Mac dii phai tien hanh bi mat bdi nhung tae ddng tir sir chi dao chung ciia phong trao cdng san liic dd bi chi phdi bdi chu truong "chung sdng hda binh" va dudng ldi "Tam[r]
Trang 1LAM RO THEM MOT SO VAN DE
VE DONG KHOI BEN TRE
PGS, TS TRINH MUtJ*
Thu-oTig ta, ThS DO NHUAN**
/ Ve chu tritffng dau tranh VM trang &
mien Nam
Sau 2 nam (1954 - 1956) nghiem chinh
thuc hien nhiing dieu khoan cua Hiep dinh
Gionevo va binh tinh xir ly nhiing dien bien
mdi trong phong trao edng san va cdng nhan
qudc te Dang ta da kien tri thuc hien dau
tranh chinh tri tren ca hai mien ddi My - Diem
thuc hien hiep thuong, tdng tuyen eir Tuy
nhien cuge dau tranh chinh tri tu 1955 den
nam 1958 vdi sir tham gia eua 12 trieu lugt
quan*chiing tren toan mien Nam ddi thuc hien
Hiep dinh, ddi cac quyen dan sinh dan ehii,
chdng khimg bd, dan ap, chdng td cdng, diet
cdng bang phuong phap hda binh td ra khdng
du manh de ddi phd ed hieu qua vdi dich, tao
chuyen bien co ban tinh hinh
My - Diem khdng chi xe bd Hiep dinh ma
cdn dien cudng khimg bd, dan ap nhirng ngudi
khang chien cii, nhiing lire lugng each mang
dang lanh dao cac phong trao diu tranh tren
toan mien Nam Van de chuyen len diu tranh
vii trang, ket hgp dau tranh ehinh tri vdi diu
tranh vii trang trd thanh mdt ddi hdi tit yeu, mdt
nhu cau sdng cdn ciia each mang mien Nam
* Hgc vien CT-HC qudc gia Hd Chi Minh
** Vien Lich sir quan su Viet Nam
Tu tudng phai chuyen len dau tranh vii trang da cd tir kha sdm d Nam Bg Mac dii phai tien hanh bi mat bdi nhung tae ddng tir sir chi dao chung ciia phong trao cdng san liic
dd bi chi phdi bdi chu truong "chung sdng hda binh" va dudng ldi "Tam hda" ciia Khonitxdp dang thinh hanh, cac cuge dau tranh cd tinh chat vii trang day dd van nd ra: Quan va dan Ca Mau xay dung cae "lang rimg" chdng lai ehinh quyen dich; d nhieu nod cac CO sd bi mat da chii truong thu gom vii khi chuan bi cho dau tranh vu trang da cd dau hieu biing phat Ngay 18-6-1956, Bd Chinh tri ra Nghi quyet sd 70 va Dien ngay 6-7-1956
"ve tinh hinh, nhiem vu va edng tac mien Nam", chi rd: ndi hmh thiie dau tranh hien thdi la dau tranh chinh tri khdng cd nghia la
"tuyet ddi khdng diing vii trang tu ve trong nhirng hoan canh nhat dinh hoac khdng tan dung nhiing lire lugng vii trang ciia cac giao phai chdng Diem Chiing ta ehii truong duy tri
va phat trien cac lire lugng vii trang dd den mdt mire do nhat dinh, nhung nd phai do Dang lanh dao thi mdi cd the duy tri va phat trien duge"' Theo ddi thue tiln tinh hinh, tam
tu nguyen vgng ciia quan chiing nhan dan mien Nam, Xii uy Nam Bd da chii truong tich cue xay dung lire lugng vii trang tuyen
Trang 2truyen, lap cae ddi vii trang bi mat, xay dung
eac can eir d mien niii de chuan bi cho cuge
chien sap tdi
Hinh thiic dau tranh vii trang trudc khi cd
Nghi quyet Trung uong 15 da dien ra d nhieu
noi tren toan mien Nam Tuy luc lugng cdn it,
trang bi hau nhu ehua cd gi dang ke, song dau
tranh vii trang da biet dua vao dan, cd cac can
cii khang chien, da dien ra d mdt sd noi nhu
cuge tap kich dich d ddn Mmh Thanh, thang 8
- 1957, tap kich co sd khai thae gd ciia dich d
Hieu Liem, Bien Hda thang 9-1957, phuc kich
diet 1 trung ddi biet kich d Phudc Long thang
11-1957, tran danh ciia lire lupng vii trang
Ddng Nam Bd vao quan li Dau Tieng, dau
nam 1958, tap kich vao tru sd phai doan cd
van My d Bien Hda thang 10-1958
Tren co sd tdng ket thuc tien tinh hinh
cuge dau tranh eiia ddng bao mien Nam, Bd
Chinh trj da hgp va ra Nghi quyet Hdi nghi
Trung uong lan thir 15 (md rdng) Nghi quyet
khang dinh nhiem vu co ban eiia each mang
mien Nam la giai phdng mien Nam, thdng
nhat dat nude bang bao lire each mang Con
dudng cdch mang bao luc dugc chi ro tir ddu
tranh chinh tri tien tai kit hgp ddu tranh
chinh tri vol ddu tranh vii trang vd du kien
ddy la cuge ddu tranh vU trang trudng ky
Nghj quyet Trung uong 15 la mdt ludng
gid mdi thdi biing cao trao dau tranh vii trang
d mien Nam, dap img nguyen vgng chay bdng
ciia nhan dan tren toan mien Nam
Thang 10-1959, Xii uy Nam Bd nhan dugc
Dien ciia Ban Bi thu Trung uong Dang thdng
bao nhung ndi dung co ban nhat cua Nghi
quylt 15 Tinh thin co ban xuyen sudt tu
tudng chi dao ciia Dang ve con dudng dau tranh cua each mang mien Nam la dimg bao luc each mang ciia quan chiing nhan dan de danh dd ach thdng tri ciia My - Diem, giai phdng mien Nam thdng nhat dat nudc, dua ca nudc qua do len chii nghia xa hdi
Thang 11 - 1959, Xii iiy Nam Bd trieu t ^ Hdi nghi Xii iiy md rdng den bi thu cac tinh iiy, thanh iiy mien Nam, tai Trang Chien (Riim Dudn, can cii Bac Tay Ninh) quan triet Nghi quyet 15 Hdi nghi ehi rd nhiem vu ciia cac Dang bd la lanh dao quan chiing, diy manh diu tranh chinh tri, ket hgp dau tranh chinh tri vdi dau tranh vii trang tien tdi danh dd chinh quyen
My - Diem, tang cudng xay dung, cimg cd va phat trien lire lugng vii trang each mang, ehuan
bi thdi eo danh bai hoan toan ke thii
Tiep tuc cac cuge dau tranh vii trang trudc day, Nghi quyet 15 da tae ddng manh me den eac cuge dau tranh vii trang d mien Trung nhu
d Bac Ai (Ninh Thuan, dgt 1 tir thang 2 den thang 4-1959, dgt 2 thang 8-1959), Tra Bdng (Quang Ngai), Tay Ninh (Nam Bd), phong trao Ddng khdi d Ben Tre nam 1959 dau nam
1960 Dau tranh vii trang biing phat, lan rdng vdi nhieu hinh thirc rat phong phu dua each mang mien Nam ehuyen len mdt giai doan mdi ma mdt trong nhiing hinh thirc dau tranh vii trang ndi bat la phong trao Ddng khdi d Ben Tre dau nam 1960
2 Phong trdo Dong khoi Ben Tre
Ciing nhu cac dang bd tren toan mien Nam, Nghi quyet 15 da mang den cho Dang
bd Ben Tre mdt ludng gid mdi Dap img vdi nhiing ddi hdi cua thuc tien d co sd, cu the hda tu tudng ehi dao ciia Nghj quyet Trung
Trang 3uong 15, Dang bd tinh Ben Tre chu truong
phat ddng phong trdo Ddng khai Nhan rd tu
tudng chi dao "eon dudng phat trien eo ban
ciia each mang Viet Nam d mien Nam la khdi
nghia gianh chinh quyen ve tay nhan dan
Theo tinh hinh eu the va yeu eau hien nay ciia
each mang thi con dudng dd la lay sire manh
cua quan chimg, dua vao lire lugng chinh tri
eua quan ehiing la chii yeu, ket hgp vdi lire
lugng vii trang de danh dd quyen thdng tri cua
de qudc va phong kien dung len ehinh quyen
each mang eua nhan dan"^ Dang bd xiic tien
chuan bi Ddng khdi^ Cd ba cdng tac trgng
tam ciia Ddng khdi dugc Dang bd Ben Tre chi
dao chuan bi, td chiic va thuc hien tdt
- "Sa tdn ngugc" Trudc day do sir dan ap
gat gao ciia dich trong chien dich lap khu trii
mat, ap dan sinh kieu "tat nude, bat ca" hdng
tieu diet lire lugng lanh dao each mang nen hau
het can bd phai chuyen ra can cii, ra cac co sd bi
mat ngoai tinh de bao toan lire lugng Khi ehii
truong Ddng khdi Dang bd de xudng va chi
dao mdt cuge "so tan ngugc" chuyen can bd tir
ngoai can eir ve co sd true tiep lanh dao phong
trao Thuc hien sir ehi dao eua Dang bd tinh,
hau het can bd chii chdt dua vao quan chiing
nhan dan, vdi tinh than each mang triet de,
chuyen vao eo sd true tiep lanh dao phong trao
Day la lire lugng lanh dao tir co sd cho den toan
tinh trong cao trao Ddng khdi d Ben Tre
- Xdy dung "Dgi qudn tdc ddi" Vdi
phuong cham dua vao dan, dua vao the va lire
dau tranh chinh tri hgp phap ciia nhan dan
Dang bd chii truang td chiic, xay dung lire
lugng phu nir lam ndng edt cho eugc dau tranh
ehdng khimg bd, dan ap, bat bd cua dich, keu
ggi binh linh quay siing chdng lai cac the lire xam luge Ddi quan chinh tri do phu nir di dau duge xay dung rdng khap cac thdn ap den eac
eo quan xa, huyen, tinh d Ben Tre Day la mdt luc lugng chinh tri quan trgng cua phong trao Ddng khdi Bin Tre, trd thanh "dang diing Bin Tre" trong cuoc khang chien ehdng My, cim nudc, la mdt dac sac trong xay dung lire lugng ehinh tri cho phong trao dau tranh chdng My - Diem
- Thuc hiin phuong cham "tay khdng vii
trang" De tien hanh cac cuge dau tranh vii trang trong dieu kien luc lugng tu ve, vii trang cdn nhd be, trang bi rat thd so Dang bd Ben Tre chu truong dimg nhieu hmh thiic nghi binh, bat ngd, gay hoang mang, liing tiing eho dich, phdi hgp tit ca cac loai vii khi thd so, cac cdng cu cd the gay ra tieng ddng de uy hiep tinh than dich khi Ddng khdi nd ra
Vdi sir chuan bi ti mi, bi mat, bat ngd, ngay 17-1-1960, Ddng khdi d Ben Tre bimg nd Ddng khdi bat dau nd ra d ba xa: Dinh Thuy, Binh Khanh va Phudc Hiep, sau do nhu phan ling day chuyen lan ra toan huyen Md Cay, Gidng Trdm, Thanh Phii, Ba Tri, Chau Thanh, Binh Dai CJ khap noi trong tinh, hang van quan chiing nhan dan nhat te diing len vdi tit
ca eae loai vii khi thd so cd trong tay, ddng loat tan cdng vao he thdng chinh quyen eae thdn,
ap, xa, huyen, truy liing bgn tay chan ac dn cua chinh quyen dich, pha vd mdt mang ldn he thdng chinh quyen Diem d co sd Nhieu noi quan chiing each mang da diet cac ddn bdt, giai tan chinh quyen, dap tan cac td chirc vii trang cua dich d ndng thdn Trong tuan dau tien Ddng khdi Ben Tre, nhan dan 47 xa da diing
Trang 4len dap tan bd may kim kep cua dich, giai
phdng 150 ap, birc nit 47 ddn bdt Hinh thirc
ddng loat khdi nghia da dua lai ket qua bat
ngd 0 mdt sd lang xa dugc giai phdng, chinh
quyen ciia dan da ra ddi thuc thi cac nhiem vu
each mang nhu tich thu rudng dat ciia dai dia
chu chia cho dan, diet te trir gian, bao ve each
mang Anh hudng eiia Ddng khdi lan rdng
Thanh nien nhieu nod tich cue tham gia eae lire
lugng vii trang dia phuang lam cho lire lugng
vii trang cd budc phat trien ea sd lugng, chat
lugng Ddng khdi Ben Tre tao phan img day
chuyen cho phong trao ndi day ciia quan va dan
toan mien Nam Mdt cue dien mdi cho phong
trao dau tranh d mien Nam da md ra Khi the
each mang len cao Ke thii hoang mang cue do
Cimg Ben Tre, khap Nam Bd va Nam Trung
Bd, each mang da chuyen sang the tien cdng va
ndi day Cuge khdi nghia vii trang lan thir hai
gianh lai chinh quyen bi dich cudp mat sau
Cach mang fhang Tam da nd ra va gianh thang
lgi; cd 865 xa d Nam Bd va 3200 thdn d mien
niii khu V da gianh dugc quyen lam chii"*
Nhu vay, Ddng khdi Ben Tre khdng phai
la hinh thiic dau tranh vii trang dau tien d
mien Nam Dau tranh vii trang da ed d nhieu
nod trudc dd vdi nhieu hinh thiic va phuong
phap khac nhau Dd la eac hoat ddng dau tranh
bit hgp tac khi lap "lang rimg" d Ca Mau va
nhieu hinh thiie dau tranh vii trang trudc dd
Song, Ddng khai vai chii truong ddng loat
khdi nghia thi phai khang dinh la d Ben Tre
Day la chii truang ciia Dang bd, do Dang bd
lanh dao vdi ba ndi dung nhu da trinh bay
Ddng khdi la mdt sang tao mdi trong tu duy
chinh tri ciia Dang bd Ben Tre trong qua trinh
chuyen phong trao len dau tranh vii trang Nd danh dau budc phat trien nhay vgt cua each mang mien Nam chuyen tir the giir gin lire lugng sang the tien cdng lien tuc, ket hgp giiia tien cdng vdi ndi day, ket hgp khdi nghia vii trang vdi chien tranh each mang de hoan thanh cuge khang ehien chdng My, eiiu nude Vdi Ddng khdi, cd the khang dinh thdi ky dn dinh tam thdi ciia My -Diem da ket thuc, bit diu chuyen sang mdt giai doan khimg hoang sau sac trong ndi bd ehinh quyen Sai Gdn va ea trong quan he giira My vdi cac chinh quyen do My dung len
Thang lgi cua Ddng khdi Ben Tre va cuge ndi day ciia quan ehimg nhan dan toan mien Nam da canh bao sir that bai khd tranh khdi ciia cac the lire xam luge Sau Ddng khdi, dudi sir lanh dao ciia Dang, Mat tran Dan tdc giai phdng mien Nam Viet Nam da ra ddi cudi nam 1960, tap hgp nhan dan dau tranh chdng My va chinh quyen Sai Gdn, thuc hien muc tieu hoa bmh, thdng nhat, ddc lap, dan chu va tien len ehii nghia xa hdi
1 Vdn kien Ddng Todn tap CTQG, H, 2002,
T.17,tr.225
2 Mdt sd vdn kien cua Ddng ve chdng My
ciru nudc, ST, H,\9S5,tT 117
3 Ddng khdi theo y kien ciia nhieu nha
nghien ciiai do la ddng Idng khai nghia hoac
ddng tdm khdi nghia Theo chung tdi Ddng khdi
la ddng loat khai •nghia, khi quyet dinh tat ca
cac noi trong toan tinh ddng loat ndi day, ddng loat khdi nghia
4 Xem: Le Mau Han, Tran Ba E)e, Nguyen Van
Thir Dgi cuang Lich sic Viet Nam, NXB Giao due,
H,1997