week/year, etc

tonight, tomorrow, etc

next week/year, etc

f

The adverbs of frequency always, usually, often, som etim es, rarely, never, usually go before the main

verb, but after the verb be and the auxiliary verbs (do/does).

He often stays up late a t night ffWTl Terry d o e sn ’t usually wake up early.

M aria is always sad.

Q Stative Verbs

Stative verbs are not normally used in the Present Progressive.

Stative verbs usually express:

• Senses: hear, smell, taste, see, etc.

• Emotions: love, hate, like, prefer, want, etc.

• Thought, knowledge, belief: think, know, remember, mean, understand, etc.

• Various other states, such as: be, have (possess), cost, belong

—,— — — — ;— ; „ r

Some Stative Verbs can be used in progressive tenses but with a different meaning.

see M ary is seeing the d e n tist this Saturday.

think of/about I ’m thinking o f having a p a rty a t the weekend.

have (with words like lunch, breakfast, bath, etc.) H e ’s having lunch now.

Although the verbs listen, look, watch refer to the senses, they are not stative

verbs and can be used in the Present Progressive

We’re watching a great film right now.

NOTE:

Activities

A Circle the correct words.

Sabina Stone (l) works / is working as a full-tim e librarian at the Central Library

of Brighton She (2) is starting / starts work at 8 o’clock every day and

(3) doesn’t finish / isn’t finishing until 3 in the afternoon She (4) likes / is liking

her job and (5) is enjoying / enjoys being in a place full of books These days

however, she feels tired She (6) is thinking / thinks of going on a three-day trip

to Calais in France So, she (7) takes / is taking the ferry to France tomorrow.

B Make sentences using the Present Simple or the Present Progressive.

1 Laura /sp e a k/C h in e se /? 5 Keith and T ina/listen/m usic/m om e nt/.

2 S am /rarely/argue /w ith friends/ 6 J a c k /h e lp /b ro th e r/w ith /M a th s hom ew ork/now /?

3 E m ily/see/docto r/this afternoon/ 7 C harlie/not spend tim e /c h a ttin g /o v e r the phone/.

4 s u n /ris e /in the e a s t/ 8 so u p /sm e ll/d e licio u s/!

C Use the prompts to make questions Then, look at the pictures and answer.

1 L isa /w o rk /b o o k s h o p /? 2 Brian/m ake sandw ich/n ow /?

Does Lisa work in a bookshop? _ _

No she doesn't She works in a shoe shop. _ _

3 Susan and F ra n k/w e a r/sh o rts/to d a y/? 4 People in the U K/drive/on the rig h t/?

D Complete with the Present Simple or the Present Progressive of the verbs in brackets.

1 A: W h a t _ y o u (do)

this weekend?

B: Well, I _ (usually/go) to the

cinema but th is weekend I _

(stay) at home because I feel exhausted

2 A: How m u c h this T -s h irt (cost)?

B: I’m afraid I (not remember) Wait a minute, please Erm

I t (cost) tw enty euros

3 A: This film is really boring W hat t im e i t _ (finish)?

B: I (not know)

4 A: Hey, Fred! W hat’s on TV?

B: I (watch) a docum entary

about gorillas It’s very interesting

5 A: How about going shopping tom orrow?

B: I (not think) so I _ (think) of visiting my grandparentstomorrow

6 A: W h e re _ y o u _ (live)?

B: W e (live) near the school but these days w e (stay) at our

au n t’s because my d a d (paint) the house

E Choose a, b or c.

1 We can’t go out with you tonight because w e _ dinner at my cousin’s house

2 Mr and Mrs Roberts are buying a bicycle for Suzy next week, but Suzy isn’t very excited about it

S h e a skateboard

3 D ia n e to work She takes the bus as well

a always doesn’t drive b doesn’t always drive c doesn’t drive always

4 Helen is looking fo r a job She

I hope she gets the job

a doesn’t see b sees

the manager o f a food company tomorrow

c is seeing

5 A: Why aren't you doing the exercise, John?

B: i can’t Miss Peel 1 _ it

a don’t understand b am not understanding

She is on holiday

b isn’t working

c am not understand

6 This week Kelly

Talk in pairs Discuss w hat you like doing in your free tim e and w hat your plans fo r the weekend are Use som e o f the ideas below or your own

• cinema • football match • party *D VD s • shopping • concert »TV

What do you like doing in your free time?

Well, I usually/sometimes

Do you often ?

Yes, I do / No, I don’t.

Write about your partner using the inform ation from th e Speaking activity Say w hat he/she likes and dislikes and w hat he/she does in h is /h e r free tim e

I’m thinking about on Saturday Do you want to ?

Of course / No, I don’t think so.

Paula What? Skeleton boring? It’s the most

exciting sp o rt in the world!

Ian I think it ’s the least interesting event

at the w inter Olympics You ju s t get on

a board and try to go as fast as you

can Big deal!

Paula It’s not a board, it ’s called a sled.

And it isn’t as easy as it looks, you

know It’s one of the most dangerous

sports Som etim es the athletes travel

faster than a car.

Ian Yeah, whatever Come on now,

change the channel

Paula OK, OK.

4 doesn’t know what the board is called

Grammar

Q Comparative and Superlative Form

• We use the comparative form to com pare two people, anim als or things Adjectives and adverbs are

usually followed by the word than.

Liam is s h o rte r than James.

Kathy runs fa ste r than her brother.

• We use the superlative form to com pare one person, animal or thing with several o f the sam e kind

Adjectives and adverbs always take the definite article the and are usually followed by the prepositions

of or in.

Andy is the noisiest stu d e n t in the class.

M ary works the hardest o f all he r classm ates.

Formation of the Comparative and the Superlative Form of adjectives:

• All one-syllable adjectives and m ost two-syllable adjectives take the endings - e r in the comparative

form and -e s t in the superlative form.

• We form the comparative of adjectives with three or more syllables (and som e two-syllable

adjectives) with more + adjective and the superlative with most + adjective.

expensive - m ore expensive - m o st expensive modern - m ore modern - m o st modern

Formation o f the Comparative and the Superlative Form o f adverbs:

• All one-syllable adverbs and early take the endings - e r in the comparative form and -e s t in the

superlative form.

• We form the comparative of adverbs with two or more syllables with more + adverb and the

superlative with most + adverb.

beautifully - more beautifully - m o st beautifully

Now complete the sentences Write Paula or Ian.

1 _ thinks skeleton isn’t a very interesting sport

2 _ says th a t skeleton is more d ifficu lt than it seems

3 _ finds skiing more exciting than skeleton

L Unit 2

7

good/w ell better best

far fa rth e r/fu rth e r fa rth e s t/fu rth e s t

Q Other forms of comparison

• less + adjective/adverb + than

Fiona writes less clearly than her sister.

• the least + adjective/adverb + of/in

Geography is less interesting than History, b u t M aths is the le a st interesting subject o f all.

A Complete with the correct form of the adjectives/adverbs in brackets.

1 Is your f l a t _ (expensive) than mine?

2 The new stadium is t h e _ (large) building in the city

3 Jenny doesn’t like rice a s (much) as she likes spaghetti

4 Mr Barns is t h e (interesting) person I’ve ever met We ta lk fo r hours

5 David d id _ (badly) than I did in the test

6 Monday is t h e (bad) day of the week

7 Sleeping in your bed i s _ (comfortable) than sleeping in an armchair

8 Mike doesn’t drive a s _ (carelessly) as his brother

9 Don’t you think it ’s (cold) today than it was yesterday?

10 My sister has g o t (much) free tim e than I do

B Match.

2 Alice is the b ho tte st m onth o f the year.

3 Football practice is more c heavier than helicopters.

4 Greg runs as d friendliest person 1 know.

5 Linda’s house is not as e big as Valerie’s.

a least b little c less

3 Let’s take the underground The bus is usually

_ crowded

a more b m ost c less

4 This i s restaurant I’ve ever been to.

a the worse b the w orst c worst

5 I believe Christine is good attennis as Mary Mary is a much better player,

Open: March to December

1 Hotel 2 / be / cheap / of the three hotels

2 Hotel 3 / be / expensive / Hotel 1

Hotel 2

Price of room per night: €8 0 Built in: 1 9 9 5

Rooms: 50Open: April to October

3 Hotel 1 / be / new / o f th e three hotels

4 Hotel 3 / be / old / Hotel 2

5 Hotel 2 / have got / few rooms / Hotel 1

6 Hotel 1 / have got / many rooms / o f all

7 Every year Hotel 2 / open / early / Hotel 3

8 Every year Hotel 1 / stay open / long / of the three hotels

Hotel 3

Price of room per night: € 1 0 0 Built in: 1 9 9 5

Rooms: 70Open: May to November

E Rewrite the sentences using the words given.

5 Sandra likes going to the cinema more than she likes going to the theatre (as)

6 I don’t think there is a better student than Chloe (best)

Speaking

Work in pairs Look at the jo b s below

farm er

and compare them using the words in the box

difficu lt boring

easy exciting

interesting tiring

well-paid dangerous

I think that the job of a zookeeper is more than the job of a farmer

What do you think?

i think that the job of a zookeeper is as as the job of a farmer.

Write a paragraph comparing two jo b s from the Speaking activity

Unit 3

Read the text

Past Sim ple }

The verb used to

DRESSED FOR

Write T for True or F for False.

1 Bruce W illis’ firs t job was as an actor

2 Brad Pitt changed his career many tim es

before he became an actor

3 Brad Pitt dressed up as a chicken in the film

El Polio Loco.

4 Bruce Willis was a w aiter fo r a long tim e

We all know Brad Pitt and Bruce Willis and we all know what they do for a living; the two Hollywood actors make

millions out of their job But what did they do before they became famous?

The truth is th a t they changed careers more than once Bruce Willis used

to work as a waiter for years As for

Brad Pitt, he used to be a driver and

a mover Once he even worked at a

restaurant called El Polio Loco, but

not as a waiter He had to wear a chicken costume! Even the famous have to sta rt somewhere

We use the Past Simple:

for actions th a t started and were completed at a specific tim e in the past

We visited the British M useum two years ago

fo r habitual or repeated actions in the past

I often ate ju n k food when I was a teenager.

for com pleted actions th a t happened one after th e other in the past

Yesterday, I g o t back home from work, had dinner

and went to bed.

Q The verb used to

A Complete with the Past Simple of the verbs in brackets.

A few m onths ago Andy (1 ) (give up) his part-time

job as a babysitter because he (2 ) _ (think) it was

very tiring He (3 ) (know) he had to find som ething

else, so he (4 ) (buy) a newspaper and

(5 ) _ (start) looking for a job He

(6 ) _ (see) a job advertisem ent about a delivery

person and ( 7 ) (decide) to go fo r an interview

Unfortunately, it (8 ) (not go) very well Andy

(9 ) _ (not get) the job because he

(10 ) _ (not have) good people skills That’s w hat the

manager (1 1 ) (tell) Andy after the interview

B Complete the sentences with the Past Simple of the verbs in the box.

spend not explain not let decide have realise take refuse organise

1 Last year our s c h o o l an end-of-school play and it was a big success

2 How much m o n e y y o u on th a t dress?

3 S u s a n up tennis as a hobby because she w ants to keep fit

4 Karen is so selfish som etim es! S h e to help me with my project

5 A: Hey Paul, why are you so upset?

B: The c o a c h me play in goal during practice

6 B e n th a t working as a lorry driver w asn’t a suitable job fo r him, so he to change his career

7 I can’t do th is exercise because our te a c h e r it very well in class yesterday

C Use the prompts to make sentences.

1 you / used to / play tennis / in your free tim e / last year / ?

Did uou use to plau tennis in your free time last year?

2 my parents / not used to / give me / pocket money / tw enty years ago /

3 your dad / used to / go fishing / when / you / live / by the lake / ?

4 my brother / not used to / play com puter gam es / when / he / be / teenager / .

5 my m other / used to / bring / me / breakfast / in bed / when / I / be / younger /

Choose a, b or c.

So, Mr Andrews, have you got any previous experience as a reporter?

Well, at university I (1 ) articles fo r a magazine

and th a t’s when I thought th a t it was the perfect job for me

Did you (2 ) working fo r th a t magazine after

you got your degree?

had to It was too fa r from my house and I (5) at about 5 :3 0 in the morning to get

to work At the end of the day, I was really exhausted

I see here th a t you’re fluent in Spanish (6 ) the language while you were at university?

Not exactly When I was young, my fam ily and I lived in Spain We (7 ) to come backwhen my fa th e r got a better job here

If you started working here, would you be available to work overtime?

Sure! I (8 ) overtim e at my previous jo b too, so I won’t mind some extra hours

c didn’t used to wake up

c Did you study

c didn’t have

c used to work

E Interview an adult in your family Answer the following questions.

1 W hat did he/she do when he/she finished school?

2 When did he/she get h is /h e r driving licence?

3 What was h is /h e r firs t job?

4 Where did he/she live when he/she was young?

5 Did he/she use to work part tim e while he/she was a student?

6 When did he/she choose which career to follow?

A

Speaking

Work in pairs Look at the picture below which is part o f a comic strip The beginning and the ending are missing Discuss and guess w hat happened Use the questions given Then report to the class

• What happened in the beginning? »W hat did Alan do? *W h a t happened in the end?

• W hat did the people do?

Write a paragraph describing w hat happened in the comic strip above

Revision Module 1 Units 1-3

A Choose a, b or c.

noticed th a t my life has changed a lot in the 2 a spend b am spending c.

past ten vears When I (1) seven vears 3 a always studies b study always c.

old, 1 (2) m ost of mv tim e plaving with 4 a want b am wanting c.

my friends Now th a t I’m in my last year at 5 a used to have b use to have c.

do well at school and enter the university of 7 a takes b take c.

mv choice 1 (5) so much free tim e ten 8 a usually get b get usually c.

vears ago Nowadays 1 (6) around all 9 a am not b didn’t use to be c.

day It’s not ju s t the lessons at school This 10 a fe lt b feels c.

and then I have homework to do I

9 ) away from home for so many

hours when I was younger I 10 really

exhausted and som etim es I (1 1 ) o f

giving it all up However, i (12 th a t

I should continue to work hard if I w ant a

successful career in the future

B Steve is a hockey player Below is a table about what Steve used to

do and didn’t use to do before he became a hockey player Write

sentences about Steve using the correct form of used to.

have a part-time job train every day

hang out with friends a lot travel a lot

1 He used to eat ju n k food be fore he became a hockey player.

C Rewrite the following sentences using the words given.

1 There is less tra ffic in the suburbs than in the city centre, (more)

In the city c e n tre

2 Charlie’s Angels is more exciting than The Matrix, (isn’t)

D Complete the blanks with the Present Simple or the Present Progressive of the verbs given.

1 A: I of buying Mark a book for his birthday

think

B: I it ’s a great idea He loves reading books

2 A: S o , _y o u _ anything you like in th is shop?

B: Actually, no But I Kate tomorrow

You know how she loves shopping So, I’m sure she’ll help me find something

3 A: W h a t w e for lunch today?

B: I don’t know We may go o u t fo r lunch because w e

Keep (7 ) touch,

see

have

Relative pronouns (w h o/w hich/th at/w ho se) 1

Relative adverb (where) 1

Read the text.

I £BT j 'Music to your ears

Salzburg in Austria is a city that all m usic lovers should visit It’s fam ous fo r being a place where many a rtists and com posers lived But Mozart is the com poser whose house m ost visitors w ant to

visit Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart was born in Salzburg in 1756 and today his house is open to tourists

Salzburg has also got lots of museum s, theatres and beautiful palaces Visitors can enjoy many musical events and festivals

which take place all year round Along with the friendly people and

delicious food, Salzburg is definitely worth visiting

Are the statements below true, false or not mentioned in the text at all? Tick True False

Not Mentioned

1 Mozart used to live n Salzburg

2 Mozart lived m ost of his fe in Salzburg.

3 You can go and see a play in Salzbu'g

4 There aren’t music festivals during

the summer

Grammar

Relative pronouns/adverb

The Relative pronouns who, which, that, whose and the Relative adverb where introduce relative clauses.

which give inform ation about the subject or object of the main clause

• Who is used for people.

Ben is the person who gave m e this DVD.

William Shakespeare is the w riter who wrote Romeo and Juliet.

• Which is used for anim als, things and abstract nouns.

Have you seen the cake which I prepared for Jane’s surprise party?

Lions are anim als which live in Africa.

• That is used for people, animals, things and abstract nouns It can replace who and which.

Here are the shoes th a t I bought la s t week.

Fred M ills is the student th a t won the com petition.

• Whose indicates possession and replaces possessive adjectives It is used mainly fo r people and

animals

Picasso was a painter whose paintings are really impressive.

• Where indicates place.

This is the building where I used to live as a child.

The boy w h o y ^ is riding the red bike is my cousin.

The man th a t you m e t y k y a t the restaurant is my husband.

The relative pronouns who, which and th at can be om itted when they refer to the object of the

main clause, but cannot be om itted when they refer to the subject of the main clause

H ere’s the mobile w h ic h /th a t I bought la st week

H ere’s the mobile I bought it la st week , , m , , ,

The relative pronoun whose and the relative adverb where can never be om itted or replaced with

that.

Activities

A C irc le the c o rre c t w ords

The story of Mowgli is well-known Mowgli is a little boy

(1) whose / who parents leave him in the jungle when

a tiger, called Shere Khan, attacks them Mowgli stays

in the jungle (2) which / where he makes new friends,

like Baloo the bear and Bagheera the panther All the

anim als (3) who / which live there love Mowgli and

protect him from Shere Khan (4) who / which w ants to

take him away One day Mowgli visits a village

(5) that / where people live and finds a woman

(6) whose / who is his mother.

B Complete the sentences with who, which, that, whose or where. If they can be omitted put them in brackets.

1 This is the c o tta g e _ we spent our holidays last year

2 We m ust ask s o m e o n e knows the way Otherwise we’ll get lost

3 Mr Butler is the m a n wife is an actress

4 The Sydney Opera House is a b u ild in g is 1 8 3 m tall

5 The fa r m _ my grandfather owns is a great place to relax

6 Kelly is the only p e rs o n cheers me up when I feel down

7 They have closed down the c a fe _ we used to hang out a fte r school.

8 There’s the b a ckp a cke r te n t was torn by the strong wind

C Join the sentences using who, which, that, whose or when as in the example If the pronouns can be omitted, put them in

brackets.

1 That’s the fam ous scientist She was on the news last night

That’s the famous scientist who/that was on the news last night.

2 That’s a problem We all have to think about it carefully

3 That’s my friend His sister is in th e hockey team

4 We w ent to a restaurant last night We didn’t really like it

5 They live in a flat I used to live there two years ago

6 There’s the mechanic He repaired my car yesterday

7 I ate a chicken sandwich It tasted awful

D Write two sentences for each piece of information Begin with the words given and use who, which, that or where.

' Famous Australian singer new ^ Lt “ T^ e Winc^ B^ows”-

Jason Weldon sings new hit

"The Wind Blows” “ The Wind Blows” is the new h it w hich/that the famous Australian

singer Jason Weldon sings.

2 “ Live A id” was

4 Paul Gauguin was

Tahiti is

The F r e n c h painter Paul

S u g u m spent about

19

E T h e re is an e x tra w o rd in each se n te n c e Cross it out.

1 Mr Jackson lives in a treehouse th a t it has got an amazing view

2 The man who he yelled at me on the bus, called me to apologise

the next day

3 That’s the prisoner whose his wife came to visit last weekend.

4 This is the building where my parents used to work there.

5 See you there is an entertainm ent magazine which it has got

inform ation about places to go and things to do

6 Have you been to th a t cafe where they serve a delicious chocolate cake there?

7 The earrings which I bought them yesterday were very expensive.

8 Mr Newman is the man whose son he is a very annoying person

Speaking

Play a game Form two team s The team th a t plays firs t says the name of a place, a fam ous person or a

thing A player from the other team m ust use it to form a sentence using the relative pronouns who, which, that, whose or the relative adverb where If the sentence is correct, the team gets a point The game ends

when every player in each team has said one sentence The winning team is the one with the m ost points

Team A: J.R.R Tolkien

Team B: J.R.R Tolkien is the man who wrote The Lord of the Rings.

Team A: Correct / Wrong.

Team B: Salzburg.

Team A: Salzburg is a city

Write a few sentences th a t you rem em ber from the Speaking activity above

Conditional Sentences Type 1 Tim e Clauses (Present-Future)

Look at the p ic tu re s and read the situations

'NI’m h u n g r y A s soon as I get h o m e , I’ll cook s o m e

^ s p a g h e t t i Hey, D a n n y , w o u l d y o u like to j o i n m e?

a n d w hen w e /inish Unit 2, w e ’ll go o n to

Unit 3 w h i c h is a b o u t A re y o u liste n in g , S e a n ?

Erm t h a n k s Ellie, b u t I’m very

b u s y t o n i g h t

I S '

Now m atch the tw o ha lves of the s e n ten ces.

is a terrible cook

Grammar

Q Conditional Sentences Type 1

• We use Conditional Sentences Type 1 to express som ething which is likely to happen in th e present or

future

• Conditional Sentences consist of th e if-clause and the main clause When the if-clause is before the main clause, we separate the two clauses with a comma We do not use a comma when the if clause is after

the main clause.

I f you come round this afternoon, I ’ll give you yo u r book back.

I ’ll give you yo u r book back i f you com e round this afternoon.

if-clause main clause

• Future Will

we’ll order a pizza.

If + Present Simple • Modal Verbs (may, m ight, can m ust, should)

If you are hungry, we can make a salad.

• Imperative

make a sandwich.

NOTE: Unless can be used instead of if not.

We’ll play football tom orrow unless it rains (=W e’ll play football tom orrow i f it d o e sn ’t rain.)

Q Time Clauses (Present - Future)

Time clauses define when the action described in the main clause takes place Time clauses begin with

the words when, after, before, as soon as, until, etc When a tim e clause refers to the present or the

future, the verb is in the Present Simple and the verb in the main clause is in the Future Will We don’t use will in a tim e clause.

Time clauses Main clauses

4s soon as 1 arrive, I ’ll call you.

Before 1 leave, I ’ll help you with the dishes.

When the tim e clause com es before the main clause, the two clauses are separated by a comma When the time clause comes after the main clause, the two clauses are not separated by a comma

He will go out a fte r he finishes his homework.

Activities

A C o m p le te w ith th e c o rre c t fo rm of the verbs in bra c k e ts

1 If they don’t come in ten minutes, I _ (leave)

2 We w on’t go shopping if i t _ (rain)

3 If the te m p e ra tu re _ (drop), it will be very cold tomorrow.

4 If you drive faster, we may

5 Unless it is windy, w e

6 If you have a headache,

7 You won’t be a good goalkeeper unless you

8 Unless you apologise, I

9 People won’t like you if you

10 If you go to the shopping centre tomorrow,

(get) there by noon

(not go) windsurfing

(take) a painkiller

(start) practising more

(not speak) to you again

(not treat) them well

(get) me those shoes we saw the other day

B C o m p lete the s e n te n c e s using the p rom pts given

fin ish /e a rly not w e a r/it b e /0 x fo rd /7 :0 0 d o o r/n o t open not go/school h id e /in /sle e p in g bag

1 If you take the 6 o ’clock tr a in , _

2 Unless you turn the key tw ic e , _

(as soon as)

finish / letter post / it

(after)

C Look at the p ic tu re s and w rite s e n ten ces Use the prom pts given.

1 As soon as Henry finishes the letter, he w ill post it.

a calls b will call c is calling

3 You will be in a lot o f trouble unless you

your parents the truth

a don’t tell b tell c will tell

4 P le a s e me a newspaper if you go

shopping,

a will buy b you buy c buy

5 Unless you take the underground, you late fo r work

a will be b are c w on’t be

6 We’ll fix the car before w e

on holiday

a go b goes c will go

7 If you are th irs ty , _

som e water

a drink b will drink c m ust drink

8 I won’t wait until W e n d y _her shopping

a will finish b is finishing c finishes

(when)

return / home

iron / shirt

23

E Join the se n te n c e s U se the w o rd s given.

1 We can’t go to the concert We m ust find money fo r the tickets (unless)

2 You w ant to stay healthy You m ust eat a lot of vegetables and dairy products (if)

3 Dave won’t go out with his friends yet He will finish his homework first (after)

4 1 may go to the cinema tonight 1 will call you (if)

5 Ann will go to bed She will have dinner first (before)

7 Marcia will make a chocolate cake She will ta ste it when it ’s ready (as soon as)

Speaking

Work in pairs Gary is a tennis player Look at the inform ation in the boxes below and answer your p artner’s questions

lose tennis match ] [ be disappointed ] [ take up a new sport

What will happen if Gary wins the tennis match?

If Gary wins the tennis match,

Complete the sentences

If I ever visit Brazil, I If it rains tomorrow,

If I haven’t got any homework tomorrow, Unless I join the gym,

Both / All / Neither / None / Either y

so / neither / too / either

Look at the p ic tu re and read the dialogu e.

So, did you bring any DVDs?

Yeah, I brought four so you can

choose Here

Um Sam? These are old film s I’ve

seen all four of them.

You have? Now what? Let’s try the TV

I checked the TV guide None of the

film s are any good I don’t want to

watch them

You’re right Neither do I Hey, w hat

about this docum entary about polar

bears? I like docum entaries

So do I Now le t’s order som ething to

eat Pizza or Chinese?

Either is fine.

OK Chinese then

Grammar

Q Both/All/Neither/None/Either

N ow choose th e c o rre c t w ords

1 All / None / Neither of the DVDs Sam brought are new.

2 Neither / Either / Both of the boys w ants to watch a

film on TV

3 Sam likes all / either / both pizza and Chinese food.

• in affirm ative sentences It takes a plural verb

and it indicates th a t som ething is true for two

people or things

Tracy and Carla are from Brazil.

Both o f them live in Rio They both live in Rio.

• in affirm ative sentences It takes a plural verb and

it indicates th a t som ething is true for more than

two people or things.

Jane and her parents like skiing.

They all like skiing All o f them like skiing.

Both and all are usually followed by a noun or of + noun / pronoun When they refer to the subject of

the sentence, they can be placed at the beginning of the sentence or before the main verb but after the

verb be.

A ll/B oth (of) my classm ates can speak French My classm ates can a ll/b o th speak French

A ll/B oth o f them can speak French They are a ll/b o th fluent in French.

• in affirm ative sentences to give them a

negative meaning It takes a singular or plural

verb It shows th a t som ething is not true for

either of two people or things.

Fred and Ginger are vegetarians.

N either o f them e a ts /e a t meat.

• in affirm ative sentences to give them a negative meaning It takes a singular or plural verb It

shows th a t som ething is not true fo r more than

two people or things.

My friends and 1 are travelling to London next week None o f us has/have ever been to Great Britain before.

— - S — ™ , - —

-Neither and none are usually followed by of + noun / pronoun.

N either/None o f the children like meat.

Neither/None o f them like meat.

We use either:

• For two people or things It m eans one or the other (it doesn’t m atter which of the two) It is used on its own or before of + noun / pronoun.

B : Either is OK B : I d o n ’t know e ith e r o f them.

Q so/neither/too/either

so/too:

• We use So + affirmative auxiliary verb + subject or subject + affirmative auxiliary verb + too when we

agree with an affirm ative statem ent but don’t w ant to repeat it.

A: I speak English fluently A: Sam antha has been to Poland twice.

B: So do I / 1 do too B: So have I / 1 have too.

neither/either:

• We use Neither + affirmative auxiliary verb + subject or subject + negative auxiliary verb + either

when we agree with a negative sta te m e n t but don’t want to repeat it.

A : Paul c a n ’t drive a car A: I'll never e a t fish again I t ’s disgusting.

B: N either can I / 1 c a n ’t either B: N either will I / 1 w on’t either.

When we disagree:

1 We use subject + affirmative auxiliary verb when we disagree with a negative statem ent but don’t

w ant to repeat it

A : Lee c a n ’t play the guitar.

B : I can.

< We use subject + negative auxiliary verb when we disagree with an affirm ative sta te m e n t but

don’t w ant to repeat it

A : She has g o t a m obile with a camera.

B: I haven’t.

Activities

A C o m p le te the blanks w ith both, all, neither, none, either.

1 I haven’t got anyone to go out w ith _

my friends are on holiday

2 A: Can I borrow a sh irt to wear to the party?

B: Sure The green one or the yellow one?

A: I don’t m in d , is fine.

3 James is so stubborn and selfish t h a t

of his classm ates w ant to be in the sam e team as

him

4 my parents are strict They

5 workers in the company s ta rtwork at 7 o’c lo c k o f them s ta rt

at 8

of them has ever eaten meat

7 Jerry, Andy and Phil are going to take part in the

swim m ing com petition this w e e k e n d three of them are very good swimmers

8 o f my friends has got any pets

B Rewrite the sentences using the words in brackets.

1 Alan is a fam ous football player James is a fam ous football player too (both)

3 All the students in my class thought the exam was easy They didn’t think it was difficult (none)

4 Mr Black doesn’t w ant a new car Mrs Black doesn’t w ant a new car (neither)

5 Graham, John and Sally don’t like Chinese food (none)

6 Sam antha isn’t a singer Jack isn’t a singer They are musicians (both)

C C o m p le te the s e n te n c e s w ith so, too, either, neither anti the a p p ro p ria te a u x ilia ry v erb

1 Bill m akes delicious chocolate cake

2 I w ent to China last year

3 Lara should study more

4 Simon doesn’t like pop music

5 I can’t ride a bike

6 I w on’t go o u t with them ever again

a Neither do I It’s not th a t cool!

E Choose a, b or c.

1 A: Kelly had a lot of homework to do last weekend

B : did Tom

2. Eric and Michael are my brothers Both of them like

football b u t o f them likes tennis

3 A: I don’t w ant to go to th a t restaurant

6 Kathy and Elisa are my best friends They live near my house

7 I haven’t got anything to wear today

my clothes are dirty!

8 A: Should we order pizza or Chinese food?

B: I really don’t m in d , is fine

i

Speaking

Work in groups of four Use the ideas below and ta lk about your likes/dislikes regarding holidays Then,

report your answers to the class

Talk about:

tim e of holiday (winter, summer)

places to go (island, mountain, etc.)

places to stay (hotel, camp site, caravan, etc.)

Both Sue and I like

people to go with (friends, family) None of the people jn my group like

things to do (sports, sightseeing, etc.)

I like winter holidays

So do I / I don’t.

Look at the Speaking activity above and write a few sentences about what your group likes/dislikes

Revision Module 2 Units

4-A C o m p lete the a d v e rtis e m e n t w ith the a p p ro p ria te re la tiv e pronouns who, which, that or th e re la tiv e a d v e rb where. If they can be o m itte d , put th e m in bra c k e ts

Do you w a n t to do s o m e th in g d iffe re n t in yo u r fre e tim e ? Are you tire d o f th o s e o rd in a ry c a fe s

( l ) _ y o u ’ve been a m illio n tim e s b e fo re ?

W ell, if th e a n s w e r is yes, th e n v is it

> - It’s a place (2 ) _ you can work and have fun at the sam e time.

> We have lots of com puters (3 ) you can use to play games, send e-mails or su rf the Net.

> Students (4 ) need a com puter to do th e ir school work or print their projects will find

th is place really helpful

> - Those o f you (5 ) don’t know how to use a computer, don’t worry Our s ta ff are helpful

and friendly There will always be somebody available (6) _ you can ask fo r help

> We serve ten types of coffee and there is also a fa s t food area (7 ) you can enjoy a meal

3 Unless A n d y _ soon, he will miss the show

to the superm arket

a doesn’t come b will come c comes

4 Before John com es home, h e _

a will go b w ent

5 Take the bus if y o u _

a want b w on’t want c don’t w ant

6 If y o u _ down, I won’t be able to understand w hat you’re saying

c doesn’t go

to be late

a don’t calm b w on’t calm c not calm

C R ead the s e n te n c e s belo w and tic k the c o rre c t ones.

1 A: Samantha doesn’t drink coffee.

B: Neither do I B: So do I.

2 A: I’ll never go sailing again.

B: I won’t either B: So will I

3 Neither o f th e children at school ate th e ir lunch

It was horrible! [

None of the children at school ate their lunch

It was horrible!

4 A: Ron passed his driving test.

B: I did too j ^ J B: I have too

6 Both students who are taking part in the school play m ust be here by 9 o’clock |All students who are taking part in the school play m ust be here by 9 o’clock

7 Both of the tw o teachers could read Peter’s

handwriting It w asn’t very clear

Neither of the two teachers could read Peter’s handwriting It w asn’t very clear

8 A: Would you like som e w ater or juice with

your food?

B: None is OK j B: Either is OK

5 Both five girls w ent je t skiing

All five girls w ent je t skiing

9 A: Brian speaks French fluently.

B: So do I Q B: So am I f j

Use of English

C o m p lete w ith th e c o rre c t fo rm of the p h ra ses in the box.

combined with come along be at one’s best be into sth

nothing to worry about let som eone in on sth

1 R o b e rt _ football He enjoys watching basketball games

2 Come on, Mum! 1 don’t want Mary t o _ I don’t w ant to go to the party with mylittle sister

4 The doctor told me th a t I h a v e

5 I re a lly

head, it really aches

6 A healthy d ie t _

_ I’m in perfect health

today I’ve got a sore th ro a t and as for my

lots o f exercise can help you keep fit

Unit 7

Present Perfect Simple Present Perfect Sim ple vs Past Sim ple \

Now c o m p le te the se n te n c e s W rite Rob, Paul or Dave.

1 has tried bowling before

2 won last year's championship

Have you ever won?

Of course, I won the club championship last

year

I thought Dave Bolan was champion.

Well, he was until last year What about you?

Are you any good?

Well, I’ve never tried bowling before, but le t’s

see what I can do

Wow, you’re really good! Maybe we’ll have a

new bowling champion this year

isn’t a bowling champion any more,

m ight win th is year’s championship.Grammar

Q Present Perfect Simple

Affirmative

I have worked

H e /S h e /It has worked

W e/Y ou/They have worked

I've worked

H e /S h e /It's worked

W e/Y ou/They've worked

I have not worked

H e /S h e /It has not worked

W e/Y ou/They have not worked

I haven't worked

H e /S h e /It h a s n 't worked

W e/Y ou/They haven't worked

Has h e /s h e /it worked? Yes, h e /s h e /it has No, h e /s h e /it hasn’t

Have w e /y o u /th e y worked? Yes, w e /y o u /th e y have No, w e /y o u /th e y haven’t

We use the Present Perfect Simple:

• for actions which happened in the past, but we don’t mention when

exactly

I ’ve ta ste d sushi.

• for actions which happened in the past and th e ir results are obvious in

the present

Tom has broken his le ft arm.

• for actions which were com pleted a sh o rt tim e ago (usually with just)

I ’m exhausted! I ’ve ju s t finished the housework.

NOTE: Have / has gone means th a t som eone has gone somewhere and is still there

Roy has gone to Liverpool (He's s till there.)

> Have / has been means th a t som eone has visited a place but has returned

Roy has been to Barcelona (He’s not there now.)

31

Q Present Perfect Simple vs Past Simple

The Present Perfect Simple is used:

for actions th a t happened in the past, but we

don’t m ention when exactly

I have already read th a t book.

TIME EXPRESSIONS

ever, never, before, always, ju st, how long,

so far, since, for, already, yet, etc

The Past Simple is used:

• fo r actions which happened at a specific tim e

in the past We say when

I read th a t book la st month.

last w eek/m onth/ye ar, ago, yesterday, in 1 990, etc

.

NOTE: Ago is always used with the Past Simple.

I went hiking two weeks ago.

Before (when it means on a previous occasion) is used with the Present Perfect Simple

I ’ve been hiking before.

Activities

A C o m p le te the d ialo g u es w ith the P re s e n t P e rfe c t S im p le of the v e rb s in b ra c k e ts Use s h o rt a n s w e rs w h e re po ssible.

1 A: (Clara / call / yet)?

_ (arrange) to go out tonight

_ (make) other plans Why don’t you call her and find out?

_ (you / ever / ride) a horse?

_ What about you?

(never / do) anything like th a t but I (always / want) to

B: Let’s go riding this weekend, then.

3 A: Hey, turn down the volume It’s too loud.

B: I can’t find the remote control I

A: N o ,

(look) for it everywhere (you / see) it? _ Ask Mum She always knows where everything is

B: You’re right.

B C ircle the c o rre c t w ords.

1 I’ve worked out / worked out at the gym for 2 hours yesterday.

2 She has bought / bought a car two years ago.

3 Do you fancy a pizza or have you already eaten / did you already eat?

4 Let’s not see th a t film I’ve seen / saw it before.

5 I have read / read four books so fa r th is summer.

C Look a t the ta b le belo w and w rite se n te n c e s Use the P re s e n t P e rfe c t S im p le or the P ast S im p le as in the ex a m p le s

1 Anna has already bought a present f o r Tina She bought it yesterday.

2 Ben hasn’t locked the door uet.

D Complete the sentences with the Present Perfect Simple or the Past Simple of the verbs in brackets

1 H e le n (never/try) skiing before

2 A: I hope Susan doesn’t get lost

B: Don’t worry S h e (be) here tw ice before

3 A : _ y o u _ (take) your dog to the vet yet?

B: Yes, I have I (take) him to the vet yesterday afternoon

4 A: Billy, wash the dishes, please

B: I _ (already / do) it

5- K e lly (go) shopping yesterday and s h e _ (spend) all her

pocket money on clothes

6 W e (always / want) to travel around the world but w e

(only / be) to Africa

8 I (finish) my homework last night so I can go out today

9 - _ y o u (read) any interesting books recently?

33

E C ircle the c o rre c t w ords.

1 Have you (ever]/ never visited France?

2 Tom hasn’t bought any new clothes recently / yesterday.

3 My friends have already / yet finished th e ir meal.

4 Stella hasn’t decided where to spend her holiday yet / before.

5 My cousin has never cooked Mexican food ago / before.

6 Bruce tried sushi at a frie n d ’s house last / yesterday evening.

7 You’ve made the sam e m istake tw ice / yet.

8 Have you visited John lately / just?

9 Ethan travelled by plane tw o years ago / before.

Work in pairs Ask your partner questions using the prom pts below and tick ( / ) or cross (X)

try / ever / skiing

go shopping / Saturday

buy / newspaper / yesterday

see / good film / recently

go out / last night

m eet / friends / Sunday

read / interesting book / lately

Look at the table above and write a few sentences about your partner

Have you ever tried skiing?

No, I haven’t.

Did you go ?

Present Perfect Progressive 1 Present Perfect Sim ple - Present Perfect Progressive

Read the in te rv ie w and c o m p le te it w ith the q u estions a-c

a Is tree clim bing difficult?

b How long have you been climbing trees?

c. Nowadays, tree climbing has become a popular activity

Getting

An interview with tree clim bing expert

Jerry Peters

Weil, I’m a tree surgeon and my job

is to take care of trees So, I’ve been

climbing trees for years, since I was

tw enty years old to be exact I’ve

climbed trees th a t are 20m tall And

now it ’s also my hobby

NELCELS5ARY TRUE, CLIM5ING EQUIPMENT

Well, ju s t remember M ost of us have

climbed trees before When we were

children, it didn’t look difficult, did it?

Well, I’ll give you two good reasons

One, it ’s fun and you feel like an

acrobat in the treetops Two, the view

from the top is amazing!

Grammar

Q Present Perfect Progressive

Affirmative

1 have been working

H e /S h e /It has been working

W e/You/They have been working

I’ve been working

H e /S h e /It's been working

W e/You/They've been working

Negative

1 have not been working

H e /S h e /It has not been working

W e/You/They have not been working

1 haven't been working

H e /S h e /It hasn't been working

W e/You/They haven't been working

Questions

Have I been working?

Has h e /s h e /it been working?

Have w e /yo u /th e y been working?

Short Answers

Yes, I have

Yes, h e /s h e /it has

Yes, w e/you/they have

No, I haven’t

No, h e /s h e /it hasn't

No, we/you/they haven't

35

We form the Present Perfect Progressive with the Present Perfect Simple of the verb be (subject + have /

has + been) and the main verb with the ending -ing.

We use the Present Perfect Progressive:

for actions or situations which started in the past and continue,

regularly or uninterrupted, up to the present

They have been preparing lunch fo r two hours.

for actions which were happening over a period of tim e in the past

and may or may not have finished, but th e ir results are obvious in the

present

Peter is very tired because h e ’s been cleaning the house all day.

for, since, how long, all day/m orning/night, etc

NOTE: Stative verbs are not normally used in the Present Perfect Progressive.

© Present Perfect Simple - Present Perfect Progressive

We use the Present Perfect Simple:

• to em phasise the result of an action

She has typed ten pages.

for, since, ever, never, before, always,

recently, so far, ju st, already, yet, how long,

once, twice, etc

We use the Present Perfect Progressive:

• to em phasise the duration of an action

She has been typing all afternoon.

for, since, how long, all day/m orning/night, etc

Q for / since

We use the Present Perfect Simple and the Present Perfect Progressive with for and since for actions th a t

started in the past and continue up to the present

for:

• refers to the duration of the action

I ’ve been recycling for six years.

since:

• refers to the tim e when the action started

I ’ve been recycling since 1999.

We use the Present Perfect Simple + since + Past Simple:

• to indicate when an action which started in the past and continues up to the present started

I have lived in this house since I was seven years old.

Activities

A Look at the p ictu res and the prom pts and write sentences Use the P re s e n t P e rfe c t P ro g ressive and for/since.

2 Ben and Sally like collecting stamps

They / collect / stam ps / two years

3 Janet is a reporter

She / work for / newspaper /

1 9 9 5

l Marina is a teacher

She / teach / Oakfield Primary

School / six years

She has been teaching at

Oakfield Primary School for

six years.

4 There’s snow everywhere!

It / snow / th is morning

6 David talks on the phone too much

He / talk / phone / 6 o’clock

5 Mandy is tired

She / jog / park / an hour

: Look at the p ro m p ts and write sentences as in the e x a m p le Use the P re s e n t P e rfe c t S im p le + since + P ast S im p le

1 B ill/s ta rt/w o rk in g Bill/travel abroad/m any tim es

Bill has travelled abroad manu times since he started working.

: M a ry/sta rt/g o in g /g ym M a ry/lo se /te n kilos

3 My brother/buy/new car My brother/no t have/accidents

4 C a rol/find/ne w job C arol/not go out w ith /frie n d s

5 A la n /b re a k/ie g A la n /n o t play/basketball

37

Dan Hey, Gwen, come in

Gwen Where (1 ) (you/be) all day, Dan?

Dan Oh, here at home I ( 2 ) (be) busy

Gwen Busy? W hat ( 3 ) (you/do)?

jg fe Dan I ( 4 ) (cook) for the dinner party

Gwen Really? ( 5 ) (you/finish) yet?

Dan No, I’m afraid not I ( 6 ) (make) Spanish paella and achocolate cake but I ( 7 ) (not prepare) the salad yet

Gwen Let me help you then

2 .

Rob You know, Sam, I w ant to become a writer

Sam My uncle is a writer

Rob Really? Tell me about him

Sam Well, he ( 8 ) (write) novels for years He’s very talented

He ( 9 ) (write) tw enty novels so far He’s David Milner

Rob Oh, he’s quite fam ous I w ant to become fam ous too

Sam ( 1 0 ) (you/write) anything so far?

Rob No, I ( 1 1 ) (not decide) w hat to write about, but I will

become fam ous som e day

C C o m p lete the d ialo g u es w ith the P re s e n t P e rfe c t S im p le or the P re s e n t P e rfe c t P ro g re s s iv e of the verb s in bra c k e ts

D T ic k the m ost a p p ro p ria te s e n ten ce.

Tricia is angry because she has waited 5. 1 can’t drive you to work because 1 have

fo r Jack fo r over an hour □ been lending my car to Jeff

Tricia is angry because she has been 1 can’t drive you to work because 1 have

waiting fo r Jack fo r over an hour □ lent my car to Jeff

She hasn't finished her homework yet □ 6. Sue has been working on th is project

She hasn’t been finishing her since ten o’clock th is morning

1 have read two books th is month □ o’clock th is morning

1 have been reading two books this month □ 7. The m usicians have played music for

1 have been m aking this sandcastle all three hours

1 have made th is sandcastle all day □ fo r three hours

□

□

□

□

E Choose a, b or c.

2 I my keys and I can’t get into my flat

3 My p la n e yet

a hasn’t arrived b hasn’t been arriving c not arrived

4 Jane has been working as a c h e f three years

5 I don’t think John feels very well H e in bed all afternoon

6 My aunt used to be an English teacher, but now s h e a tour guide

7 He hasn’t read any books since h e _university

Speaking

Work in pairs Interview your partner and com plete the table below Use the prom pts given

How lo n g /live /in ?

p lay/sport/m usica l instrum ent? What?

How lo n g /p la y/th is sp o rt/m u sica l instrum ent?

Revision Module 3 Units 7-8

A C o m p lete w ith th e P re s e n t P e rfe c t S im p le , the P re s e n t P e rfe c t P ro g re s s iv e or the P ast S im p le of th e verb s in b rackets.

D ear Mario,

Hello! I h o p e ev e ry th in g is going well a t hom e I ( 1 ) (enjoy) m yself a lot here a t

Snowy M ountain We ( 2 ) _ (be) up here fo r five d ay s We ( 3 )

(arrive) on W ed n esd ay a n d so o n (4 ) (settle) into o u r b ea u tifu l cabin, in th e m iddle of

th e fo re st

The w e a th e r ( 5 ) (be) nice so far It (6 ) _ (snow ) a couple

of tim es b u t we ( 7 ) (n o t have) an y sn o w sto rm s

It’s 1 0:00pm now, a n d I’m lying in bed feeling e x h a u ste d We (8) (explore)

th re e caves to d a y Y esterday, we ( 9 ) _ (also/clim b) lots of n e a rb y slopes D on’t w orry

We (1 0 ) (n o t have) an y ac cid e n ts yet

On Friday, we (1 1 ) (go) to B ear Slope O ur gu id e (1 2 ) _

(tell) us to be careful b ec au se th e a r e a is fu ll of w ild an im als I (1 3 ) (n o t see) an y , b u tTony sa y s t h a t he (1 4 ) (see) a bear C an you believe it? Everyone know s th a t b ears

h ib e rn a te d u rin g w inter!

Since we (15) (arrive), we (1 6 ) (also /le a rn ) how

so m e o n e c a n survive in ex tre m e w e a th e r co n d itio n s We (1 7 ) (lea rn ) how to build a

sh e lte r o u t in th e snow Isn’t it g rea t? I w ish you w ere here w ith us!

I’m looking fo rw a rd to seeing you soon

Love,

Jerry

B C o m p lete th e blanks w ith for or since.

Interviewer How long have you been playing together as a band?

Brandon We’ve been together ( 1 ) 1 9 8 5 , but w e’ve known each other_( 2 ) _ tw enty years

That is, ( 3 ) we were seven or eight years old You see, we were at school together

Interviewer W hat have you been up to lately?

Brandon Well, we’ve been trying o u t a couple o f new songs ( 4 ) about a m onth but we’re not ready

to record them yet

Interviewer You’ve become really popular ( 5 ) last year, because of your song “ I’m crazy about you!”

Brandon Yes, and we hope to stay th a t way