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Lecture Purchasing and supply chain management (3/e): Chapter 14 - W. C. Benton

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Chapter 14 - Bargaining and negotiations. Chapter 14 examines the important human interactions called bargaining and negotiation in a business setting. Bargaining occurs between individuals, groups, organizations, and countries. In this chapter we considered bargaining between two parties, each possessing resources the other side desires.

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Purchasing and Supply Chain Management

3rd edition

1

Chapter 14:

Bargaining and Negotiations

Purchasing and Supply Chain Management, 3rd edition, Copyright 2013, W. 

C. Benton Jr., All rights reserved

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Content

• Bargaining

• Distributive bargaining 

• Integrative bargaining

• Distributive bargaining experiment 

• Formal negotiation 

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Bargaining

• Explicit bargaining

• An interaction where parties with certain disagreements confer  and exchange ideas about a possible solution until a compromise 

is reached or the bargaining is terminated

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Negotiation

• The preliminary discussion to bargaining

• The terms bargaining and negotiation have been used  interchangeably.

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Two­party Bargaining

• Bilateral monopoly system or two­party bargaining

• Bargaining that occurs between two parties who possess  resources the other desires

• The 2 types of two­party bargaining:

Distributive bargaining

Psychology

Integrative bargaining 

Economics

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Distributive Bargaining

• Definition:

• Bargaining where the total gains is “distributed” between the two  parties involved, and each party usually wants as much as it can  get

• Without some degree of cooperation either party can  block the bargaining

• Can use game theory

• Varying sum bargaining

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Payoff System

1 The amount that has to be exceeded if the bargainer is to realize a 

profit

2 The cost of time spent in bargaining

3 The cost of failure to reach agreement

4 Added benefits achieved by obtaining a specific threshold value

5 Qualitative or quantitative variations in the general level of payoff 

values

6 Whether payoffs are based solely on one’s own profit schedule or are 

based, in whole or in part, on the degree to which one’s profits exceed  those of others

7 Whether conflict is constant­sum or varying­sum

8 Penalties the bargaining opponent (or perhaps a third party) is likely to 

impose for failure to yield

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Payoff System Factors

• Breakeven Point 

• The amount that must be exceeded in the bargaining interaction 

in order to obtain a profit

Bargaining is often an attempt to convince the other person to  accept a lower value than the one he or she maintains is 

necessary

• Bargainer’s resistance to making concessions is positively 

correlated to

1. The time required to make a further concession 

2. the probability of withdrawing from the negotiations

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Psychological Bargaining Framework

• Six major factors affecting bargaining:

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1. General  bargaining  predispositions

2. Payoff system

3. Social  relationship with  the opponent

4. Social  relationship with  significant others

5. Situational  factors

6. Bargaining  strategy

Outcome

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Bargaining Strategy

• More extreme opening position

• Fewer concessions

• Smaller concessions 

result in:

• High transaction costs

• Lack of future agreements

• Replacement of the bargaining opponent

• Always reciprocating both the frequency and the magnitude of the  other bargainer’s concessions

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Content

• Bargaining

• Distributive Bargaining 

• Distributive Bargaining Experiment 

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Distributive Bargaining Experiment

• Examines the effect of the contingency compensation on  both buyers and sellers

• Situation

• An agreement has to be reached on the specifications of the 

product to be bought and the money to be paid

• Both the seller and the buyer can make concessions

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Distributive Bargaining Experiment (cont.)

• Findings:

1 The buyer’s initial offer is always above the seller’s reservation 

price

2 The negotiator’s payment system has significant effects 

o When only one party is contingently rewarded,

o    When both parties are contingently rewarded,

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Distributive Bargaining Experiment (cont.)

• Implication:

1 Contingent rewards make a difference in negotiation outcomes

2 Purchasing organizations need to be aware of the 

salesperson’s reward system

3 Management must develop stronger contingencies to 

encourage purchasing effectiveness

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Formal Negotiation

Seller’s Perspective

VS.

Buyer’s Perspective

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The Buyer’s Procedure for a Formal 

Negotiation

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Select team and chief negotiator

Determine objectives

Prepare a price/cost analysis

Determine bargaining strength Develop the plan

Set strategy based on objectives  Develop tactics to achieve the strategy

Follow­up

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Questions?

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