Chapter 14 - Bargaining and negotiations. Chapter 14 examines the important human interactions called bargaining and negotiation in a business setting. Bargaining occurs between individuals, groups, organizations, and countries. In this chapter we considered bargaining between two parties, each possessing resources the other side desires.
Trang 1Purchasing and Supply Chain Management
3rd edition
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Chapter 14:
Bargaining and Negotiations
Purchasing and Supply Chain Management, 3rd edition, Copyright 2013, W.
C. Benton Jr., All rights reserved
Trang 2Content
• Bargaining
• Distributive bargaining
• Integrative bargaining
• Distributive bargaining experiment
• Formal negotiation
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Trang 3Bargaining
• Explicit bargaining
• An interaction where parties with certain disagreements confer and exchange ideas about a possible solution until a compromise
is reached or the bargaining is terminated
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Trang 4Negotiation
• The preliminary discussion to bargaining
• The terms bargaining and negotiation have been used interchangeably.
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Trang 5Twoparty Bargaining
• Bilateral monopoly system or twoparty bargaining
• Bargaining that occurs between two parties who possess resources the other desires
• The 2 types of twoparty bargaining:
• Distributive bargaining
• Psychology
• Integrative bargaining
• Economics
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Trang 6Distributive Bargaining
• Definition:
• Bargaining where the total gains is “distributed” between the two parties involved, and each party usually wants as much as it can get
• Without some degree of cooperation either party can block the bargaining
• Can use game theory
• Varying sum bargaining
Trang 7Payoff System
1 The amount that has to be exceeded if the bargainer is to realize a
profit
2 The cost of time spent in bargaining
3 The cost of failure to reach agreement
4 Added benefits achieved by obtaining a specific threshold value
5 Qualitative or quantitative variations in the general level of payoff
values
6 Whether payoffs are based solely on one’s own profit schedule or are
based, in whole or in part, on the degree to which one’s profits exceed those of others
7 Whether conflict is constantsum or varyingsum
8 Penalties the bargaining opponent (or perhaps a third party) is likely to
impose for failure to yield
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Trang 8Payoff System Factors
• Breakeven Point
• The amount that must be exceeded in the bargaining interaction
in order to obtain a profit
• Bargaining is often an attempt to convince the other person to accept a lower value than the one he or she maintains is
necessary
• Bargainer’s resistance to making concessions is positively
correlated to
1. The time required to make a further concession
2. the probability of withdrawing from the negotiations
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Trang 9Psychological Bargaining Framework
• Six major factors affecting bargaining:
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1. General bargaining predispositions
2. Payoff system
3. Social relationship with the opponent
4. Social relationship with significant others
5. Situational factors
6. Bargaining strategy
Outcome
Trang 10Bargaining Strategy
• More extreme opening position
• Fewer concessions
• Smaller concessions
result in:
• High transaction costs
• Lack of future agreements
• Replacement of the bargaining opponent
• Always reciprocating both the frequency and the magnitude of the other bargainer’s concessions
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Trang 11Content
• Bargaining
• Distributive Bargaining
• Distributive Bargaining Experiment
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Trang 12Distributive Bargaining Experiment
• Examines the effect of the contingency compensation on both buyers and sellers
• Situation
• An agreement has to be reached on the specifications of the
product to be bought and the money to be paid
• Both the seller and the buyer can make concessions
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Trang 13Distributive Bargaining Experiment (cont.)
• Findings:
1 The buyer’s initial offer is always above the seller’s reservation
price
2 The negotiator’s payment system has significant effects
o When only one party is contingently rewarded,
o When both parties are contingently rewarded,
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Trang 14Distributive Bargaining Experiment (cont.)
• Implication:
1 Contingent rewards make a difference in negotiation outcomes
2 Purchasing organizations need to be aware of the
salesperson’s reward system
3 Management must develop stronger contingencies to
encourage purchasing effectiveness
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Trang 15Formal Negotiation
Seller’s Perspective
VS.
Buyer’s Perspective
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Trang 16The Buyer’s Procedure for a Formal
Negotiation
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Select team and chief negotiator
Determine objectives
Prepare a price/cost analysis
Determine bargaining strength Develop the plan
Set strategy based on objectives Develop tactics to achieve the strategy
Followup
Trang 17Questions?
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