After reading the material in this chapter, you should be able to: Distinguish dependent from independent demand inventories, Describe the four basic types of inventories & their functions, understand the costs of inventory & inventory turnovers, understand ABC classification, ABC inventory matrix & cycle counting, know RFID & how it can be used in inventory management,…
Trang 2Advances in Supply Chain Management
Chapter 2a: Advancements in
Inventory Management
Trang 4n key performance measures are presented in detail in order to understand
the excellence a supply chain achieves. The focus was on the importance
of the integration of partners for the overall performance of the supply chain. For the optimization of inventory, the main principle of inventory management has to be considered: The objective is to balance the costs arising from holding inventories and the benefits of it. Furthermore, this tradeoff has to be handled for each separate component. In the coming lectures, we will show how APS can support this critical task of
inventory management
n The focus of the present lecture is to present different concepts and
models, evolved over the period of time, that can be used inventory
management
Trang 6Introduction (inventory management)
§ Inventory can be one of the most expensive assets of an organization
§ Inventory may account for more than 10% of total revenue or 20% of total assets
§ Management must reduce inventory levels yet avoid stock outs and other problems
Trang 7§ Independent Demand –
The demand for final products & has a demand pattern affected by trends, seasonal patterns, & general market conditions. Demand for tooth paste, plasma TV, cars are example of independent demand
Trang 9Inventory Costs – The cost of holding goods in stock. Expressed usually as a percentage of the inventory value, it includes capital, warehousing,
depreciation, insurance, taxation, obsolescence and shrinkage costs
In other words, Total Inventory Cost is the sum of the carrying cost and the ordering cost of inventory
Total Inventory Cost FormulaTIC = C (Q/2) + F (D/Q)
Trang 10When determining and accounting for direct and indirect labor costs, it is best to begin with the direct labor costs. Direct labor costs are those costs
accumulated as a result of workers producing the product. Because this cost is
a single cost, it is easier to determine than indirect labor costs. Various factors can go into direct labor costs, but for the most part direct labor can be
determined by multiplying the number of units produced by the number of
hours required to produce the product. The resulting figure then is multiplied
by the cost of labor per hour to determine the direct labor cost for that product.
If multiple products are produced, the cost is determined for each product and then added together
Indirect costs cannot be traced directly to the unit produced (e.g., overhead)
The indirect costs associated with the manufacturing process are any costs not directly attributable to the cost of labor. Therefore, the simplest way to
Trang 11records to determine the overall expenditures and subtract the direct labor
costs from the total cost. Since many expenses are included in these indirect costs, it may difficult to have an accurate and uptodate figure. Companies often will use estimates based on the previous year's expenditures to determine these costs
All the costs faced by companies can be broken into two main categories: fixed costs and variable costs.
Fixed costs Fixed costs are costs that are independent of output. These
remain constant throughout the relevant range and are usually considered sunk for the relevant range (not relevant to output decisions). Fixed costs often
include rent, buildings, machinery, etc
Variable costs Variable costs are costs that vary with output. Generally
variable costs increase at a constant rate relative to labor and capital. Variable costs may include wages, utilities, materials used in production, etc.
Trang 12inspection of received batches, documentation costs, etc
Ordering costs vary inversely with carrying costs. It means that the more orders a business places with its suppliers, the higher will be the ordering
costs. However, more orders mean smaller average inventory levels and hence lower carrying costs. It is important for a business to minimize the sum of
these costs which it does by applying the economic order quantity model
Holding or carrying costs incurred for holding inventory in storage The associated price of storing inventory or assets that remain unsold. Holding
costs are a major component of supply chain management, since businesses must determine how much of a product to keep in stock
Trang 13
unnecessary holding costs. To lower holding costs, you can limit the volume
of inventory you store in a warehouse and limit the time the inventory stays there. This is especially important if you use refrigerated warehouse space, a relatively expensive type of storage. You can also control holding costs by improving warehouse space use selecting the right warehouse design, for example, or using proper storage methods.
Trang 14Inventory Turnover Ratio = Cost of RevenueAverage Inventory
Trang 15n B & C items account for the other 80% of total items & only 20% of
costs. The B items require closer management since they are relatively more expensive (per unit), require more effort to purchase/make, & may be more prone to obsolescence
n C items have the lowest value and hence lowest priority
Trang 16The Economic Order Quantity (EOQ) Model – A quantitative decision model based on the tradeoff between
annual inventory holding costs & annual order costs
The EOQ model seeks to determine an optimal order quantity, where the sum of the annual order cost & the annual inventory holding cost is minimized.
placing an order.
holding inventory in storage.
Trang 18EOQ Model
Trang 19n Inventory on hand & relationships to – EOQ, average inventory, lead
time, reorder point, & order cycle
Trang 20Order placed
IP
Order received
Q OH
Order placed
IP
Order received
Order placed
IP
Q OH
Trang 22Order placed
Order received
IP
IP
Q
Order placed
Q
Order received
Order received
OH
EOQ for Uncertain Demand and Constant Lead Time
Trang 24With a normal Probability Distribution, for an 85% CycleService Level
Average demand during lead time
Average demand
(D)
during lead time
Cycle-service level = 85%
Probability of stockout (1.0 – 0.85 = 0.15)
z L
R
Trang 26§ The Continuous Review System versus The Periodic Review System
Trang 29Calculating total systems costs
+ Annual ordering cost + Annual safety stock holding cost
C = (H) + (S) + (H) (Safety stock) Q
2
D Q
Trang 31Order placed Order placed
Order placed
Order received Order received
Order received
Trang 33An auto parts supplier sells Hardybrand batteries to car dealers and auto
mechanics. The annual demand is approximately 1,200 batteries. The supplier pays $28 for each battery and estimates that the annual
holding cost is 30 percent of the battery's value. It costs approximately
$20 to place an order (managerial and clerical costs). The supplier currently orders 100 batteries per month
Trang 35Cont’d….
Trang 36Foster Drugs, Inc., handles a variety of health and beauty aid products. A
particular hair conditioner product costs Foster $2.95 per unit. The annual
holding cost rate is 20 percent. Using an EOQ model, they determined that an order quantity of 300 units should be used. The lead time to receive an order is one week, and the demand is normally distributed with a mean of 150 units per week and a standard deviation of 40 units per week
would be two weeks and the delivery lead time would remain one week.
Trang 37d. What is the safety stock associated with your answer to part c? What is the annual cost associated with holding this safety stock?
e. Compare your answers to parts b and d. If you were the manager of Foster Drugs, would you choose a continuous or periodicreview system?
Trang 40Radio Frequency Identification (RFID)
Successor to the barcode for tracking individual unit of goods. RFID
does not require direct line of sight to read a tag and information on the tag is updatable.
RFID Tags (Transponders) Readers Information Infrastructure (Local/ERP Servers)
Hand Held Readers Shelf Readers Fixed Portal Readers
RFID Middleware Local / ERP Server
Database
Item
Pallet Crate Box
RFID Tags (Transponders) Readers Information Infrastructure (Local/ERP Servers)
Hand Held Readers Shelf Readers Fixed Portal Readers
RFID Middleware Local / ERP Server
Database
Item
Pallet Crate Box
RFID Tags (Transponders) Readers Information Infrastructure (Local/ERP Servers) RFID Tags (Transponders) Readers Information Infrastructure (Local/ERP Servers)
Hand Held Readers Shelf Readers Fixed Portal Readers
RFID Middleware Local / ERP Server
Database
Item
Pallet Crate
Box
Hand Held Readers Shelf Readers Fixed Portal Readers
RFID Middleware Local / ERP Server
RFID Middleware Local / ERP Server
Database
Item
Pallet Crate
Pallet Crate Box
Trang 41n Retail Store – no check out lines as scanners link RFID tagged goods
in shopping cart with buyers credit card
Trang 42The present lecture has further analyzed the concepts and models related
to inventory management. It included basic types of inventories, distinguished between independent and dependent demand, cost of inventories and their
turnover. Explanation of ABC classification was also included. How RFID can be used in inventory management, EOQ model and its underlying
assumption, the relationship of quantity discount and EMQ models with EOQ model. Further distinguished among various statistical ROP models and
described the continuous and periodic review system of inventory
management. The purpose is the optimization of inventory: to balance the
costs arising from holding inventories and the benefits of it. In the coming lectures, we will show how APS can support this critical task of inventory management