English Grammar 3 Grammar Book

Learn and Practise English Grammar is a fourlevel series of grammar reference and practice books. The series has been designed to be used either on its own or with any A, B, C, and D class course. Learn and Practise English Grammar is a fourlevel series of grammar reference and practice books. The series has been designed to be used either on its own or with any A, B, C, and D class course.

by Edward R Rosset

Editorial Stanley

y Letras de Euskadi

Revised by / Revisado por:

Beryl Aguado Lait

Principal of Apsley School of English.Portsmouth - England

Published by / Editado por:

Editorial Stanley

Layout / Diseno y Maquetacion:

Angela Gomez Martin

Front page design / Diseno portada:

Dep Leg.: BI-1193-01

Second edition / Segunda edicion 1999 Reprint / Reimpresion 2001

Printers / Imprime:

Imprenta RGM

2 Look, sound, seem, appear 4 - 5

3 Modifiers: Quite, fairly, rather, pretty 6 - 7

4 Phrasal verbs 8 - 9

5 Must, can't + infinitive 10- 11

6 Should, ought to, could + infinitive 12 - 13

13 Adjectives ending in ing/ed 26 - 27

14 The present perfect simple 28 - 29

15 Present perfect with ever, just, since, for 30 - 31

16 If, when, as soon as, until, clauses 32 - 33

1 7 Infinitives after adjectives 34 - 35

18 Linking words and phrases 36 - 37

19 Have to - must - need to 38 - 39

20 Uses of the article, the 40 - 41

21 Use of the article, a/an 42 - 43

22 Since, as, because, so, so that 44 - 45

23 Infinitive of purpose 46 - 47

24 Conditionals: type 1, 2 and 3 48 - 49

25 May, might and could + infinitive 50 - 51

26 Clauses of reason, purpose and result 52 - 53

27 Need 54 - 55

28 Ability can, know how to + infinitive 56 - 57

29 Gerunds after prepositions - worth 58 - 59

30 Present perfect (ever, just, already, for, since) 60 - 61

31 Present perfect (with for and since) 62 - 63

32 Present perfect continuous 64 - 65

33 I would rather - prefer to 66 - 67

34 Had better + infinitive - it's time 68 - 69

40 Links -however, whichever, whenever, etc 80 - 81

41 Too and enough + infinitive 82 - 83

42 Need and want + gerund -help 84 - 85

43 Causative verbs: have and get 86 - 87

44 Indirect speech 88 - 89

45 Indirect speech (cont.) 90 - 91

46 The passive -prepositions: 92 - 93

47 Before, after, as soon as, until 94 - 95

48 Indirect and embedded questions 96 - 97

49 Infinitives after adjectives 98 - 99

50 Participles (ing -ed) in clauses 100 -101

51 The participle (ing -ed) (cont.) 102 -103

52 Bare infinitives, after make and verbs of perception 104 -105

53 Future continuous, future perfect continuous 1 0 6 - 1 0 7Appendix

Present simple and present continuous

Uses of the simple present tense.

1 Usamos el presente simple en verdades permanentes

• The moon goes round the Earth.

• Spring always follows the hardest winter.

2 Para situaciones o acontecimientos que pueden continuar indefinidamente

• My father goes to work by car • My sister works in the library.

3 Usamos el presente simple para describir acciones habituales, cosas quesuceden repetidamente

• Your brother smokes a lot • I start work at nine.

A menudo usamos adverbios de tiempo o frases adverbiales

• We sometimes work till very late • They come here every day.

Usamos el presente simple con How often o Do you ever.

• 'How often do you come here?' 'I come here every day.'

• 'Do you ever go to America?' 'No, I never go there.'

4 Tambien usamos el presente simple como referenda futura

• The play begins at 8 and ends at 10.30.

• The Art Gallery opens on July 5th and closes on August 30th.

5 Para observaciones y declaraciones tambien usamos el presente simple

• I suppose they'll be here in time for the meeting.

• I certainly agree with you.

Uses of the progressive present.

1 La accion esta en progreso en el momento de hablar

• Someone is waiting to see you.

• Your father is working at the moment.

2 Situaciones temporales

• What's your son doing these days? • Don't take that away I'm using it.

• He's reading History at London University.

3 Acciones planeadas: referencia futura

• Next Sunday we're spending the day in the country.

• Your father is arriving tonight • Hurry up The train's leaving.

4 Acciones repetidas: A menudo usamos adverbios en este tipo de frases

• She's always talking about the same things.

• He's continually telling us what to do.

1 En este ejercicio tienes que poner el verbo en presente continuo o simple.

Example: Stop shouting I am listening to the radio.

What do you do for a living?

1 That man says he's 90, but I (believe) him

2 My father is in New York He (stay) at the Palace Hotel

He always (stay) at the Palace

3 We usually (not/go) to see the new films but we

(not/see) this one

4 You can take my car I (not/use) it tonight

5 'Can Ann drive?' 'No, but she (learn) Her father

(teach) her.'

6 They always (grow) carnations but this year they

(grow) geraniums

7 The Tagus River (flow) into the Atlantic

8 The river (flow) fast today after the rains

9 Come on! The train (come) I (not/want) tomiss it

10.1 (belong) to any trade union or political party

11.This girl (not/live) with them She

(stay) with them for a few months

12 'What (Mr Brown/ do)?' 'He's an engineer, but he

(not/work) at the moment.'

2 Tu amigo va a ir de vacaciones a Espana Escribe sobre sus planes de vacaciones

Example: (go / Benidorm) He is going to Benidorm.

1 (stay / Hotel Tropical) He

2 (go / by plane)

3 (leave / tomorrow)

4 (go / with his friend Tom)

5 (stay / three weeks)

3 Ahora tienes unas frases de presente simple con sentido de future

Example: At what time do they open the Museum?

1 We (leave) at 9 and (arrive) at 11.30

2 Tomorrow (be) Sunday

3 The tennis match (start) at four

4 The exhibition (open) in June and

(close) in September

5 What time (begin) the show ?

Look, sound, seem, appear.

For regla general con verbos usamos adverbios, pero con ciertos verbos (comoSEEM, LOOK, SOUND, APPEAR, TASTE, ETC.) se pueden usar adjetivos.Podemos hacer esto cuando describimos el sujeto de la frase, no la accion delverbo

• It sounds nice • It looks good

• It tastes delicious • It seems difficult

Sin embargo, alguno de estos verbos tiene doble significado:

• The agreement appeared difficult.

• Mrs Cohn suddenly appeared behind us.

En la primera frase, appeared, significa 'parecia', y se usa con un adjetivo; pero

en la segunda frase, appeared significa 'aparecer ante la vista,'(accion) asi que

se usa con un adverbio Comparemos:

• The little girl looks sad (adjective)

• The little girl looked at him sadly, (adverb)

• This wine tastes delicious, (adjective)

• He tasted the wine thoughtfully, (adverb)

LOOK tiene dos significados:

• She looks tired.

• He looked sad.

Aqui significa 'tiene el aspecto, parece' y va seguido de adjetivos

El otro significado de look se relaciona con 'ver', y a menudo Neva detras

particu-las adverbiales o preposiciones

• Don't look at me like that.

• I'll look into the matter.

SOUND es uno de los verbos que no se usan en formas progresivas.

Es tambien uno de los verbos que se usan con adjetivos, no con adverbios

• That piano sounds terrible.

• She sounded depressed on the phone.

SEEM es tambien uno de los verbos que se usan con adjetivos, no con adverbios.

• She seemed a bit angry yesterday.

A menudo usamos to be despues de seem.

• She seems to be very nice.

• He seemed to be tired.

1 Detras de estos verbos a veces se pone un adjetivo y a veces un adverbio.

Example: The soup tastes wonderful.

He tasted the soup suspiciously.

1 The old woman appeared in the doorway (sudden)

2 The doctor felt his arm (careful)

3 My skin feels very (rough)

4 He looked at her (angry)

5 Your father looked very (angry) last night

6 The problem appeared (impossible)

7 She appeared (sudden) in front of them

8 That guitar sounds (terrible)

9 The cheese smells (awful)

10 This wine tastes a bit (strange).11.That rock looks (impressive)

12 She looked at me (sudden)

13.The situation seemed (complicate)

14.The piano sounds (cheap)

2 A continuacion tienes unas frases Una bien y otra mal Tienes que tachar la queesta mal

Example: He appeared to be very angry./

1 He seemed quite normal / He seemed quite normally

2 He looked awful / He looked awfully

3 That sounded cheaply / That sounded cheap

4 It looked expensive / It looked expensively

5 It seemed decisive / It seemed decisively

6 You look sick / You looked sickly

7 It tastes wonderful / It tastes wonderfully

8 He felt his way around careful / He felt his way around carefully

9 A blue car appeared sudden / A blue car appeared suddenly

10.That thing smells awful / That thing smells awfully

11 This soup tastes strangely / This soup tastes strange

12.That music sounds beautifully / That music sounds beautiful

Modifiers: quite, fairly, rather, pretty.

Estas cuatro palabras se usan para modificar la fuerza de los adjetivos o bios Pero no significan exactamente lo mismo

adver-FAIRLY es la mas debil de las cuatro.

Tiene un sentido de 'bastante', pero no 'mucho'

Una peli'cula 'fairly good' es una peli'cula bastante buena, pero que no merece lapena ir a verla

• He speaks English fairly well, (bastante bien, pero no muy bien)

QUITE es un poco mas fuerte que FAIRLY.

Si dices que una peli'cula es 'quite good', la estas recomendando; quiza no sea lamejor pelfcula de la historia, pero merece la pena ver

• He speaks English quite well, (se las arregla muy bien)

RATHER es todavi'a mas fuerte.

A menudo significa mas de lo normal Si dices que una peli'cula es 'rather good',

es ciertamente mejor que la mayorfa

• He speaks English rather well, (es un buen linguista)

PRETTY es bastante parecido a RATHER,

pero se usa en un estilo bastante informal, generalmente en ingles coloquial

• I'm getting pretty fed up (hasta la coronilla)

RECUERDA

Solo rather se puede usar con comparatives.

• It's getting rather warmer.

O con too.

• It's rather too late.

Quite tiene tambien el significado de 'completamente', segun con que palabra

se use

• It's all quite finished • She was quite alone.

Tanto quite como rather se pueden usar delante de un artfculo, y con un verbo

• It's quite a nice day.

• I rather like that girl.

1 En este ejercicio tienes que anadir fairly, quite, rather, o pretty, a las frases que

se te dan.

Example: He is a pretty good fellow.

1 This exercise is not too bad It could be better It's good

2 Carmen speaks English well She can evenmanage a difficult discussion in English

3 Twenty is old to take up swimming

4 The new art gallery is good I certainly wouldrecommend going to see it

5 I was pleasantly surprised She's nice

6 I was impressed by her singing It wasn't

9 He's a good fellow We all like him

10 It's hot I feel all sticky

1 1 She speaks well It's very pleasant to hear

2 A continuacion tienes dos frases Tacha la que te parezca que esta mal

Example: He was rather old for her /

1 She is a fairly nice girl / She is a very nice girl I love her

2 It's quite an impressive show / It's pretty an impressive show

3 She has a rather strange way of speaking / She has a fairly strange way to speak

4 Aren't we driving rather fast? / Aren't we driving quite fast?

5 That boy is quite good at tennis / That boy is very good at tennis Of course he'sstill got a lot to learn

6 She's got a rather good voice / She's got quite a good voice

7 His wife is rather older than he is / His wife is quite older than he is

8 We've invited rather too many people / We've invited fairly too many people

9 It's quite too difficult for us / It's rather too difficult for us

10 It's a very good idea / It's a fairly good idea I love it!

Phrasal Verbs

En ingles moderno es muy corriente colocar las preposiciones o los adverbiosdetras de ciertos verbos, cambiando de esta manera su significado

• turn up (aparecer) - look for (buscar) - give up (abandonar)

Es importante saber si la combinacion es transitiva o intransitiva Es decir si Neva

o no complemento directo

Look for es transitive: • I'm looking for my daughter.

Look out es intransitive: • Look out! A car is coming!

RECUERDA

A veces un verbo compuesto puede tener un significado y ser transitive yseparable.:

• He took off his jacket • He took his jacket o f f

Y otras veces es intransitive, con otro significado, e inseparable

• The plane took off, (despeg6)

Expresiones transitivas

El objeto se coloca generalmente al final de estas frases:

• I'm looking for my passport.

Sin embargo, muchas veces se puede poner opcionalmente o bien al final oinmediatamente despues del verbo:

• He took off his gloves o He took his gloves off.

Cuando el complemento directo es un pronombre a veces se coloca al final de laexpresion:

• She is looking for her.

Pero mas a menudo se coloca inmediatamente detras del verbo:

• She took them off.

Esta posicion es muy corriente con palabras como:

in, on, out, down, up, off, away

• She's giving money away • Give it away! • Put it down!

Si el complemento directo es una frase larga, la particula se prefiere ponerinmediatamente despues del verbo:

• They turned down many perfectly good suggestions.

• She's likely to turn down any suggestions I make.

Con verbos compuestos intransitivos, la particula viene despues del verbo:

• The meeting broke up as I came into the room.

Los verbos compuestos de preposicion no tienen problema, pues la preposicionsiempre se pone detras del verbo:

• That girl takes after her mother.

1 En este ejercicio tienes que completar las frases con uno de los verbos compuestos que

se te dan: look down, fill in, turn up, keep down, bring up, grow up, fall off, close down

Example: The nuns brought up the child in the convent.

1 The boy has quite a lot since last year

2 That girl is going to that horse

3 These rich people on you

4 Industries have to their expenses

5 I don't know when he is going to

6 In this exercise you have to the gaps

7 This firm is going to due to the recession

2 Completa estas frases tal como se muestra en el ejemplo

Example: He told me to turn off the heating, so I turned it off.

1 He asked me to try out the shampoo, so I

2 He asked me to give up drinking, so I

3 He asked me to ring Mr Jones up, so I

4 He told me to take up learning French, so I

5 He asked me to give up my job, so I

6 He told me to put on my coat, so I

7 He asked me to fold the paper up, so I

3 Completa estas frases usando el verbo compuesto apropiado, en el tiempo quecorresponda:

try on, turn down, cross out, take off, look up, break off, make up, go out, put on.

Example: I have never heard this word before /'// look it up in the dictionary.

1 That's a nice sweater , will you!

2 It's cold, your coat

3 Tomorrow we'll to the theatre

4 We have to for the time lost

5 The meeting is going to any time

6 This is our plane We'll in half an hour

7 This answer is not correct it

8 The volume is too loud it

Must, can't + infinitive.

Usamos must para afirmar o sacar una conclusion de la mas probable

interpreta-cion de una situainterpreta-cion o acontecimiento:

• She must be about fifty.

No conocemos la verdad con exactitud, pero creemos que debe de ser asf En

este sentido !o opuesto de must es can't.

• She must be about fifty.

• Oh no! She can't be more than forty.

En forma indirecta, este dialogo seria:

• Jim said that she must be about fifty, but Tom thought that she couldn't bemore than forty

Usamos must para decir que estamos seguros de que algo es verdad:

• You've been working all day You must be tired.

• You're taking the driving test next week You must be practising a lot.

• She knows a lot about books She must read a great deal.

Usamos can't para decir que creemos que algo es imposible:

• You've just drunk a pint of beer You can't be thirsty already.

• He's not doing that, is he? He can't be so stupid.

r must be clever/stupid/tired etc.

I/you/he (etc) J cgn , t be p r a c tjsing/s t u dyjn g etc

RECUERDA

Si nos referimos a un tiempo pasado, usamos must y can't (o couldn't) con el

infinitive perfecto

• It must have been terrible for her.

• She didn't hear me coming She must have been asleep.

• He started five minutes ago He can't (o couldn't) have finished already.

• She can't (o couldn't) have done it so quickly.

I/you/he (etc) J must have been drunk/tired etc.

can't have been watching/waiting, etc

En este tipo de frases el can't have (done) se puede sustituir por el couldn't

have (done).

• He can't have been there = He couldn't have been there.

1 Completa estas frases con must o can't + un verbo apropiado.

Example: She has been working all day She must be tired.

1 He drives a Rolls-Royce and his wife a Mercedes They rich

2 'She says she won't marry for money.' 'She so silly!'

3 That was the doorbell That your uncle Tom

4 That's the doorbell It your brother He's got a key

5 That girls knows a lot about films She to the cinema quite a lot

2 Completa estas frases usando must (have) o can't (have).

Example: 'Were they married?' 'Yes, they must have been'.

'Did they hear you?' 'No, they can't have heard me'.

1 She said she'd phone him So she him by now

2 I know she married the old man, but she himfor love

3 The train's already gone It earlier than I thought

4 He has no idea what the book is about He it

5 I can't find my key I it

6 In the village they all know about the project He

everybody

7 He was starting a few seconds ago He already

3 Ahora lee esta situacion y escribe una frase con must have o can't have.

Example: She didn't say 'hello', (see/us) She can't/couldn't have seen us.

1 She married that old man (desperate/for/money)

2 'She finished reading the book.' (she/can't/finish)

'Impossible, she '

3 I don't understand how the two cars crashed, (the driver/this car/can't/see/theother car coming)

4 I don't know how you did it (must/be/very difficult)

5 I lost my briefcase I (must/leave/train)

6 He walked into a lamppost, (couldn't/be/look)

7 She did the exact opposite of what I told her (couldn't/understand/tell her)

Should, ought to, could + infinitive.

RECUERDA

Should es un verbo defective, se puede usar para presente, future y pasado

cuando va precedido de un verbo en pasado Al igual que los demas verbos

defectives (excepto el ought) no admite el to detras Es decir va seguido de

un bare infinitive:

• You should paint the bedroom.

• It was a good play You should go and see it.

A menudo usamos should cuando creemos que una cosa es buena de hacer, o es

la cosa apropiada Es decir: (deberfan)

• They should do something about unemployment.

• 'Should we ask him to come?' 'Yes, I think we should.'

Usamos shouldn't con el sentido de no deben'as.

• You shouldn't drink so much.

Should

Se usa para dar consejos y no es tan fuerte como must.

Your doctor: • 'You must stop smoking!'

Your friend: • 'You should stop smoking.'

Para el pasado usamos should have been (deben'as haber estado).

• 'I feel terrible today.' 'You shouldn't have drunk so much last night.'

• 'My motorbike slipped on the ice.' 'You shouldn't have been going so fast.'

Ought to (deberfa)

Tambien es un verbo defective que se puede usar para el presente, future y

pasado, y es el unico verbo defective que va seguido del infinitive con to (full

infinitive)

• You ought to put central heating.

• She ought to have written a letter.

• You ought to have passed the examination easily.

La forma negativa del ought es oughtn't.

• You oughtn't to have written to him.

Mientras que la forma interrogativa es ought you?

• Ought you to do it alone?

Coloquialmente se tiende a usar should en vez de ought to debido a que es mas

facil de pronunciar

1 En este ejercicio usa should para decir que algo deberia suceder.

Example: 'Do you think he'll pass his driving test?' 'He should pass it He

can drive very well.'

1 'Do you think he'll arrive in time?' 'Well, he Heleft very early.'

2 'Do you think he'll help you?' 'He me I've done him

a lot of favours.'

3 'Do you think the film is worth seeing?' 'Yes, you see

it It's a very good picture'

4 'Do you think I could leave without telling them?' 'No, you

without saying goodbye.'

2 Rellena estas frases usando should have.

Example: 'I can't see very well.' 'You should have gone to the optician before.'

1 'I left very early.' 'You (stay) a little longer.'

2 'I'm going to post the letter.' 'What! You haven't posted it yet? You

(post) it yesterday.'

3 You insulted him, you know I think you (apologize)for what you said

4 They arrived late.' They (leave) earlier.'

5 'He was angry because I lied.' 'You (tell) him the truth'

6 'She was annoyed because I hadn't cleaned my room.' 'You

(clean) it before you left.'

3 Gambia should por ought y viceversa.

Example:! think you should apologize to that lady.

/ think you ought to apologize to that lady.

1 He ought to have come earlier

2 You should have bought a better car

3 We ought to have gone out for dinner

4 You should stop smoking

5 You ought to have told her

6 They should work harder

7 I ought to have spoken to her

8 I should have gone to bed earlier

Such, so

Such

Es un adjetivo y se usa delante de 'adjetivo + sustantivo'

• She is such a nice girl that everyone loves her.

• They were such big dogs that everybody was afraid.

So

Es un adverbio y se usa delante de adverbios y adjetivos:

• She is so big!

• Those girls are so pretty!

• He spoke so fast that I couldn't understand him.

• The dog was so big that nobody dared get near

Nunca se usa such delante de much y many:

• It was such a nice day that we went out for a picnic.

Mientras que so se utiliza con ambos, incluso cuando el much y el many van

seguidos de sustantivos:

• There were so many people in the room that we couldn't get in.

• He poured so much water that the glass overflowed.

So y such hacen que el significado del adjetivo sea mas fuerte.

• She is very pretty, but so silly.

• She enjoyed the party She had such a good time.

Comparemos so y such:

• I like those people They are so nice/They are such nice people.

so that y such that

• The book was so interesting that I read it in one day.

• It was such an interesting book that I couldn't put it down.

Fijate que such + a + adjetivo + sustantivo, es igual a so + adjetivo + a + sustantivo:

• Such a nice girl = So nice a girl.

Esta ultima expresion aunque no es muy coloquial se suele ver en literatura

RECUERDA

Que such a se usa con sustantivos en singular:

• Such a girl! • Such a nice girl!

Mientras que such se usa con plurales e incontables:

• Such girls! • Such nice girls!

• Such weather! • Such nice weather!

Las expresiones so long equivalen a such a long time.

so far " such a long way.

1 En este ejercicio tienes que poner so o such.

Example: Don't eat so fast! I've never seen such a boring film.

1 It's incredible that she should be fit at eighty

2 That man has lot of problems that he can't sleep

3 The sun was hot that I got sunburnt

4 I've never tasted horrible food

5 I've never had wonderful meal

6 She's got beautiful eyes! Her eyes are

2 Gambia such por so y viceversa.

Example: The film was so exciting that everyone was quiet.

It was such an exciting film that everyone was quiet.

1 The weather was so good that we went for a picnic

2 It was such a good motorway that we drove very fast

3 The problem was so difficult that nobody could solve it

4 He had such a big head that he couldn't find a hat big enough

3 Gambia estas frases por otras con el mismo significado

Example:! didn't know that he had lived here for so long.

/ didn't know that he had lived here for such a long time.

1 We've got so much food that we don't know what to do with it

2 They lived so far from the centre that they had to take a bus

3 I've been doing this for so long that I couldn't do anything else

Gerunds after prepositions Keep, try.

Los verbos que se colocan inmediatamente despues de las preposiciones van en

gerundio:

Are you good at learning languages?

Is he interested in working for you?

I am in favour of giving everyone a day off

There's no point in taking your car

She insisted on paying for herself

He left without paying the bill

This knife is for carving meat

I'm fed up with doing always the same

Despues de before y after se pone gerundio:

• Before doing anything ask your father.

• What are you going to do after leaving college?

Tambien se puede poner un sujeto:

• Before he left he said goodbye to everybody.

• What are you going to do after you leave college?

Without y by van tambien seguidos de gerundio:

• He left without saying goodbye.

• They got into the car by breaking the back window.

Las unicas excepciones a la regla del gerundio son except y but (preposicion), los cuales van seguidos del infinitivo sin to (bare infinitive).

• I could do nothing except swallow my pride.

• He did nothing but complain.

TO es generalmente parte del infinitivo:

• I want to come with you.

Sin embargo, to tambien puede ser una preposicion:

• My brother went to South America.

• He passed the sugar to his sister.

Por lo tanto en las frases en las que el to sea preposicion y vaya seguido de unverbo, este verbo ira en gerundio

• I prefer running to walking.

• I look forward to hearing from you.

1 En este ejercicio tienes que escribir una frase con el mismo significado que la primera.

Example:! finished my letter and then I went to the cinema.

After finishing my letter I went to the cinema.

1 We went to the cinema but first we had a meal

2 Tom can solve difficult problems He is very good at

3 First he went for a swim in the sea, and then he had a shower

4 He is thinking He would like to emigrate to Australia

5 We didn't watch television We went to the cinema instead

Instead

6 He fell in the second lap, but he managed to win the race

In spite

7 This gadget open tins It's a gadget for

2 Ahora vuelve a escribir estas frases con without o by.

Example: She left the house She didn't say goodbye.

She left the house without saying goodbye.

1 He found a parking place He didn't look for it

2 He went out in the rain He didn't take his umbrella

3 The burglar got into the house He broke the garage window

4 He got away with it He accused his accomplice

3 Escribe las mismas frases con look forward to.

Example: I'm meeting you next week I'm looking forward to it.

I'm looking forward to meeting you.

1 Old Grumbler is coming to see me I'm not looking forward to that

2 I'm going home for Christmas I'm looking forward to it

3 After three months you're going to see your girlfriend What do you say to her?

Comparison of adjectives.

La comparacion se hace entre dos, bien sea, personas, cosas o grupos:

• Peter is taller than John.

• Peter is taller than the other boys.

A veces el segundo termino de la comparacion se da por sobreentendido

• Which is (the) bigger? (of the two classes)

Mas ejemplos de comparativos + than.

• Our house is better/worse/bigger than our neighbour's.

• Walking is less tiring than running.

• A leather coat is more expensive than a plastic one.

• It's more pleasant today than it was yesterday.

• She feels less tired today than she felt yesterday.

Tambien se pueden dar comparaciones con frases hechas tal como:

• She is taller than average

• Today it's less expensive than usual.

RECUERDA

Que cuando juntamos dos adjetivos (o adverbios) en grado comparative,damos la idea de aumento o disminucion:

• He is getting taller and taller.

• Things are getting more and more difficult.

• Videos and computers are getting less and less expensive.

The + comparative + the

Esta construccion se puede hacer con adjetivos y con adverbios para mostrarcausa y efecto:

• The more money you have, the more you want.

• The more expensive things are, the less people buy.

Modification de los adjetivos.

Para dar intensidad a la comparacion usamos palabras tales como: a bit, a lot,lots, a little, rather, very much, far, even, hardly any, etc

• Things are much more expensive nowadays.

• It's much colder this year than it was last year.

• There have been many more crimes this month.

1 Completa las frases usando a little, a lot, much, many etc Usa than cuando sea

necesario

1 It's to learn things with a good teacher, (a lot/easy)

2 The car is too small for us We need something

(much/big)

3 She looked sad yesterday but this morning she looks

(a bit/happy)

4 I prefer this hotel It's (much/comfortable) than that one

5 'Did you enjoy your stay?' 'Yes, it was I expected(far/interesting).'

2 En este ejercicio tienes que usar la estructura more and more.

Example: The weather is getting warmer and warmer.

Things are getting more and more difficult.

1 Restaurants are becoming (expensive)

2 She's only been here for two months and her English is already getting

(good)

3 As days passed she became (nervous)

4 That crack on the wall is getting (big)

5 This suitcase seems to get (heavy)

6 It's becoming (difficult) to find a job

7 That woman is getting (grumpy) as she gets older

8 The little girl is becoming (beautiful) as she grows up

3 Junta las frases de la izquierda con las de la derecha

1 The more you have A the more you learn

2 The more expensive it is B the quicker you get there

3 The longer he waits C the more dangerous it becomes

4 The shorter the way D the more you want

5 The higher you climb E the more impatient he becomes

6 The better the teacher is F the less it sells

7 The longer the phone call G the more you have to pay

superlative

fastestmost easilymost rarelyworstfarthest/furthestlatest

leastmostbest

RECUERDA

Muchos adverbios como fast y early forman sus comparativos y superlatives

de la misma forma que los adjetivos cortos (faster, fastest)

Como la mayoria de los adverbios de modo tienen dos d mas silabas, estos

forman sus comparativos y superlatives con more/less y most/least: more

quickly, less clearly, least briefly.

Algunos adverbios de frecuencia forman el grade comparativo y superlative con

more/less, most/least (more seldom, most seldom).

Often tiene dos formas de comparativo: more often y oftener, siendo la primera

mas corriente: I go there more often than you.

Last y latest pueden ser adjetivos:

• This is the latest news (las mas recientes).

• This is the last news bulletin for today

Pero generalmente last se usa como adverbio:

• We went to the Wax Museum last • I last saw him two months ago.

Ejemplos de comparacion de adverbios:

• I run as fast as my brother.

• I can't sing as well as my sister.

• She can't jump as high as her brother.

• The clouds disappeared more quickly than we expected.

• The faster he talks the more difficult it is to understand him.

• It was snowing more and more heavily.

• This man runs faster than anyone else in the world.

• My daughter works harder than anybody else in the office.

1 En este ejercicio tienes que completar las frases usando as as.

Example: This table is long but that one is longer That table is not as long

as this one.

1 Today's weather is good, but yesterday was better

The weather today isn't

2 She was nervous before the exam but usually she is more nervous

2 Vuelve a escribir estas frases de forma que tengan el mismo significado

Example: This man is older than he looks He isn't as young as he looks.

1 The exam was more difficult than I expected The exam wasn't

2 There were fewer people at this match than at the last one There weren't

3 The restaurant is cheaper than we expected It isn't

4 We go to the cinema less than we used to We don't go

5 The Post Office was farther than I thought It wasn't

3 En este ejercicio vas a cambiar las frases usando less.

Example: It was not as clear as before In fact it was less clearly written than

Adverbs of manner.

La mayoria de los adverbios de modo se forman anadiendo ly a los adjetivos:

sudden/suddenly, beautiful/beautifully, mad/madly.

A menudo la 'y' se convierte en 'i': funny/funnily, busy/busily, dry/drily (o dryly)

Cuando el adverbio termina en 'le',la 'e' desaparece: possible/possibly Otros la retienen: extreme/extremely Con la excepcion de true/truly, due/duly.

Algunos adverbios tienen la misma forma que los adjetivos: daily, weekly, monthly,

quarterly, yearly.

Early y fast tambien pueden ser adjetivos o adverbios.

• This is a fast train • This train is very fast.

RECUERDA

Que algunos sufijos se pueden ahadir a los adjetivos para formar adverbios demodo (a veces de direccion): sideways, clockwise, lengthwise, crossways

Position

Los adverbios de modo se colocan detras del verbo:

• She sang beautifully.

O detras del objeto cuando hay uno:

• She speaks English well He gave up his job reluctantly.

Cuando tenemos verbo + preposicion + objeto, el adverbio puede ir o bien delante

de la preposicion o despues del objeto:

• She looked at me suspiciously / She looked suspiciously at me.

Si el objeto es una frase ponemos el adverbio antes que la preposicion:

• She looked suspiciously at everybody sitting in the lounge.

Asfmismo, en las frases de verbo + objeto, si el objeto es largo el adverbio se

coloca entre el sujeto y el verbo:

• They secretly decided to meet again shortly.

• He angrily denied that he had stolen the money

Badly y well se pueden usar como adverbios de modo o de grado Como

adver-bios de modo se colocan detras de un verbo active:

• He speaks English well.

• The excursion was well organized.

• She behaved badly.

• He was badly paid.

1 Completa la frase con el adverbio correspondiente Entre parentesis tienes eladjetivo.

Example: He was madly in love with the girl (mad).

1 She played the piano (beautiful)

2 The documents were received (due)

3 'Come here,' he said (dry)

4 It will rain tonight (possible)

5 It is the same thing (basic)

6 We caught the train very (early)

7 I pay my bills (month)

8 It appeared in front of her (sudden)

9 He drove very (fast)

10.The film ended (happy)

11 You have to do it very (careful)

12.These people always laugh very (loud)

13.This man always behaves very (noble)

14 She always greets me in a very way (friendly)

2 Una de las dos frases esta mal, tachala

Example: He pays his staff very well I Hejjaj

1 She typed his letters very badly / She very badly typed his letters

2 It heavily snowed last February / It snowed heavily last February

3 He took the picture down slowly / He slowly took the picture down

4 He hurriedly left the room / He left the room hurriedly

5 I pay my bills quarterly / I quarterly pay my bills

6 Shake the bottle well / Shake well the bottle

7 He angrily denied that he had stolen the money / He denied angrily that he hadstolen the money

8 He kindly spoke to the children / He spoke to the children kindly

9 She danced beautifully / She beautifully danced

10 She gave him the money reluctantly / She reluctantly gave him the money

11 These actors perform very badly / These actors very badly perform

12 They ran across the street / They crossed the street running

13 She pays every day / She every day pays

14 He softly spoke to me / He spoke to me softly

Order of adjectives.

A veces usamos mas de un adjetivo para describir un sustantivo Entoncestenemos que tener cuidado en que orden ponemos los adjetivos Aunque no hayreglas fijas, en el cuadro que va a continuacion ponemos una gufa general

colour

green blue

country

ItalianJapanese

material

woodenporcelain

tablevaseFi'jate que las cualidades generales (beautiful, nice, delicious, clever, etc) vansiempre delante, como primer adjetivo

El sustantivo puede estar compuesto de dos palabras: kitchen table, tennis

racket Estas palabras no se pueden separar.

Si uno de los adjetivos es un participio este se pondra delante del material: a

handmade wooden table.

La palabra que indica nacionalidad u origen se pone inmediatamente delante:

Italian shirt.

En caso de que haya un gerundio, este precede al origen:

• An Italian handmade tablecloth.

• Fast-selling Italian handmade tablecloths.

El tamaho generalmente precede a la edad y forma, etc

• A large new table; a small round table; A large new square table.

Los adjetivos que expresan nuestra opinion de la calidad de algo o alguien van en primer lugar: nice, happy, clean, cheap.

• There was a friendly little Chinese girl at the counter.

Cuando los adjetivos se usan como predicados, es decir, detras del verbo, seseparan con un and si son dos:

• The tea was sweet and strong

Si son mas de dos adjetivos los separamos con una coma excepto los dos ultimos

que que van separados por and.

• His clothes were filthy, old, wet and worn out.

Usamos comas para separar los adjetivos que sean igualmente importantes.Nunca ponemos coma detras del ultimo adjetivo:

• A tall, dark, handsome young man

• A small, shiny, black leather bag

A veces tambien los atributivos van unido con and.

• Black and white tiles

• A tall and elegant young woman

1 Ron los adjetivos que van entre parentesis en posicion correcta.

Example: a table (nice, old, wooden) A nice old wooden table.

1 A cat (white, fat, big)

2 A road (long, narrow)

3 A face ( thin, white)

4 A box (metal, black, large)

5 A car (black, old, little)

6 A dress (blue, pretty)

7 A shower (hot, nice)

8 A day (beautiful, sunny)

9 Eyes (large, watery)

10 A film (Japanese, new)

11 A handbag (black leather)

12 A house (modern, red, brick)

13 A man (young, good-looking)

14 An old lady (nice, little, old)

15 A painting (old, interesting, Italian)

16 A ring (silver, rare)

17 Hair (beautiful, black, long)

18 A village (fishing, little, lovely)

19 A cupboard (old, beautiful, brown, Italian)

2 Forma frases usando los adjetivos como predicados

Example: My shoes/worn out/torn My shoes are worn out and torn.

Adjectives ending in ing/ed.

Hay muchos pares de adjetivos que terminan en ing y ed Por ejemplo: surprised

y surprising.

• Mary is at the cinema The end of the film is not what she expected You cansay that:

• The end of the film is surprising.

• She was surprised by the end of the film.

Se puede decir que alguien es o esta surprised/bored etc si algo o alguien es o esta surprising/boring etc.

Tambien, si algo es surprising/boring etc., te hace surprised/bored:

• Mary is surprised because the ending is surprising.

• The end of the film is surprising, so Mary is surprised.

He aquf algunos ejemplos mas:

• We were alarmed when we heard the news.

• The news was alarming.

(He was alarmed because the news was alarming.)

• He is interested in art.

• He thinks that art is interesting.

(He is interested in art because art is interesting.)

• She was worried about the situation.

• The situation was very worrying.

(She was worried because the situation was worrying.)

Algunos adjetivos que tienen estas dos terminaciones son: amused/amusing,astonished/astonishing, confused/confusing, depressed/depressing, embarrassed/embarrassing, exhausted/exhausting, shocked/shocking, terrified/terrifying,excited/exciting

Adjectives - Ending in full / less

Algunos sustantivos forman el adjetivo con sufijos tales como:

Beauty-beautiful, care-careful, pain-painful, plenty-plentiful, shame-shameful, sorrow-sorrowful, meaning-meaningful, success-successful, trust-trustful Care-careless, pain-painless, shame-shameless, meaning-meaningless, fear- fearless, aim-aimless, bottom-bottomless, hope-hopeless.

• Be careful crossing the road.

• He is a careless person.

• He's a trustful man He trusts everybody.

• This note is meaningless It doesn't mean anything

1 En este ejercicio tienes que completar dos frases con cada situacion Usa un

adjetivo que termina en ing y otro en ed para completar cada frase.

Example: The book wasn't as good as I had expected, (bore)

The book was boring.

I was bored reading the book.

1 I didn't understand the situation, (confuse)

It was very I was very

2 The armchair was very comfortable, (relax)

It was very I felt very

3 The teacher was terribly surprised by Jim's exam, (shock)

He was The exam was

4 It was raining all afternoon, (depress)

I was The weather was

5 The family situation was terrible, (move)

He was by their situation Their situation was

6 The job was very good, (excite)

She was It was an job

7 Maths is his favourite subject, (interest)

He thinks maths is very He is

in maths

2 Elige el adjetivo apropiado y tacha el que no corresponde

Example: The room was in a mess It was disgusting/dj|3j«stfci

1 I was very d i s a p p o i n t e d / d i s a p p o i n t i n g when I finished the book

2 I don't tike horror films I get f r i g h t e n i n g / f r i g h t e n e d

3 The whole affair was very a n n o y i n g / a n n o y e d

4 It was a m a z e d / a m a z i n g the progress he had made

5 The situation was very e m b a r r a s s i n g / e m b a r r a s s e d

3 Haz lo mismo que en el ejercicio 2

Example:! don't like the food It's tasteless/taJtetujT

1 The body laid on the floor a l i v e / l i f e l e s s

2 He ran across the road He is very c a r e f u l / c a r e l e s s

3 She was sorry She was very s o r r o w f u l / s o r r o w l e s s for doing it

4 He doesn't care about anything He is a s h a m e f u l / s h a m e l e s s boy

5 He is very brave He is a f e a r l e s s / f e a r f u l man

6 Mr Brown trusts everybody He's a t r u s t f u l / t r u s t l e s s man

The present perfect simple and continuous.

Present continuous / going to / future simple.

Usamos el presente continue para referirnos a actividades y eventos que estanplaneados para el future Generalmente necesitamos un adverbio a no ser que elsignificado este muy claro

• We're spending our holiday in Benidorm.

A menudo asociamos el presente continue como los verbos arrive, come, leave,

go, etc para describir arreglos de viajes, encuentros etc.

• She is arriving tomorrow afternoon on the 5.30 train.

• Tom is coming next week.

• 'Where are you meeting her?'

No usamos el will para hablar acerca de arreglos que has concertado.

• When are you getting married?

• What are you doing this evening?

RECUERDA

Usamos going to cuando ya nemos decidido hacer algo en el proximo future:

• We are going to watch the football match on TV tonight.

• 'Are you going out?' 'No, I'm going to read for a while.'

• I heard your daughter is going to marry a rich American.

Tambien usamos el going to cuando predecimos algo.

• Get down from that ladder You're going to fall.

• Look at those clouds It's going to rain.

WILL

Usamos el will cuando decidimos hacer algo en el memento de hablar.

• 'What would you like?' 'I'll have a whisky, please.'

• 'You left the window open.' 'I'll close it.'

• 'Mary wants to talk to you.' 'I'll ring her up.'

WON'T es la forma negativa de WILL.

• 'Mr Martin is out.' 'Oh, all right I won't wait then.'

A menudo se usa el will con I think, I don't think.

• I think I'll stay in tonight I don't feel like going out.

• I don't think I'll bother answering all those letters.

Con ofertas y promesas:

• I'll help you with that heavy case.

• I'll give you the money tomorrow.

1 Tu amiga tiene muchos proyectos para el proximo future Tu tienes que escribirfrases acerca de sus planes.

Example: She is leaving lor America in a few days, (leave)

1 She (travel) with a friend of hers

2 They (visit) the Niagara Falls

3 They (go) by plane

4 Mary (stay) with her aunt

5 Her friend (have) an interview for a job

6 Mary (meet) an old friend of the family in New York

7 From New York they (fly) to California

2 i,Que crees tu que va a suceder?

Example: That little boy is trying to climb a tree.

3 Promete o queda de acuerdo en hacer alguna cosa

Example: I'd like you to come to see me tomorrow.

All right /'// go.

1 'Can you repair my bike?' 'Okay, it.'

2 'Don't tell anybody, please!' 'All right '

3 'Be careful when you give an injection.' 'Don't worry I

you.'

4 'You owe me a lot of money.' 'Well, back on Saturday'

5 'You promised you were going to take me swimming.' 'O.K

next Sunday'

6 'Can I have my book back?' 'Of course, this afternoon

Present perfect with ever, just, since, for.

Used to + Infinitive.

La estructura used to + infinitive solo existe en el pasado Se refiere a habitos pasados.

• He used to drink quite a lot (soli'a beber)

Para expresar la misma idea en presente, basta con usar el presente simple:

• He drinks quite a lot.

O bien:

• He usually drinks on Saturdays, (suele beber)

Para la forma interrogativa y negativa se admiten las dos formas:

• Did he use to drink? / Used he to drink?

• He didn't use to drink / He usen't to drink.

RECUERDA

Que para las coletillas o respuestas cortas se usa el didn't.

• They used to live in Bristol, didn't they?

• Did he use to smoke? - Yes, he did o Yes, he used to.

• No, he didn't, o No, he didn't use to.

USED TO y WOULD

Cuando nos referimos a habitos pasados podemos usar tanto uno como otro:

• When I was a boy I used to get up at six o'clock.

• When I was a boy I would get up at six o'clock.

Sin embargo, para describir situaciones o estados pasados tenemos que usar el

used to y no el would.

• I used to be an English teacher, but now I'm a writer.

• I used to wear glasses, but now I use contact lenses.

Used to no se usa cuando algo sucedio hace algun tiempo, o por cuanto tiempo duro:

• I went to Italy several times (No: I used to go to Italy several times)

• I lived in Bristol for five years (No: I used to live in Bristol for 5 years)

IMPORTANTE

No confundir used to + infinitivo con used to + gerundio.

• I used to go (soli'a ir) - I'm used to going, (estoy acostumbrado a ir)

• He used to drink, (soli'a beber) - He's used to drinking, (esta

acostum-brado a beber)

1 En este ejercicio tienes que completar las frases con used to

Example: Ronald doesn't drink now, but he used to drink quite a lot.

1 My father doesn't smoke now, but he 20 cigarettes a day

2 I've got a car now, but I a motorbike

3 There is only one cinema now, but there 3 cinemas

4 Years ago I cider, but I don't like it now

5 They in Bristol, but now they live in London

6 He take a lot of medicines, but now he is a vegetarian

2 En este ejercicio tienes que cambiar el pasado por el presente

Example: He used to drink a lot all the time, (solia)

He usually drinks only on Saturdays, (suele)

1 He used to drink cups of coffee all day long But now

a cup in the morning

2 My brother used to play tennis every day But now he

a match on Saturdays

3 Jim used to smoke forty cigarettes a day But now he

only one after lunch

4 We used to go out every day But now we

only on Saturdays

3 Ron estas frases en forma interrogativa y negativa

Example: He used to live alone.

Did he use to live alone? He didn't use to live alone.

1 I used to play in that old castle when I was a child

2 They used to go to the cinema every Saturday

3 They used to travel a lot

4 My friend used to live in Bristol

If, when, as soon as, until clauses.

If sugiere que no estas seguro de que algo va a suceder.

When se usa para hablar acerca de acontecimientos que es seguro o muy probable

que sucedan

• I'll see you next week, when I come back, (cuando vuelva)

• I'll see you next week, if I come back, (si vuelvo)

• We'll go to the beach if it doesn't rain.

• We'll be in Madrid when we wake up.

Cuando generalizamos es posible usar ambas palabras sin que cambie el significado

• When/If you heat water it boils.

RECUERDA

Que en las frases de when usamos el presente simple (en espanol es presente

de subjuntivo), aunque la idea de la frase es future

• I'll tell you when I come back tonight, (cuando vuelva)

• We'll go out when the rain stops.

Lo mismo sucede con: as soon as until while

• We'll go out as soon as I finish this.

Se puede usar el preterite perfecto para mostrar que la primera accion estaraacabada antes que la segunda:

• When I am finished with this I'll give it to you.

Despues de if tambien usamos el presente simple:

• We'll go out if it doesn't rain.

• If it rains we'll stay at home.

No confundir if con when Usar when para cosas que es seguro que sucedan:

• I'm going to Madrid When I come back I'll bring you a present.

Usar if cuando es posible que algo suceda, pero no es seguro

• I may go out this afternoon If I go out I'll buy it for you

• If she doesn't come soon, I'll go to the cinema alone

1 Todas las frases de este ejercicio tienen idea de future Ron los verbos en formacorrecta.

Example: Come on! Your father will (be) angry if we are (be) late.

1 If we (need) any help, we (ask) you

2 you (do) that while I (be) away?

3 We (start) off until my brother (arrive)

4 When you (see) my sister you (recognise) her

5 We (be) surprised if he (pass) his driving test

6 Please, let me know when he (come)

7 We (phone) her as soon as we

(arrive) in London

8 We (start) the exam until the teacher (arrive)

9 When you (see) little Albert you (be) surprised

10 If I (need) money, I (ask) you

11.1 (drop) you a line as soon as I (get) there.12.1 (let) you know when I (be) ready

2 En este ejercicio tienes que poner when o if.

Example: If it rains this afternoon we'll stay in.

1 I'd like you to come, but you don't want to, don't come

2 I'll be away a couple of weeks I'll give you a ring I get back

3 I'll have something to eat I get home

4 I'm going out you want something, I'll get it for you

5 I'll be there by 7 But I'm not, don't wait for me

6 I think he'll pass the exam I'll be very surprised he doesn'tpass it

7 Your brother may phone today he does, tell him I want to talk to him

8 I'm going to New York I am there I'll visit Aunt Maggie

9 I'll look for his address I'll give it to you I find it

10 I'll send it to you I am finished with it

11 Will you send the letter you finish writing it?

12 We'll probably go out it doesn't rain

13 We won't wait for you you aren't here by 5

14.They'll come to see us tomorrow it doesn't rain

15.1 only watch TV there is something interesting

16 I'll return the book I'm finished with it

Infinitives after adjectives.

Muchos adjetivos pueden ir seguidos de infinitives:

GRUPO 1:

Silly, clever, foolish, generous, good, kind, poliite right, wrong, rude, careless,brave, etc

• He is very clever to answer all these questions.

• She was very kind to help them.

• It's wrong to do that.

It + be + adjective + of noun/pronoun + to-infinitive

• It was very kind of him to help you • It was silly of you to do that.

GRUPO 2:

Curious, anxious, eager, glad, ready, sorry, willing, keen, quick, ashamed, afraid,reluctant, etc

• He is always reluctant to make any trouble.

• He is determined to succeed in life.

Algunos de estos adjetivos admiten la combinacion for + noun/pronoun:

• He is anxious for his son to win the competition.

A la lista anterior se pueden anadir algunos adjetivos que se refieren a dades: certain, sure, bound, likely

probabili-• They are very likely to accept your proposal.

GRUPO 3:

Impossible, easy, hard, difficult, agreeable, boring, nice, etc

• This type of shirt is difficult to wash.

• It's impossible to be angry with this man.

GRUPO 4:

The first, the second, etc.; the next, the last, the best, the worst:

• Jim is always the first to arrive and the last to leave.

• That was the worst thing to do.

Too + adjective + infinitive

• He is too stupid to understand • She is too clever to fall into the trap.

Adjective + enough + infinitive

• This man is not strong enough to lift it • That box is too big to carry Esta estructura tambien admite el for + noun/pronoun.

• There isn't enough work for us to do.

1 Usa las palabras entre parentesis para responder a las preguntas.

Example: 'Did he help you?' 'Yes, he was very kind to help us It was very kind

of him to help us'.

1 'Did she give you money?' 'Yes, she (generous/give) ussome money It was very '

2 'I heard he insulted the teacher.' 'Yes, he (foolish/insult) theteacher It was very '

3 'Did he show you the way?' 'Yes, he (good/show) usthe way It was very '

4 He was nearly run over by a car.' 'Yes, he was

(careless/cross) the road like that It was '

2 Haz lo mismo con los adjetivos del grupo 2

Example: He was anxious to win the competition.

He was anxious for his son to win the competition.

1 'Did he want to come back?' 'Yes, he (eager/come/back) home

He was (his son/come back)

2 'Does he want the job?' 'Yes he (get/job) He is

(his daughter/get/job)

3 Does he want to succeed?' Yes, He's (determine/succeed).He's (his son/succeed)

3 Completa las frases con las palabras entre parentesis

Example: He is very difficult to please It's very difficult to please him.

1 He is (boring/live) with It is with him

2 It's (impossible/win) this competition This competition

3 It is (nice/be/you) You are a nice person

4 Gambia la frase de forma que signifique lo mismo

Example: He always arrives the first He is always the first to arrive.

1 The best thing is to ask him He is

2 She arrived the last one She was

3 He will come next He

4 He is very weak He isn't lift the box