Chapter 1 - A brief economic history of the United States. After studying this chapter you will be able to understand: How we did we grow from a primarily agriculture nation of 4 million people to an industrial power of 275 million? How the Civil War, World War I, and World War II affected our economy; How our nation was shaped by suburbanization after World War II; what major factors affected our economic growth decade by decade from the 1920s into the new millennium?
Trang 1A Brief Economic History of the
United States
Trang 2• How we did we grow from a primarily
agriculture nation of 4 million people to an industrial power of 275 million?
• What the “new economy” is and how it differs
from the “old economy”
Trang 5• At the start of the American revolution,
America had an almost limitless supply of land
– Nine of ten Americans lived on a farm – One hundred years later, fewer than one in two did – Today, fewer than two in one hundred
• These two feed America and create a huge surplus that helps to feed the rest of the world
• The abundance of land was the most influential
factor in our economic development in the 19th century
– Brought millions of immigrants – Encouraged large families
Trang 6(Continued)
• America’s population
– 1789 4 million– 1812 8 million – 1835 16 million– 1858 32 million– 1915 100 million– 1968 200 million– 2000 275 million
Trang 7(Continued)
• America’s large and growing population
was extremely important as a market for our farmers and manufacturers
– Foreign countries also targeted the American market
– Japan targeted the American market after
WW II
Trang 8• North
– Benefited from high protective tariffs
– Had an economy based on
manufacturing
– Opposed extension of slavery westward
• South
– Had to pay higher prices than they would have paid for British goods
Had an economy based on slave labor (agriculture)
Knew this would be politically untenable
Trang 9• New England, the middleAtlantic states,
and the midwest were poised for major industrial expansion and experienced
significant economic growth
• The South remained primarily an
agriculture region and experienced economic doldrums until the early 1960s
Trang 10– This made it possible to go almost anywhere in the U.S.
by train except in the south (i.e., transcontinental lines bypassed the south)
– This severely retarded its economic development well into the 20 th century
Trang 11the age of the industrial capitalist
– Carnegie (steel)– DuPont (chemicals)– McCormick (farm equipment)– Rockefeller (oil)
Trang 12through WWI
American economic history was largely agricultural
witnessed a shift to manufacturing
• By the end of WW I, agriculture played a
relatively minor role in our economic development
Trang 13– America was primarily an industrial economy
• Fewer than 4 of 10 people lived on farms
• The U.S. was among the world leaders in production of steel, coal, steamships, textiles, apparel, chemicals, and agricultural machinery
– America had a positive trade balance– America exported most of her agricultural surpluses
– America began to export manufactured
Trang 15• American technological progress made
possible the era of mass consumption and higher living standards
Trang 16• The world’s first universal public education system
• Its available entrepreneurial abilities
• The fact that the U.S.
was kept out of harm’s
Trang 18• Actually began and ended with depressions
– Early in 1920 consumers began cutting back on purchases
• They were upset with high prices (problem with inflation)
– The Federal Reserve tightened credit (i.e.,decreased the money supply)
– The Federal Government reduced spending (i.e., cut the budget deficit to zero)
– Retailers curtailed purchases (i.e., wholesale prices dropped 45%)
– The result? A depressed economy!
Trang 19• Started with the August 1929 recession
– Had the stock market not crashed and had the federal government acted more quickly, this might have been a fairly short recession
• The economy hit bottom in March, 1933
– National output was onethird what it was in 1929
– Official unemployment was 25%
– 16 million Americans were out of work
Trang 20• An expansion began in March 1933 and
lasted until May 1937
– Output however did not reach 1929 levels– Seven million people were still unemployed
in 1937– A system similar to today’s workfare (work for your welfare check) was put in place
• About 6 million people were put to work on public works type projects
Trang 21(Continued)
• A lot of credit goes to Franklin D. Roosevelt’s
“New Deal” administration for the 1933 – 1937 expansion
– Banks were reopened – The Government confiscated America’s gold – The Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) came into being
– The Federal Deposit Insurance Commission (FDIC) was set up
– An unemployment insurance benefit program was started
– The Social Security System was started
Trang 22– This caused
• Industrial production to fall by 30%
• Five million more people to be put out of work
Trang 23What Went Right in 193841 ?
• In April, 1938 the Federal Reserve and
the Roosevelt Administration reversed course
Trang 24What Finally Brought the United States Out of the Great
Depression?
• The massive federal government spending
that was needed to prepare for and fight World War II
– This was deficit spending (borrowed money)– In other words the federal budget ran a
deficit
Trang 25• With just 7% of the world’s population
– The U.S. and the Soviet Union were the only
Trang 26(Continued)
• The U. S. spent tens of billions of dollars
to prop up the economies of Western Europe and Japan
– It spent hundreds of billions more for their defense
• Since WW II
• The U.S. has expended 6% of national output on defense
• The Soviet Union expended at least 18%
of national output on defense, which
Trang 27Peacetime Prosperity
• WW II required a total national effort
– It consumed half of the nation’s output – It mobilized 12 million men and women
• Business and workers strived to produce goods of the highest quality possible, believing it a prerequisite to win the
Trang 28Goods and Services
Trang 29The Suburbanization of America after WW II
• The easiest place to build was outside cities
– This required roads and cars – The Federal Government subsidized an interstate highway network along with state freeways, highways, roads, and local streets
Trang 30• One big construction boom
• The automobile industry prospered
– Supplied America’s pent up demand and became the world’s leading exporter of cars
• Birth rates shot up
• Congress passed the G.I. Bill of Rights
(1944)
– Provided loans for home mortgages, business,
Trang 31– Saw the role of the federal government as a major economic player became a permanent one
Trang 32• Johnson enacted a tax cut planned by Kennedy
– The tax cut and the spending on the Vietnam war ended the recession
• The federal budget deficit and the money
supply grew
• Inflation began and lasted until the mid80s
Trang 33– Medicaid– Food stamps
Trang 34Stagflation Decade
– Faced problems of inflation and ending the Vietnam war
– Initiated wage and price controls
Trang 35• The U.S. experienced stagflation
– Economic stagnation + inflation
• Nixon’s successor, Gerald Ford, had little
success in dampening inflation
Trang 36– Inflation rose almost to double digit levels – He faced the Iranian revolution in 1979
• Gasoline prices went through the ceiling
• In October, 1979 the Fed stopped the growth of the money supply
– By January, 1980 the country was in recession
• The inflation rate was 18%
Trang 37• SupplySide economics
– The government should cut tax rates – Consumers would then have
• More incentive to work
• More of their own money to spend and thus
Trang 39• “Read my lips: no new taxes”
– Bush won the election of 1988– Two years later, he agreed to a major tax increase
• Supposedly to reduce the deficit
• But, the deficit continued to rise
– A recession began in early 1992 and ended late in 1992
– Bush failed in his bid for reelection
Trang 40• The Military
– Since the demise of the Soviet Union should the United States have continued to spend
$300 billion or more a year on defense?
• Couldn’t some of these resources be used to lessen some of our many social and economic problems?
Trang 41(Continued)
• Real Wages
– Despite all our economic growth, real wages for most workers today are slightly less than they were in
1973. Why?
• Plant closings and downsizing have done away with millions of wellpaid jobs
• There has been a weakening of labor unions
• There are alternative cheaper workers, which exerts downward pressure on wages
• There is an increasing tendency for business to replace fulltime workers with temporary and parttime employees
• Onethird of the new jobs created since 1991 have
Trang 42• The story is one of vastly expanding
productivity
– 1850 to 1900 output doubled– 1900 to 1947 output doubled – 1947 to 1960 output doubled
In 1820, one farmer fed 4.5 people. Today, one farmer
feeds 100 people.
Trang 43– The U.S. exports more than onethird of its crops
– 35 million Americans make use of food pantries and other food distribution
programs
• In the Great Depression, Americans resorted to
Trang 44• Today’s farmers have to become big to survive!
– The Farm Act of 1996 was supposed to reduce aid payments and eventually phase them out
• Nevertheless, as crop prices sank to 10 and 20year lows in
Trang 45Other Social and Economic Problems
Trang 46(Continued)
• Questions you need to be thinking about
– Will I be able to find a decent job when I graduate?
– Will I be able to live as well as my parents?
• Or will I have to live with my parents?
– Will I be able to collect Social Security benefits?
Trang 47– No medical insurance – Note that 45 million Americans have no medical insurance
Trang 48• America is hemorrhaging millions of
wellpaid blue collar jobs
• America’s educational system turns out
one million functional illiterates every year
Trang 52“We’ve never been better off, but can America keep the
party going?”
Jonathan Alter, Newsweek, February 7, 2000