Thay ddi lap trUdng tfl chdi ky "Nghi dinh thu Kyoto" cua Chinh quyen Bush, dam phan khi hau da phUdng mdi do My chu dao va thuc day tren toan clu, xay diing "kinh te mau[r]
Trang 1CHAU MY NGAY NAY SO 04-2010 65
THONG TIN
V*
OBAMA VA SU'THAY DOI NU'CfC MY
Cach day hdn mot nam, ngay
20/1/2009, Tdng thdng Barack
Obama da chinh thflc nham chflc
va budc vao Nha Trang vdi rat nhieu sU
iing ho va niem tin cua ngUdi dan My
ciing nhu cong dong the gidi Nham chiic
diing vao thdi diem uy tin quo'c te ciia My
bi tdn thUdng nghiem trong, vi vay de
khoi phuc uy tin d6, trong chinh sach cua
ong Obama da tap chung vao mot loat cac
van de doi ngoai nhU: giai trfl via khi hat
nhan; hoa binh gifla Israel va Palestine;
cai thien quan he vdi Trung Quo'c va Nga;
hoa giai "phUdng Tay" vdi the gidi Hoi
giao Ddng thdi, dng ciing khong quen cac
muc tieu doi npi dang can dUdc giai quyet
nhU: khimg hoang kinh te; cai each y te;
phat trien ngudn nang lUdng sach, bao ve
moi trUdng va an ninh npi dia Quan sat
nhiing dong thai sau hdn mot nam lam
viec ciia chinh quyen mdi, chung ta dat ra
nhieu cau hoi nhU: Nhflng bon be ma
chinh quyen tien nhiem de lai, ong
Obama da giai quyet ra sao? Ong da thiic
hien nhflng du dinh dUdc tuyen bo' trong
chien lUdc tranh cfl cua minh den dau va
lieu CO sii sai lech gifla nhflng Idi hfla
trUdc bau cfl va nhflng viec lam sau khi
die cfl khong? Va nUdc My da co thay ddi
nhu the nao? Mpt loat cau hdi dUdc dUa
ra, song cau tra Idi thi dUdng nhu khong
lam thoa man dU luan qudc te va nhflng
ngUdi da ung ho dng Obama Du6i day,
chung ta se xem xet nhflng thay ddi cua
nUdc My dUdi chinh quyen mdi
1 Chinh sach doi ngoai
Thanh cong 16n nhat ma ong Obama
dat dUdc la chi trong mpt thdi gian ngIn
hinh anh cua nUdc My dUdc cai thien
dang ke, tfl con m I t de dat cua cong dong
qudc te ddi vdi mpt cUdng qudc ludn giai
quyet van de theo each ddn phUdng, cflng
ran da chuyen thanh cai nhin than thien hdn Tam ly chong My co tfl thdi gian cam quyen cua cflu Tdng tho'ng G.W Bush cung da giam dan Dong gop Idn nhat trong viec thay ddi thai do nay chinh tfl nhflng chinh sach doi ngoai dUdc dieu chinh theo hudng linh boat, mem deo va thuc dung Theo co' van cua Jimmy Carter tai Uy ban An ninh quo'c gia, chi chUa day mot nam, "Barack Obama da lam thay doi hoan toan chinh sach doi ngoai cua My" Cu the:
Ve quan he My - Nga: -Trong tuyen bo'
chung sau cuoc gap thUdng dinh My -Nga ngay 1/4/2009, hai ben nhat tri danh gia thdi ky hai nU6c nhin nhau nhu ke thu da qua lau, san sang vUdt khdi tam ly cua thdi ky Chien tranh Lanh va khdi dong mpt nghi trinh hdp tac mdi, thUc chat n h I m tang cUdng dn dinh chie'n lUdc,
an ninh quo'c te va cung doi pho vdi nhflng thach thflc toan cau, dong thdi giai quyet nhflng khac biet mot each cdi md, thang t h i n tren tinh than ton trong va ghi nhan quan diem cua nhau My nhan thflc ro viec xfl ly tot quan he vdi Nga co y nghia quyet dinh den chie'n lUdc mdi cua
My vi Nga la cUdng quo'c hat nhan d"uy nhat CO tiem lUc tUdng dUdng vdi My; la thanh vien thUdng trUc Hoi dong Bao An Lien Hdp quo'c, co lanh thd n l m d ca ba vung dia chie'n lUdc quan trong, ndi dinh hinh Idi ich cua My trong nhieu nam tdi Vao thang 4/2010, hai nUdc da dat dUdc thoa thuan START-2 va tien hanh thUc hien viec giam so' lUdng dau dan hat nhan cua ca hai nUdc Viec cat giam dau dan hat nhan thong qua Hiep Udc START-2
ky ket vdi Nga xud'ng con 30% so vdi ban dau la ket qua cua qua trinh dam phan lien tuc ngay khi Hiep Udc START-1 bet ban nam 2010 De dat dUdc thoa thuan nay, My da phai chap nhan buy bd cac ke
Trang 266 SO 04-2010 CHAU MY NGAY NAY
hoach trien khai may bay danh chan
chong ten Ifla d Ba Lan, mpt cfl chi ma
Nga yeu c l u tfl lau Dieu nay cho thay,
chinh quyen Obama tin vao sU thoa
thuan hdn la sU cflng nbac va khang dinh
r i n g , khong the dat dUdc sU tan thanh
cua Nga bang sU gian dfl va ham doa
-each thflc ma Bush da lam trUdc day
vi quan he My - Trung Qudc: Ve tdng
the, "sii thay ddi ngoai giao" cua chinh
quyen Obama cd tinh xay dUng ddi vdi sii
on dinh va phat trien cua mdi quan he
My - Trung; dinh hUdng hdp tac thiic
dung, tim each "tran an nhau ve mat
chien lUdc", thda hiep tren mpt so' van de
cu the n h I m tap trung vao hdp tac theo
hudng "thUc chat, sau sac va md rpng
hdn" tren nhieu linh viic; ddng thdi hai
nUdc ludn cd' gang tim each gifl dn dinh
quan he, xfl ly cac bat ddng mpt each
khdn kheo, thUc dung, tranh va cham
trUc dien Do gifla hai nUdc cd nhflng Idi
ich chung rat Idn, vi vay rat dung d i n khi
hudng den sii phat trien mpt each thiet
thUc va chic c h i n trong cac linh vUc hdp
tac song phUdng, tang cUdng giao lUu va
ban bac Chinh sach Trung Qud'c cua
Obama c6 nhieu khac biet so vdi thdi cUu
Tong thdng Bush Trong tam nam cam
quyen cua Chinh quyen Bush, Trung
Quo'c va My tap trung tUdng doi nhieu
vao cac mat nhu chd'ng khung bd' chung,
trao doi va ban bac mang tinh canh tranh
ve de tai kinh te, thUdng mai va tai chinh
song phudng, van de Dai Loan Tinh hinh
CO nhieu bien dpng mdi khi dng Obama
len n l m quyen, vi vay chinh sach Trung
Quo'c cung c6 it nhieu thay ddi theo Vi
du, cung vdi tinh hinh hai bd eo bien Dai
Loan dUdc cai thien, sU nhay cam ve van
de Dai Loan trong quan he My - Trung cd
p h I n giam di, song ddi vdi cudc tranh cai
ngoai giao ve nguyen t i c cua ba thdng
bao trong quan he My - Trung, thi viec
ban vu khi cho Dai Loan dang la van de
dUdc quan tam TrUdc day, My ludn n l m
lay tham hut thUdng mai va van de ty gia
hoi doai ddng nhan dan te, nhUng hien
nay hai nUdc tap trung vao viec lam the
nao de ca hai ben cung gianh dUdc Idi ich trong phUdng an kich thich kinh te cua moi ben Ngoai ra, van de khi hau, giam lUdng khi thai va bao ve mdi trUdng cung
se la mpt de tai ndi bat cua quan he My -Trung trong thdi ky Obama cam quyen Thay ddi lap trUdng tfl chdi ky "Nghi dinh thu Kyoto" cua Chinh quyen Bush, dam phan khi hau da phUdng mdi do My chu dao va thuc day tren toan clu, xay diing
"kinh te mau xanh" coi viec tiet kiem nang lUdng, bao dam mdi trUdng va ngudn nang lUdng sach lam muc tieu da trd thanh mpt trong nhflng npi dung quan trpng cua viec
"thay ddi ngoai giao" ma Obama sau khi len cam quyen ra sflc thiic hien Chu de mau xanh nay trong chinh sach ngoai giao cua Obama khdng the khdng anh hUdng Idn cho quan he hai nUdc
Vdi the gidi Hoi gido: Hai cudc chien
tai Afghanistan va Iraq van chUa cd giai phap Quyet dinh tang quan vao chie'n trUdng Afghanistan trong t h a n g 12/2009
va them vao dd la mdt dia ban boat dpng mdi cua Yemen NhU vay, cdng cudc chie'n dau vdi nhflng ke khung bd' v I n cdn dai
va d l y rui ro khi so' quan dUdc dUa vao chie'n trUdng cang Idn thi dia ban hoat dpng cua chung cang dUdc md rpng Hien tai, khu vUc Trung Ddng chUa hoan toan sach se dau vet cua nhflng ke khung bo',
ma khu vUc chau Phi dang co dau hieu
la diem de'n, la ndi t r u ngu mdi cua chung Nudc My da hao td'n tien cua va sflc lUc qua nhieu vao cudc chien nay Sii thay ddi Idn d day cd the la each nhin nhan cua dng Obama khac vdi each nhin
t r I n g den ro r a n g cua dng Bush, dng Obama coi k h u n g bd la van de phflc tap hdn Trong khi dng Bush thich sfl dung nhflng bien phap m a n h me, khoa trUdng, thi dng Obama nghieng ve nhflng bien phap mem deo va khdn ngoan hdn Trong khi dng Bush coi chu nghia ciic doan Hdi giao gid'ng n h u mdi de doa cua chfl nghia p h a t xit, dng Obama lai cd xu hudng cho r i n g , each tie'p can nay cd the tao dieu kien cho k h u n g bd lam thay ddi
xa hpi My, ma khdng can phai t a n cdng nUdc My mpt lan nfla
Trang 3CHAU MY NGAY NAY SO 04-2010 67
Vdn di hat nhdn b Iran: Doi dien vdi
mpt Iran bat dn hdn bao gid het, chinh
quyen Obama da biet gifl dUdc sU can
bIng thich hdp gifla de doa trflng phat va
chinh sach boa giai, lam diu bdt nhflng
kich dpng quan sU cua Israel va ngan can
nhflng p h I n tfl cflng r i n cua che dp Iran
sfl dung My de che ngii phe chong doi hp
Sau mpt loat dpng thai thach thflc tfl
phia Iran nhU: Ngay 27/9/2009, Iran tien
hanh b i n thfl mpt loat cac ten Ifla trong
khudn khd cuoc tap t r a n cua "Ve tinh
each mang", trong do co ten Ifla tam xa
Shahab-3 co t i m b i n 2.000 km tdi tan
lanh thd Israel va trUdc dd, Iran thfla
nhan da bi mat xay nha may thfl hai lam
giau urani; Ngay 18/11/2009, Tehran da
bac bd ke hoach gfli phan Idn lUdng urani
dUdc lam giau d cap dp thap ra nUdc
ngoai Chinh quyen Obama bupe phai
dieu chinh hudng xfl ly chUdng trinh hat
nhan cua Iran tfl can dU, tim kiem sU ung
ho cua qudc te, dac biet la nhom 5+1 sang
keu ggi sfl ung hp rpng rai cua cpng dong
quo'c te ap dung nhflng bien phap cflng
r I n hdn neu Iran khdng chiu tfl bd y do
che tao vu khi hat nhan cua minh
2 Chinh s a c h doi noi
Vi kinh te: Thdi diem dng Obama bUdc
chan vao Nha T r I n g cung la luc cdn bao
tai chinh xay ra vao cudi nam 2007, dau
nam 2008 gay ton that rat nang ne ddi
vdi nen kinh te My Trong nam tai chinh
2008-2009 CO tdi hdn 49 trieu ngUdi My
(khoang 14,6% hp gia dinh) bi dflt bfla;
khoang 16,7 trieu tre em My phai ddi mat
vdi tinh tranh thieu lUdng thflc, thiic
pham; 45 trieu ngUdi My khd khan trong
viec tie'p can cac dich vu y te do khong co
bao hiem y te Ong Obama da phai can
nhlc va tim kiem cac phUdng an giai
quyet hau qua tfl cudc khung hoang Idn
nhat ke tfl nam 1930 den nay Quyet
dinh sfl dung gdi kich cau 787 ty USD
dUdc dUa ra trong thdi diem ma rat nhieu
cong ty Idn, nhflng tap doan khdng 16
dang ben bd vUc pha san Goi kich cau
dUdc thdng qua hdi dau nam 2009 da
giup duy tri va tao ra hdn mpt trieu viec
lam Trong quy III/2009, GDP cua My da
tang 2,8%) Day la lan tang dau tien trong hdn mpt nam qua va lan tang vdi toe do cao nhat trong hai nam qua cua nen kinh
te My; chi so' CPI cua My da tang hdn 2,4% tfl thang 12/2009 len 2.456 ty USD trong thang 1/2010 Tuy nhien, mac du dat dUdc mot so' tin hieu tich ciic tfl nen kinh te, thi tren thiic te, theo Udc tinb, ty
le that nghiep da len tdi 10,2% hoi thang 10/2009, mflc cao nhat trong vong 26 nam qua Tham hut ngan sach da tao ra mot
ky luc mdi trong lich sfl nUdc My: 1.420 ty USD, tUdng dUdng 9,9% GDP Bon ngan hang cung bi pha san trong nam 2009 nang tdng so' ngan hang My bi dong cfla trong hai nam (nam 2008-2009) len 26 ngan hang Chinh vi vay, du goi kich cau
787 ty USD da dUdc sfl dung tUdng ddi hieu qua trong hdn mpt nam qua, song nen kinh te My hien nay van chUa cham de'n diem an toan
vi vdn di hao hiem xd hoi vd cdi cdch
y te: Theo nhU ong Obama da hfla trong
cugc chay dua vao Nha TrIng, ong se cit giam thue cho 95% ngUdi dan My (dUdi
65 tudi), tang thue ngUdi giau, va giam thue, tang bao hiem y te cho ngUdi ngheo,
va c i t giam rat nhieu thfl khac co the tieu td'n tien cua, vi du nhU mang tdi dich
vu cham soc y te td't hdn cho 45 trieu ngUdi dan khong c6 bao hiem y te d nUdc nay va mot liic lUdng giao vien mdi vdi thu nhap dUdc cai thien cho he tho'ng giao due phd thong Ong dUa ra chinh sach phuc Idi cao, ung hp quyen Idi cua doi tUdng trung luu va thu nhap thap (cat giam thue co Idi cho 95%) gia dinh My, chi
ap dung thue thu nhap doi vdi nhflng ngUdi CO thu nhap tren 250.000 USD/nam) Ke hoach cai each he tho'ng y
te cua ong cung dUdc trong ddi nhU mot trong nhflng thay ddi ma nu6c My cIn phai c6 Mac du, chinh sach cai to he tho'ng bao hiem y te cua ong da vap phai nhflng tranh cai gay gat gifla hai dang Nhung cudi cung cung dUdc Quo'c hpi thong qua vao ngay 22/3/2010 vdi ty le phieu thuan va phieu chd'ng sit sao, Dii luat bao hiem y te da chinh thflc thanh luat Luat Bao hiem y te mdi quy dinh, tat ca ngUdi dan deu phai tham gia mua bao hiem Sd tien thu diidc tfl bao hiem
Trang 468 SO 04-2010 CHAU MY NGAY NAY
y te se dUdc dung vao viec hd trd nhflng
gia dinh cd thu n h a p t h a p NhU vay,
ong Obama cho rang, vdi nhflng chinh
sach nay t h a m h u t ngan sach lien bang
My cd the giam 100 ty USD trong vdng
10 nam tdi
Ve vdn de moi triidng vd ndng liipng:
Vfla mdi nham chflc, dng Obama da quy
dinh lai nhflng tieu chuan sfl dung nhien
lieu, vdi mpt muc tieu trung binh la tfl 6
lit tdi 200 lit cho 6 td trong nam 2016
Dung cam hdn, dng da giao cho bang
California - cd truyen thd'ng di dau ddi vdi
ca nUdc My - xac dinh cac tieu chuan ve
moi trUdng, dieu ma Bush da chd'ng lai,
va Cd quan lien bang bao ve mdi trUdng
dat quy che ddi vdi phan Idn cac hoat
dpng xay diing vdi tuyen bd' coi viec thai
khi cacbon la mot "nguy cd" ddi vdi sflc
khoe Ong thflc day viec hien dai boa cac
trung tam khai thac than, khuyen khich
mot khoan trd cap Idn cho viec sfl dung
cac ngudn nang lUdng mdi va giam bdt
dien nang Trong goi kich thich kinh te
787 ty USD, Chinh quyen Obama cung
da gianh mpt khoan ngan sach khoang 50
ty USD cho viec md rpng tai san xuat
nang lUdng Theo dU tinh, trong mot vai
nam tdi, ngudn nang lUdng tai sinh cua
My se tang gap ddi so vdi hien nay, va
cflng vdi do la nd lUc phat trien cac ngudn
nang lUdng sach nhU: nang lUdng gio,
nang lUdng mat trdi, nhien lieu sinh hpc
Nhu vay, so vdi thdi ky Tong thd'ng Bush,
Chinh quyen cua Tdng thd'ng Obama da
rat coi trgng den van de bao ve mdi trUdng
va phat trien ngudn nang lUdng sach,
nang lUdng thay the va coi day la mpt
trong nhflng van de cap bach can dUdc
quan tam nhieu hdn nfla
Ve an ninh noi dia: Ke tfl sau vu khung
bo' ngay 11/9/2001, an ninh cua nUdc My
cho den nay van dUdc dat trong tinh trang
canh giac cao Chua phai hflng chiu them
vu danh bom nao mdi nhUng nguy cd cd
the xay ra rat Idn Trong thdi gian qua,
mpt so' vu tan cdng bat thanh xay ra cung
da gay lo ngai cho ngUdi dan My De dam
bao va duy tri cung cd an ninh npi dia
trong nam 2009, dng Obama da cd mdt loat thay ddi ve an ninh, quan sU nhU:
- Tang cUdng them trang thie't bi mdi cho tat ca cac lUc lUdng chie'n dau tfl luc quan, khdng quan den hai quan nhU may bay khdng ngUdi lai, thay ddi cac loai sflng tdi tan, cac loai xe tac chien thdng dung kieu mdi ITV cua liic lUdng thuy quan luc chie'n mdi xuat hien nam 2009
- Viec tang cUdng the liic cho quan si cung dUdc tien h a n h dieu chinh theo tieu chuan ren luyen cua tflng quan chung rieng, cflng vdi dd la h u a n luyen kha nang, chuyen mdn quan si de co the thich flng vdi mpi hoan canh, nam bat dUdc tinh the va nhay ben hdn trong viec giai quyet cac tinh hudng xay ra
- Chinh sach n a n g cao phuc Idi cho quan n h a n dUdc dUa ra ngay 1/8/2009 cua chinh quyen mdi cd the coi la bien phap khich le, thflc day chieu mp va lUu gifl quan My, n h I m hda giai van de thieu h u t quan
3 Ket l u a n j , < ; f ,^
Trong nhieu thap ky, khdng mpt vi tdng thd'ng My nao phai dUdng d I u vdi mot chUdng trinh nghi sU vd'n gay nan chi nhu Obama Sau hdn mpt nam, nUdc My thiic sU da cd nhflng thay ddi tich cUc, tuy vay, xet cu the, tfl chinh sach ddi ngoai de'n chinh sach ddi npi deu tdn tai nhieu van de chUa dUdc giai quyet theo nhU Idi hfla ma dng da dUa ra Theo mpt thdng ke khdng chinh thflc, vdi tdng sd 500 cam ket dng dUa ra trong thdi gian van dpng tranh cfl, chi cd 124 Idi hfla dUdc thiic hien Thay cho Idi n h a n xet ve ket qua lam viec vat va cua dng trong thdi gian qua, theo nhu cuoc tham dd y kien ve sii tin nhiem cua ngUdi dan My ddi vdi dng Obama tfl 67%, 68% mpt nam trUdc da tut xudng k h o i n g tren dudi 50%, mflc thupc loai thap n h a t ddi vdi tdng thdng sau nam dau cam quyen •
Nguyen Thuy DUdng tong hap
Vien Nghien cflu Chau My