Rdng va Chim Than Bd'n m a t ben la hinh sflng te, nggc bau, dflcic the hien gid'ng nhfl jiban tren, nhflng cham tren h i n h la de cd diem hinh nggn trong moi d cd cham cac bdng hoa[r]
Trang 1Van hoa Viet - Cham
•
qua cac di vat d chua Thay
NGUYEN VAN TIEN*
Chfla Thdy la mdt ngdi chfla cd da quan de'n nghe thuat tao hinh Champa tdn tai hang nghin nam trong lich khdng nhieu Nhflng dd lai la nhflng di sif Hien chfla la mcit trong nhflng ngdi vat minh chflng cho sfl giao lflu van boa chfla thudc loai ldn tren lanh thd phia Bac gifla hai qud'c gia Dai Viet - Champa Viet Nam ca ve quy md kien trflc den he Chflng tdi xin dflcic lan Iflcit gidi thieu ve thd'ng cac di vat Trai qua bao the ky, cflng cac di vat ndi tren
vdi nhflng bien dgng khde nghiet cua thdi Be hien nay d toa Dien Thanh Be dflcic gian, chfla Thdy den nay vdn ton tai uy- lam bdng chat lieu da xanh va" dflde chia nghi la ket qua, cdng sfle cda biet bao the lam ba phdn: P h a n t r e n la dai sen, phdn
he da trflng tu, gin gifl chfla Thdy nhfl gi^a thu nhd chia thanh tflng d, trong cac bau vat cua dat nflde Nghien cflu gia tri 6 cd cham hinh Rdng, bdn gdc la bd'n nhieu mat cda chfla Tha'y , de tfl dd rflt ra Chim Than Phan be dfldi rdng hdn, co nhflng gia tri van hoa cdn tiem an trong hoa day, tiep de'n la canh sen, rdi lai den ngoi chua la nhiem vu cua nhieu ngfldi, bdn hang Chim Thdn khac va cac bdng nhieu cd quan thugc cac hnh vfle khac hoa sen thieng
nhau La ngfldi may mdn cd nhieu cd hdi p ^ ^ ^^^ ^^^ ^^g^ ^^^^ ^ ^ 2 ldp canh
dflcic tiep xuc vdi cac loai hinh di tich, dac ^^^ ^^ ^ g ^ j^p ^^^^ ^^ Q ^ ^ ^ ^^^ l^p
biet la dl tich hch sif van hoa, vdi bai vie't ^^y j ^ ^ ^ ^^dt giua chan dai hoa Mdi ldp nhd nay, chflng toi mong muo'n gidi thieu ^^^h sen ngifa dflcic the' hien theo kie'u
ddi net vd nhflng dnh hfldng va sfl giad lflu ],^p 3^ ^^^^g g^ ^ g^^^ ^^^^ ^^^ ^^^^ ^
van boa Champa - Viet thong qua mgt vai ph^a tren Trong mdi long canh sen cd thd
dl vat hien cdn lflu gifl d chfla Thdy hien bdng hoa bdng nhflng vdng trdn xep
(J chfla Thdy, nhflng di vat cd lien xen nhau theo trat tfl d gifla la mot vdng
* TS Nguyen Van Tien, Truo'ng Dai hoc Van hoa Ha N61
Trang 2Nguyi'n Vdn Ticn - \'dn hda Vici-Chdm qua cdc di veil a chiia Thdy 51
trdn ldn, x u n g q u a n h cd 8 vdng trdn nhd hoa mai
tflng cap nhfl chi^iy ra 4 hfldng C a n h sen gg ^j^ hoa sen h i n h hop khdng ghi men
flp difdc the hien ddn gian vdi nhflng ^jgi Nhflng can cfl vao each thflc tiio tac,
dfldng mfli gd cong flp Dfldi h a n g canh hinh dang va t r a n g trf tren be, cac n h a
sen la mdt dfldng diem hoa day, tiep den nghien cflu nghe t h u a t cho rdng be cd m e n
la dfldng gd h i n h la sdi flp Ndi lien vdi (jai Trdn''**''^*
t h a n la Chim T h a n va Rdng Chim Thdn r,-^ ^ T - rru -
rr-^ - Be tfldng vua Ly T h a n Tong
cd 2 m a t trdn ldn, md m a p ngan, b u n g
Be dat d gian chai phfa ben trai Toa phe Hai tav dua len nhU dd lay toa sen, ' ' , _ ,
Dien T h a n h Be dUdc lam b a n g go cd ca'u chan hdi k h u y n h ra hai ben Chim T h a n
trflc kha phflc t a p h i n h luc giac vdi cac
cd mdng chan, mdng tay nhon va chac , ' ' ,
canh khong deu n h a u giat 3 cap gdm: M a t nhfl d a n g n a m c h a t la'y vien ngoc
be, t h a n be va de be P h a n m a t be canh
P h d n t h a n be d m a t trfldc cd cham , , , „ / - o u u > i - n c < „ r " ™ ' f
ldn la 0,68m, canh nho la 0,54m Co mgt Rdng Rdng cd mao n g a n , cap sflng chim , , ~ , , ,
^ ^ 6 > 1- b dfldng diem vdi t r a n g t n xung q u a n h la
trong ldp tdc bdm, t h a n Rdng map, trdn , ^ i, u *u v D U
-^ ' b 1 pg-^ -^ (.j.Qj-^ jjjj-^-^ q u a n g cach thfla P h a n
ldn, khdng cd vay, ud'n khflc t h a t tfli hdi , , , , - u • ^- n u }A
^ -^ chan be giat cap hai tang Canh ldn
'^^^^S- 0,88m, canh nhd 0,74m, cflng t r a n g trf
d m a t ben t r a i c h a m Rdng, Rdng hinh u trdn ndi nhfl tren P h a n t h a n be
hfldng ra phia trfldc Ve hinh thflc the thu nhd n h a t va d day cflng tap t r u n g
hien cflng gid'ng nhfl Rdng d m a t trfldc ^bieu h i n h t r a n g tri n h a t Diem tren va
6 m a t ben phai: C h a m rdng nhfl mat diem dfldi cua t h a n be deu t r a n g trf mgt
ben trai, chi khac la rdng dflde the hien ldp canh sen, d a n g map, ldm vai va mfli
ndm tdc, ddu rdng dflde chdu vao mdt vien xoan d m a t trfldc la mdt d cd t r a n g tri mgt
nggc con rdng, d a n g rdng tlfan map, phu vay,
Phdn chan: Ben dfldi h a n g rdng la mgt '-ong h i n h mac dai, bdm mgt dai tia mfldt
dfldng gd trdn, tie'p theo la mgt h a n g chan l^*?" vd phfa sau M a n g rdng cd hai ldp
quy de len mdt dfldng gd trdn khac, rdi nhidu xoay Ddu rdng ngoanh ve phfa sau,
tie'p den phdn dfldi P h d n cdn lai phai dfldi "^i^^g rong n h a ra mgt vien nggc trdn,
be da la mgt m a t ldn hdn m a t tren Diem T h a n rdng Iflcin cong vd phia sau, didm
tren la nhflng h a n g hoa day, tie'p theo la ^^yet t h e m nhflng vien nggc trdn d m a t
hang sen k6p Hang cuoi cung la Idp Chim sau cham 4 cum may hinh k h a n h
Than, Rong, hoa la Rdng va Chim Than Bd'n m a t ben la hinh sflng te, nggc bau,
dflcic the hien gid'ng nhfl jiban tren, nhflng cham tren h i n h la de cd diem hinh nggn
trong moi d cd cham cac bdng hoa; hoa cflc, lifa d 6 gdc cd 6 tru ehd'ng, cac tru chdng
Trang 352 Nghien cifu Dong Nam A 612009
nay t r a n g trf h i n h hoa sen c a n h thon va
cac mfli ndi Dfla vao hoa tiet t r a n g tri
t r e n be cac n h a n g h i e n cflu cho rang, be
tfldng vua Ly T h a n Tdng tai C h u a Tlidy
dflde lam vao cudi the ky XV"^*
- Tflcing Phdng
0 toa Dien t h a n h h i e n cd h a i pho tfldng
phdng dflde d a t d phia trfldc b a n thd vua
Ly T h a n Tong Ca hai pho n a y deu dflde
dat b a n g go, sdn m a u canh dan, ngoai
cflng difdc khoac bg ao m a u vang
Pho phia ben t r a i t r o n g tfl the quy gdi,
hai tay chap triidc ngflc T h a n h i n h khoe
miinh, m a p , b u n g phe trdn cang Hai chan
sau de Iran, mfli c h a n li t h a n g xudng
dfldi, gdt chan chdng t h a n g len t r e n lam
t r u vflng la diem tfla cho t h a n tflcing d
phia tren M a t n h i n t h a n g ve phia trfldc,
k h u d n m a t t h e hien dfle tfnh n h a n t r u n g
vdi m a t md to va sau, mfli nhgn cao nhfl
mfli phfldng Tay, cam vuong hdi nhd ve
phia trfldc Tdc dflde qua'n q u a n h dau va
q u a n t h a n h hai h i n h xoan dc d hai ben
Tai tflcing to, cd Id tai d hai ben Tflcing
minh t r d n mac vay dai, xiem trflng rong,
budng kin qua gdi, t h a t Iflng cd hai nfli
lUdn dai ve phfa trUdc T u d n g cao 1,2m,
n g a n g vai 0,42m, n g a n g gdi 0,35m Can cfl
ddi chieu theo cac lieu chi n h a n chiing hgc
chflng tdi cho r a n g day la tflcing ngfldi
Cham (Austronesien)
Pho ben p h a i tfldng tii nhfl pho ben t r a i
cd ve tfl the, p h u c sfle cflng nhfl d a n g ve
n h u n g k h u d n m a t tre hdn, day d a n va tfldi
hdn mgt chut P h o tfldng b e n p h a i nay khdng cd 15 deo hoa tai Tfldng cao 1,22m,
n g a n g gdi 0,45m, n g a n g vai 0,35m Viec dfla P h d n g vao thd d cac P h a t dien cua nifdc ta theo cac n h a n g h i e n cflu la vao the
ky 17 va nd rd d t h e ky 18 Tfldng Phdng
C h a m d chfla T h a y cd nien dai t h e ky 17 Van hoa C h a m p a la mdt n e n van boa
da nay sinh va p h a t trien rflc rd vao nhflng n a m cuoi cua t h i e n nien ky trfldc Nguon gdc van hoa C h a m p a cd the la sfl liep ndi cua van boa Sa H u y n h thudc Sd
ky thdi dai dd s a t t r e n mdt vflng l a n h thd rdng ldn ciia cac t i n h ven bien mien Trung Viet N a m V a n hoa C h a m p a la ket qua cua sU giao lUu tiep t h u , chgn lgc cd sang tao ciia d a n tdc C h a m t r e n cd sd nen van hoa van m i n h An Do Khi Viet N a m gianh lai dUde ddc lap tfl tay ngfldi H a n , quo'c gia Dai Viet da sdm cd mdi q u a n he qua lai vdi Vfldng qud'c C h a m p a t r o n g sud't thdi gian dai Tfl nhflng mdi q u a n he dd, van boa va nen n g h e t h u a t , nha't la n g h e t h u a t dieu
k h a c da a n h hfldng va cd tac ddng khdng
it den nen nghe t h u a t dieu k h a c Dai Viet
Nd da dflcic cac n g h e n h a n Viet, t h a m chf
cd ca cac n g h e n h a n tai ba cua C h a m p a
t h a m gia vao cac cdng t r i n h xay dting cflng nhfl dieu k h a c Viet N a m Nhfl ldi
n h a n xet k h d n g p h a i la k h d n g cd ly cua
n h a my t h u a t hgc, k h a o cd hgc ngfldi
P h a p , dng Clayetsd r a n g "hinh G a r u d a
t r e n chiec be da hoa sen h i n h hop d chua Thien Phflc (chi chiec be da hoa sen hinh hop d toa dien t h a n h chfla Thdy) la do
Trang 4Nguyen Vdn Ticn - Van him Viel-Chdm qua cdc di vgt d chiia Thdy 53
nghe n h a n C h a m hi bat lam tfl binh tao - Be chua Giao Thdng, thdn Tien, xii
tac nen, hoiic chi ft thi cflng cd a n h hfldng Vien Xgi, h u y e n flng Hoa, Ha Xgi Be co
cua nghe t h u a t Cbamjia"'"* Mdt hgc gia m e n dai 1370
Vict Nam r a t q u a n t a m den sfl giao lflu Q ^ ^ day chflng tdi cho rdng, dnh hifdng
gifla hai ndn nghe t h u a t Viet - Cham, ^^^ ^g^e t h u a t tao hinh C h a m p a doi vdi
PGS Chu Q u a n g Trfl vict; " Sang den thdi ^^^^ ^^uat tiio hinh Viet la rd rang Va
Trdn, chim thdn G a r u d a xuat hien rat ^^^g j^^dng loai trfl k h a n a n g cd sfl t h a m
nhieu d tren da, c h u n g d 4 gdc cfla nhflng g^^^ ^^^ ^^^ ^g^g ^^^^^ C h a m p a tham gia
chiec be toa sen khdi hdp cd m e n dai vai ^^^^^ -^-^^ ^^^ ^^^^ ^ j ^ ^ (.^^^,^^^ ^^.-^^
mfldi n a m cudi t h e ' k i 14 Vdi moi quan he • - , - IA u „ u- u u- w *' u
^ • tat ca cac be da hoa sen hinh hgp d tmh nghe t h u a t C h a m p a - Viet, cd the dat dau u - T " - / u - XT ^ - - ^i ^•
<=< • • ' • • Ha l a y cu (Ha Xgi) ngay nay vao thdi
ndi cho cac tac iibam nav vdi ciii ten Chim rp • , -.- , i • » • t - \7-
' • I r a n duoi sfl chi dao cua doc cong Viet
than-Garuda'''*
Ngoai chim t h a n G a r u d a , giao lflu van
T h a t vav, khdng nhflng chi cd mot be , i ? ^ /.i_ » i i
-• hoa Viet- Cham con dudc the hien trong dii boa sen hinh hdp d chfla Thav, co anh ,_ , , , , _ - , , • , ,
hnh viic dieu khac qua h m h anh Ajisara hfldng cua nghe thuiit tao hinh Champa , , „, , , ,- - , ,
(vu nfl) C h u n g ta biet rang, bmh titdng nui hiing loat cac be dii hoa son binh hop , , • , > , ,- , - ,r
pho bien va cung la hap dan nhal trong
d vflng chiiu thd sdng Hdng cflng cd anh , , , ~ , /^, ,
-nghe I h u a t tao h m h Chanijia la cac hfldng cua nghe thuat tao hinh Champa n , - •
Apsara Bong d a n g cua cac Apsara cflng Dac biet hdn la vimg ta ngan sdng Dav, , ,
du'dc tai hien rat ro trong nghe t h u a t cua vdi mat dd lifdng ddi cbiv dac Xin ddn cfl
Dai Viet tbdi Ly- T r a n tren cac phe tich mdt sd nliif sau:
ngoai chfla Thay nhfl: t h a p ChitOng Sdn
- Be chfla Hifdng Trai, thon Difdng ^ ^ a m Djnh), t h a p Long Dgi (Ha Xam),
Lidu, xa Chidn Thdng, huyen Hoai Dfle, ^^^^ ^ a u (Bdc Xinh), chfla Hang (Yen
Ha Ndi Be cd nien dai 1370 UA.\ T U ^^ A n u
-Bai), l u y nhien, lfl cac Apsara Champa
- Be chfla Dai Bi thdn Que Dudng, xa sang cac vfl nfl Dai Viet d cac phe tfch ndi
Cat Que, Hoai Dfle, Ha Ndi, Be cd men dai tren du'dc the hien kin dao hdn, Viet hdn
De chflng minh cho sfl giao lflu va anh
- Be chfla Dai Bi, thdn Bdi Khe, xa Tam hfldng trflc tiep cua nghe t h u a t C h a m p a
Hung, huyen T h a n h Oai, Ha Ngi Be cd ddi vdi nghe t h u a t Viet trong giai doan
nien diu 1382 Ly Tran, chflng ldi xin difa ra ldi ket luim
- Be chfla T h a n g Phflc thdn Nggc cua hai n h a nghien cflu khao cd hgc lich
Dinh, xa Nggc Diidng, huyen T h a n h Oai, sif khac la PGS-TS Hoang Van Khoan,
Ha Ndi Be cd nien dai 1375 PGS-TS Td'ng T r u n g Tin rdng: "Ciic de lai
Trang 554 Nghien cini Ddng Nam A 6/2009
nhae cdng, tien nfl, chim t h a n (Kinari)
chim t h a n (Garuda) deu dflde tie'p n h a n lfl
n g h e t h u a t C h a m p a " Hoac "Con rdng thdi
Ly hoac T r a n cd t h e cd mdt so' yeu to'
T r u n g Qud'c h a y C h a m p a nhflng tdng the
cua chflng thi ta chfla he gap d b a i ky nen
nghe t h u a t nao t r e n the gidi'"'*"
Nghe t h u a t tao h i n h C h a m p a cdn dflde
the hien thdng qua mdt di vat b a n g gd cd
nien dai cudi the ki 15 d chfla Thay, dd la
be tfldng vua Ly T h a n Tdng Di vat nay
theo Nguyen Q u a n va P h a n C a m Thfldng
la "di vat hiem hoi cfla the ky 15, cd lien
q u a n sau xa tdi nghe t h u a t tao hinh
Champa" Bdi vi "Diem t r e n va diem dfldi
deu t r a n g trf cac vdng vfl p h u nfl, mdt each
tao hinh r a t gdi cam cua ngfldi Cham"'*
Van hoa C h a m p a ngay nay la mgt bd
p h a n q u a n trong khdng the thieu du'dc
trong ddng chay cua dai gia dinh van boa
cac dan tdc Viet N a m Cd the ndi sfl gia
n h a p cua van hoa C h a m p a trong ddng
chay cita dai gia dinh van boa Viet N a m la
mdt quy l u a t k h a c h q u a n t a t j'eu Da tflng
mdt thdi p h a t trien m a n h me va cd a n h
hfldng khdng nhd tdi v a n boa Dai Viet,
ngay nay van hoa C h a m p a k h d n g nhflng
dflde sfl q u a n t a m ldn cua chfnh p h u Viet
N a m ma cdn dflde cd cdng ddng the gidi
biet den nhfl mdt di san v a n hoa kiet tac
c h u n g cila n h a n loai Ngoai nhflng di tfch
vat chat nhfl t h a p C h a m dflde n h a nflde
Viet N a m q u a n t a m bao ton nhfl nhflng di
vat quy b a u cua d a i nflde, ngay nay nhflng
gia tri van boa phi vat the cflng dflde n h a
nflde Viet N a m q u a n t a m gifl gin
Thdng qua mdt sd' di v a t cdn dflcic lflu gifl d t r o n g va ngoai chfla Thdy, chflng ta tha'y sfl giao lflu, a n h hfldng r a t rd net cua
n g h e t h u a t tao h i n h C h a m p a vdi nghe
t h u a t tao h i n h Viet N a m Nhflng anh hfldng n a y c h a n g nhflng dflde b a t dau tfl the kl 8 de'n t h e ki 10 khi Viet N a m mdi gianh lai ddc lap tfl tay ngfldi H a n ma nd cdn keo dai r a t lau t r o n g lich sif Phai den thdi Nguyen, nhflng a n h hfldng nay mdi
n h a t ddn de rdi nhfldng chd cho nghe
t h u a t tao h i n h hien dai n g a y nay boa
n h a p vdi cac trfldng p h a i n g h e t h u a t tao
h i n h cua C h a u Au va t h e gidi./
C H U T H I C H :
1 PGS.TS Tran Lam Bien (1996) Chua Viet,
Nxb Van boa Thong tin Ha Ngi
2 KTS Nguyen Ba Lang (1972) Kien true
Phdt gido Viet Nam, tap 1, Nxb Vien dai
hgc Van Hanh, Sai Gon Trang 102
3 6 Nguyen Quan, P h a n Cam Thfldng
(1989) My thudt ciia ngUdi Viet, Nxb My
Thuat, Ha Ngi
4 PGS Chu Quang Trfl, TS Tran Ba Viet
(2005) Nghien cdu ki thudt xay dUng thap
Champa phuc vu triing tu vd phdt huy gid tri cua di tich, Nxb Xay diing Trang 39
5 PGS.TS Hoang Van Khoan, PGS.TS Tdng
Trung Tin (2000) Vdn hod Ly- Trdn, nghe
thudt kien true vd dieu khac chiia thdp Nxb
Vien Van hoa va Nxb Van boa Thong tin
7 BEZACIER.L (1995) Nghe thudt Viet
Nam, Paris (Ban dich cua Vien Bao tang
My thuat Viet Nam)