The loai mdng du va thd ky dugc s i dung khi vidt tieu thuyet khdng phai la den gida the ky XVII mdi xua't hien d Han Qud'c, nhung hai tdc pham cia Kim-Man-Chung dugc ddnh gid cao v[r]
Trang 1KIM-MAN-CHUNG VA NHUfNG TAG PHAM DE DOI
1 Mot cudc ddi vinh hoa phu qui tot
bae nhung day trac trd
Kim-Man-Chung (Kim Van Trgng: 1637
- 1692) ty Trgng Thic, hieu la Tay Phd, xudt
than trong mdt gia dinh thudc ddng ddi the
phiet tram anh Cu ndi Id Kim-Chang-Seng,
mdt nhd nho ndi tidng, tdng la su phy cia
Sdng-Si-Son, mdt nhan vat ndi tieng vd Ld
hge thdi Joseon Ong ndi la Kim-Ban, tdng
gid chdc Tham phdn Bd Lai Cha la
Kim-Ich-Kiem, nam 23 tudi (tdc nam 1635) di thi dd
ddu sinh dd Sau nay, con gdi c i a anh trai
Kim-Chdng dugc phong lam Nhan kinh
Hodng hau, bdi the, Kim-Man-Chung la thic
phu cia Hoang hau
Ddng hg ben ngoai cung thudc ddng ddi
tram anh Ong ngoai tdng giu chdc Tham
phdn Bd Lai Ddi trudc nda, cu ngoai la
chdng cia cdng chia Chang-He, con gdi vua
Tuyen To
Tuy the, nam 1637, nam sinh cia
Kim-Man-Chung cdng la nam da xay ra cugc
chien tranh chdng lai giac Hd d phia Bde
Cha cia Kim-Man-Chung ddng viec but
nghien vd tham gia quan ddi Trong mdt
cudc chidn d ddo KangHwa, dng da anh
dung chidn dau, ding hoa cdng' danh giac va
da ty thieu, quydt khdng chju de giac bdt
Nhu vay la Kim-Man-Chung sinh ra ddi da
khdng biet mat cha, mgi tinh cam ddnh cho
LY XUAN CHUNG*
eon ddu td long me Ba me la mdt phu nfl vd'n cd tu chat c i a mdt ngudi thudc ddng ddi dai quy tdc da biet day dd con noi theo truydn thd'ng gia dinh, noi theo guang cha ddc ldng bdo qud'c
Kim-Man-Chung td nhd da ndi tidng thdng minh hge gidi, van hay chd td't Nam
16 tudi da dd dau thi Huong, den nam 28 tudi dd ddu thi Dinh (tic Trang Nguyen) va bdt dau budc chan vao quan trudng
Sud't thdi trai tre, di hoc rdi di thi, Kim-Man-Chung da tidp thu dugc tu tudng mdi,
dd Id tu tudng Thyc hge dugc truyen vao Joseon Trong gidi nho sinh tre duong thdi,
tu tudng Thyc hoc - tu tudng chu trgng den thyc td, ehi trgng den su phdt trien cia ndng nghiep va ca cdng thuang nghiep da lan rdng Hon nua, chu rudt dng la Kim-Ich-Hy
la mdt nhan vat noi tieng cua phdi Thuc hge cdng da cd dnh hudng sau sde trong qua trinh tidp thu tu tudng mdi c i a dng
Trong khoang thdi gian may chuc nam cudi the ky XVII, tridu dinh Joseon ludn xay
ra nhdng bien ddng bdi su tranh chap giua cdc phe phdi, tieu bidu la phdi Bde, phai Nam
va phdi Tay Trong dd, phai Tay cia Kim-Man-Chung thudng chiem uu the Tuy vay, trong cudc tranh chap khdc liet dd, khdng it ldn dng phai mang va va bj bat di lim day biet x i
' Tien sT Vien Nghien ciiu Ddng Bae A
Trang 2Nam 1665, dng dd Trang nguyen rdi dugc
thang quan tidn chic rdt nhanh Nam 1675,
tic khodng 10 nam sau, trong cugc tranh cai
ve Id nghi xoay quanh chuyen tang phuc cua
vuong that nhan khi dai phi Nhan Tuyen
mat, dng bj td cdo, phdi Tay bj dd kich manh
va that bai, dng bj budc phdi td chdc
Khoang 4, 5 nam sau, phdi Tay gidnh lai uu
the, dng dugc phuc chdc va gid chdc Tham
nghj Bd Ld Nam 1683, dng dugc thang chdc
Dai tu hidn d Bd Cdng Nam 1686, dng nhan
chdc Dai de hge d Hodng van Qudn Nhung
chi mdt nam sau (nam 1687), dng bj vua
Suk-Chdng cdch chdc vd bdt di luu day Vua
Suk-Chdng say ddm vd sing di mdt phi tan
hg Jang Phi tan nay dugc tien vao eung vua
la nhd cd Chd-Cha-Sak, mdt vien quan njnh
than, ddng thdi cdng la ngudi tinh cia me
phi tdn hg Jang Bdi the, vua Suk-chdng
mudn cat nhdc Chd-Cha-Sak len chdc vj
Thda chinh, mdt trong nhdng chdc vu cao
trong trieu Nhidu quan trong tridu len tieng
can gidn nha vua Trong dd,
Kim-Man-Chung Id ngudi can gidn gay gdt Ong khdng
ngdn ngai ndi ra mdi quan he gida
Chd-Cha-Sok vdi me phi tan hg Jang va true dien phe
phdn nhd vua Day Id ly do chinh khidn dng
mdc trgng tdi Ndu gia tdc ddng hg Kim
khdng ldn, thd lyc khdng manh, neu dng
khdng phdi Id ngudi cd tdi nang vd cd nhdng
cd'ng hidn nha't djnh thi khdng rd cau chuyen
nay da di den dau Ong bj lim ddy mdt nam d
Son-chon rdi dugc vd que an tri va vui vdi
cdnh dien vien Ngd rdng td day, dng xa cdch
hdn vdi vinh quang vd tdi ldi, nhdng chi 3
thang sau, dng bj truy tdi vd bj dua di an tri
cd sy canh gid d Nam He Nam 1692, dng mat d Nam He
Nhin vdo nhdng nam thang ddc y trong cudc ddi dng, ta tha'y, dng da khdng phu cdng dudng due sinh thdnh, cham sde va hy vgng cia mdt ngudi me ed don ddnh cho con mdt tinh cam dac biet Ong dd dau cd hai ky thi tidu khoa vd dai khoa, dng da dugc thang tdi nhdng chdc vj cao nha't cd ve quan chdc ldn hge thuat Dd'i vdi da't nudc, dng Id dai dien cho dang phdi cap tien da'u tranh cho sy
dn djnh vd phdt tridn, da'u tranh eho quyen con ngudi vd cdng bdng xa hdi
Trong cudc da'u tranh khdc liet gida cdc dang phdi, dng cdng han mdt ldn bj that thd, phdi chju cdnh eye khd d noi luu day vd khdng the thyc hien dugc hoai bao cua minh Vdi tdi nang va thien hudng van hge trdi cho, nhung khi d noi an tri, dng da lam tho vie't van bay td chi hudng, dac biet, dng nhan thdc dugc gid tri thiet thyc hiru dung cua tieu thuyet dd'i vdi xa hdi vd da sdng tdc tieu thuyet Nhan thic dd rat mdi me va ding ddn
so vdi trinh do nhan thic duong thdi Bdi the,
hai bd tieu thuyet Cifu vdn mgng vd Tg thi
Nam chinh ky do dng sdng tdc cang duge
ddnh gid cao ndu dat vdo hodn cdnh lich s i lie bay gid
2 C i u van mgng va Ta thj Nam chinh
ky
Ciu van mdng cd nghTa Id giac ma d chin tang may Da ggi la giac mo tic khdng phdi chuyen cd that nhung tdc gia gii gdm nhidu chuyen cd that trong cudc ddi de nhdm nhdng muc dich nha't djnh
Bdi cdnh trong cau chuyen khdng phdi d Han Qud'c ma la d ben nha Dudng Trung
Trang 3Nghien cUu khoa hpc
Qud'c Md ddu la chuyen d trdn gian nhung
tdc gid lai xay dyng bdi cdnh sieu thuc d mdt
ngdi chua tren dinh ndi Lien Hoa trong day
nui Nam Nhac Nhan vat chinh Id Tinh Chan
(Song-Jin), vd'n Id de t i xuat sde c i a Luc
Quan dai su dugc cu xud'ng Long cung bieu
Id vat Tren dudng trd vd, Tinh Chan vui dia
vdi 8 tien nd ndi Nam Nhac, ud'ng may chen
rugu ma gidi luat nha chua cam Bdi thd, Luc
Quan dai su bdt Tinh Chan phdi hod kidp
luan hdi khd di Tinh Chan hod than lam
Duong Thieu Du, ngudi nhd Dudng, dep trai,
tai gidi Tdi khi trudng thdnh, Tinh Chan
ludn gap nhdng didu may mdn, khdng nhdng
dugc than tien giip dd edn dugc nhidu giai
nhan ddm say va trg giup nhdng khi gap khd
khan trong chidn tran edng nhu trong ddi
thudng Duong Thidu Du hao hoa phong nha,
quydn cao chdc trgng lan lugt gap cdc ngudi
dep g nhdng noi chang di qua va hg la 8 tien
nd hod than xud'ng trdn Tdm tien nd dd,
ngudi thi hod than lam cdng chia, con gdi
nhd quydn quy, ngudi thi hod than 1dm thich
khdch, ky nd mdi ngudi mdi ve Duang
Thieu Du ldn lugt dugc cdc tien nd me say vd
chang cudi 8 ndng lam vg mdt each ty nhien,
dd ddng Hon the nda, mdt ngudi chdng sd'ng
vdi 8 ngudi vg trong mdt phi ma lai rat hod
thuan Mdi ndng chi sinh mdt con va con cdi
cia hg ddu thanh dat, ddu la quan cao trong
tridu
Duong Thieu Du cdng cac vg va con cai
chung hudng vinh hoa phi quy den tdt bae
Vd trong bda tiec mdng thg, mdt dinh cao
cia tudi tdc, trai nghiem dudng ddi thi Thieu
Du ehgt gidc ngd vd cudc ddi that Trong
khoanh khdc ddn ngd, Duong Thidu Du
quyet tam tu hanh theo dao Phat thi ehgt tinh giac ma Nhu vay, cudc ddi cua Duong Thieu Du ta't ca chi la mdt giac mdng cia Tinh Chan Sau dd, Tinh Chan va 8 tien nd tu thanh chinh qua
Khdc vdi Citu vdn mdng mang tinh mdng
du thi Tg thi Nam chinh ky tuong dd'i cd tinh
hien thyc Cau chuyen dugc bat ddu td chdng thu sinh hge gidi Luu Dien Thg, di thi dd Trang nguyen rdi ket duyen cdng mdt thidu
nd tai sde ven toan Ta Chinh Ngge Hai vg chdng chung sd'ng vdi nhau da mudi nam ma khdng cd con trai nen Ta Chinh Ngge ehu ddng khuyen chdng lay vg hai de cd con trai Luu Dien Thg la'y mdt ngudi thiep la Kieu Thai Loan Chang say ddm vdi duyen mdi vd yeu chidu cd vg tre The nhung, cd vg lai cd quan he bat chinh vdi gian phu ben ngodi
Hg ban ke de dudi cd vg ca ra khdi nhd Luu Dien Thg vl say ddm vg hai ma bj tring ke gian, dudi Ta Chinh Ngge di Ta Chinh Ngge sau khi ra khdi nhd da trai qua nhidu ndi gian nan, nguy hiem Sau cing, nang nuang nau d mdt ngdi chia, dugc su giip dd cia mdt nha
su td't bung Nan nhan tiep theo cua Kieu Thdi Loan lai chinh la Luu Dien Thg Thai Loan lap ke ham hai va Luu Dien Thg bj di luu day 6 noi luu day, Luu Dien Thg nghi
vg hai cd hanh ddng md dm xa'u xa va da suy tinh lai Cud'i cung, Luu Dien Thg dugc tha tdi Tren dudng vd nha, chdng bi mat didu tra
va biet rd cau chuyen Su hdi han ldn ua't han
da dugc chang giai quyet thau dao, chang da tring phat cd vg tre Kieu Thai Loan va doan
tu vdi ngudi vg hidn Ta Chinh Ngoc
3 Dong CO, muc dich sang tac tieu thuye't
Trang 4Vdn Id mdt nho sinh con nha ddng ddi,
ngay td nhd, Kim-Man-Chung khdng nhdng
dugc cdc su phu day dd lai cdn dugc ngudi
me quan tam dac biet, trye tiep kem cap chd
nghTa va day bdo cho con vd truyen thd'ng
cua hai ben ngi ngoai Bdi the, tdi nang van
chuang cia hg Kim sdm dugc uom trdng va
dat dugc thdnh cdng ldn tren con dudng sy
nghiep Nhung, bdi cdnh xa hdi Joseon cud'i
the ky XVII ed nhdng bien ddng ldn cd vd
mat chinh trj tu tudng ldn kinh td xa hdi
Theo dd, cudc dau tranh gida cdc dang phdi
trong tridu dinh cdng quydt liet Trong cudc
da'u tranh dd, khdng chi mdt lan Kim Man
Chung gap canh khdn ddn, bj cdeh chdc, bi
luu day Cudc ddi day sdng gid vd xa hdi
nhieu chdng gai ma dng tdng trdi nghiem da
dugc dng ghi lai bdng thi ca trong tap van d
noi luu ddy Ong sdng tdc ca tho van chu
Han va ca td bdng chd Hdn Tide rdng cdc ca
td bdng chd Han da thdt truyen ma ehi thay
ghi chep lai ten bdi nhu Bdi ca hdi ddu, Ddn
ty bd, Vuang Chieu Qudn, Tie'ng chim Dd
quyen Cdn tho van chd Hdn hien cdn luu
lai la Tdy Phd tap, Tdy Phdmgn biu
Nhung nam cud'i ddi d noi luu ddy, ndi
nidm day dirt trong tinh cdm ban than dd'i vdi
me gid phien nao thdy cdnh con trai that the,
dd'i vdi nhd vua u me say ddm mdt phi tdn tre
dep ma mdc sai lam da thic day dng thay ddi
each vidt Ong da chgn tieu thuyet dd gii
gdm Nhan thic mdi ndy cia dng dugc ngudi
ddi ddnh gid cao va gid trj thidt dung cia tidu
thuyet da cd tdc dung nha't dinh dd'i vdi
ngudi me vd nha vua
De gidi budn cho me, dng viet Cihi vdn
mgng Ong hieu rdng, ngudi gid sd'ng bdng
ky ic va hodi niem Nhdng ky dc dep, huy hodng cia mgt thdi ky hodng kim da dugc dng viet rat tdi tinh vdi nhidu tinh tiet la ky, ha'p ddn bdng mdt nghe thuat van chuong hoa my (3ng chgn the loai mdng du de viet
vd nhdng quang ddi that cia mdt ngudi thanh dat trong qud khi Qud k h i huy hodng dd trdi qua nhu mdt giac mdng xuan Va de ket thuc cd hau, dng tim den Phat gido, tim den
su gidi thodt that thanh than Su kdt thic dd chdc cung khien cho me dng hdi ldng va ta'm long chi hieu cia dng duge ngudi ddi ching thuc Sau khi dng mat, dng duge dat ten thuy
Id Vdn Hie'u Nhu vay, ddng ca sdng tdc Cifu
vdn mgng la vi chd Hieu Du dng la ngudi cd
thien hudng van hge, cd tai van chugng den dau chang nda thi trong thdi ky tuyet vgng d cud'i cudc ddi phdi sdng d noi luu ddy khd di thi khd ed the sang tdc mdt tdc pham van hge cho tha'y mdt bdi cdnh xa hdi thai binh thjnh trj, mdt nhan vat nam tdi ba van vd kiem todn, da tinh da luy Rd rang dng viet tdc pham nay nhdm 1dm dju di ndi budn cia mdt
me gia phdi theo con den d chdn luu day Tuy nhien, gidi nghien ciu van hge Han Qud'c cdn cd y kien cho rdng, khi dng sang
s i Trung Qud'c, me cd dan mua mdt cud'n tidu thuyet cd dien Trung Qud'c Do nhang
quen ma khi trd vd dng mdi sdng tdc Cifu
vdn mgng Y kidn ndy neu ra chua cd ca sd
Ndu cd CO sd chang nda thi cung chi dinh
ehinh thdi gian sang tdc Cifu vdn mgng ma
thdi, chi khdng thd phi nhan dugc ddng ca sang tdc Id vi chd Hieu
Dd'i vdi Tg thi Nam chinh ky, muc dich sang tdc rd ret hon Citu vdn mgng Do ban
tinh cuong true, lai hdt long vi sy dn djnh vd
Trang 5Nghien ciiu khoa hpc
phdt tridn cia dat nudc, vdi tu each la ngudi
gid trgng trdch trong tridu, Kim Man Chung
da nhidu ldn can gidn nhd vua Chinh vi mdt
ldn true dien can gidn vd phe phdn nha vua
trong viec trgng dung ke bat tai ma dng phdi
mang va O chdn luu ddy, dng vdn dau dau
nghT vd chuyen nay va quyet djnh vidt tieu
thuydt Tg thi Nam chinh ky vdi hy vgng thic
tinh nhd vua Le tat nhien, van chuang trong
tieu thuyet khdc hdn nhdng ldi can gian trye
dien khd nghe, hon nda, nhdng tinh tidt trong
cau chuyen mang tinh bi ai se cd tac ddng
sau sde han cau chuyen d ddi thudng ma dng
trinh bay trong tau sd
The loai mdng du va thd ky dugc s i dung
khi vidt tieu thuyet khdng phai la den gida
the ky XVII mdi xua't hien d Han Qud'c,
nhung hai tdc pham cia Kim-Man-Chung
dugc ddnh gid cao va dugc ddng dao ddc gia
ua thich, dac biet dugc luu truyen rdng rai
trong tang ldp phu nd d kinh dd vdo the ky
XVIII, XIX Hai tdc pham nay danh dau mdt
budc phdt tridn mdi cia tieu thuyet trong thdi
phong kidn Joseon T i dd, tieu thuyet mdng
du kd thda the loai eua Ciat vdn mgng dugc
sdng tdc rat nhidu, tham chi dugc ddnh gid la
"bing nd" d the ky XVIII vd trd thdnh mdt
the loai van hge trong van hge s i Hdn Qud'c
Tg thi Nam chinh ky tuy khdng duge ddnh
gid cao vd mat the loai nhu Cifu van mgng
nhung duoc danh gia cao hon vd mgi mat
nhu xay dyng ca tinh nhdn vat, ket cd'u co ldp
lang, chat che, giai quyet xung dot mau
thudn tinh te va cd y nghia khuyen thien
tring dc rd ret
Hai tdc phdm Cifu vdn mgng va Tg thi
Nam chinh ky da dugc xep hang trong van
hge s i Han Qud'c, la nhdng vien ngge sang trong t i sdch van chuong Han Qud'c, dugc ngudi Hdn Qud'c coi trgng va sd'ng mai vdi
thdi gian Citu vdn mdng da dugc djch sang
tieng Viet, dugc gidi nghien cdu van hge vd ddng dao ban tre ddn nhan Hy vgng rdng
trong mdt tuong lai gdn, Tg thi Nam chinh ky
cdng dugc ra mdt ddc gia Viet Nam
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO
1 Kim Dong Hue, Qudc vdn hge sic, Nxb
Nhat Tan, Seoul-1997
2 Vdn hge sif Hdn Qudc tit co dgi de'n cudi
theky XIX, Ly XuSn Chung va Jeon Hye Kyung
dich, Nxb Dai hoc Qudc gia Ha Ngi; 2005
3 Vi Hue Thang, Trieu Tien vdn hge sif; Nxb
Dgi hge Bde Kinh, 1985
4 Tit dien Vdn hge Hdn Qudc, Nxb YiSang;
Seoul-2005
5 Kim Van Trgng, Cifu Vdn Mgng, Ly Xuan
Chung va Jeon Hye Kyung dich, Nxb Khoa hoc
xa hgi Ha Ngi 2007
74 NGHIEN Cdru DONG BfiC fi, SO 8(102) 8-2009