Vile dat ludt dudi su kiim soat cua nha nudc chii khdng phdi ciia ulama (gido sT dao Hdi) la mdt ddi mdi quan trgng, nhung thi lyc dpc lap van tdn tai ciia cdc ulama thupc giao phdi[r]
Trang 1PHU NT HOI 6 U 0 (T IBM NGAT NAT
(Tdng thudt)
Do Trong Quang^
Ndi din phu nur theo dao Hdi, ngudi ta
nghT tdi thdn phdn nhiing con ngudi bj
trdi budc bang ludt 11 tdn gido khde
nghiet hay bi phdn bilt ddi xir Nhung ai
dd din Iran ngdy nay hdn diu ngac nhiln
khi thdy phu nii dugc hudng nhilu quyln
ty do hon d nhiing qudc gia khde thugc
Trung Ddng, Tuy nhien, ndi nhu thi
khdng cd nghTa Id cudc ddu tranh cho nii
quyln d Iran da dat ket qua trgn ven Con
dudng phy nii Iran di cdn nhieu trd ngai
can khde phuc dl bdo ve quyln con ngudi
ciia minh
Mgt sd tdc gid viet vl phu nii Iran
thudng cd hdm y chinh tri Theo hg tbi
nlu khdng cd cudc chien tranh
Apganixtan thi phu nii nudc dd khdng
dugc gidi phdng, cho nen neu mdt cudc
tdn cdng xdy ra tai Iran thi thdn phdn
phu nii d ddy se thay ddi Hg ndi rdng,
nhdn ddn Iran hiln thdi rat bat man, chi
chd mdt su can thiep cua Hoa Ky Id
qudn chiing phdn no se viing lln ldt nbdo
chi do thdn quyln ciia giao sT Hg kl ra
nhirng boat ddng phdn khang ciia phu nur
dl chiing minh dieu hg du dodn, nhung
that ra chang phu nii ndo tdn thdnh cudc
can thiep ciia My, vd khdng mudn Hoa
Ky tiep tuc giiip dd cdc phdn tir md
ngudi Iran cho Id kl thii trong nudc, nhu
nhdm ly khai hay phong trdo
Mujahedeen-e Khai
Vj the phu nir Iran trong qua trinh
ljch sir
Tinh trang phu nur tai Iran va d thi
gidi Hdi gido ndi chung khd phiic tap, vi
the vd vai trd ciia hg biln ddi nhilu qua
Npyen c ^ bp nghien ciiu Vi?n Thong tin KHXH
thdi gian, liln quan den nhiing nhdn td nhu phuang thiic sdn xudt, sic tdc vd giai
cdp Kinh Kor'an, ma ngudi Hdi gido
simg dao coi la ldi day ciia ddng Tiln tri Mohammad, chiia dyng ca nhiing ddi mdi quan trgng lan mdt sd ban cbl ddi vdi phu nii, nhung ndi chung khdng bd hep hem cdc tmyIn thdng tdn gido duong thdi, kl ca dao Do Thai vd dao Thien chiia Nhiing ban chi niia dugc dua thim vao day d nhiing the ky ddu tiln ciia dao Hdi, liic tuc che mang vd su tach bilt phu nii trd thdnh ly tudng Mdt sd nha tu tudng Hdi gido cd quan diim ghit ddn
bd, nam vd nii gidi dugc ddi xir khdng cdng bang vl phdp ludt Nhung mat khac, phu nur cd the giur tai san rilng, vd thudng
ra tda dn dl bdo vl quyen ciia minh (15 thdi ky ddu ciia dao Hdi, vi the phu nil da biln ddi, nhung day la do chiu anh hudng cac tap tuc phi-Hoi gido phd bien trong cdc ddn tdc d Xyri, Irac vd Iran, ke
cd dan Do Thai vd ngudi theo dao Tbiln chiia Tuc che mang vd sdng tach biet ciia mdt sd phu nii dd thi da cd tu lau trudc khi dao Hdi xudt hiln tai cdc vung nay Hinh phat nem da den chit vi tdi ngoai tinh dugc du nhap vdo dao Hdi tir dao Do Thai, vd day la dieu chiia Gilxu ndi vdi ngudi Do Thdi dl ngdn hg nem vien da ddu tiln Thdm chi biln nay, nhilu tuc 11 liln quan tdi phy nii, thudng ggi Id tuc 11
"Hdi gido", that ra da xudt hien d nudc
An Do theo dao Hindu, d khu vuc chdu Phi khdng theo dao Hdi vd mdt sd vimg
ciia chau Au Luat shar 'ia dugc van dung
tiiy theo cdch gidi thich khac nhau, phdn anh hodn canh lich sir thay ddi
Trong mdt sd thdi ky cd diln d lich sir
Trang 2Do Trpng Quang
Iran, cdc 1 di gidi thich ve luat vd p hong
tuc diu ddt ra nhiing ban che ddi vdi phu
nii Tuy nhien, n hiing cdng trinh n ghien
ciiu mdi, phdn ldn ve nudc Ai Cap thdi
ky Ottoman, nudc Tdy Ban Nha Hdi gido
vd di chi Ottoman, cho thdy phu nii cd
nhieu quyen, ma hg bdo ve d tda dn, hon
cdc hgc gid trudc thudng nghT Mdt sd
ngudi theo he phdi Sufi huyIn bi, cimg
tin dd cdc nhdm tdn gido thieu sd, ciing
ddi xu vdi phu nii cdng bdng hem Tile
thay, cdc van kiln phdp ly chii yeu, co sd
ciia nhiing kit ludn mdi dd vl vi the phu
nur, chua dugc tim thdy nhilu dl tim bilu
lich sii Iran tiln-hiln dai
Chiing ta hien nay biet rang cd nhiing
nhdm Thd NhT Ky-Mdng Cd timg xdm
chilm Iran cimg nhieu noi khde tai
Trung Ddng vd Nam A Hg thdng tri d
day mgt thdi gian ddi b at ddu tir the ky
XI, va danh cho nhilu phu nii mdt vai trd
tuong ddi binh dang Trong nhilu trudng
hgp, nhiing phu nii ndy thdm chi trd
thdnh ngudi cai tri trin thuc tl tai Iran, d
nudc Ai Cap Mamluk, Nam A vd de che
Ottoman Mat khde, dnh hudng ciia gido
sT d Iran ciing nhiing noi khde thugc
Trung Ddng tir cudi thi ky XIX da budc
phu nii phdi cd cdch an mac vd iing xir
lac hdu hon, vd da cd nhiing trudng hgp
xet xir gia trudng hon
Tu lieu ciia chiing ta vl phu nur Tmng
Ddng tiln-hien dai cho thdy, gidng nhu d
hau hit cac xa hdi tir Dia Tmng Hdi din
Nam A, phdn ldn cdc cudc hdn nhdn ddu
tien diu do cha me vd ngudi than sap dat
Phu nii lay chdng sdm, mdt phan di trdnh
nguy CO bi mat trinh Ndng ddu tri phdi 11
thugc me chdng, vd cd vi thi niu sinh
dugc con trai bdo vl minh Tai mdt sd
khu vuc bd lac sdng du cu, nhat Id nhiing
vimg ndi tilng Thd NhT Ky, vi thi phu nii
binh dang ban vd cd nhilu dnh hudng
ban, trong khi cdc bd lac khac gia trudng
chat che hon, nhung d bat cii ddu hdu bet phu nil ciing dugc quy trgng, vi hg la nhiing ngudi me cd the lam tang siic manh va sy tiep ndi ciia ddng tgc
Mgt sd hgc gia nhan manh mat tieu cue ciia thdi hiln dai ddi vdi nu gidi, ke
cd chii nghia phdn biet chiing tdc hiln dai, vd sy each ly nhiing phu nii di cu tir ndng thdn ra thdnh phd, nhung thuc ti khdng hin nhu the Nhiing thay ddi vl kinh ti vd xa hdi do chii nghia tu ban mang lai ciing dem theo dilu kiln dl chdm diit che do nd le, va de phdt triln gido due, viec ldm vd hoat dgng cdng cdng cho phu nii Ndi chung, Iran vd khu vyc Trung Ddng ciing phdt trien, tuy mudn hon Tdy Au, nhiing yeu td kinh tl
vd vdn hda cua thdi hiln dai, bao gdm ke
hd dl phu nii dugc binh dang ban
Tai Tay Au, sau nhiing cudc chien tranh giura ngudi Thien chiia gido vd Tin Idiih d thi ky XVI va XVII, dai khdi gidng nhu xung dot giiia hai gido phdi Shia vd Surmi cua dao Hdi ngdy nay, nhieu ngudi d phuong Tdy ddn ddn trd nin the tyc hon va it siing dao hon Cudi cimg, tir giiia the ky XX, ngudi ta viit bd
y nghT cho rang mdt sd nhdm ngudi sinh
ra da uu vilt hon cac nhdm khac Nhung
y kiln cho rang phu nur yeu dt ban vd kem thdng minh van dugc mdt sd nhdm tdn gido duy tri tai Hoa Ky, vd chdng cd
gi 1 a khi y nghT dd van tdn tai d nhiing ngudi hgc van thap tai Trung Ddng, kl cd Iran Tuy nhien, mdt sd hgc gid gdn day bat dau thira nhan rang, nhieu phu nii thugc giai cap binh dan d Iran da dugc lu^t le vd tap tue truyin thdng ciia dao Hdi che chd, nhiing phu nur dd canh gidc vdi cudc sdng hien dai hda da gay cho bg nhilu van de rac rdi hon cdi lgi
O Iran vd nhilu qudc gia Trung Ddng khde cudi thi ky XIX va dau thi ky XX,
dd cd mdt sd phu nii va dan dng tien
Trang 3Phu nOHoi giio
phong ddu tranh cho quyin ciia phy nii,
nhu ddi md trudng hgc cho con gai, vi
con gdi cho din bdy gid van chi dugc day
dd d nhd Nhiing mat khac ciia nur quyin
ciing dugc cdc td chiic phu nii, cdc ddng
phdi td, ke cd ddng Xd hdi vd dang Cdng
sdn, ciing nhung ngudi ddn tdc chu nghTa
tien bg ung hd Mgt cdng chiia thugc
vuong trilu Qajar la Taj al-Saltaneh da
trd thdnh ngudi theo chii nghia xa bdi vd
de lai mdt tap ky su quan trgng
Tmdc ndm 1925, Iran cdn lac bdu bon
nhilu so vdi cdc nudc Tmng Ddng ven
bd Dia Tmng Hdi Reza Shah, ngudi
hiing da ndi len bang cudc ddo chinh do
ngudi Anh iing hd nam 1921, vd len ngdi
vua nam 1925, bat ddu thi hdnh mgt
chucmg trinh h ien dai hda nhanh chdng,
bao gdm nhiing thay ddi trong vi thi ciia
phu nur, tuy chi cd mdt vdi ddi mdi trong
bg luat gia dinb nam 1935 dua tren ludt
shar'ia Nhiing ddi mdi dd chi md rdng
chiit it CO sd dl phu nii cd thi dya trin dd
md xin tda dn cho ly hdn Ludt cdn cam
con gdi Idy chdng khi chua din 13 tudi
Mgt ludt hdn nhdn thi hdnh nam 1935 ddi
hoi kit hdn phdi dang ky Vile dat ludt
dudi su kiim soat cua nha nudc chii
khdng phdi ciia ulama (gido sT dao Hdi)
la mdt ddi mdi quan trgng, nhung thi lyc
dpc lap van tdn tai ciia cdc ulama thupc
giao phdi Shia tai Iran cd nghia la, su
thay ddi ndy cudi cimg bi phii nhdn bon d
mpt sd nudc Tmng Ddng khde
Chinh phu cua Reza Shah phdt trien
tmdng hgc cho phu nii, thdnh lap mdt
tmdng dai hgc cho ca nam ldn nii, thiic
ddy viec ldm cho nii gidi vd khuyin khich
hg tham gia choi thi thao Ong cdm phu
nii che mang sau mdt chuyin cdng du
nam 1935 sang Thd NhT Ky, d dd nhd
lanh dao Ataturk phan ddi nhung khdng
cam che mang Cdnh sdt dugc lenh xl bd
khdn triim dau ciia phy nur dao Hdi,
nhung sau khi Reza Shah bi ngudi Anh
vd ngudi Nga budc phai thoai vi nam
1941, thi phu nii thugc tdng Idp binh dan
va tiiu thuong lai triim khan len ddu Sau cdch mang Hdi gido nam 1979, giao cljii Khomeini cimg bat budc phu nii triim khan
Reza S hah t dp trung cac td chiic phu nii dudi sy gidm sdt ciia bodng gia, vd khdng cho phep cdc dang ddi lap, nhdt la cac ddng phdi td, dugc tilp tuc boat dgng Sau khi Reza Shah thoai vi, cdc td chiic tdn gido phdi hiiu vd cdc dang phdi td deu khdi phuc boat ddng trong mdt thdi ky dan chii hon, tu nam 1941 din 1953 Ddng Tudeh, dugc qudn chiing iing hd rdng rai va cd khuynh hudng cdng sdn, dua vdn dl quyln phu nii vdo cuong ITnh ciia minh Tuy nhien, cudc qudc hiiu hda ddu lira trd thdnh mdi quan tdm chii ylu ddi vdi ngudi Iran, vd da dua Thu tudng Mossadegh ciing Lien minh Dan tdc ciia dng len cdm quyln tir nam 1951 den
1953 Trong lien minh ciia dng cd cd cdc phdn tir tdn giao va mdt sd phdn tir dan tdc chii nghTa phai huu, khdng tdn thdnh ludt iing hd phu nur, thi Id chuong trinh cdi cdch ciia dng khdng de cap den quyln phu nii Nam 1953, ngudi My giiip con trai Reza Shah Id Mohammed Reza tien hdnh ddo chinh, vd trong nhiing nam ddu chi do cai tri dgc dodn ciia Mohammed Reza, vdn dl phu nur ciing khdng dugc dl cap
Nhung thang tram trong vi the cua phu nir Iran
Tir ndm 1960 din 1963, mdt sd cudc cdi cdch dugc tiln hanh, quyln bdu cir ciia phu nil dugc thuc biln, vd nam 1967, quyin phu nii vi hdn nhdn, ly di va trdng nom con cdi dugc cdi thien ddng kl theo Ludt Bdo vl Gia dinh (FPL), mgt dao ludt dugc thdng qua lai vd cimg cd thim nSm
1975 Nhung ludt nay tao dilu kiln cho
Trang 4DS Trpng Quang
phu nii xin ly hon, han chi tuc da thS cua
dan dng, cho phep con cai theo bd hay
theo me do tda an thi tuc quyet dinh De
trdnh va cham cdng khai vdi luat shar 'ia,
cdc diiu khoan cai each cua FPL dugc
ghi vao giao udc hdn nhan Tudi kit hdn
ciia phu nii nam 1965 Id 15, tang Ien nam
1975 la 18; tudi kit hdn ciia nam gidi
nam 1965 la 18, tang len nam 1975 la 20
Cd bg ludt cua Reza Shah lan FPL deu
khdng cho phep dang ky kit hdn tam
thdi To chiic Phu nu Iran va ngudi diing
ddu Id Mahnaz Afkhami thudng bi phy
nil chdng quoc vuong chi trich, nhung
nhin lai, thi vi?c hg lam dugc nhieu
ngudi coi la tich cyc Mdt thugng nghj sT,
diing dau Hgi Nii luat gia Iran, la ngudi
chiu trdch nhiem dy thdo vd trinh bdy dao
ludt
0 Iran, cUng nhu tai Thd NhT Ky,
Tunisia, Syria, I raq va A i Cap, nha cam
quyen hien dai hda dd thuc hi^n nhiing
cdng viec quan trgng de phu nir dugc hgc
hdnh, dugc tham gia lyc lugng lao dgng,
va cd vai trd binh dang hem trong luat gia
dinh Ddng thdi, hg kiem soat vd tap
tmng boat dgng vd bdo chi cua phy nil
dgc lap, ddt tat ca boat dgng cua nG gidi
dudi su giam sdt cua chinh phii, lam ndy
sinh c dc h inh thiic chong doi khde nhau
ciia ddn dng vd phy nOr, tuy nhiiu phy nur
img hg nhiing ngudi cai trj dd md rgng
quyin cua hg
Trong nhQng ndm sau chiin tranh, sy
chong doi phan ldn tir phia td, rat manh d
nhieu nudc, vd t^i mgt so quoc gia nhu
Iraq va Ai Cap, tham chi lan vdo chinh
phii mgt thdi gian, T^i Iran, sy chong doi
thudng d cac giai cap binh dan va tieu
thuong, nhiing ngudi phan ldn gin bd vdi
cdc hinh thiic sdn xuat vd budn ban co
tmyen hen vdi cdng nghiep hi?n d^i, co
quan chinh phu hodc djch vy, Tu nhflng
ndm 1970, phong trdo phdn khdng cua
quan chiing Iran mang mgt hinh thiic
^ chinh tri ton giao mdi, ddi khi ggi la chu nghia Hdi giao
V Tai Iran, mac dau td chiic Hdi giao chu nghla khdng lau ddi nhu d Ai Cap va mgt sd nude Arap khac, nhung nd nhanh chdng trd thanh quan trgng khi Khomeini xudt hien sau mgt cudc ndi day cd co sd chinh tri-tdn giao nam 1963 Nam 1978, mgt phong trao quan chung chdng qudc vuong manh len, thu hiit nhieu phdn tir cd
xu hudng the tyc va nhiing ngudi cdn sdt lai cua Lien minh Dan tgc Phe ddi lap
' f r r
nhan manh nhiing yeu to vdn hda ma nhiiu ngudi coi la Hdi giao chu nghia, Mgt so phu nu the tuc nhiing ndm 1970 triim khdn vd che mang de td y chdng qudc vuong Nhung ngudi cd xu hudng the tyc tuy tin rang Khomeini vd cdc gido
sT khdng cd kha ndng cdm quyin, nhung
hg iing hg phong trao cua dng di ndm mgt lyc lugng quan chiing cd thi lam thay ddi ca ban chi do cai tri dgc tdi va khdng dugc ldng dan cua qudc vuong Tuy vay, sau khi len cam quyen thdng Hai 1979, Khomeini cat diit quan he vdi cac ddng minh the tuc vd canh ta cii, khoi phyc tda an va luat Hdi giao Budc dau tien thuc hien vi?c che mang bi ddng dao phu nur phdn doi nhan ngay Phy nil Qudc
ti 8/3 ndm 1979, nhung cupc phdn ddi bj nhiing ddm ddng khac chdng lai, thi Id vifc che mang dan dan dugc thyc hi?n lai
Tinh hinh phy nii sau khi lyc lugng ciia Khomeini thing lgi hoi thdng Hai
1979 bgc Ig tat cd cac mau thuan trong cuOc cdch mang, Cdch m ^ g dugc tien hdnh nhan danh ngudi "nghlo kho", ung
hg nhiing bien phdp cdi thign cuge song dan ngheo nong thon vd thdnh thj Nhihig ngudi "phdi td Hoi gido", cung nhu Khomeini, qud thdt dd thanh thyc trong
CO ging ciia hg, nhung mdt khde, hg
Trang 5Phy nOHoi gido
khdng cd mdt cdch nhin binh ddng vl
quyln phu nii FPL chang bao Idu bi vd
hieu hda dl nhudng chd cho cdch gidi
thich dao Hdi trong cdc bd ludt ciia Reza
Shah, theo dd thi quan tda tdn gido thay
thdm phdn the tyc xit xir cdc vdn di gia
dinh, tuy da cd tda dn ddc biet gidi quylt
vdn de hdn nhdn vd gia dinh Chi mdt vai
diem trong FPL dugc giii lai
Nhung khi phu nii trong qudc hdi vd
nhiing co quan khde len tilng yeu cdu, thi
cac ludt ll tn'dc khi cd FPL, bao gdm tyc
da the, quyln trdng nom con cdi ciia
ngudi bd, vd vile ddn dng de ddng ly di
vg, cd nhilu bdt cdng phdi dugc thay ddi
Nhieu nhdn td ddn din sy khdi phyc ddn
quyln phy nur, kl cd phu nii thugc giai
cap binh dan vd tieu thuong dn mac theo
loi cd tmyln Khdng cdn cam thdy bi
khinh thudng vi che mang, nhiing phy nii
nay budc vdo cudc sdng cdng cdng mdt
each ty nhien Chuong trinh chinh phu
md rgng gido dye vd y tl cho tdt cd mgi
ngudi rdt cd lgi cho phu nii
Mac ddu gido dye vd y tl dd dugc thiic
day phdn ndo trudc cdch mang, nhung
chinh phii phdt triln them cdc ddi y tl vd
tmdng hgc d cdc ldng mac vd khu vyc do
thi tmdc kia it dugc quan tdm, khuyin
khich xda nan mil chii, vd dat nhilu tien
bp dac bilt vl gido dye cho nS gidi
Nhiing chuong trinh nay mdu thuan vdi
viec tmdc kia chinh phii ngdn cdn, thdm
chi cdm dodn phu nii hgc mgt sd mdn d
tmdng dai hgc vd khdng cho tuyin dyng
phy nii trong nhilu ITnh vyc Qua cdc
thdp ky sau, nhiing han che ndy timg
budc bi xda bd, phy nii dugc gido dye vd
dpng viln trd nen tich cue boat ddng hon
tmdc, nhilu ngudi ra tda dn bdo vl quyln
kinh tl vd trdng nom con cdi cua minh
Ludt Hdi gido dugc diln che hda
khong ndi tdi tdt cd cdc tmdng hgp, cd
mgt sd tmdng hgp md FPL, cimg nhiing
ludt khde thien vl phy nii trudc kia gidi quyet, bdy gid van tilp tuc dugc dp dung Tuy nhien, ludt Hdi giao dugc phuc hoi
da hgp phdp hda mdt so tap tuc bdt lgi cho phu nii, trong dd nhiiu tap tyc da bi FPL bdc bd Trong sd cdc tap tyc dd cd hinh phat nim dd din chit nhiing dan dng
vd ddn bd da lap gia dinb md van vi pham
dilu cam trong kinh Kor'an vi ngoai
tinh, tap tyc cho phep ddn dng don phuong ly hdn nhung chi cho phip dan
bd ly di khi cd hai ben thda thuan hoac dugc tda dn quylt dinh, tyc giao quyln nudi con cdn nhd cho ngudi chdng vd cho gia dinb chdng nlu ngudi ndy chit, vd coi ddn bd chi bang nira gid tri dan dng trong ldi khai tmdc tda, vd quyln thira ki Nhieu hgc gid da chiing minh rdng,
dilu khodn ciia kinh Kor'an vl tgi ngoai
tinh dugc dat ra cdt dl che chd cho ngudi
bi budc tdi, vi nd yeu cdu phdi cd ldi thii nhdn ciia ngudi dd hoac phdi cd bdn nhdn chiing nhin thdy tan mdt ngudi dd pham tgi Cdc cdng trinh nghien ciiu vl khu vyc Tmng Ddng tmdc kia ciing cho biet, hilm cd tmdng hgp kiln cdo vl ngoai tinh d hdu hit cdc xa hdi Hdi gido, rat it
cd viec xir phat bang nim dd Mdt sd ngudi hiiu biet ludt Do Thdi ndi ring, hinh phat nem dd phdn ldn chi la Iy thuyit chii hilm cd trong thyc tien Vua Suleiman d thi ky XVI, ching ban, dd thdng qua mdt bd ludt khdng quy djnh viec hdnh quyit bode hdnh ha thi xdc Theo dng thi diiu dd phii hgp vdi ludt Hdi gido, chi trimg phat tgi tinh dye hodc nhiing tdi khde bdng mgt khodn phat va, ciing ldm Id dudi di
Diiu phu nii sg nhdt trong cdc xa hdi Tmng Ddng khdng phdi Id luat Hdi gido hay sy trimg phat cua tda dn, md la su vi pham quy tac danh dy Quy tdc dd khdng nim trong ludt Hdi gido, ma cd ngudn gdc bg lac, phdn ldn dugc giai cdp binh
Trang 6Do Trpng Quang
dan chdp hdnh Theo quy tdc dd, thi danh
dy ciia dan dng se bi xiic pham neu phy
nu trong nhd khdng giu dugc sy trong
sach vi tinhdyc, nhdt Idem gdi v d c o n
gdi Chdng nhiing ngoai tinh vd loan
ludn, md chi vi pham nhiing dilu cdm ky
nhd nhat ciia quy tac ndy ciing cd the bi
ngudi than gilt chit Nhung vy gilt
ngudi vi q uy t dc danh dy dd hilm cd d
cdc giai cdp gidu cd vd Tdy phuang hda,
vd hinh nhu it phd biln tai Iran hon d mdt
sd xa hdi Tmng Ddng khac C5 Iran, con
gdi leu ldng cd thi bi gia dinh xua dudi,
mdt sd trd thdnh gdi diem
Phdp ludt cd nhiing thay ddi quan
trgng, song mdt vdi nhd nghien ciiu
thudng cudng dilu lln rdng nil gidi dugc
lgi thi d ludt ly hdn hiln hdnh hon d
FPL Diing Id phu nii luc ly hdn cd quyln
kinh tl cao bon d FPL, nhung quyen nudi
con lai thien vl ddn dng vd thdn thich ciia
ngudi dd bon, tuc da the vd hdn nhdn tam
thdi ciing phd biln hen Mdt sd khde
ddnh gid thdp tdm quan trgng ciia nhiing
ddi mdi, chi nhdn manh vi?c phy nur bi
ngugc dai Mdt sd niia ndi rdng cudc ddu
tranh ciia phu nil, cd dan dng tham gia,
da cdi thien ddng ke vi tri phdp ly ciia nil
gidi, nhung trong khi dd, tyc da the,
quyln nudi con cua ddn dng, vd nhiing
binh phat ve boat ddng tinh due vd xd hdi
vdn tdn tai, du hilm hon trudc Gid tri
ciia phy nil chi bdng nira ciia dan dng khi
ldm nhan chiing hay khi thira ke Nlu
nhiing cudc cdi each dem lai sy binh
dang nhu mdt sd ngudi khdng dinh, thi
cdc nhd boat ddng ciia nii gidi da chdng
tap tmng vdo su bat binh dang vl phdp
ludt trong cudc van ddng ldn ciia hg bit
ddu tir ndm 2006
Mot so thanh turn cua phu nir Iran
Mdt ITnh vyc thay ddi Id boat dgng ciia
nii gidi Tmdc each mang, boat ddng dd
phan ldn thu biit nhiing phu nii thi tuc
diing trong cac dang phai hoac cac nhdm
da Tdy phuang hda Nhiing nam trudc khi kit thiic cudc chien tranh Iran-Iraq vd trudc liic Khomeini qua ddi ndm 1979 Id thdi ky bdo thu ddi vdi nur gidi, nhung nhiing ndm 1990 da cd cdc thay ddi quan trgng Dudi su lanh dao ciia Tdng thdng Khatami tir nam 1997 den 2005, cdc td chirc phy nil dugc thanh lap nhieu, ke cd nhung NGO (td chiic phi chinh phii) trong nhieu ITnh vyc md nii gidi quan tdm Trong nhiing nam ddu sau cdch mang, nhiing phy nur vdn Id bd con than thich cdc nhdn vat trong chinh phy thudng cd mdt vai trd ldn, nhung nhieu phy nii khde sau dd kit hgp vdi hg trong nhieu hinh thiic boat dgng
Mdt mat cd tdc ddng ddi vdi nii gidi Id chinh sdch han che sinh dl ciia chinh phu Vi ddn sd tang qud nhanh, ndm 1989 chinh phii thyc hiln mdt chuong trinh ke hoach hda gia dinb cd the coi la thdnh cdng nhdt thi gidi, bao gdm ca viec gido dye tinh due cho cd ddu chii re tmdc khi cudi, phat khdng dung cu trdnh thai, vd ngimg trg cap cho con cdi sau diia thii ba
Do qud trinh do thi hda nhanh chdng va viec gido due con gai dugc md rdng, tudi kit hdn tmng binh dugc nang len vd ti le sinh sdn d Iran dugc ha thdp rdt nhiiu trong vdng mdt thdp ky Cimg vdi viec
md thim nhilu nghe cho nii gidi, ti 11 sinh sdn thap nay khien phu nil cd nhieu
CO hdi kilm viec ldm ban
Mdt khuynh hudng, thudng ggi la thuylt nam nil binh quyin Hdi gido, xudt hiln vao nhiing ndm 1980 d cdc phy nur cd quan he vdi quan chiic chinh phii, vd sau
dd md rdng Nhiing phu nii nay, giong nhu d cdc nudc Hdi gido khac, diing ly le Idy tir kinh sdch dao Hdi, chii khdng phdi vay mugn ciia cdc nhd tu tudng phuang Tdy, dl ddi cdi each vi thi cua nii gidi vd ludt 11 tdc ddng din phy nil
Trang 7Phy nOHoi gido
Mdt sy kien he trgng Id gidi thudng
Nobel vi hda binh nam 2003 dugc trao
cho bd Shirin Ebadi, mdt ludt su ddu
tranh cho quyln ciia phy nii vd tre em Bd
la ngudi Iran dau tien vd ngudi Hdi gido
ddu tien nhdn gidi thudng ndy Mdt sd
ngudi coi vile trao gidi thudng dd Id sy
chi trich chinh sach cua Hoa Ky ddi vdi
Iran, vd Id ddu hieu sy iing hd qudc te cho
cupc ddu tranh bdt bao ddng ciia ngudi
Iran vi hda binh vd ddn chu Bd Shirin
Ibadi ndi rdng mgt sd bdi tudng thudt d
phuang Tdy gdn cho bd qud nhieu boat
dpng vd bai viet vi quyen phy nil, trong
khi nhilu phy nil diing cdm ciing tham
gia vdo ddy
Phy nil Iran cdn cd vai trd ddng ke
trong cdc ITnh vyc van hda khac, trong dd
CO nhieu dao diln diln dnh, nhieu nhd tho
vd nhd vdn Nu gidi cd mat d hdu bet mgi
nganh nghe, va chiem khodng hai phdn
ba sd sinh viln dai hgc Thdm chi dd cd
viec thdo ludn ve chi tieu sd phy nur dugc
thu nhdn vdo dai hgc
Doi vdi nhiiu phu nil, ciing nhu ddi
vdi nhieu ddn dng, van de kinh te vd viec
lam Id nhiing mdi quan tdm ldn nhdt Mdt
cupc dieu tra ndm 2003 ciia chinh phii vl
phu nur tri cho thdy hg lo ldng nhdt vl thu
nhap thap (34%), vdn di kinh ti (18%),
van dl xa hdi-vdn hda (11%), vd an todn
vi cdng vile (9%) Chi 7% coi hdn nhdn
la con dudng dl cdi thien cudc sdng
Thanh nien ddc biet that vgng trong cdc
ITnh vyc kinh te vd van hda, nhung hinh
thiic phdn khdng ciia hg khdng gidng
ngudi ldn tudi
La phieu ciia phy nil vd thanh nien
dugc coi Id quan trgng trong cudc bdu vi
tong thdng cd tu tudng cdi cdch la dng
Khatami ndm 1997 vd 2001 Tdng thing
CO khd ndng ndi ldng nhiing han chi vl
vdn hda vd kiem duyet giiip ich cho bao
chi vd boat ddng van hda cua phu nil
nhung dng khdng thi, vd cd le khdng mudn, cdi cdch rdng rai ban Khdng cd nhiing thay ddi ldn trong ludt lien quan din phy nu dudi thdi Khatami cdm quyln Khi qudc hdi cdn do cdc phdn tir cdnh td vd phdi giiia chi phoi, hg da thdng qua mdt sd ludt cd lgi cho nil gidi, nhung cdc ludt dd bi Hdi ddng Bdo ve, mdt co quan cd tbi luc rdt ldn, bdc bd Mdt du ludt cua qudc hdi, nham tang tudi kit hdn tdi thieu ciia con gdi len 15, bi Hdi ddng Bdo vl bdc bd, nhung sau cd su thda hilp vetudi 13
Mdt sd ngudi thdi phdng nhung diiu
ky vgng d Khatami vd phdng dai ndi thdt vgng liic dng khdng chdng lai dugc nhd lanh dao Khomeini ve nhiing van dl nhu dimg b ao luc ddn dp sinb vien B di tbi, khi nhilu ngudi cd xu hudng cdi each bi tudc quyln iing cir nhilu nhd cdi cdch khdng tham gia bd philu trong cudc bdu cir qudc hdi ndm 2004, vd mdt sd khde tdy chay cudc bdu cir tdng thdng nam
2005, thi phieu bdu dugc ddn cho mdt qudc hdi bdo thii vd Tdng thdng Ahmadinejad
Ndm 2006, cdc nhd boat ddng bdo vl quyln phy nil khdi xudng mdt cudc van ddng ggi Id " Mdt trieu Chii ky Yeu c du Thay ddi cdc Dao luat Phdn biet Ddi xir" Trade cudc van ddng ndy da cd mgt cudc phdn khdng hda binh ngdy 12 thdng Sdu
2006 tai Tehran bi cdnh sdt dan dp dil ddi Thu thdp mdt trieu chii ky dl img hd vile sira ddi ludt phdp chi la mgt trong nhilu muc dich cua cudc van ddng ndy
Nd cdn nhdm gido dye cho phu nil vl nhiing bat cdng md hg hiing chiu, vd dl hiiu nhu cdu cua cdc phy nil binh thudng Nhiing ngudi khdi xudng cudc van ddng tuyen bd rdng, muc tieu ciia hg khdng mdu thudn vdi ludt phdp Hdi gido Ngoai
ra, cdn cd mdt chien dich chdng hinh phat nem dd
Trang 8Do Trpng Quang
Tai Mardc da mdt cudc van ddng
tuong ty dugc phdt ddng ndm 1992, thu
dugc trin mgt trieu chOr ky Vua
Mohammet, len ngdi nani 1999, dd thyc
hiln mdt thay ddi ldn vi ludt gia dinh,
dugc qudc hdi thdng qua nam 2004 Mgt
sd ngudi Iran khdi xudng van ddng chdc
bin dd chiu dnh hudng cua tdm guong
Mardc, mac ddu chinh phii Iran hiln hdnh
khd thay ddi y kiln hon vua Mardc
Chinh phu Iran cdn thi hdnh mdt sd
biln phdp ban chi boat ddng ciia nil gidi,
nhu vy ddn dp cudc phdn khdng thdng
Sdu 2006, vu bit giam thdng 1 ndm 2007
ba phu nil di An Do theo hgc mdt khda
ddo tao vl bdo chi Nhung nhilu bdi
tudng thudt vdn ndi ve cudc ndi loan cua
thanh nien chdng nhiing ban che ve vdn
hda vd xd hdi, hdnh ddng ciia hg thudng
dugc phu huynh ldm ngo Nhiing bdc phy
huynh ndy thdm chi cdn cho phIp cdc
nhdm thanh nien dimg nhd minh de ldm
nhiing gi hg mudn Vi the, hdu nhu da cd
mdt thda thudn ngdm giila nhd nudc vd
xd hdi, de cho nhdn dan cd the phd bd
nhilu quy tdc liln quan den cdch iing xir
cd nhdn nhung khdng dugc td chiic chdng
ddi chinh tri
Tuy nhien, thinh thodng van cd nhiing
cudc ddn dp cdch iing xii Mgt sd nam vd
nur ky gid vd nhd boat ddng da bi giam
cdm nhiing nam gdn ddy ve nhiiu ldi
budc tgi, sdch bdo bi kilm duyet nhiiu
hon, chi cd intemet cdn tuong ddi tu do
Hinh dnh ve quyen vd vi the cua phu nil
Iran cd ldn ldn cd mat tich cue lan tieu
cyc Thi lyc nhiing ngudi theo dudng ldi
Cling rdn manh hon, khi nhiing cudc tdn
cdng tir ben ngodi de dga Iran, vd tinh
hinh ndy tdc ddng din phong trao phu nu
Cdc nhdm phy nur khac nhau ciing cd
nhung yeu cdu khac nhau, Ngudi tre tudi
cd h gc van thudng nhan manh quyen ty
do cd nhdn, mdt sd nhd boat ddng cdm thdy hien phdp phai dugc thay ddi cdn bdn de cham dut the lyc ddc dodn cua gido sT lanh dao yd Hdi ddng Bdo ve, mdt
CO quan thudng kiem tra chat che ly lich irng cir vien d hau het cdc cudc bdu cir vd bdc bd luat phdp cdi cdch md qudc hdi da thdng qua
Trong cdc cudc bieu tinh bi lyc lugng chinh phu dan dp nam 2005 va 2006, phy nil da Id mdt lyc lugng hau thudn ddng
ke, nhung phdn ldn hg quan tdm nhdt din vdn de kinh te, mdt sd img hd che do vd mgt sd ngdn ngai tham gia mdt phong trdo cd the gdy cho hg rdc rdi Phong trdo Mdt trieu Chii ky liic dau nhan manh vdo cdi each ludt phap, bay gid qua thdi gian
cd thi thay ddi vi nvL gidi cd nhiing mdi
quan tdm khde
Ket luan Dieu nen chti y Id, nhieu phu nil thugc mgi giai cdp deu dang ty khdng dinh, trong viec ken chgn chdng, viec hgc hdnh
vd nghe nghiep, hoac ddu tranh cho nii quyen Mac dau nhieu ngudi bay gid hinh nhu quan tam den van de cd nhan hon van de chinh tri, nhung sir ty khdng dinh ndy dang gdp phan vdo siic manh cua phy nir dirng Ien bdo ve va md rgng quyln ciia minh
Tiki Iif u tham khao
1 Ziba Mir-Hosseini The Religious
Debate in Contemporary Iran (Princeton
University Press, 1999)
2 Iranian, 23 December 2006
3 New York Times, 1 Febmary 2007
4 Journal of International Affairs,
Spring/Summer 2007