Đánh giá sự ô nhiễm kim loại nặng trong thuốc đông dược và nghiên cứu đánh giá gốc và phân bố kim loại nặng trong một số cây thuốc

DANH M y C CAC CHU VIET TAT He so tich luy sinh hoc Pho hap thu nguyen tii' dung ky thuat hidrua hoa Phuong phap pho phat xa nguyen tu- cao tan plasma cam ung Phuang phap khoi pho cao ta

DAI HOC QUOC GIA HA N Q I

TRUONG DAI HOC KHOA HOC TUNHIEN

BAG GAG TGNG KET DE TAI

DANH CIA SU 6 NHIEM KIM LGAI NANG TRGNG THUGC OGNG DUQC VA INGHIEN CUU OAINH GIA NGUGN GOC VA SU PHAN BO KIM

LGAI NANG TRGNG MGT SG CAY THUGC

Mas6: QG-09-13

Chii tri dk tai: PGS.TS Ta Thi Thao

Cac can bo tham gia: Ths Nguyen Ngoc Son

ThS Nguyen Thi Van Anh

CN Nguyin Van ThuSn

HANOI-2011

M y C L U C

Trang Bao c^o tom tat ket qua thuc hien de tai

Project's Summary

Mo dau J

Chucmg 1: Tong quan tai lieu

1.1 Tinh hinh bao che, sir dung dugc lieu va nhilm doc kim loai nang trong

dugc lieu a Viet Nam hien nay

1.2 Cac phuong phap phan huy mau xac dinh lugng vet kim loai nang trong n

mau dat va mau thuc vat

l,2.1.C^c phuang phap phan huy mau xac dinh lugng vet kim loai nang ^

trong mau dat, tram tich

1.2.2 Cac phuang phap phan huy mau xac dinh lugng vet kim loai nang Q

trong mau thuc vat

1.3 Phuong phap khoi pho plasma cao tan cam ung (ICP-MS) xac dinh lugng IQ

vet kim loai nSng

1.4 Phan tich thong ke da bien xac dinh nguon goc va su phan bo kim loai ^2

nSng

1.4.1 Khai niem phuang phap PCA va CA j ^

f ^ r \ f r fir

1.4.2 Mot so thong ke da bien xac dinh nguon goc chat 6 nhiem 14

Chuang 2: Thuc nghiem jy

2.1 Dung cu va hoa chat jy

2.2 Lay mau va bao quan mau 19

2.2.1 Mau dugc lieu va thang thuoc dong y 1^

2.2.2 Lay mau dat trong cay thuoc 24

2.2.3 Mau cay thuoc 26

2.3.Quy trinh xu ly mau dat va mau cay thuoc xac dinh kim loai nang 28

2.3.1 Quy trinh xu ly mau dat xac dinh kim loai nang 29

2.3.2 Quy trinh xu ly mSu cay thuoc va thang thuoc dong y 29

2.4.Phuang phap phan tich va xu ly so lieu phan tich 29

Chuang 3: Ket qua nghien cuu va thao luan 33

3.1 Nghien cuu t6i uu hoa cac di§u kien phan tich cua phuang phap ICP-MS 33

3.1.1 Chgn dong vi phan tich 33

3.1.2 Do sau mau 34

3.1.5 Tom tat cac thong so toi uu

3.2 Danh gia phuang phap phan tich ICP-MS

3.2.1 Khoang tuyen tinh

3.2.2 Duong chuan xac dinh ham lugng 11 kim loai

3.2.3 Giai han phat hien va giai han dinh lugng

3.2.4 Danh gia do chinh xac (do dung va do chum) cua phep do ICP-MS

3.3.Nghien cuu xay dung va danh gia quy trinh xu ly mau

3.3.1 Xay dung quy trinh xu ly mau thuoc dong y

3.3.1.1 Cac quy trinh xii ly mau khao sat

3.3.1.2.Danh gia hieu suat thu hoi cac qui trinh xu ly mau cay

3.3.1.3 Do chinh xac ciia phuong phap khi phan tich mau thuc te

3.3.1.4 Danh gia hieu suat thu hoi 11 kim loai nang vai quy trinh xu ly mau «

cay lua chgn

3.3.2 Lua chgn qui trinh xu ly mau dat q

3.3.2.1.Danh gia hieu suat thu hoi r

3.3.22 Danh gia do chum (qua do lap lai ) ^ I

3.3.3 Danh gia phuang phap phan tich thong qua mau chuan dugc chung nhan

3.4.2 Ket qua phan tich ham lugng kim loai nang trong mau cay thuoc va ^^

mau dat trong cay thuoc

3.5 Danh gia ham lugng kim loai nang trong dat va trong cay ^Q

3.5.1 Danh gia ham lugng kim loai nang a trong dat ^-Q

3.5.2 Su phan bo ham lugng kim loai nang trong mot so cay thuoc ^^

3.6 Buac dau khao sat su phat tan kim loai nang tu dugc lieu vao thuoc sac ^^

3.7 Danh gia su tich luy kim loai nang trong dat va trong cay

3.7.1: 7 ich luy kim loai nang theo thai gian thu hoach cay thuoc:

3.7.2 Phan bo ham lugng kim loai trong dat trong theo do sau ^g

3.7.3 rich luy kim loai trong cac bg phan cua cay thuoc ^Q

3.7.4 MANOVA danh gia anh huong ciia dia diem, thai gian thu hoach cay JQ

thuoc den ham luaim KL tronii cav thuoc

3.7.5 He s6 tich luy sinh hoc cac kim loai nang tCr dat len ca\ thuoc

3.8 Phan tich thdng ke da bi^n danh gia nguon goc va sir phan bo 6 nhiem kim -j^

loai nang trong mau dat trong ca\ thuoc va mot so cay thuoc dong dugc

68

68

3.8.1 Phan tich cau tur chinh (PCA)

^ ^ 73 3.8.2 Phan tich nh6m(CA)

76

DANH M y C CAC CHU VIET TAT

He so tich luy sinh hoc Pho hap thu nguyen tii' dung ky thuat hidrua hoa Phuong phap pho phat xa nguyen tu- cao tan plasma cam ung Phuang phap khoi pho cao tan plamsa cam ung

Kim loai nang Giai han phat hien Giai han dinh lugng Phan tich dong phuong sai Thanh phan chinh

Phuang phap phan tich thanh phan chinh Trun" hinh

BA O CAO TOM TAT KET QUA THlTC HIEN

De t^i nghien ciru dac biet cSp Dai hoc Qu6c Gia

1 Ten de tai: D^nh gia su' 6 nhiem kim loai nang trong thuoc dong du'oc va nghien ciru d^nh gi^ nguon goc va su* phan bo kim ioai nang trong mot so cay thudc

Ma s6: QG-09-13

Chu tri da tai: PGS.TS Ta Thi Thao

Don vi cong tac: Khoa Hoa hgc- Truong Dai hgc Khoa hgc tu nhien

Dia chi: 334- Nguyen Trai- Thanh Xuan- Ha Ngi

S6 dien thoai: 84-4- 858.4287

So can bg tham gia: 03

Ths Nguyin Ngoc So*n- Khoa H6a hoc - Truong DHKHTN- DHQGHN

ThS Nguyen Thj Van Anh- Hgc vien nghien cuu y Dugc co truyen Viet Nam

m, r

CN Nguyen Van Thuan- Hgc vien cao hgc K18

2 IMuc tieu va noi dung nghien cuu

- De tai nghien cuu nay nham xay dung qui trinh phan tich, danh gia muc do 6 nhiem cac kim loai nang trong mot so loai thuoc dong dugc dang luu hanh tren thi truong Viet Nam hien nay, dong gop vao viec kiem soat chat lugng thuoc dong dugc hien dang dugc su dung rgng rai duai dang thuoc bo hoac thuoc dieu tri Ben canh do viec danh gia sir phat tan kim loai nang vao thuoc uong sau khi sac se la co so ban dau

da xay dung tieu chuan ham lugng kim loai nang trong thuoc dong dugc Cac ket qua danh gia ngu6n g6c ciia 6 nhiem kim loai nang se dugc tien hanh tren doi tugng dat trdng 6 nhieu vung khac nhau va Ian truyen 6 nhiem tu dat vao cac bo phan ciia cay dung lam thudc nhu re, than, la, qua, hat va danh gia Ian truyen du lugng kim loai nSng theo thai gian da xay dung khuyan cao va lugng kim loai nang co mat trong thudc dong dugc dung lam nguyan lieu dua tran diau kien tho nhuong, trong, cham soc

v^ thu h^i, bao quan

+T6i uu hoa cac diau kien phan tich dong thoi lugng vat va siau vat cac kim loai nSngnhuCu, Pb, Cd, Zn, Co, Ni, Cr, Mn bSngthiatbi phan tich ngudn cao tAn cam ung plasma- khoi pho (ICP-MS) trong do co danh gia ham lugng hai nguyan t6 hay gay sai so khi phan tich bang phuang phap nay la As va Hg da rut ra co c4n thiat phai phan tich chung tren thiat bi pho hap thu nguyan tu, ap dung ky thuat hidrua hoa ( HVG- AAS) hoac hoa hoi lanh (CV-AAS) hay khong

-fNghian cuu xay dung cac qui trinh xu ly mau thuoc dong dugc va xu ly mau dat

+ Danh gia su Ian truyan 6 nhiam kim loai nang vao cay thudc do dilu kien th6 nhuong, trong va cham soc, thu hai bao quan

-I- Dung phan tich thong ka da bian danh gia nguon goc phat tan kim loai nang

trong thuoc dong dugc khi trong trgt

3 Cac ket qua dat duoc:

3.1 Ket qua l<hoa hgc:

* Da nghian cuu va lua chgn dugc cac diau kien phan tich thich hgp da xac dinh lugng vet cac kim loai nang theo phuong phap khoi pho dung nguon cao tan cam ung plasma (ICP-MS) Tren co so do da tien hanh xac nhan gia tri su dung ciia phuang phap phan tich nhu lap duong chuan phan tich I 1 nguyen to kim loai nang (Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd, Pb, As va Hg), danh gia giai han phat hien, giai han dinh lugng va do chinh xac (do diing va do chum), hieu suat thu hoi cua phuang phap phan tich vai cac nan mau thuoc dong dugc, mau dat

* Da nghien ciiu ap dung 6 quy trinh xii* ly mau thuoc dong y, gom 2 quy trinh xu

ly mau bang 16 nung, 3 quy trinh xu 1> mau bang binh Kendal va 1 qu\ trinh su dung 16 vi song va lira chgn dugc quy trinh xu ly mau phu hgp voi trang bi hien co

la phuang phap kho u6l ket hgp hoac xu ly trong 16 \ i song dat hieu suat thu hoi

tu 90-95% va do lap t6t CV<5%

* Da tian hanh phan tich 35 mau thuoc dong > dugc thu thap tren dia ban quan Hoan Kiem va Ha Dong (Ha Ngi) Ket qua phan tich cho tha\ chua phat hien thay sir nhiem doc kim loai nang trong cac mau nghien cuu nay Nghien ciiu cung da buac dau danh gia su phat tan kim loai nang tu dugc lieu vao thuoc sac Su phat tiin tuy thuoc vao tirng kim loai, mot so kim loai phat tan tuong doi nhieu (tran 30%) nhu Ni, Cu, Zn Ket qua phan tich ham lugng 1 1 kim loai nang trong dat trong cay thu6c va mot s6 ca\ thuoc tai hai dia diem la \ ucm thuoc cung cho thay

c6 sir cao bk th\ibng mot s6 kim loai Viec sir dung chain th6ng ke Student dl

danh gia cung cho thay co sir khac nhau co nghTa v^ ham lugng trung binh m6i kim loai tai hai dia diem khac nhau, theo thai gian sinh song ciia cay va kha nang tich luy sinh hgc ciia cay theo do tuoi

* Dua tran kat qua dat dugc, bang phan tich thong ka da bian da danh gia dugc nguon goc phat tan kim loai nang trong cay thuoc dong dugc tran dAt trong nghian CUU, tu do riit ra dugc nhan xat va diau kien tho nhuong va cham soc, ban chat tu nhian ciia chat dat gay ra sir khac nhau c6 nghTa va ham lugng cua mot so kim loai nang khac nhau Ngoai ra, muc do tich luy kim loai nang khac nhau voi timg loai

cay va theo thai gian khac nhau cung gay ra bian doi khac nhau ve ham lugng trung

binh Vi vay, can co nhung nghian cuu cu tha hon voi tung loai cay thuoc da danh gia muc do anh huong cua kim loai nang tu do co tha dua ra kat luan chinh xac

3.2 Ket qu^ ling dung:

- Qui trinh phan tich dong thoi tong ham lugng 11 kim loai nang Cr, Mn, Fe, Co,

Ni, Mn, Cu, Pb, Cd, Zn, Pb, As va Hg bang phuang phap ICP-MS voi do nhay va

do chinh xac cao da dugc ung dung da phan tich ham lugng cac kim loai nang trong dat, cay thuoc va thang thuoc dong dugc cung nhu thuoc sac tran thiat bi ICP-MS tai khoa Hoa hgc- Truong Dai hgc Khoa hgc Tu nhian- Dai hgc Quoc Gia

Ha Ngi

- Da nghian cuu v^ ling dung phuong phap thong ka da bien da phan tich tap so lieu va ham lugng 11 kim loai nang trong cay thuoc va dat trong cay thuoc tai hai

dia diam khac nhau da kat luan \e phan bo ham lugng kim loai nang va nguon goc

phat tan kim loai nang vao cay thuoc gop phan on dinh va kiam soat chat lugng dugc lieu tu goc So lieu thu dugc cung minh hga tot dang bai giang va phuong

ph^p thong ka da bian trong chuyan da bat bugc day cho sinh vian cao hgc chuyan

nganh Hoa phan tich cua khoa Hoa

33 Ket qu^ cong bo

- Ba bai bao khoa hgc da dang tran tap chi khoa hgc chuyan nganh :

Ta Thi Thao, Nguyen Thi Van Anh, Nguyen Nggc Son Nghian cuu danh gia ham lugng kim loai nang trong dong dugc bang phuang phap khoi pho plasma cam

ung (ICP-MS) Tap chi khoa hoc va cong nghe Tap 48, s6 2A, (2010), trang

469-2 Ta Thi Thao, Nguyin Van Thu4n, Nguyen Thi Huang Tham Nghien cuu danh gia nguon goc va phan bo kim loai nang trong mot s6 cay thudc va dit trdng cay

thuoc bang phuang phap phan tich ICP-MS va th6ng ke da biln Tgp chi Hoa hoc T

48, 4C, (2010), trang 396-401

3 Ta Thi Thao, Nguyan Van Thuan Ung dung phuang phap khoi pho cao tan

plasma cam ung (ICP-MS) da phan tich danh gia ham lugng kim loai nang trong mot

SO cay thuoc va dat trong cay thuoc Tap chi Phan tich Hoa, Ly va Sinh hgc Viet

Nam Tap 15, S6 4 (2010), trang 223-229

3.4 Ket qua dao tao

3.4.1 Cii' nhan: 02

- Nguyen Thj Thanh Dao Nghian cuu danh gia ham lugng asen va thuy ngan trong mot loai cay thuoc va phat tan vao thuoc sac Khoa luan tot nghiep- Khoa Hoa hgc- Truong DH KHTN, 2009

- Nguyen Thj Hong Phan tich ham lugng mot so kim loai nang trong thuoc dong dugc bang phuang phap pho hap thu nguyen tu Khoa luan tot nghiep- Khoa Hoa hgc- Trudng DH KHTN, 2011

3.4.2 Thac sT: 01

1 Nguyen Van Thuan Nghian ciiu danh gia nguon goc va su phan bo kim loai nang trong mot so cay thuoc.Truong Dai hoc Khoa hgc Tu nhien DHQG Ha Ngi, 2010

3.4.3 T y dao tao: Nang cao tay ngha phan tich va xay dung cac qui trinh phan tich tran kim loai nang trong doi tugng dat, tram tich va thuc vat tran thiat bi phan tich hiendai ICP- MS

4 Tinh hinh kinh phi ciia de tai: 100 trieu dong (mot tram trieu dong)

4.1 Thua khoan chuyen mon: 42.000.000 d

-Chi phi nghiep vu chuyan mon: 54.000.000 d

4.2 Chi mua sam trang thiet bi:

4.3 Chi thanh toan dich vu cong cong: 4.000.000 d

5 Danh gia tinh thinh thuc hien nhiem vu nghien cuu: da hoan thanh nhiem vu dugc giao

Khoa quan ly

Ha Noi, ngay 24 thang 3 nam 2011

Chii nhiem de tai

V

?(^^^s, ^ t ^ - ^ ' ^^^ PCS TS Ta Thi Thao

TRUONG DAI HOC KHOA HOC TU NHIEN

•MOHI^UTtUONO

- Project Leader: Ta Thi Thao, Assoc Prof Dr

- Directing Institution: Department of Chemistry, University of Science,

Vietnam National University, Hanoi

r^articipatc members: 03

+Master of Science Nguyen Ngoc Son- Department of Chemistry, HUS,

VNU

^Master of Science Nguyen Thi Van Anh- Vietnam Institute of Traditional

Medicine and Pharmacy

^Bachelor [Nguyen Van Thuan- Master Student K 18

2 Project's Coals and studied methods:

- Build up an analytical procedure and evaluation of the pollution of heavy metals in some oriental medicines that have been widel}' used as supplement or treatment drugs being circulated on the Vietnamese market The experimental results will contribute to the quality control medication

- Assessing the release of heavy metals into cooked medicines will be the

background for the establishment of standard amount o\^ heav\ metals in oriental

medicines

- The heavy metals pollution sources will be evaluated from the anal\lical results of soil in many different areas The spread of heavy metals from soil to parts of medicine plants such as root, body, leaves, fruits, grains will be also studied

+ Methods for study:

The ICP-MS has been optimized to analyze traces of heav\ metals such as Cu,

Pb, Cd, Zn, Co, Ni, Cr, Mn, As, Hg in several traditional medicine samples By applyzing the validation of an analytical method, the ICP- MS has been confirmed to

be the applicable method for the determination of As and Hg instead of HVG-AAS

The obtained data has also processed by multivariable statistic methods to evaluate the release of heavy metals into cooked medicines and the spread of heavy metals from soil to parts of medicine plants such as root, body, leaves, fruits, grains The preparation of medicine and soil samples are also needed to study to fmd out the best suitable methods with labaratory conditions in Vietnam

3 Obtained results

3.1 Scientific Contributions:

+ Optimization and suitable analytical conditions had been studied to determine ultratrace amount of Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd, Pb using ICP-MS technique The procedure for validation of an analytical method also had been applied for evaluating LOD, LOQ, accuracy (precision and truness), recovery of the method with complex matrix and CRM The procedure for the analysis of total heavy metals in traditional medicines and soil had been figured out

H- Six methods of medicine sample preparation (including 2 methods in furnace, 3 sample degition procedure using Kendal method and a method using microwave oven) had been studied and a best applicable procedure for the preparation of medicin, soil and herbal plant samples had obtained The recovery of the best one was 90-95% with

CV < 5%

-I-Thirty five herbal medicine samples collected in Hoankiem and Ha Dong districts (Hanoi) were analysed and the polution of heavy metals in studied samples were not recognized In this project, the releasing of heavy metals from traditional medicine to boiled water was given The degree of the heavy metals released into cooked medicines depended on each heavy metal (especially over 30% with Ni, Cu, Zn)

+The trace amount of 11 heavy metals in soil samples and herbal plants in 2 places

in Northen Vietnam was analysed Using t-test, the significant difference of mean between different places, lifetime of plants and biology accumulate of plant was recognised

+ Multivariate analysis was also used to evaluate the sources of heavy metals in herbal plants to figure out the effect of geology, conditions of agricultures and the nature of soils to the accumulation of heavy metals in herbal plants The biological accumulation was also difTerent from each other and their lifetime The acumulation of

each medicinal plant should be carried out to obtain the exact assessment of heavy metaPs effect to the medicinal plants and herbal medicines as well

3.2 Applied results:

- The analytical procedure on ICP-MS equipment can be used as a standard method for the traditional medicine's quality control But the verification of the analytical method should be carried out before applying as a standard procedure in a lab

- The multivarite analysis methods were applied to find out the distributions, sources of heavy metals contents based on the experimental data of 11 metal amounts

in herb, medicine plants and soils collected at 2 places The obtained results figured out the assessment of heavy metals content in herbal medicines These data have been being used as the good examples of multivariate analysis for the lectures in master education at Department of analytical chemistry

3.3 Results

- Publications: 03

1 Ta Thi Thao, Nguyen I'hi Van Anh, Nguyen Ngoc Son Assessment of heavy

metal contents in herbs using ICP-MS Journal of Science and Technology Vol 48,

3, Ta Thi Thao, Nguyen Van Thuan Evaluation of heavy metal contents in

medicinal herbs and soils using ICP- MS technique Journal of Analytical Sciences

Bachelor thesis, Hanoi University of Science, I'NU, 2009

- Nguyen Thi Hong AnaKsis of some heav> metal contents in herbal medicines

using AAS Bachelor thesis, Hanoi University of Science, I NU, 2011

3.4.2 Master thesis: 01

Nguyen Van Thuan Evaluation of distribution and sources of heavy metals in

some medicinal herbs Master thesis Hanoi University of Science, VNU, 2009

4 Funding of the project: 100,000,000 VND

MO DAU

Hien nay, cung voi su phat trian cua khoa hgc cong nghe, nhiau thanh tuu khoa hgc hien dai dugc van dung trong y hgc, gop phan nang cao chat lugng phong benh,

chu'd benh, phuc hoi chuc nang, nhiau loai tan dugc dugc dua vao diau tri voi ch^t

lugng cao nhung xu huong cua tha gioi van ua thich su dung cac phuang phap y hgc truyan thong, dac biet la y hgc co truyan phuong Dong Trong diau tri benh ben canh thuoc tay y dugc dung da diau tri cac can benh cap tinh thi thuoc dong y ngoai viec diau tri cac can benh man tinh con duoc de cao vai tr6 trong viae chiJa banh tu soc Do tinh dac thu cua thuoc dong y la chuyan bian benh cham nan nguai benh phai uong thuoc trong thai gian dai Vi vay, nau chat lugng thuoc khong dugc kiam soat tot co tha dan tai nhung anh huong nghiam trgng doi voi co tha

Mot trong cac yau to gay anh huong co hai den co tha nguai khi su dung thuoc dong dugc trong thai gian dai la ham lugng kim loai nang tran muc cho phep Khi vao

CO the, lugng Ion kim loai nang tich tu trong cac mo, o cac co quan: gan, than, nao

Co the cung co co che tu dao thai, nhung toe do tich tu krn hon gap nhieu Ian Vi vay, kim loai nang co tha gay ngg doc cap tinh, tii' vong nhanh nhu nhiem doc cap tinh asen, chi nhung chu yau do su tich luy dan kim loai nang trong co tha gay doc man tinh, nhieu can benh nguy hiam xuat hien, dac biet la benh ung thu

Voi nguai benh, khi benh c6n nhe thuang tu tim thuoc va diau tri o cac thay lang, sau do mai den cac nha thuoc dong y; phan nhieu trong so nay la dong y gia truyen va qua nhiau loai thuoc khac nhau nen rat kho danh gia su nhiem doc do thuoc, neu CO Gan day, cac xet nghiem tran hai benh nhan mot la phu niT trung nien bi ung thu te bao day va mot nam trung nian bi ung thu biu cho thay ham lugng asen trong toe va nuoc tieu rat cao co lian quan dan viec su dung nhiau thang thuoc bac co chua asen trong th6*i gian dai 6 Viet Nam, asen v6 co thuc)iig dugc bo them vao trong cac thang thuoc bac hay thuoc nam nham dieu tri suyen va thuoc bo Benh nhan khi su dung cac loai thuoc co chua asen na\ thuang an ngon, ngu dugc len can \a benh suyan giam

Ben canh vice them asen vao thuoc dong y da diau tri benh va gay nguy hiem cho benh nhan thi ban than thuoc dong dugc o Viet Nam hien na\ deu khong ro nguon g6c va chat lucmg Thuoc dugc thu mua cua dan tu trong hoac thu hai tren rung Toan

bg qua trinh san xuat dong dugc nhu trong, cham soc, thu hai, che bien chu \eu tht^rc hien bang phuang phap thu cong, kern theo kinh nghiem thuc te tru\en mieng chu

Chircmg 1: TONG QUAN TAI LIEU

1.1 Tinh hinh bao che, sir dung du'9'c lieu v^ nhiem doc kim loai nang trong du-oc

lieu 6' Viet Nam hien nay

Theo Tir di^n Ti^ng Viet (nam 1996), dugc lieu la nhung nguyen lieu dk ch^ b\in

thuoc ph6ng va chira benh Theo djnh nghTa nay, nuoc ta hien nay da thong ka dugc

3.830 loai thuoc 296 dugc lieu Moi nam Viet nam co khoang gin 50.000 t§n dugc lieu

dugc khai thac, thu hoach tu khoang 300 loai cay thudc khac nhau Nhu vay con

khoang 3.500 loai khac chua dugc san xuat, cac lang ngha trong thuoc dang mai mot

dan vi toe do do thi hoa qua nhanh, mot so cay thuoc quy dang bi dua vao danh sach

sap tuyet chung Diau do cho thay, ty le thuoc do cac lang ngha trong dugc va thu hai

cha bian rat nho so voi ty le thuoc khong ro nguon goc, co tha la do thu hai tran rung

hoSc nhap lau tu Trung Quoc [6]

\ f \

Nhung kim loai nang thuong dugc thay lang cho vao thuoc nam la chu sa, than

sa, nhan mon co chiia chi, thuy ngan, asen nan khi vao co tha gay ra tinh trang ngg doc

rat nSng na nhu dau bung, ta, tan mau, viam gan nhiam doc va trieu chung khac [ 18]

TS Pham Due, Giam doc Trung tam chong doc Benh vien Bach Mai (Ha Noi),

cho biat hang nSm trung tam tiap nhan rat nhiau truong hgp ngg doc dong dugc, trong

do khong it benh nhan da tu vong do doc chat tu vi thuoc gay nan Co vi thuoc chira

dong kinh hoSc vian thuoc "ta" cua thay lang khi dem xet nghiem, kat qua cho thay

trong do co chua dan 3 kim loai nang asen, thuy ngan, chi [20] Vi vay, chat lugng

thuoc dong dugc bi tha noi se gay nguy hiam khon lu6ng toi nguai benh

Nhung nam gan day 6 mian Bac nuoc ta hinh thanh mot so lang ngha trong va

cha bian thuoc Dong y, nhung quy trinh cha bian van theo kinh nghiem, chua co mot

quy trinh chuan nao ciia Bg Y Ta va cha bian thuoc Dong dugc Cac lang ngha trong

nhiau loai cay nhung chua toi dugc nguai tiau dung tai dia phuang do, ma chu yau

thu6ng xuat di nhiJng noi khac da dugc gia cao c6n 6 khu vuc quanh do lai dung thuoc

cua Trung Quoc nguon goc khong ro rang da chiJa benh cho nguai dan

va mat chit lugng, cac kiam nghiem van c6n rat it va so sai Trong cac nguyan

lieu lam thu6c Dong y doi khi co mot so chat co chua As, Hg rat cao (co khi toi

300-500 Ian tieu chuin cho phep) Qua trinh so cha, theo kinh nghiem truyan mieng nhung

m5i ngir6ri l^m mot kieu, kinh nghiem thi chi cho biat dung chat gi da bao quan va so

dugc lieu va tung phuang phap bao cha, san xuk va tr6ng trgt mang tinh cong nghiep,

hudrng toi mot nan y hgc co truyan phat trian, phat huy dugc hat nhung tiam nang v6n

CO phong phu cua nguon dugc lieu nuoc nha, nhung kinh nghiem quy bau cua cha ong

ta da lai da dugc kiem chung hieu qua qua nhiau thori ky

Xu huong dieu tri bang y hgc co truyan tran tha gioi ngay cang tang nhung nhiau nguori benh lo lang vi chat lugng ciia cac vi thu6c nay Nguyan nhan chinh dan dan sir kem chat lugng ciia thuoc la bao quan khong diing quy each

Theo tiau chuan dugc dian quy djnh cac loai dugc lieu chi cin co do km <I5%,

nhu vay sau khi rua sach, say nhe a 60*^C trong khoang 12-24 gio, hiit chan khong, dong goi kin vao bao bi thi se bao quan dugc lau

nh 1: Bach thuge, bach truat, duong quy sau khi dugc ngam, lam mam, thai phian,

va cung lam cho dong dugc co the chat dco mem mai khong kho cung va lam dugc lieu trang sang, dep hon

* Danh bong bang chi : tam that la dugc lieu thuang dugc danh bong bang chi cho dep

va ban vori ^ia cao h^m loai thu6n^ Nhunu khi sac thuoc uong chi se khuech tan vao

MO DAU

Hien nay, cung vai su phat triln cua khoa hgc cong nghe, nhi§u thanh tuu khoa

hgc hien dai dugc van dung trong y hgc, gop phin nang cao chit lugng phong benh

chCra benh, phuc hoi chuc nang, nhieu loai tan dugc dugc dua vao di^u tri voi chit

lugng cao nhung xu huong ciia the gioi van ua thich su dung cac phuong phap y hgc

truyen thdng, dac biet la y hgc co truyen phuong Dong Trong di^u tri benh, ben canh

thuoc tay y dugc dung de dieu tri cac can benh cap tinh thi thudc dong y ngoai viec

dieu tri cac can benh man tinh con dugc de cao vai tro trong viec chiJa benh tir g6c Do

tinh dac thii cua thuoc dong y la chuyan bian benh cham nan nguoi benh phai uong

thuoc trong thai gian dai Vi vay, nau chat lugng thuoc khong dugc kiam soat t6t co

tha dan toi nhung anh huong nghiem trgng doi voi co tha

Mot trong cac yau to gay anh huong co hai dan co tha nguoi khi su dung thudc

dong dugc trong thoi gian dai la ham lugng kim loai nang tran miic cho phep Khi vao

CO the, lugng lo'n kim loai nang tich tu trong cac mo, o cac co quan: gan, than, nao

Co the cung co co cha tu dao thai, nhung toe do tich tu \(m hon gap nhieu Ian Vi vay,

kim loai nang co the gay ngg doc cap tinh, tu vong nhanh nhu nhiam doc cap tinh

asen, chi nhung chu yau do su tich luy dan kim loai nang trong co tha gay doc man

tinh, nhieu can benh nguy hiem xuat hien, dac biet la benh ung thu

Voi nguoi benh, khi benh c6n nhe thuang tu tim thuoc va diau tri o cac thay

lang, sau do moi dan cac nha thuoc dong y; phan nhiau trong so nay la dong y gia

truyen va qua nhiau loai thuoc khac nhau nan rat kh6 danh gia su nhiam doc do thuoc,

neu CO Gan day, cac xet nghiem tren hai benh nhan mot la phu nCr trung nien bi ung

thu ta bao day va mot nam trung nien bi ung thu biu cho tha\ ham lugng asen trong

toe va nuoc tieu rat cao co lian quan den viec su dung nhiau thang thuoc bac co chua

asen trong thai gian dai O Viet Nam, asen v6 co thu6ng dugc bo tham vao trong cac

thang thuoc bac hay thuoc nam nham diau tri suyen va thuoc bo Benh nhan khi su

dung cac loai thuoc co chiia asen nay thuang an ngon, ngu duoc len can \a benh

suyen giam

Ban canh vice them asen vao thuoc dong y da dieu tri benh \'a gay ngu\ hiem

cho bcMih nhan thi ban than thudc dong dugc o Viet Nam hien nay dau khong ro nguon

g6c va chat lugng Huioc dirge thu mua ciia dan tu trong hoac thu hai tren rung, loan

bg qua trinh san xuat dong dugc nhu trong, cham soc, thu hai, che bien chu \eu thuc

hien bang phuang phap thu cong, kcMii theo kinh nghiem thuc te tru>en mieng chu

khong theo mot tieu chu^n nao Mat khac, dugc lieu do tu thuang nhap lau tir Trung

Quoc tran Ian khong tha kiam soat dugc Ban canh cau hoi \l chit lugng cong tac

quan ly hanh ngha y dugc hgc c6 truyan tu nhan, du luan con dat cau hoi phai chang chat lugng Dong dugc hien nay dang bi tha n6i ?

Tai Hoi nghi phat trian Dong dugc va cac chinh sach lian quan, GS.TS Pham Thanh Ky, Pho Chii tich Hoi Dugc lieu Viet Nam, chi ra ba lo h6ng co ban trong chinh sach quan ly Do la viec tiau chuin chit lugng dong dugc dan nay van thiau quy djnh

va gioi han kim loai nang, quy dinh \t t6n du thuoc bao ve thuc vat va hoa chat kich

thich tang truong Tuy nhian, muc dp anh huong ciia kim loai nang doc hai ton luu trong Dong dugc dan nguoi benh nhu the nao chua co nghian cuu cu tha, trong khi vice kiam tra, vice phat hien thuong xuyan cac loai chat doc dac biet la kim loai nang trong thuoc dong dugc c6n rat kho khan

De gop phan giai qu\ct hue xiic va an toan kim loai nang trong Dong dugc hien dang dugc su dung rgng rSi duai dang thuoc bo hoac thuoc diau tri trong de tai nay chiing toi tien hanh cac nghian cuu na\ nham xay dung qui trinh phan tich, danh gia muc d() 6 nhiem cac kim loai nang trong mot so loai thuoc dong dugc dang luu hanh tren thi truong Viet Nam hien na> hang c^c phuang phap phan tich nhanh, hien dai dong gop vao vice kiem soat chat lucmg thuoc dong dugc, hien dang dugc sir dung rgng rai diroi dang thuoc ho hoac thuoc dieu tri Ben canh do viec danh gia su phat tan kini loai nang vao thuoc uong sau khi sac se la co so da xa\ dung tieu chuan ham lugng kim loai nang trong thuoc dong dugc Cac ket qua danh gia nguon goc ciia 6 nhiem kim Uxii nang se dugc tien hanh tren doi tuong dat trong o nhiau vung khac nhau va Ian truyen 6 nhiem tu dat vao cac bg phan cua cay dung lam thuoc nhu re than, la, qua, hat va danh gia Ian truxin du lugng kim loai nang theo thoi gian da xa\ dung khuyen cao vc lugng kim loai nang co mat trong thuoc dong dugc diing lam nguyen lieu dua tren dieu kien tho nhuong, trong, cham soc va thu hai, bao quan tu do

CO bien phap kiam soat chat lugng thuoc mot each hieu qua

Chircyng 1: TONG QUAN TAI LIEU

I.l Tinh hinh b^o che, sir dung duoc lieu v^ nhiem doc kim loai nang trong du-oc lieu 6 Vift Nam hien nay

Theo Tir dien Tieng Viet (nam 1996), dugc lieu la nhiing nguyen lieu d^ ch6 bi^n thuoc phong va chira benh Theo dinh nghTa nay, nuoc ta hien nay da th6ng ke dugc 3.830 loai thuoc 296 dugc lieu Moi nam Viet nam co khoang gin 50.000 tin dugc lieu dugc khai thac, thu hoach tir khoang 300 loai cay thu6c khac nhau Nhu vay con khoang 3.500 loai khac chua dugc san xuat, cac lang ngha trong thuoc dang mai mot dan vi toe do do thi hoa qua nhanh, mot so cay thuoc quy dang bi dua vao danh sach sap tuyet chiing Diau do cho thay, ty le thuoc do cac lang ngha trong dugc va thu hai cha bian rat nho so voi ty le thuoc khong ro nguon goc, co tha la do thu hai tran rung hoac nhap lau tu Trung Quoc [6]

Nhung kim loai nang thuong dugc thay lang cho vao thuoc nam la chu sa, than

sa, nhan mon co chiia chi, thuy ngan, asen nen khi vao co tha gay ra tinh trang ngg doc rat nang nc nhu dau bung, ta, tan mau, viam gan nhiem doc va trieu chiing khac [ 18]

TS Pham Due, Giam doc Trung tam chong doc Benh vien Bach Mai (Ha Ngi), cho biat hang nam trung tam tiap nhan rat nhiau truong hgp ngg doc dong dugc, trong d6 khong it benh nhan da tu vong do doc chat tu vi thuoc gay nan Co vi thuoc chiia dong kinh hoac vian thuoc "ta" cua thay lang khi dem xet nghiem, kat qua cho thay trong do co chiia dan 3 kim loai nang asen, thiiy ngan, chi [20] Vi vay, chat lugng thuoc dong dugc bi tha noi se gay nguy hiam khon lu67ig toi nguoi benh

Nhung nam gan day 6 mien Bac nude ta hinh thanh mot so lang nghe trdng va che bian thudc Ddng y, nhung quy trinh cha bien van theo kinh nghiem, chua cd mot quy trinh chuan nao cua Bg Y Ta va cha bien thudc Ddng dugc Cac lang ngha trdng nhieu loai cay nhung chua toi dugc nguoi tiau diing tai dia phuong do ma chu yau thucyng xuat di nhung noi khac de dugc gia cao cdn o khu vuc quanh do lai diing thudc ciia Trung Qude ngudn gdc khdng ro rang da chua benh cho ngudi dan

va mat chat lugng, cac kiem nghiem van cdn rat it va so sai Trong cac ngu\en lieu lam thudc Ddng y ddi khi cd mot sd chat co chua As, Hg rat cao (cd khi tdi 300-

500 Ian tiau chuan cho phep) Qua trinh so che, theo kinh nghiem truyan mieng nhung

mdi W2x\b\ lam mot kieu, kinh nghiem thi chi cho biet dung chat gi da bao quan va so

che nhirnu nguoi tian hanh lai diing lugng cd tha qua nhieu ga\ ra ham lugng Ion cac

chat bao quan trong cac vi thudc thanh phim, gay ngg doc trong nhiau trudng hop dan tdi tu vong Mot dugc lieu tir khi trdng dan khi thu hai tit ca mgi khau so cha dau vi pham an toan thuc phim [18]

Sii nhiam ban vao thudc Ddng y chii yeu la d khau cha bian va trdng trot nhung chiing ta lai khdng quan ly dugc ca 2 khau quan trgng dd trong viec hinh thanh mot vi thudc Vi vay dan dan nhung vi du va ngg doc thudc Ddng y, gay nan tam ly coi thuong tac dung chiia benh ciia cac vi thudc Ddng y

Trong cha bian ddng dugc, khau thu hai va cha bian cay dugc lieu hien nay van rat da nhiam ban, nhat la nhiem bin cac kim loai nang Cay thudc thu hai va dugc cat rua bang nude giang khoan chua rat nhiau kim loai nang trong dd cd nhiau sat va asen.j Sau khi rua, cay thudc dugc phoi khd tu nhian sau dd dem say voi diam sinh da bao quan lam vi thudc thanh pham Cd mot sd vi khac, thuong la cac cay lay cii thi sau khi rua dugc ngam bang nude giang va ngam trong cac chau thiing sat vai ngay cho mem

ra va sau dd mdi thai rdi phoi khd Sau dd cac thay lang mua chiing \e nha, trude khi

cat thanh thang thudc cho ngudi benh ho thuong sao vang chiing lan trong nhiJng chao Ion, tiiy vao tac dung va dirac tinh ciia tung vi thudc ma chon chat sao ciing Qua trinh che bian theo kinh nghiem nhu vay khian cac vi thudc thanh pham lan rat nhiau chat ban trong dd cd ham lugng kim loai nang khdng nho [21 J Mot sd kim loai can thiat voi CO the con ngudi, sd khac thi khdng nhung khi ham lugng ciia chiing qua Ion rat de gay ngg ddc cho co the khi chung dugc tich tu qua lau do thudc Ddng y thuong cd tac dung rat cham va phai udng deu dan trong thoi gian dai mdi khdi benh Dieu dd khien lugng kim loai tich tu trong co tha la rat Ion nau thudc chua nhiau kim loai nSng Qua trinh dao thai kim loai nang ciia co tha con ngudi cham hon rat nhiau so voi qua trinh tich tu chiing trong co tha Vi vay nau khdng kiam soat dugc chat lugng thudc thi rat

de gay nen nhung trudng hgp ngg ddc kim loai cap tinh hoac man tinh gay nhiJng hau qua daniz tiec Vi vav, can cd nhmm nuhien cuu danh uia ham luona kim loai nang cho phep trong cac vi thudc khac nhau giiip ngudi benh yan tam hon khi su dung thuoc Ddng y

Ben canh nhung thieu sdt va han cha ciia trong viec quan ly thi cung cd nhung thanh tuu to Ion, xirng tam voi mot viing dat cd ngudn dugc lieu phong phii va khi hau thd nhuong phii htrp voi nhieu loai dugc lieu Nhiau thuong hieu thudc Viet Nam da noi tiang trong khu vuc cung nhu trcMi the gioi nhu: artichaux Da Lat, qua Tra My, sam Nggc 1 inh, hdi lang Son Cung voi viec dd phai cd nhung chinh sach da quan ly va sir dunu ngudn dugc lieu phong phu cua qude gia cho phii hgp va huu ich Cung nen

CO nhuni: nghien cuu xac dinh nhung tiau chuan chat lugng phu hgp vdi tung loai

dugc lieu va tung phuang phap bao cha, san xuit va trdng trgt mang tinh cong nghiep, huong tdi mot nan y hgc cd truyan phat trian, phat huy dugc hat nhijng tiam nang vdn

cd phong phii ciia ngudn dugc lieu nude nha, nhung kinh nghiem quy bau ciia cha dng

ta da lai da dugc kiam chung hieu qua qua nhiau thoi ky

Xu huong diau tri bang y hgc cd truyan tran tha gioi ngay cang tang nhung nhiau ngudi benh lo lang vi chat lugng ciia cac vi thudc nay Nguyan nhan chinh dan dan sir kem chat lugng ciia thudc la bao quan khdng diing quy each

Theo tiau chuan dugc dian quy dinh cac loai dugc lieu chi can cd do im <15%, nhu vay sau khi rua sach, say nhe d 60'^^C trong khoang 12-24 gid, hiit chan khdng, ddng gdi kin vao bao bi thi se bao quan dugc lau

I linh 1: Bach thuge, bach truat, duong quy sau khi dugc ngam, lam mem thai phian,

va cung lam cho ddng dugc cd the chat deo, mam mai khdng khd cirng va lam dugc lieu trang sang, dep hon

* Danh bdng bang chi : tam thit la dugc lieu thuong dugc danh bdng bang chi cho dep

va ban vdi gia cao hon loai thuong Nhung khi sac thudc udng chi se khuech tan vao

trong nuoc thuoc va co th^ gay nhilm doc Tre em khi nhiem doc chi co th^ cham Ion tri tue kem phat trien Doi vai nguai Ion, chi gay tang huy8t ap, suy tim Khi ton du chi trong co the dat 0,5-0.6ppm thi chirc nang cua than bit diu bj rdi loan va tai 0,8ppm se gay ra thieu mau do thi^u hut hemoglobin

* Ouet sulfua kem len be mat dugc lieu: vi du nhuc thung dung, vi thudc nay co the chat mem deo, do am cao nen de bj m6c, nhung khi dugc quet bing sulfua kem thi de lau nam cung khong bi moc Ngg doc kem c§p tinh co the gay chet nguofi vai trieu chirng nhu non, tieu chay, mo hoi lanh, mach dap khe, ch^t sau 10-48 gid

* Nhiam ddc thiiy ngan: thuong xuat hien khi cha bian khdng diing quy each cac dupe lieu nhu chu sa Cac hgp chat cua thuy ngan chua gdc metyl rat ban K hi vao co the

nd dugc hda tan trong mo, tham qua mang ta bao, nao tuy, anh huong tdi he than kinl trung uong Do vay, khi nhiam ngudi benh de bi kich thich cau gat, xiic ddng va ro loan tieu hda, rdi loan than kinh chan tay run Thiiy ngan lam gay nhiem sac tha v; ngan can su phan chia ta bao

* Diing luc hda khd hoac nhdm phdt pho: theo tian sT Nguyen Viet Than, DH Dugc H; Ngi, vien thudc mau \am luc ma ngudi dan dung bao quan ddng dugc cd cdng tlun

hda hgc la A\\\ gyi la nhdm photphua, gSp hoi nude se tao thanh pholphin (PH3), mo

chat cue ddc vdi ngudi

* l)()c Id do nam mdc: thdng ke cho tha\ li le dugc lieu bi mdc mgt 15-20*^o, ti le kho lugng dirge lieu bi mdc 12-28**o Nam mdc tiet ra cac ddc td dac biet la cac aflatoxin Ddc td nay dan den ton thuong gan ung thu gan NhOng loai ddc td trong nam nhi

Iren khdng hi d\c\ a nhiet dd cao (160-170 C) do dd trong trudng hgp nau chin thi d6(

td allatoxin \an idn tai ma khdng bi phan huy Theo thdng ka ciia Vien Dugc lieu 30% dugc pham dang dugc luu hanh chua nam mdc, nhat la aflatoxin

* Chat lugng dugc lieu kem: qua qua trinh cha bien, cac loai hoat chat cua dugc lieu

do cdn ha\ mat la bao nhieu chung ta chua xac dinh dugc

* Ngudi benh tu > su dung: khdng qua huong dan ciia y, bac sT, ddng y khdng phai v6 hai, vi the can dugc chan doan chinh xac benh rdi mdi diing thudc Ngudi gia, tre em phu nu CO thai can than trgng Nhiau trudng hgp tir vong hoac dugc dua dan cip ciru trong tinh trang ngu\ kich nhu bu\ tim, suy gan, su\ than, nhiem triing huylt nguyen nhan la do ngg ddc thudc ddng y

Kim loai la mot nhom ddc td dac biet thuong ton tai d trang thai ben \ung trong mdi trudng, song dang thuc hoa hgc cua chung cd the bi thay ddi bdi cac yau Id ly

hoa, sinh hgc hoac bdi cac hoat ddng ciia con ngudi, do dd ddc tinh ciia chiing cung bj thay doi theo 6 day chiing tdi chi da cap tdi nhung kim loai chinh ma sir cd mat bit thuong hay ham lugng qua Ion ciia chiing trong thudc ddng y cd tha gay ra ndi lo ling cho ngudi su dung

Trong thuc ta, kim loai ddc cd tha xam nhap vao co tha theo hai con duong: dudng

ho hap va tiau hda, trong dd nhiam ddc dudng tiau hda mang tinh chit chung hon vi da

sd cac chat ddc ma chiing ta cd tha bi nhiam la rat phd bian va thuong tdn tai vdi ham lugng khac nhau trong cac loai thudc ddng y, cung nhu trong nude dung da tudi

Nghian cii'u ddc td la phai xac lap cho dugc mdi quan he giira liau lugng va tac dung Diau nay cho phep chiing ta du doan dugc tac dung gay ddc trong khoang thai gian hap thu chat ddc dai ngin khac nhau Van da lai cang quan trgng hon nau da sd kim loai tdn tai trong thudc ddng y d ham lugng thap va udng thudc trong thoi gian

Pb 0,05

Zn 0,3-1,0

Cd 0.0067-0,0083

Fe 0.2-0,6

Mn 0,1

Tdm lai, chucmg trinh hanh ddng ''Dugc lieu sach va mdi trudng" can trian khai nhanh cung nhu tang cudng cac bien phap kiem tra, thanh tra cua cac co quan huu quan ddi vdi cac co sd budn ban, cha bien ddng dugc da tranh nhung trudng hgp ngg ddc dang tiac cho ngudi su dung

1.2 C^c phuong ph^p phan huy mau xac djnh luong vet kim loai nang trong mau dat v^ mau thuc vat

* •

1.2.1 Ciic phuong pinip phan huy mau xac dinh hnrng vet kim loai nang trong

mau dat, tram tich

Pham Luan va cac cong su [6] da xir ly mau dat bang phuang phap \xa\ de xac dinh

cac kim loai Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn Ni, Pb, Zn Mau phai dugc nghien thanh bgt trgn d(^u, can l^y 5,000 gam mau vao binh Kcndan tam uat bang nuoc cat them 60ml cuong thuy va 5-8ml H2S0498°b kic d§u cam vao binh bang pheu Igc nho dun nhe cho mau phan huy d^n khi nao dugc dung dich trong khdng mau (khoang 8-9 gio)

I

Chuyan het mau sang cdc lam bay hoi het axit dan cdn mudi am, da ngudi va dinh miic

thanh 50ml bang dung dich HCl 1%, lie dau va Igc bd can silicat J

Mgt sd tac gia khac da sir dung dung dich nude cudng thiiy (HF: HCl: HNO3 theo

ty le tha tich 1:3: 1) da xu ly mau dat va tram tich da xac dinh ham lugng tdng cac ion

kim loai fCd, Co, Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni Pb va Zn) trong cac mau dd bang ky thuat ICP-MS

[43] 1 Cac tac gia Mustafa Soylaka va cong su da su dung phuong phap ddng kat tiia vol,

erbium hydroxit 0,05 M trong NaOH da xac dinh lugng vat Cu, Mn, Co, Cr, Fe, Pb

trong nude tu nhian, kat qua cho tha> hieu suat pha mau dat 95 % [50] |

J Sastreva mgt sd tac gia khac da xac dinh Cd, Cu, Pb, Zn trong mau mdi trudng

cac tac gia da su dung cac axit dac nhu HNO3, HF, H2SO4 da xir ly mau dat va tram

tich, ket qua cho thay qua trinh xu 1> mau dat kat qua tdt [39]

Jian-Min /HOlJa va cac cong sir cung da Ia\ mau dat d Dabaoshan, Guangdong

Iniii*: (,)udc va tien hanh iii:hicn cuu cac phucrng phap xac dinh ham lugng tdng ca(

knii loai nang (Cu, Pb / n , C^d) trong dat de danh gia muc do d nhiem kim loai nang (

khu \uc na\ I4()| !

I

ressierelal da nghien cuu va phat trien qu\ irinh chiet rut cac dang lian ket ciia kirn

loai trong mau dat va tram tich ddng thoi dng cung dua ra phuong phap xac dinh ham

lugng tdng de xac dinh tat ca cac dang ciia kim loai Tac gia da sir dung cac axit manh

nhu III ll:0:, HNO3, HCIO4 de xu 1\ mau va thu dugc kat qua tdt.[35] j

1.2.2 (dc phutrnii phap phan huy mau xac dinh luong vet kim loai nang tron^

mau thuc vai

M.C.C.Mamani va cac cong sir [49] xu li mau dugc lieu de phan tich Pb va Cd

theo hai plunrng phap khd \a irdt cho ket qua tdt Vdi phuong phap xu li khd, khoang

Ig man duoc lieu dugc cho vao chen sir, nung o 500 C trong vdng 2,5h Sau dd dera

hoa tro bang 5ml IK 1 6M dem dun bay hoi hat axit, hoa can bing 5ml HCl 2M Lo^

man \a dinh muc bang nude Vdi phuong phap udt, vdi Ig mau tham vao lOmL

UNO; dac va 1ml H>CX> rdi dun trong 2h d 120^C Gidi han phat hien cua phuong phi

la 0,12 va 0,010 mg kg vdi Pb \a Cd Ket qua dugc ap dung da phan tich chi va cadi

trong 4 loai Ihpcricum pcrt'oratum Mikania guaco, Mikania glomerata va Peami

boldus

GS Pham Luan [8] da xu li mau thuc vat bang phuang phap khd dl xac dinh cac

:im loai Na, K,Ca, Mg, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, Zn Can 5g mlu da nghian

nin vao trong chen thach anh, dem s4y khd tu tu cho din khi mlu khd den, rdi dem

:Ung 3 gidr dau a nhiet do 450°C, sau dd nang len 550°C, cho din khi hit than den,

ugc mau tro hoa trang Hoa tan tro thu dugc trong 12-15ml dung dich HCl 1: 1 va

i,5mL HNO3 dac, dun nhe cho tan het, dudi axit du din cdn mudi km va dinh miic

:5mL bang dung dich HCl 2% Tac gia cho rang each nay thich hgp dl xac dinh cac

jm loai kiem, kiem tho va Fe, Mn, Ni

Maria R Gomez, va cac cdng sy [47 ] da xac dinh kim loai nang trong mlu

ugc thao bang phuang phap AAS va ICP- AAS cho kit qua tot Can khoang 0,5g

lau da dugc nghian nhd tran can phan tich cd do chinh xac ± 0,0001 gam cho vao

inh Kendal, tham vao mau 10ml HNO3 dac, 1ml H2O2 30% Dun each cat trong 2h,

au dd cd can Hda tan can bang 5ml HCl 1: 1, Igc vao binh djnh miic 50ml va dinh

nic dan vach bang nude cat

Phd mau wot trong binh Kendal vo'i HNOj va H2SO^^ Can khoang 0,5g mau da

ugc nghian nhdn tren can phan tich cd do chinh xac ± 0,0001 gam, tham 9 ml HNO3

Se, 3ml H2SO4 dac, dun trong 3h Sau dd cho mau bay hoi dan khd, hoa can bang 5ml

> \ f

ICI 1: 1, Igc vao binh dinh miic 50ml va dinh miic dan vach bang nude cat

Joao Carlos Cypriano va cdng su [41] da xu ly mau thuc vat bang sieu am da

han tich Cu va Pb Mau thuc vat dugc cho vao siau am ciing hdn hgp axit HCl va

I2O2 theo ti le 1:1 (v/v) Phuong phap cho hieu suat chiat hai kim loai xap xi 100%

Can khoang 0,5 gam mau da dugc nghien nhd tran can phan tich cd do chinh xac

0,0001 gam, cho vao binh Teflon, hoa tan mau bang 5ml HNO3 dac, 5ml HCIO4,

ml HF trong Id vi sdng trong vdng 20-25 phiit

Khi binh phan huy mau da ngudi dan nhiet do phdng, md nap binh, dung dich

mi ' ' '

iSu tan hat, trong sudt, cd mau vang nhat Cd can dung dich dan khd, hoa tan can

ing 5ml 1 ICI I: I, Igc vao binh dinh miic 50ml va dinh miic dan vach bang nude cat

3 Phuong phap khdi pho plasma cao tan cam ung (ICP-MS) xac djnh luong vet

im loai nang

ICP-MS la mgt ky thuat phan tich hien dai nhit hien nay da phan tich dong thai

\\ va siau vat cac chat vd co (nguyan td) dua tran sir ghi do phd theo sd khdi (m/z)

ia nguyan tu cac nguyan td can phan tich

ICP (Inductively Coupled Plasma) dung da chi nggn lua plasma tao thanh bang ddng dien cd tan sd cao (co MHz) dugc cung cap bang mgt may phat Radio Frequency Power (RFP) Nggn lira plasma cd nhiet do rat cao cd tac dung chuyan cac nguyan to trong mau can phan tich thanh dang ion

MS (Mass Spectrometry) la phep ghi phd theo sd khdi hay chinh xac hon la theo t\

sd giiia sd khdi va dien tich (m/z)

Peter Heiland va Helmut D Koster [51] ung dung phuong phap ICP-MS da x^c dinh lugng vat 30 nguyan td Cu, Pb, Zn, Cd trong mau nude tiau ciia tra em va ngudi trudng thanh

Marcos Perez-Ldpez va cdng su [45] phan tich Pb, Cd, Zn va As cd trong thit mot

sd loai chim hoang da d vung Galicia (Tay Bic Tay Ban Nha) bang phuong phap

ICP-MS Ket qua cho thay ham lugng Zn trong khoang 1.47 -2,98ppm, ham lugng As trong khoang 1,21 dan 6.8Xppm Ham lugng Pb va Cd trong dd tuong ddi cao, cd mau lan tdi tren 18ppm Pb, va ham lugng Cd cao nhat thu dugc lan toi 39ppm

lac gia Mohamed Maanan [48] trucmg dai hgc Nates Phap da su dung phuong phap l(M^-MS dc phan tich Hg va Pd trong cac ddng vat than mem d viing bian Kel qua cho thay ham lugng Pb la 9,6 mg.kg va ham lugng Hg la 0,6 mg.kg

Simone Griesel va cdng sir [57] da su dung phuong phap ICP-MS da xac dinh ham lugng ciia 23 nguyen td kim loai (Be, Al, K, Ca, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, As

Sc, Kb, Sr, Mo, Pd, Cd, Sn, Pt, Pb) trong mau ciia hai cau d viing bian Wadden, Dire

va dao Danish Ket qua chi ra ring ham lucrng mgt sd nguyan td nhu As, Cr, Mn, Mo

Se, V trong mau hai cau cao hon so vdi trong mau ngudi Mot sd nguyan td nhu Al

Mn ( u va Pt khac nhau dang ke trong mau hai cau o hai viing dia li khac nhau SL'

khac biet nay co the do anh huonu cua nuudn thuc an

Wenling Hu Fei Zheng and Bin llu [58] tach va xac dinh ham lugng ciia As(lII) As(V), Cr{IlI) Cr(VI) trong nude tu nhian su dung ky thuat sol-gel va ICP-MS Gion han phat hien cua phuong phap la 0,7 va ISng.l ' voi As(V) va Cr(VI), 3,4 va

7 4 n g l ' vdi As(lll) and Cr(lin Do lech chuin la 3,1; 4,0; 2,8 va 3,9*^.0 (C= 1 ng.ml ') tucmg ung voi As(V), As(lII), Cr(VI) va Cr(III) Vdi nude may v2 nude hd hieu suat thu hdi dat dugc tu 94 dan 105%

ll)c-Sook Lim, Jin-Soo Lee, Hyo-Taek Chon va Mantred Sager [38] da danh gi*;

su d nhiem cac kim loai nang d vung md vang bac Songcheon, Han Qude Cac mat

dit, nude, thuc vat xung quanh khu mo dugc thu thap xu li sau dd dem xac dinl"

lam lugng kim loai nang bSng ICP-AES va ICP-MS Ham lugng As va Hg trong ddt

rdng cao han rk nhieu so vai giai han cho phep, kit qua cao nhit len tai 626mg Vs/kg va 4,9mg Hg/kg Ham lugng cao nhk trong cay trdng la 33 mg As/kg va

1,8 mg Pb/kg (trong cii hanh), 0,87mg Cd/kg va 226mg Zn/kg (trong re rau dilp), 6,3 mg Cu/kg (trong la cay vimg) Dilu nay dugc giai thich do cay trdng dugc trdng

ren viing dk bi d nhiem As va cac kim loai nang Mat khac, ham lugng cao nhat cua

^s, Cd va Zn dugc tim thay trong nude sudi- ngudn nude udng chu ylu ciia khu vuc

i^y- lan lugt la: 0,71 mg/L, 0,19 mg/L va 5,4 mg/L, cao han rk nhilu so vai gidi han

ho phep ciia Han Quoc

A.T Townsend va 1 Snape [32] da tiln hanh xac dinh ham lugng Pb trong cac nau tram tich a ciia sdng thudc nam Australia bang phuang phap ICP-MS Cac mau ram tich a Brown Bay ham lugng Pb trong khoang 18-215 mg.kg ', cdn d vung Jroken Hill va Mt Isa Australian ham lugng Pb lin lugt tu 35,5 din 36 va tu 16,0 din 6,1 mg.kg Cdn d khu vuc Wilkes Station ham lugng Pb dugc xac dinh trong hoang 13-40 mg.kg '

Sd lugng cac cdng trinh nghien ciiu su dung phuang phap ICP-MS de xac dinh dng thai lugng vat va siau vat cac kim loai trong nhieu loai ddi tugng khac nhau cho lay phuong phap nay rat thich hgp da phan tich cac kim loai nang trong thudc ddng y

Tuy nhian, tdng quan cac cdng trinh nghian ciiu cho thay, vdi thiat bi ICP-MS hdng cd budng va cham phan ling thi khi phan tich nan mau cd ham lugng clo Idn se

d su triing ddng vi ArCl vdi ddng vi ^'"^As nan kat qua phan tich thuong cao hon gia tri urc Vi vay, khdng nan diing axit HCl de xu ly mau nau phan tich bang phuang phap :p-MS Cdn thiiy ngan, do ham lugng trong mau kha nho va do dac tinh da bay hoi

en cd su hap thu vao thanh binh va cham dan dan kat qua phep do khdng lap lai Sai

3 nay cd the han cha nau su dung phuong phap ngi chuan vdi Au

A Phan tich thdng ke da bien xac djnh nguon goc va su phan bd kim loai nang

Vdi tap sd lieu nhieu chiau nhu khi phan tich ham lugng 11 kim loai trong lugng

m mau thi lugng thdng tin thu dugc lai rat han cha, nhiau khi trai ngugc nhau nau chi

sm xet tren khia canh d nhiem hay khdng Ndi each khac, viec giam kich thudc tap sd

h\ thuc nghiem de thu dugc thdng tin it chicu tu tap sd lieu da chieu la can thiet Cac

nrong phap thuong dugc sir dung nhat hien nay la phuo'ng phap phan tich thanh phan linh (PCA) va phuang phap phan tich nhdm (CA)

1.4.1 Khai niem phumigphap PCA va CA

• PCA (principal component analysis) la cdng cu huu hieu cho phep giam sd bier

trong tap sd lieu nham dat dugc biau dian hai chiau tir tap sd lieu da chiau Muc dich ciia PCA la nham tim ra gia trj phuong sai Idn nhat vdi sd thanh phar chinh (PC) it nhat Bang PCA tu tap sd lieu phdn tdeh cii tha Igc ra dugc thdng

tin cii dch vc mdi quan he giUa cdc bian va tom dugc ham an cd chua cac bien

nay

Ndi each khac PCA la thuat toan da bian bang each quay cac true sd lieu chiia cac bian tdi uu Khi dd, mot tap hgp cac bian lien quan vdi nhau ban dau dugc chuyer thanh tap hcrp cac bian khdng lien quan va dugc sip xap theo thu tu giam do bian thier hay phuang sai Nhung bian khdng lian quan nay la sir kat hgp tuyan tinh cac bien bar dau Dua tren phu(mg sai do mdi bian mdi gay ra cd tha loai bd bdt cac bian phia cuoi day ma chi mat it nhat thdng tin ve cac sd lieu thuc ban dau Bang each nay se giaiti dugc kich thudc cua tap sd lieu trong khi van cd the giu nguyen thdng tin

Vice quay cac true tdn tai trong tap sd lieu ban dau dan cac vi tri mdi trong

khdng gian dugc dinh nghTa boi cac bien ban dau Qua trinh nay cd tan ggi la ^'vanmcix

rotatt()n^\ Cac bien mdi tao thanh dugc ggi la cac bian ao (latent variables) hay cac

thanh phan chinh (IH') trong dd bien ao thu nhat cd chua phuong sai Idn nhat Bian ac ihu hai (PC2) chua do lech Idn thu hai va vudng gdc vdi bian ao thu nhat I rue thu ba (PC3) chira tdng bien thicn Ion nhat khdng dugc giai thich boi bien ao thir nhat va thi; hai \a cd tinh chat \udng gdc vdi true thir nhat va thir hai

Trong thuat toan PCA, cd the cd nhiau PC vi cd nhieu bien trong tap sd lieu Sc

PC tdi da banu sd bien Viae diinii PCA cd tha tdm luoc duoc cau triic ddnu phuonL sai vdi tap sd lieu cd kich thudc nhd hon

• Phan tich nhom (CA) la k\ thuat phan tich da bien nham phan loai sd lieu thanh cac nhdm nho hon cd tinh chat gidng nhau ( cdn ggi la cac cum) (cluster)

Hai loai phan tich nhom thuong dugc su dung la nhdm theo bac (hierarchica clustering) va nhom k- irungbinh (k-mean clustering)

- Nhom theo bac nham tim ra cac nhom trong tap sd lieu bang each tao ra ca} phan nhom (cluster tree) Ihco phuiTiig phap na\, tap sd lieu Ion dugc chia thanh cac tap sd livii nho hon nua cho den khi mdi tap sd lieu nhd chi cdn mgt phan tir Cay phar

nhdm com nhieu bac \vou\i do nhom o mot mire duoc ndi vdi vdi nhdm ben each c

tnuc cao han Dieu dd cho phep quyet dinh muc hoac thang chia nao ciia nhdm la phii hgp hon

f Viec chia nhdm la van de quan trgng thudmg dugc dung trong phan tich nhan

dang, phan tich hinh anh va cac ddi tugng khac trong Imh vuc khoa hgc va cdng nghe

- Nhdm theo k-trung binh: cac phin tu trong tap sd lieu dugc tach vao k nhdm cac phan tu ciing nhdm dugc ket hgp vai nhau va cac nhdm khac nhau dugc tach ra khdi nhau

J.4.2 Mgt so thong ke da biin xac dinh ngudn gdc chdt 6 nhiim

Cac tac gia, Ta Thi Thao, Do Quang Trung, Chu Xuan Anh[l3] da nghien ciiu Dhuomg phap phan tich thdng ke da bien danh gia ngudn gdc va su phan bd ham lugng kim loai nang tai mgt sd bai thu gom va xu ly rac thai dien, dien tu Thuy ngan xac

3inh theo phuang phap CV-AAS su dung chk khu la SnCl2 do tren may quang phd

lap thu nguyen tu AAS-6800 ghep ndi he thdng HVG-1, den catdt rong ciia thuy ngan /a cuvet thach anh Tdng ham lugng cac kim loai: Cr, Mn Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd, As,

^b dugc xac dinh theo phuang phap ICP-MS tren thilt bi ciia hang Perkin- Elmer Elan

?000 ICP - MS Bang phan tich thdng ke da bien cd the danh gia dugc ngudn goc phat

an kim loai gay d nhiem va su phan bd ham lugng cua chiing Hai phuang phap thdng

ce da bien PCA va CA cho ket qua kha phii hgp nhau va cd the bd sung cho nhau khi lanh gia Vdi 43 mau dat va tram tich ciia cdng ranh va ao hd lay tai hai bai thu gom /a xij- ly rac thai dien, dien tu, bang phuong phap PCA va CA da xac dinh dugc Pb,

rd, va Hg, Zn, As phat tan vao mdi trudng chii yeu do rac thai dien, dien tii va chi can )han tich ham lugng Hg (hoac Cd) va As cd the danh gia dugc miic do gay d nhiem :im loai do cac ddi tugng nay Cac nguyen td cdn lai Cu, Co Fe, Cr Mn, Ni cd mat rong dat va tram tich chu yeu do ban than thanh phan ciia dat va d nhiem do tinh chat ich tu lau dai trong mdi truong dat

Cung bang phuong phap PCA, cac tac gia [44] da phan tich 14 mau gelatin bd va

i mau gelatin Ign theo phuong phap sac ky Idng cao ap dao pha Sac dd phan tich mdi

;elatin gdm 20 pic ciia cac amino axit thu dugc Phan tich PCA cho biat, tir 20 pic da ihan biet su khac nhau chi can xet 6 pic da danh gia

Phuang phap thdng ke da bien nhu phan tich nhdm, va phan tich thanh phan chinh ung da dugc diing da phan loai va khang dinh ngudn gdc ciia rugu tao cua Phap va irgu tao viing Basque dua tren kat qua phan tich tdng ham lugng cac polyphenol bang ludc thu Folin- Ciocalteu va cac thdng sd mau sac CIELab [54]

Trong tai lieu [46] cac tac gia da diing phuong phap PCA da nghian cinj cac yeu

td anh huong chinh dan thanh phan cua nude thai dd thi 65 mau nude thai dd thj dugc lay trong 9 thang d 8 vung khac nhau tai Melbourne, Uc da phan tich 83 thdng sd hoa hgc Nhd phuong phap thdng ka da bian, cac tac gia da khang dinh Idi sdng ciia cu dar

dd thj, ngay trong tuan va thdi gian lay mau hay thdri tiat anh huong Idn dan mire do 6 nhiem nude sdng [46]

Trong mgt cdng trinh khac Gautam Samanta va cac cdng su da phan tich han* lugng cua 10 nguyen td gdm As, Se, Hg, Zn, Pb, Ni, Cd, Mn, Cu, va Fe trong toe mdng tay va vay da cua cac benh nhan nhiam ddc asen PCA dugc diing da giai thich anh huong cua cac nguyan td trong tdc va mdng tay Nghian ciru nay cung chi ra rans nhCrng viing d nhiam asen thudc Tay Bengal, An Do can kiem soat ca ham lucmg cac

nguyen td ddc khac trong nude udng va thuc pham da danh gia d nhiam asen [53]

Ngoai ra PCA con dugc dung trong mgt sd ITnh vuc khac nhu phd hdng ngoai chuyen hda POuried danh gia sir thay ddi dac tinh hda hgc giiJa cac loai gd khac nhau

[421 ^^^^^^ hr^.^ng hda mau sac trong cdng nghe \ u 1\ hinh anh [3]

Cac lac gia ( elinc Siu lan Lee, Xiangdong Li, Wen/hong Shi, Sharon Chinh nga d i c u n g , lain Thornton da nghien ciru phmmg phap phan tich da bien de danh gia ngudn gdc, su lan lru\en va cac vi iri cd ham lugng kim loai tuong duong nhau cua cac kim loai trong mau dat o dd thi ngoai d va cdng vian d Hong Kong PCA da giiip xac djnh cac kim loai cd anh huong Idn dan tap sd lieu la Cd, Cu, Zn, Ni, Co, Mn tir

-dd cd the giam kich thudc tap sd lieu ma mat it nhat thdng tin \'Q tap sd lieu CA giiir

danh gia dugc muc do lirong ddng cua cac kim loai nang va chia cac nguyan td thanr hai nhom chinh Viec phan tich nhom giup xac dinh dugc mire do d nhiam va danh gia ngudn gdc d nhiem Vdi kat qua thu dugc cho thay d cac khu vuc dd thi cd mire doc nhiem cao hon han so vdi viing ngoai d va khu vuc cdng vian la it d nhiam nhat.[34] llakan Duran Karakas, Mithat Bakoglu da irng dung phuong phap phan tich da bien de danh gia ngudn gdc cac kim loai lugng vat trong mau nude ba mat Khi phar

I ich ham lugng cua 11 kim loai trong cac mau nude ba mat, cac tac gia da danh gu duiTc muc dd d nhiem cua cac kim loai ddnu thdi xac dinh duoc nuudn uav d nhietr nude la 4 ngudn chinh: son cdng nghiep nude thai, phircmg tien giao thdng va thanl"

phan sEn cd trong vd qua dat Ddng thdri bang CA cac tac gia cung da danh gia dugc ti

le cac ngudn gay d nhiem [37]

I Serife Tokalioglu, Senol Kartal da su dung hai phuang phap phan tich da biln la PCA v^i CA de thu nhd tap sd lieu phan tich, cd them thdng tin vl ngudn gdc su khac nhau ciia cac nguyan td va danh gia mire do tuong ddng cua cac kim loai trong cac mau bui d Thd NhT Ky Cac tac gia tran da cac dinh dugc ngudn gdc ciia cac nguyan td

va phan chia cac kim loai phan tich thanh hai nhdm chinh la Mn , Pb (cd ngudn vd qua dat va do cac phuong tien giao thdng) va Cu, Ni, Cd, Co, Cr, Zn (cd ngudn gdc tir cac khu cdng nghiep) [56]

Tir cac nghian ciru tran, cho thay viec nghian ciiu irng dung phuong phap phan tich hien dai cd tha xac dinh lugng siau vat cac kim loai nang trong ddng dugc va thudc sac

la rat can thiat Tir tap sd lieu thu dugc va ham lugng kim loai nang trong cay thudc va dat trdng cay thudc, neu su dung phuong phap phan tich thdng ke da bian cd tha xac dinh ngudn gdc va sir phan bd kim loai nang trong cac cay thudc cd the xac dinh ngudn gdc ciia su Ian truyan kim loai nang lan cay thudc Tir dd giiip chiing ta kiam soat dugc ham lugng kim loai nang khi diing dan thudc ddng dugc tranh bj ngg ddc kim loai nang do diing thudc ddng dugc

Chirong 2 - THUC NGHIEM 2.1 Dung cu va hda chat

2.LL Hod chat

+ Tat ca cac hoa chat sir dung dau thudc loai tinh khiat phan tich (PA) hoac tinh khiat thudc thir (P.R.), va siau tinh khiat (Merck) va dugc pha cha bang nude cat hai lan

+ Nude sach cap thudc thir (nude siau sach): Nude cat dugc cho qua he trao doi ion va cd trd khang nho hon 18MQ

+ Dung dich chuan gdc chira cac ion kim loai can phan tich Cu*^, Zn'", Fe *

M n ' \ Cố, Ni^\ ?b^\ Cd^*, Cr(VI), Hg'*, As(V)ndng do moi loai dung dich la 100(

ppm trong mdi trudng HNO3 1% va cac dung dich chuan hdn hgp

cac dung dich chuan cd ndng do nhd hon dugc pha loang tir dung dich chuan gd trong mdi trudng HNÔ 1%

^ Cac loai axit dac, sieu linh khiet : HNÔ, dac ILSO4 dac HF dac

-t Ciic loai hoa chat ccr ban khac

2.1.2 Dung cu, thiet hi

+ Can phan tich dg chinh xac ± 10" g, model AB 204 cua hSng MeUler Toledc

lhu\ ST

+ Ld nung nhiet dg dat den 3000^'C, model Controller B170 ciia hang Naberthenn Dirẹ

+ Cdc teflon cd nap dung tich 50 ml

-I- Tu sa\ nhiet do dat 220 C, model UM400 cua hang Memmerm, Dirẹ

-*- Cac dunu cu thi nuhiem co ban khac: Bep dien, binh dinh mire thuv tinh loai ^

dung tich 25, 50, 100ml, micropipet Dung cu dugc ngam rua bang hdn hgp rira, sai

do trang rua bang LD TA truoc khi su dung

+ He thdng khdi phd cao tAn cam irng ICP - MS (Model ELAN 9000 - Perkir 1-Imer) va cac thiet bi phu trg (hinh 3)

Hinh 2: He thong may ICP-MS (ELAN 9000

DHKHTN DH Quoc Gia Ha Ndi)

Perkin Elmer- Khoa Hoa- Truang

Hinh 4: He trang bi ICP-MS

I Bd tao sol khi

2 Plasma

3 He lan" kinh

4 Van ngan each giua viing chan khdng cao ciia phd ke va viing ion

5 Lang kinh ion

6 Bd phan giai khdi

7 Detector

2.2 Lay mau v^ bao quan mau

2.2.1 Mau duoc lieu va thang thuoc dong y:

Cac mau dugc lieu va cac thang thudc ddng y dugc thu mua tai mot sd co sd dong

y d khu vuc Lan Ong (Hoan Kiam) Phd Tran Phii va khu Chg Ha Ddng (Ha Ndi) Cac

CO sd nay nhap dugc lieu tir nhiau ngudn khac nhau, hau hat dau dugc thu mua tirtu thuang Mdi mau sau khi lay dau dugc ghi kem theo cac thdng tin va khu vuc lay mai

va loai mau Ddng thdi thu thap tham hd so mau \c kha nang sir dung va ddi tugng su

dung thudc Tuy nhien, hau hat cac loai mau nay khdng kiam soat dugc ngudn goc nhap va

cac mau dugc lay la cac loai cay thudc riang re hoac cac thang thudc ddng \ (ba thudc- hdn hgp nhieu loai dugc lieu theo don) Cac thang thudc ddng y dung lam mau phan tich dugc lay theo bai thudc dang dugc sir dung tai cac co sd ddng y Cac mat nghien ciru dugc tong hgp (T bang 2

Banu 2: Bang thdng tin lay mau STT

Hoai son Hiing chanh Mach ddng Dinh lang Kinh giai Cau k\ tu

Phan sir dung

Cu

Cu

Cu

Cu L^

Cu Than, La Than La Qua

Ngay lay mau 1/3/2008

1/3/2008 1/3/2008 15/2/2008 10/3/2008 12/1/2008 1/4/2008 1/4/2008 15/1/2008

Ma hoang Thdng thao Chua ho cd dam Chua mat sua Tri tieu duong Chua cam Chua suy sinh due Nghe

Huyen sam Dinh lang Bach qua Thdng thao YdT

Bac ha

Bd cdng anh Sii quan tu Kinh giai Nhan tran Chua mun nhgt Chua bi tieu

Phan su dung Hat

Qua Qua Than Than Thang thudc Thang thudc Thang thudc rhang thudc

1 hang thudc

Cu

Cu

Re, cii Qua Than Hat

La Than, la Qua, hat Than, la Than, la Thang thudc Thang thudc

Ngay lay mau 15/1/2008

15/1/2008 1/4/2008 1/4/2008 1/4/2008 10/1/2008 10/1/2008 12/1/2008 12/1/2008 12/1/2008 1/3/2008 1/3/2008 12/5/2008 1/4/2008 12/5/2008 12/5/2008 12/5/2008 12/5/2008 12/5/2008 11/3/2008 11/3/2008 11/3/2008

11/3/2008

1

1

HD.24

HD.25

Ten dugc lieu Chiia cam

Chira mat sira

Chua suy sinh due

Phan su dung Ngay lay mau Thang thudc 11/3/2008 Thang thudc

Thang thudc

11/3/2008 11/3/2008 Dudi day la thanh phan mgt sd bai thudc da dugc chiing tdi sir dung da phan tich

Mau HN.21 Bai thuoc chira ho cd dom:

Triic nhu Cam thao day Sinh khuong

:12g :8g :4g

M a u H N 2 2 Bai thudc chua mat sun

V i r o i i g bat luu hanh : I d g

Hach dinh huoiig

Bach cutrim tam

4g ('g

Ihien hoa phan

Lau Id Xuyen scrn giap

24g 16g lOg

M a n H ^ 2 3 Bai Ihudc chfia tiOu duong

;9g :9g :6g

Bach truat

sai hd

Duong quy Thang ma Mdc thdng

9g

lOg

9g

12g 12g

M a n MN.24 Hai tluioc chua cam

Kinh moi :6g Phong phong :6g

Sai hd :6g Tian hd :8g

Cat canh :4g Hanh nhan :12g

Chi xac :6g Thanh bi :6g

Tran bi :6g Phuc linh :6g

Sinh khuong :2 lat

Mau HN25 Bai thuoc chua suy sinh due

Thuc dja :15g Nhuc thung dung :12g

Son thii nhuc : 15g Tao nhan (sao) : 12g

Toa duong :12g Thd ty tii" :12g

Son dugc : 15g La dam duong hoac :30g

Thian mdn :9g Phuc linh :l2g

Ba kich nhuc :12g Ldc nhung :6g

Cau ky :15g Bach nhan sam :12g

Cam thao :9g

Tat ca tan bdt, trgn mat lam hoan 9g Ngay udng 3 lan, mdi lan mgt vian

Miu HD21 Bai thuoc chua mun nhot

Kinh gidi Cat canh Ngan hoa

Bd cdng anh

:8g :16g :12g :12g

M3u HI).22 Bai thudc chua bi tieu

Thuc dia :6g Son dugc : 12g

Sinh Dia :6g Phuc linh

Son thu nhuc :10g Trach ta

Mlu dan bi :10g Cau ky tu

Ciic Hoa :6g Duomg quy

Bach thuge :10g

lOg lOg lOg lOg

IV15u HD.23 Bai thuoc chua cam

Phdng phong Tien hd

Lian kieu 1hanh bi Phuc linh :6 lat Bac ha

:6g :8g :8g :6g :6g : 3 g Mau III).24 Bai (hudc chua mat sua

Vuong bat luu hanh : Idg Hoang ky ^ lOg Ihdng thao

YdT

6g Duong qu\ Og 20g Xu\en son giap : lOg M3u lll).25 Bai thudc chua su\ sinh due

Do trong

Bach truat Thd t\ tir Nhuc que b Duong qu\

DiTTi sam

:l2g :12g 2g

I2^

;I5

Bach linh

Cam thao

Ldc nhung

15g 3g 3g

Dang sam :12g Dam duong hoac:5g

Chi chu:

+ Mau CO ki hieu bat dau bang HN la mau lay tai Ha noi, HD la mdu Idy tai Ha Dong

' ' /

+ Cdc bdi thuoc chU'a benh duac lay theo cdc dan thuoc dang dugc su dung a cdc

CO sa dongy dugc nghien cuu

2.2.2 Mau dat trdng cay thuoc:

- Dia diem lay mdu : Mau dat dugc lay d 2 dia diam

Dia diem A: manh vudn hinh chu' nhat, trdng cay Nguu tat Dia lian ; Tam that ;

Bach chi ; Nghe ; Ha thii d; Phuc linh ; Thdng thao ; Cam thao; Long nao tai thdn Thiet lYii, xa Binh Minh, huyen Khoai Chau, tinh Hung Yen

Dia diem B : vudn thudc tai Hgp tac xa cay thudc dan tdc- 16 Chiia Bdc, Ha Ndi

(rdng cac loai coy Diep ca Mo tam the ; La Idt ; La don do ; La dinh lang ; cay co thom ; Rau ma ; Xich ddng ; Cd xudc

- Cdch lay mdu :

Mau dat dugc lay theo TCVN 5297-1995 Mdi diem tren dia diam A dugc lay 2 Ian: lan 1 lay dat tran ba mat, diing xeng inox dao dat tran ba mat, lay tran manh vudn khoang 15 mau Mdi vi tri lay khoang 0.2 kg dat mdi loai, cho vao mgt tiii nilon cd mieng kin (da dugc trang bang EDTA sau dd hong khd tu nhian) Mdi tiii la\ khoang 200g dat Ghi rd thdi gian- ngay gid lay mau, vi tri va sd thu* tu cua mau Cung tai nliiTng diem dd diing xeng inox dao sau khoang 30 cm so vdi lop dat be mat (khoang sau cua ra cay thudc) Ciing lay mau nhu lay dat tran ba mat, danh dau vi tri thu tu mau va thdi gian lay mau Mau dat lay d dia didm B la mau dat be mat each la\ mau luong tu nhu dia diem A.So dd lay mau tai 2 dia diem dugc the hien o cac hinh: 5, 6

Sau khi thu dugc mau dat tuoi, dem va phoi khd tu nhien trong vdng khoang 2-3 ngay, nhat cac rac thai trong dat rdi dem nghicMi nho bang cdi sir (da dugc ngam axit 1:1 mgt ngay, trang nude cat 2 Ian roi dem sa\ khd trong tii say) Sau khi nghien nho cho vao tiii nilon sach cd mieng kin da bao quan diing lam mau phan tich.[5J