The lecture has proceeded from the very basic definition and origin of supply chain management to the developments in the field over the period of time. Further how advanced trends in the field has added value and made the supply chain more effective. Advances in SCM focus on creating value chain network. The focus of which is to create value for partners on each level of supply chain.
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Trang 2An Overview of Supply Chain Management
By
Dr. Syed Zulfiqar Ali Shah
Trang 3Advances in Supply Chain Management
Chapter 1: Advances in Supply Chain
Management: An Overview
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Trang 5Ø Describe a brief history and some of the trends of supply chain management.
ØAdvances in SCM
Trang 6n Definitions
n InHouse Vertically Integrated structures to more
advanced concept of Outsourcing in Supply Chain Management
Trang 7Disintegration, following the trend in the automotive, IT and aerospace
Trang 8What is a Supply Chain?
Trang 9concept of Outsourcing in Supply Chain Management
n Old paradigm Firm gained synergy as a vertically integrated firm
encompassing the ownership and coordination of several supply chain activities. Organizational cultures emphasized shortterm, company
focused performance
n New paradigm Firm in a supply chain focuses activities in its area of
specialization and enters into voluntary and trustbased relationships with supplier and customer firms (outsourcing). Firms can outsource functions such as payroll, information technology, research and development and customer care services.
n Outsourcing spares the firms the burden of acquiring costly
equipment, machinery or license rights to expensive software products. This allows them to concentrate on the core aspects of their business, enhance efficiency and cut operational costs.
n All participants in the supply chain benefit. Outsourcing entails
giving out noncore, processintensive or capitaldemanding operations to companies that specialize in providing these services. 9
Trang 10n Boundaries are dynamic and extend from “the firm’s suppliers’
suppliers to its customers’ customers (i.e., second tier suppliers and customers).”
n Supply chains now deal with reverse logistics to handle returned
products, warranty repairs, and recycling
n Example of Outsourcing Industry
You cannot tie down outsourcing to any particular industry because it is applicable across different sectors. However, it mostly applied in industries that incur huge costs of labor and capital resources. For example, it may be more appropriate to outsource the storage and warehousing functions of your cargo haulage business than to maintain a network of your own stores and warehouses. When it comes to labor costs, outsourcing helps you streamline your work force, as contracting firms remain responsible for the welfare of their own employees. Outsourcing is ideal for industries, such as
manufacturing, that require huge work force and capital resources
Trang 11Firms using supply chain management have discovered valueenhancing and long term benefits. Their Supply Chain Management:
inventories? What factors drive inventory costs? When might it make sense to keep larger inventories? For example, food companies are quicker to pursue inventory reduction strategies.
A common perception and experience is that supply chain management leads to cost savings, largely through reductions in 11
Trang 12inventory. Inventory costs have fallen by about 60% since 1982, while transportation costs have fallen by 20% (Wilson, 2004). Such cost savings
have led many to pursue inventoryreduction strategies in the supply chain. To develop the most effective logistical strategy, a firm must understand the
nature of product demand, inventory costs, and supply chain capabilities
n Large number of suppliers: supply chain management helps
companies to efficiently manage the number of suppliers. A firm can reduce large number of suppliers and can focus more on the
operational level integration so that apart from purchasing costs inventory, administrative efforts can also be reduced
n Complex products: In recent years, effective supplychain
management has emerged as a significant competitive advantage for companies in very different industries (e.g., Chopra and Meindl, 2000). For large multinational companies that manufacture complex
products, such as automobiles, machines, or personal computers,
Trang 13supply chains are highly complex socioeconomic systems. Similar to the supply chains in manufacturing and other industries, the health care delivery system is so large and complex that it has become impossible for any
individual, or even any single organization, to understand all of the details of its operations. Like industrial supply chains, the health care “supply chain” consists of multiple independent agents, such as insurance companies,
hospitals, doctors, employers, and regulatory agencies, whose economic
structures, and hence objectives, differ and in many cases conflict with each other
n Intense Competition: Managers these days recognize that getting
products to customers faster than the competition will improve a company's competitive position. To remain competitive, companies must seek new solutions to important Supply Chain Management issues such as modal analysis, supply chain management, load planning, route planning and distribution network design
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Trang 14Why is it so important for companies to get products to their customers quickly? Faster product availability is key to increasing sales, says R. Michael Donovan of Natick, Mass., a management consultant specialising in
manufacturing and information systems. "There's a substantial profit
advantage for the extra time that you are in the market and your competitor is not," he says. "If you can be there first, you are likely to get more orders and more market share." The ability to deliver a product faster also can make or break a sale. "If two alternative [products] appear to be equal and one is
immediately available and the other will be available in a week, which would you choose? Clearly, "Supply Chain Management has an important role to play in moving goods more quickly to their destination
Trang 15n Collaborative planning One of the greatest benefits from longterm
supply chain collaboration (and one that consistently delights operationally oriented managers) are the cost savings that result from routinized procedures over the life of the relationship. When buyers and suppliers begin a relationship, there interactions often are fraught with inefficiencies and expensive organizational idiosyncrasies,
adding to the cost of doing business in year one. In year two, however, procedures typically become more streamlined.15
Trang 16n Boosts Customer Service SCM impacts customer service by making
sure the right product assortment and quantity are delivered in a timely fashion. Additionally, those products must be available in the location that customers expect. Customers should also receive quality aftersale customer support.
n Improves Bottom Line SCM has a tremendous impact on the bottom
line. Firms value supply chain managers because they decrease the use
of large fixed assets such as plants, warehouses and transportation vehicles in the supply chain. Also, cash flow is increased because if delivery of the product can be expedited, profits will also be received
Trang 17n Before the 1950s,
logistics was thought of in military terms. It had to do with procurement,
maintenance, and transportation of military facilities, materiel, and personnel. Although a few authors before this time began talking about trading one cost for another, such as transportation costs with inventory costs, and discussed the
benefits to the firm of getting the right goods to the right place at the right time, the organization within the typical firm around the activities currently associated with logistics was fragmented. This fragmentation led to conflicts among those responsible for logistics activities with the result that, from the firm's perspective, costs and customer service were suboptimized. The reasons for this
Trang 18view shipping from a total cost perspective and not from just a transportation cost one. That is, although air freight cost may be high, air freights faster and more reliable service can lead to lower inventory carrying costs on both ends
of the shipment. This was an expression of the total cost concept that was to
underpin much of writing and teaching to follow in the 1960s
Trang 19n 1960s1970s
Introduction of new computer technology lead to development of
Materials Requirements Planning (MRP) and Manufacturing Resource
Planning (MRPII) to coordinate inventory management and improve internal communication
The study and practice of physical distribution and logistics also emerged in the 1960s and 1970s. Logistics costs were high. On a national level, it was estimated that logistics cost in the U.S. accounted for 15 percent of the gross national product (Heskett et al., 1973). Similarly, physical distribution costs of other nations were found to be high as well. Physical distribution with its
Trang 20n 1980s & 1990s
Intense global competition led U.S. manufacturers to adopt Supply Chain Management along with JustInTime (JIT), Total Quality Management
(TQM), and Business Process Reengineering (BPR) practices
In the 1980s, companies discovered new manufacturing technologies and
strategies that allowed them to reduce costs and better compete in different markets. Strategies such as justintime manufacturing, kanban, lean
manufacturing, total quality management, and others became very popular, and vast amounts of resources were invested in implementing these strategies.
In the last few years, however, it has become clear that many companies have reduced manufacturing costs as much as is practically possible. Many of these companies are discovering that effective supply chain management is the next step they need to take in order to increase profit and market share
Trang 21n 2000s and Beyond
Given 40 years of background with a broad concept for logistics, what exactly is supply chain management to its proponents? There has been an
attempt to distinguish logistics from supply chain management, declaring
logistics to be a subset of supply chain management. Recently, the Council of Supply Chain Management Professionals (CSCMP), which is the premier
organization of supply chain practitioners, researchers, and academics, has defined supply chain management as:
Supply Chain Management encompasses the planning and management
of all activities involved in sourcing and procurement, conversion, and all Logistics Management activities. Importantly, it also includes coordination and collaboration with channel partners, which can be suppliers,
intermediaries, thirdparty service providers, and customers. In essence,
Supply Chain Management integrates supply and demand management within and across companies.
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Trang 22integrated logistics. The trend toward increased globalization, free trade, 22
Trang 23logistics/SCM. According to a McKinsey & Company study,
"by the year 2020, 80% of the goods in the world will be manufactured in a country different from where they
are consumed compared with 20% now."
There will be a tremendous shift in the movement and consumption of goods, all of which will require ever better management of the associated
supply chain processes. There will be a shift in strategy. In the past, the focus
of logistics/SCM has been on efficiency. As Peter Drucker (Drucker, 1962) put it, physical distribution is:
"The last frontier of cost economies."
The contemporary view is that SCM is a new frontier for demand
generation – a competitive weapon. Both views will be important, but the new emphasis will be on designing and operating the supply chain to
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Trang 24contribution to profit. This view replaces the oftenused strategic objective of minimizing supply chain costs, subject to meeting given customer service
requirements, and it will elevate SCM in the eyes of top management. A new objective will emerge to capture revenue enhancement effects.
Collaboration and coordination will be the keys to achieving the benefits
of supply chain management. When both parties in a supply chain relationship win equally due to their cooperative actions in the supply channel, the benefits are likely to be realized and the relationship remains intact. In too many cases, this does not occur and there is a dilemma that must be resolved
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Trang 26The lecture has proceeded from the very basic
definition and origin of supply chain management to the developments in the field over the period of time.