Bài viết nghiên cứu tình hình Phi-líp-pin và toàn cầu hoá lần đầu tiên thông qua nội thương, ngoại thương, kinh tế, xã hội và cả những chính sách ngoại giao, hợp tác kinh tế của Phi-líp-pin thời bấy giờ. Để nắm chi tiết nội dung nghiên cứu mời các bạn cùng tham khảo bài viết.
Trang 1PHI Lip PIN VA TOAN CAU HOA LAN DAU TIEN
ARTURO GIRALDEZ'
Nam 1615 Cervantes cho xua't ban
phan II cud'n Don Ki-ho-te De La
Mancha va trong Idi tQa danh tang cho Ba
tudc Le-md't dng da viet:
"NgUdi da the hien sQ mong moi Ngai
nhat chinh la vi hoang de vi dai cua Trung
Hoa, bdi vi each day mdt thang, dng ta da
viet cho tdi mgt bQc thu b i n g tieng Trung
Hoa va phai mgt ngUdi dUa thU mang tdi
yeu cau tdi, ndi dung hdn la cau khan tdi
gUi cho Ngai vi dng ta muo'n thanh lap mdt
trUdng hgc ma d dd ngUdi ta dgc bang tie'ng
Tay Ban Nha va mud'n rang cudn sach ma
ngUdi ta dgc se la cud'n truygn ve Ddn
Ki-hd-te
Y tudng cua Cervantes sii dung cud'n
Ki-hd-te lam sach giao khoa da dUdc thiic hien
tai cac trUdng ndi tieng Tay Ban Nha Cac
giao vien chau Au da cd cud'n Lich sit
nhdng dieu ddng lUu y nhdt, cac nghi le va
tap quan ciia Dai Vudng qud'c Trung hoa
cua J u a n Gonzalez de Mendoza xuat ban
nam 1585 va cho tdi cud'i the ky dd da dUdc
dich ra ba mUdi ngdn ngQ chau Au NhQng
sach tham khao nay va van hgc da chi ra
r i n g vao the ky XVI nhQng ngUdi chau Au
da y thQc mgt each rat nhay ben tam quan
trgng cua Trung Hoa trong dia kinh te ciia,
thdi ky dd
Trudc the ky XVI, vao thdi Trung cd -khi ngUdi ta cdn chUa biet de'n viec budn ban ciia De qud'c La-ma vdi An Do thi Trung hoa va chau A ndi chung da hien dien d chau Au khi de che Mdng Co thie't lap quyen kiem soat Con dUdng td lua Vi
du, nam 1246, sQ gia cua Giao hoang Juan
de Piano Carpini da tdi trieu dinh Mdng cd
va nam 1253, cha William de Rubruck da dudc cii lam Dai sQ ciia vua Phap trUdc chau ciia Thanh Cat Tu Han de thanh lap mdt lien minh cho'ng lai ke thu chung Hdi giao Tuy nhien, IQ khach dUdc biet den nhieu nha't thdi Trung cd chinh la Marco Polo, ngQdi ma cau chuyen ve chuyen di vdng quanh Trai dat ciia ong vao cud'i the
ky XIII theo cac tuyen thUdng mai Au-A da trd thanh ngudn cam hQng cho khat vgng cua Cristobal Coldn
Cac tuyen dUdng bg va dUdng thiiy cua chau Phi, chau A va chau Au la ndi lUu thdng hang hda, kie'n thQc va y tUdng Ngoai ra, chung cdn la con dudng quan trgng de trao ddi thUc vat, dgng vat va
m I m benh Cac mdi quan he qua lai nay sau hang the ky da tao ra mot thUc the vi khuan lam cho cU dan cl ca ba chau luc cd dUdc sQc de khang m i l n dich vdi mgt sd benh Tren thiic te, vao cuo'i thdi Trung cd,
d chau Au da xay ra "tran dich Den", hSu
• GS TrUdng Qud'c te hgc - Dai hgc Thai Binh Dudng (California-Hoa Ky)
Trang 2Phi-lip-pin va toan cau hoa lan dau tien 55
qua cua sU lan truyen vi khuan theo cac
con dudng Au-A Sd ngUdi chet qua nhieu
vao the ky XIV da gay ra nhQng hau qua
dia chfnh tri rat quan trgng bdi vi ngUdi ta
chd la nd danh da'u cham het cho De qud'c
Mdng Cd, thiet lap trieu nha Minh d Trung
Hoa va la cd hdi dia chfnh tri de cung cd'cac
nha nUdc ma cac de qud'c chau Au da thanh
lap Rd rang r i n g viec nhQng ngUdi Bd Dao
Nha den An Do Dudng va Thai Binh DUdng
lap nen cen dUdng Mui Hao Vgng va dat
nen tang cho cac de qudc tUdng lai la Bd
Dao Nha, Ha Lan va Ajih NhUng nhQng
ngUdi mdi den da gap nhQng nen kinh te
cdn hung manh hdn ca cac nen kinh te
chau Au va hg da tham gia vao mang lUdi
trao ddi thudng mai dUdc thiet lap trong
nhieu the ky ma trong dd hg da khdng thUc
hien dudc vai trd ba chu cho den tan the ky
XIX
Mgt bien ddi Idn trong lich sQ nhan loai
(Citar Crosby va Pleistocene) la viec Coldn
den dUdc chau My va nhanh chdng chinh
phuc Me-hi-cd va de che Inca Vice chinh
phuc chau My la ket qua cua hai yeu td cd
ban: thQ n h a t la cudc each mang quan sU
dUdc b i t d i u tQ cudc chien tranh Granada
chd'ng lai nhQng ngQdi Hdi giao va quan
trgng hdn nQa la cai ggi la "sU trao ddi cua
Co-long" NhQng can benh ma nhQng ngUdi
Tay Ban Nha va chau Phi mang tdi The
gidi Mdi (chau My) da gay ra nhQng hau
qua vd cung tan khd'c cho cac de che
At-te-ca (]VIe-hi-cd) va InAt-te-ca (Pe-ru) TrUdng hdp
cua Me-hi-cd, benh dau mua da lan rdng
trong quan linh bad ve Tenochtitlan va da
lam tan tanh sU chd'ng cU cua quan
At-te-ca trudc At-te-cac ddi quan cua Hernan Cortes
Khi Francisco Pizarro b i t sd'ng Hoang de
cua Inca la Atahualpa thi Pe-ru da chiu
nhQng tran dich b i t ngudn tQ sQ hien dien
cua nhQng ngUdi di chinh phuc Mdt sd Idn
dan da dd chet sau dd la hau qua cua mdi quan he qua lai giQa cac benh tat mdi va cu sdc do sU pha huy cua nen kinh te va cac td chQc xa hgi ciia thd dan
Ngoai benh tat, nhQng ngudi di chinh phuc cdn mang den chau My cac loai dgng vat va thilc vat mdi Se khdng the hieu ndi sii tie'n hda cua lich sQ chau My neu nhU khdng cd ngUa, bd, cQu, mia dudng, bdng vai, lua my, cay cd mui va rat nhieu cac
loai khac Su "trao ddi cua Cd-ldng" da cd
the thUc hien vi tQ nam 711, ban dao Iberia
da dUdc phUdng Tay ggi la sU "trao ddi ciia cdc Abasidas" (vUdng trieu Hdi giao) ma
nhieu the ky sau dd da tie'p tuc xuyen qua Dai Tay Dudng va chuyen di dau tien vdng quanh the gidi xuyen qua Thai Binh Dudng
vdi sU "trao ddi ciia Magallanes" Ddng thdi
vdi cac loai dgng, thUc vat va vi sinh vat mdi den chau My, cac gid'ng cua chau My nhu khoai lang, ngd, lac, khoai tay, ca cao,
dt cay, thud'c la va rat nhieu san pham khac da anh hudng mdt each cd ban den dan cU cua chau Phi, chau A va chau Au Tiep theo sU chinh phuc chau My, the gidi tiep tuc thay ddi thdng qua viec budn ban cac kim loai quy cua chau My Cu the
la, bac cua Me-hi-cd va Pe-ru: trong nhQng nam tQ 1500 den 1800, chau My san xuat khoang 80% bac cua the gidi Cung nhU Co-long va cac nha di bien sau nay, hg da sii dung cac kien thQc cdng nghe va dia ly dUdc tich luy trong nghe danh ca va di bien cua vung Dia Trung Hai va Dai Tay DUdng Tay Ban Nha cQng da tiep thu dUdc cdng nghe tu cac me bac ciia DQc va cac vung md khac cua Trung Au, cu the la khai thae kim loai quy thdng qua viec pha trdn vdi thuy ngan Rat may cho de che Tay Ban Nha la cac md'thuy ngan cd trQ lUdng Idn nhat the gidi lai n i m d Huancavehca (Pe-ru) va Almaden (Tay Ban Nha) Ngeai ra cac vua
Trang 356 Rghien cmi Lich sit s612.2009
Tay Ban Nha cdn dudc khai thae md Idria
n i m tren vung dat thugc Ao (nay thudc
Slovenia) Trong cac the ky XVI, XVII va
XVIII, de che Tay Ban Nha da tQng la nha
san xuat bac Idn tren the gidi Theo nha sii
hgc Carlo Cipolla:
TrQ cac trao ddi giQa Me-hi-cd va
Phi-lip-pin, thUdng mai the gidi trong the ky
XVI va XVII cd the ta mgt each tdm tat nhu
sau: mgt lUdng bac Idn dUdc due thanh tien
xu hoac thdi dUdc chuyen tQ Me-hi-cd va
Pe-ru ve Tay Ban Nha va tQ dd tda di cac
nUdc chau Au TQ chau Au, phan Idn so'bac
nay lai dich chuyen sang phUdng Ddng de
rdi n i m lai d An Do va Trung Hoa Theo
chieu ngUdc lai, mdt lUdng cac san pham
ciia chau Au dUdc chuyen sang chau My
Su xua't hien tQ the ky XVI ciia mgt thi
trUdng toan cau ve hang hda tien te (vang,
bac, ddng va cauri (nhQng manh vd dc dung
lam tien te)) da ve nen mgt tUdng lai day y
nghia ve sii trdi day ciia xa hgi toan cau
Trong khi cac cauri ciia Maldivas dUdc chd
tdi Lisbon va Luan Ddn, ddng ciia Nhat
Ban lai canh tranh vdi ddng Thuy Dien tai
Am-xtec-dam NhUng kim loai chii chdt
trong cac he thd'ng tien te thdi hien dai lai
la bac Nha Minh la de che can nhieu bac
nha't tren thi trUdng the gidi Ly do Trung
Hoa phai dat he thd'ng tien te cua minh
tren cd sd la bac la %•! sU sup dd ddng tien
giay ciia nha Minh vao giQa the ky XV, tiep
theo viec ap dung kieu thud dUdc ggi la
"nhat roi duy nhat", trong dd thue dUdc
Cling cd' b i n g each ddng mgt l i n duy nhat
va phai nop b i n g bac t r i n g CQ cho r i n g
Trung Hoa chiem 1/4 dan so' the gidi vao
the ky XVI (hdn 100.000.000 ngUdi) thi cai
ggi la "the'ky cda bgc" theo Idi cua Richard
Von Glahn, da cd nhQng anh hudng Idn
tren pham vi tean cau Duarte Gomes de
Solis, mgt thudng gia ngUdi Bd Dao Nha da
viet vao giQa the ky XVII rang: "Trung Hoa, ndi ngUdi ta xudt bgc sang nhieu nhdt
vi bgc d day cao gid nhdt, bgc chay ve dd nhu ve trung tdm cua minh bdi vi tdt cd bgc tren trdi dd't deu hdnh hUctng ve day" Sii
chenh lech ve gia tri ciia bac tai chau Au va Trung Hoa da k h i n g dinh dieu dd TQ nam
1592 den giQa the ky XVII vang da dUdc trao ddi b i n g bac d Quang Ddng theo ty le 1/5,5, trong khi dd tai Tay Ban Nha ty le la 1/12,5-hoac 1/14 "dieu dd chQng minh r i n g gia tri cua bac d Trung Hoa cao gap ddi so vdi d Tay Ban Nha"
Trdng mang ludi trao ddi toan cau nay, Phi-lip-pin da trd t h a n h c i u nd'i triic tiep giQa nha Minh va cac nUdc thugc dia ciia Tay Ban Nha d chau My Viec thanh lap Manila nam 1571 la sii khdi dau ciia giai doan dau tien cua nen kinh te toan cau, dieu ma ngay nay chung ta ggi la toan cau hda Phi-lip-pin da tham gia mgt each tfch cUc vao dudng day kinh te chau A khi nhQng ngQdi Tay Ban Nha dat chan den Hang xuat khau cua hg chii yeu la cac san pham tQ rQng va dai dUdng Ddi lai, nhQng ngudi Phi-lfp-pin nhap cac san pham cua Nhat Ban va Trung Hoa Thdng qua nhQng ngUdi Bd Dao Nha, hg n h a n dUdc cac san pham ciia An-Dg va budn ban vdi Molucas (Indonesia), nhQng hdn dao ndi tie'ng ve san xua't gia vi TQ the ky XV da tdn tai mdt quan he mau dich cdn vUdt ra ngoai gidi han dia ly cua cac q u i n dao dang ngay cang phu thugc vao eac thang t r i m cua thi trUdng the gidi va la ket qua cua cac moi quan he vdi cac cdng ddng Trung Hoa va Hdi giao nhap cQ tai cac vung ven bien Viec dua Phi-lip-pin vao trong he thdng thue thUdng mai Trung Hoa, nghia la trong cac quan he ngoai giao va thUdng mai doi vdi nha Minh, da dien ra ngay sau cac eugc tham hiem ciia dd dd'c Zheng-He ndi tie'ng
Trang 4Phi-lip-pin va toan cau hoa lan dau tien 57
vao d i u the ky XV Chuyen di cud'i cung
cua cac sQ gia Phi-lip-pin tdi Bac Kinh la
vao nS.m 1424, theo cac tai lieu cua Trung
Hoa Nam 1565, Miguel Ldpez de Legazpi
da khdng phdng dai khi trong ban tdu thii
nhat giii vua Felipe II da k h i n g dinh rang:
"chung tdi da den sat cUa va lan can vdi cac
vUdng qud'c may man nhat tren the gidi
nay"
Cac thudng gia Hdi giao, dUdc ngUdi Tay
Ban Nha ggi la Moras, da ddng vai trd
chinh yeu cho nen kinh te cua q u i n did
Phi-lip-pin Cung theo ban tdu nay, thdng
tin thudng mai cd dUdc la tQ nhQng thUdng
gia nay Thee hg, nhQng ngQdi Trung Hoa
va ngUdi Nhat Ban da mang hang hda tdi
cac dao Luzdn va Vindoro va nhQng ngQdi
Hdi giao da phan phd'i chung di k h i p q u i n
dao Mgt ngUdi Tay Ban Nha da ke mdt
each ti mi ve mgt lai tau ngUdi Hdi giao,
"mgt ngUdi rat kinh nghiem va co nhieu
kien thQc khdng chi ve cac van de lien quan
den quan dao Phi-lip-pin ma cdn ca vdi cac
dao Molucas, Borneo, Malaca, Java, An Do
va Trung Hoa" Su giau cd cua cac thUdng
gia nay va uy tin ngay cang tang cua cac
nghi l i Hdi giao da thuc day qua trinh Hdi
giao hda q u i n dao Francisco de Sande da
viet nam 1576 rang nhQng ngUdi
Phi-Hp-pin "cho r i n g thien dUdng va thanh cdng
trong cdng viec dUdc danh cho nhQng ngUdi
theo tin ngUdng cua nhQng ngQdi Hdi giao
vung Borneo"
Phi-hp-pin da tham gia vao mdt trong
cac dUdng day kinh te quan trgng nhat ciia
Thdi Hien dai, cd nhieu thuan Idi nhd mdt
ngudi Hdi giad da cung cd cac mang ludi
thUdng mai va cac nha san xuat thdng qua
cac md'i quan he van hda va tin ngUdng trai
rgng tQ Ma-rd'c den Trung Hoa William
Henry Scott da ggi mang quan he nay la
"siJ ke't ndi Dia Trung Hdi", cd sd cua nd la
viec budn ban cac gia vi va cac san phim cd
d i u thdm cua Ddng Nam A Hang hda tUdng tu cung dUdc ngudi ta tap trung tai cac cang Malaca va Atjeh de tQ dd chuyen tdi cac bd bien chau Phi, Bien Dd va Vinh Pec-sich de rdi sau dd lai dUdc cac doan xe chd di Alexandria, Beirut, Cairo va Damasco, ndi ma chung se gia nhap vao thUdng mai cua Dia Trung Hai Tai cac tuyen dUdng nay cd sU tham gia cua ca nhQng ngUdi Tay Ban Nha Hdi giao da tQ
bd ban dao Iberia sau cac xung dot tai Al-Andalus va cac cudc chien tranh vdi cac vua Thien Chua giao NhQng dien hinh cua
sQ "phat tan thQdng mai" chinh la nhQng ngQdi biet tieng Tay Ban Nha ma nhQng ngUdi Iberia da gap trong nhQng chuyen di
d i u tien den chau A NgUdi dau tien ma Vasco da Gama da gap khi tdi An Do da ndi vdi dng ta b i n g tieng Tay Ban Nha; sau tran phao kich vao Ormuz, nhQng ngUdi Bd Dao Nha da ke ten mgt ngudi sinh ra tai Granada va nam 1515 da di tren mdt ham ddi tan cdng nhQng ngUdi Bd Dao Nha d Calcuta, hg da gap nhQng ngUdi Hdi giao ndi tie'ng cua Granada va Tuy-ni-di Nam
1521, chuyen tham hiem cua Magallanes
da cd the giao luu b i n g tie'ng Tay Ban Nha vdi hai ngUdi, mdt d Bdrneo va ngUdi kia d Tidore, mgt trong cac hdn dao ciia Molucas Cac cdng ddng ngUdi Dc Thai gdc Iberia
ma dan sd da tang dang ke sau cudc true xua't nam 1492 cung da ddng mdt vai trd quan trgng Cac bQc thQ ciia Ignacio de Loyola viet tQ Cairo da den tay nhQng tu si ddng Ten d An Do trong mgt thang va vao
d i u the ky XVII, Antonio de Morga da quan sat nhQng ngUdi Bd Dao Nha gUi cac thong tin tQ An Do ve chfnh qud'c vdi sU trdng coi cua cac thUdng gia Dd Thai Trong cac the ky XVI va XVII, cung nhU hien nay, thdng tin va canh tranh ngdn ngQ da la
Trang 558 Rghien ciru Lich sii, sd 12.2009
dieu khdng the thieu trong cac quan he
thudng mai va ddi vdi nhQng ngudi thudc
ban dao Iberia nhQng "phat tan thUdng
mai" cd ngudn gdc ban dao Iberia nam dgc
theo cac tuyen thUdng mai da la mgt sU trd
giup quyet dinh cho giao tiep va nhan
thdng tin
Viec dinh cU cua nhQng ngUdi Tay Ban
Nha da lam ngat quang qua trinh bien ddi
Manila thanh mgt thanh phd'-nha nirdc Hdi
giao ma, chac chan se banh trUdng tdi p h i n
cdn lai cua Luzdn va cua q u i n dao Cebu la
hdn dao d i u tien ndi nhQng ngUdi Tay Ban
Nha dinh cU va chiem mdt vi tri chien lUdc
tron tuyen dUdng gia vi tdi cac dao
Molucas Tuy nhien, quyet dinh ciia thd
dan dio Cebu khdng cung cap thUc pham
cho hg va bd rugng khdng cay trdng trong
sudt hai nam da de doa mdt each nghiem
trgng sU sd'ng cdn cua hg Cong ddng nay da
dUdc nhUng ngUdi Hdi giao d Manila cQu va
ban cho hg cac nhu yeu p h i m Theo Scott:
"bat ky thanh cdng nao ma nhQng ngUdi
Tay Ban Nha dUdc thu hUdng trong 50 nam
d i u d Phi-lip-pin deu la nhd cd cdng cua
ngudi Hdi giao" Quyet dinh thanh lap Thu
dd ciia cdng ddng tai Manila d dao Luzdn
cung cd nghia la huy bd ke hoach ban d i u
kiem soat viec budn ban gia vi cua cac dio
Molucas vii tiep tuc cac quan he thUdng
mai da cd trUdc day cua Luzdn vdi Trung
Hca Cac san pham xuat khau cua hai
chuyen tau hang d i u tien trd ve dat chau
My nam 1573, hai nam sau khi Manila
dugc thanh lap, da chQng minh mdt each rd rang b i n chat cua tUdng lai thUdng mai xuyen Thai Binh Dudng
LUdng vai vdc the hien gia quan l o chau
A de vdi tdi hdn nhieu so vdi hang mang den chau My cua cac ham tau Dai Tay Dudng Dd sQ Trung Hoa dUdc danh gia r i t cao vao the ky XVI tdi mQc Vua Felipe II
da sUu tap den 3000 hien vat b i n g sQ, ke
c l tich thu, thdng qua Manila, mdt so'chiec cdc mang mau truyen thd'ng trang va xanh
Id dUdc lam d Jingdezhen, Trung Hoa, mang qud'c huy cua Leon va Castilla (cd the dUdc sad chep tQ mgt ddng tien xu 1 pe-sd) Chi trong thdi gian ngan, nhQng ngUdi Tay Ban Nha da thie't lap dUdc nhQng thay ddi cd b i n trong cac trao ddi thQdng mai cua q u i n did Phi-lip-pin TrUdc tien, hg da cat dQt cac quan he td't dep vdi nhQng ngUdi Hdi giao d Manila, thay the hg trong
bg may quan ly t h a n h phd'va lay di vai trd cac nha phan phd'i hang hda Trung Hoa tai
q u i n dio ciia hg Su thay ddi nay da khdi
d i u cho cuge chien vdi cac thu Iinh Hdi giao phia Nam, nhQng ngUdi tie'p tuc cudc chien cho tdi sau 1898 ThQ hai la hg da dUa vao cac mang ludi thUdng mai dang tdn tai luc
dd nhQng so' lugng Idn kim loai quy Nam
1573, quan Toan quyen d Me-hi-cd da viet cho Vua Felipe II thdng bao ve sQ tdn tai ctia cac md vang tren cac hdn dao nhUng chi ra rang de budn ban vdi Trung Hoa thi chu yeu can cd bac: "thQ dUdc d i n h gia cao hdn bat cQ thQ gi khac" Mgt tu sy ngUdi Bd
448
712
312
22 300
11 300
930
334
Ddn g mac vang Manh lua Quintal (= 46kg) que Viit dung bing sQ Manh vai bdng vdi gia 2 pe-sd vang mdt manh A-rd-ba (- 11,5kg) sap vdi gia 15 pe-sd vang/a-rd-ba A-rd-ba chi bang sdi bong vdi gia tQ 17 den 20 pe-sd vang/ A-rd-ba
Trang 6Phi-lip-pin va toan cau hoa lan dau tien 59
Dao N h a d d n g Agustfn t e n la S e b a s t i a n
M a n r i q u e vdi sU n h a y c a m cao do dd'i vdi
cac sU k i e n k i n h t e da mieu t a thi trUdng
M a n i l a t r o n g n h Q n g n a m 1637 va 1638:
viee d tren nhUng hdn ddo ndy, rdt gdn
Trung Hoa, khdng ed mgt mdi dd't ndo tU
chd ng den chd kia, hdn mgt tram legua (1
legua = 5 572m) , cd rdt nhieu td't cd nhiing
gi md Udc mud'n cua con ngUdi md tdi
nhitng diiu td't dep, gidu ed vd chUa tdng
thdy; nhUng niem hanh phiic ndy khdng the
ndi Id nhd vdo cdc dgc tinh cua hdn ddo
Luzdn, hdn ddo hdm dn nhUng cudc sinh
nd, md cdc md d chdu My dd Idm nen vd giti
chung den Manila dUdi dgng nhUng ddng
re-an, mui cua nd Idm cho nhdng ngUdi
Sangleys (nhdng ngUdi Trung Hoa lai
Md-lai hoac Indonesia) hoac ngUdi Trung Hoa
phdi them khdt tim de'n, md neu nhU cd the
hg sdn sdng xud'ng dia nguc de kiem ke so
hdng mdi dUdc mang de'n, de lay di sd bgc
mong ddi vd de phdi long nhUng ddng
re-an; vd ne'u nhU vdy, hg hay ndi mdt cdu
chdm ngdn bdng tie'ng Tay Ban Nha phdt
dm nggng nghiu: Bgc la mdu
Bac t r i n g ciia T a y B a n N h a da trd
t h a n h d d n g t i e n cho ca v u n g Vai trd chu
yeu c u a b a c , t h e o nhU Idi cua M a g a l h a e s
Godinho t h i T r u n g H o a d a n h a n cac ddng
pe-sd va bac thdi tQ M e - h i - c d va Potosi
N h u n g dieu dd c u n g xay r a vdi p h a n cdn lai
cua Ddng A, vdi n h Q n g n h a b a n h a t t i e u tai
I n d o n e s i a , vf d u , hg thUdng ddi nhQng
ngudi H a l a n , P h a p va A n h t h a n h t o a n
b i n g cac d d n g r e - a n b i n g b a c T h e o Reid:
"nhQng d d n g t i e n T a y B a n N h a n a y t r e n
thiic te da trd t h a n h d d n g t i e n qudc te cua
k h u vuc D d n g N a m A t r o n g nUa d i u cua
t h e ky XVII" Viec t i e p can t r u e tiep vdi bac
Me-hi-cd va P e - r u d a dUdc ngUdi t a cho
r i n g n h Q n g ngQdi T a y B a n N h a da k i e m
dQdc q u a cac c h u y e n t a u h a n g ciia M a n i l a
nhQng k h o a n Idi n h u a n thUdng mai len den 100% va 300%, dieu da l a m cho C h a r l e s R Boxer k h i n g d i n h r i n g : "cd le day la tuye'n dudng m a n g lai Idi n h u a n cad n h a t trong thUdng m a i qud'c te vdi p h u d n g Ddng"
V i i vdc chfnh la h a n g hda chii yeu dUdc
t r a o ddi vdi bac c u a c h a u My N h u c i u
t h u d n g x u y e n cac m a t h a n g nay da kich thich nhQng k h o a n d a u t u cua cac thUdng gia Me-hi-cd va P e - r u T u y e n dudng cua
t a u chd h a n g hQa h e n nhQng k h o a n d i u tQ mdi do chi p h i v a n t a i re hdn va ngQdi t a cd
t h e trd'n dQdc t h u e va cac vu tich t h u nhU ddi k h i da x i y r a vdi bac den tQ Sevilla
N h u n g n h a t la vai vdc c h a u A lai cUc ky
c a n h t r a n h T r o n g m g t bQc t h u giii cho Vua Felipe II, mgt vien chQc Tay Ban N h a da giai thfch cac ly do b u d n b a n : "mgt ngudi vdi 200 ddng r e - a n co t h e s i m cho vd minh
du thQ q u i n ao b i n g l u a T r u n g hoa nhUng vdi 200 pe-sd t h i k h d n g t h e lam nhU vay vdi lua T a y B a n N h a dUdc" Vi vay ma cac
t i n g Idp giau hdn c u n g nhQ thd d a n (bat budc p h a i mac q u i n ao) deu d u n g " v i i vdc cua V i l n Ddng, b d n g cua Luzdn hay cua An
Do va l u a T r u n g Hoa"
NhQng r a o can p h a p ly ap d a t cho cac
c h u y e n t a u h a n g di P h i - l i p - p i n , ngUdc ddi
t h a y , lai gdp p h i n cho nhQng Idi n h u a n phi
t h u d n g cua c h u n g NhQng Idi n h u a n p h a t
s i n h tQ c h e n h lech gia cua bac va b a n h a n g hda cdn dUdc cdng t h e m cac Uu t h e ddc quyen, do t i n h c h a t h a n che ciia t h i trUdng Cac chi p h i v a n t a i , trUc tie'p c u n g nhU gian tiep, c u n g dUdc trd gia mdt each c h i n h thQc Ngoai r a , cac c h u y e n t a u h a n g h i u nhU deu
d u n g n h a n cdng t h d d a n , d u n g gd va sdi cua P h i - h p - p i n Ngoai r a , ddi vdi nhQng ngudi Me-hi-cd va P e - r u , c h u y e n t a u h a n g
da bd s u n g chd m a u dich Dai Tay Dudng mdt cd hdi nQa de iQu t h d n g tien te cua
Trang 760 Rghien curu Lich six, sd 12.2009
minh: "\1 hg c i n tai dau tU nhanh chdng de
cd nhQng Idi nhuan mdi, kha nang nhan
dudc hang cung cap tQ phQdng Ddng ddi vdi
hg la mgt cd hdi tuyet vdi" MQc thue ap
dung thap vi viec gian lan dien ra tren tat
c l ciic hoat dgng ctia day chuyen NhQng
ngudi Trung Hoa ddng gdi lua vdi sd'lUdng
Idn hdn rat nhieu so vdi quy dinh cho mdi
"thung hang", nghia la ddn vi khd'i lUdng
tai cua tau Ve phan minh, cac sy quan va
thuy thu cung phan khdi cdng tac: hg chat
day hang len tau tdi mQc cd the gay nguy
hiem cho sU an toan, hg thao cac khau dai
bac, mang theo it nudc nhat, hg tinh den
lay them nudc mUa trong sudt hanh trinh,
hg cdn keo theo nhQng chiec xudng chd day
hang hda va chat them hang dgc theo hanh
trinh tQ Manila den Embocadero, cQa bien
Cung nhu cac xa hgi khac cua Dong
Nam A, Phi-lip-pin da duy tri dUdc so' dan
ddng dao tap trung d thanh thi do cd thQa
lua gao va nhd vao van tai bien va sdng, re
hdn nhieu so vdi van tai dudng bg, dUdc sQ
dung cho thUdng mai dia phUdng cQng nhu
thUdng mai vdi nUdc ngoai Ddng bang
trung tam cua dao dudc ddng Sdng Ldn tUdi
mat cho hai vu lua mgt nam, cung cap
lUdng thQc cho Manila tQ Lloco, cho
Molucas va Mindanao tu dao Panay tai
xTing Visayas Ngoai ra, trong trUdng hdp
thieu gad, cac vu thu hdach khoai lang cho
phep ngan nan ddi lan rgng trong khi ca
rat nhieu se bd sung dam cho bua an Theo
Idi ctia Morga: " cd rat nhieu ca d bien va
sdng, bad gdm dii loai ca nudc nggt va nUdc
man ma ngUdi ta an hang ngay"
Phi-lip-pm cung la mdt su trd giup
quyet dinh cho thUdng mai thugc dia ve tai
nguyen va nhan lUc Luzdn da cung cap go
chat lUdng cao cho cac xQdng ddng tau, sdi
va vai lam budm va cac loai day cua tau
Cu dan ctia hg la mgt p h i n thuy thii doan
cua cac tau chd hang va ciia cac thuyen be khac, trong luc dd hg van bi lam dung phai lam cac cdng viec cUc nhgc va bat budc phai ban ndng san Tuy nhien nhQng ngQdi Phi-lip-pin cung da tham gia vao thQdng trudng nhd nhQng kien thQc ve thi trUdng ciia hg va da lam cho nhQng ngUdi Tay Ban Nha p h i i than phuc Nam 1567, Miguel Ldpez de Legazpi da gui cho Vua Felipe II mdt cai can nhu mdt minh chQng cho sU lo lang ve mQc do chinh xac trong cac trao ddi vdi cac t h i n dan tQdng lai: "de DQc Vua cd the thay r i n g nhQng ngUdi nay cUc ky ky ludng can t h a n trong cac quan he ciia minh" Theo Pedro Chirino d ban Tau nam 1600: "hg da va dang la nhQng ngUdi rat thdng minh va khee leo trong ddi xQ, hdp ddng, mua va ban, thuc dung cho bat ky mgt trang trai nao, cho ddng rugng va chan nudi ciia cac trang trai dd va ngUdi ta phai ngac nhien ve do chfnh xac ciia hg trong cac giao dich budn ban ke ca vao ban dem
va ngay sau khi vQa ud'ng rUdu: "neu nhU
de nghi hg mua hay ban thQ gi dd, hg khdng chi khdng lung tung trong giai quye't
ma cdn p h i i can vang hay bac de tfnh tien
(rat phd bien d cac nUdc nay va \n vay mdi
ngUdi deu mang theo qua can trong tui) va
hg can het sQc can than, tay khdng he run
va cung he sai lech chut nao"
NhQng ngUdi Tay Ban Nha tap trung d
vi trf chien lUdc chd thudng mai NTiQng
\'iang dat rgng cua q u i n dao n i m ngoai tam kiem soat cua cac vien chQc va cac nha truyen dao Tay Ban Nha, dac biet la vung Mindanao va cac \Ting nui TQ Mindanao
va Zulu, cac thu linh Hdi giao gay rdi cac vung lanh thd n i m dudi quyen cai tri ciia ngudi Tay Ban Nha Cung nhU vay nhQng ngUdi dUdc ggi la "Igorrotes" thugc day nui phia b i c cua Luzdn, Phi-lip-pin, da chan dQng dudc nhQng ngUdi Tay Ban NTia, du
Trang 8Phi-lip-pin va toan cau hda lan dau tien 61
r i n g hg da b i e t ve n h Q n g md v a n g d dd: "
t a u h a n g r a t khd k h a n mdi den dUdc,
k h d n g h e cd b a o trUdc" Cd nhQng k h i n g
d i n h ve sU t d n t a i c u a cac md d nhQng ndi
k h a c t r e n cac d i o : d a n b i n dia cd r a t n h i e u
v a n g m a t h e o M o r g a : "mdt ngudi p h a i r a t
ngheo va khd'n k h d mdi k h d n g cd day
c h u y e n , v d n g deo t a y va k h u y e n t a i b i n g
vang" P e d r o C h i r i n o , m g t cd dao ddng
Gie-su c u n g da de cap d e n dieu dd khi ndi ve
nhQng ngUdi P h i - l f p - p i n nhU: "NhQng
ngQdi, m a c du ndi c h u n g k h d n g p h a i giau
lam, n h u n g hg dQng q u a n ao b i n g lua va
bdng va m a n g cac dd v a t b i n g v a n g , k h d n g
chi cac m a n h t r a n g trf va k h u y d q u i n ao
ma cdn cd cac day c h u y e n r a t dep, cac
k h u y e n tai, n h a n , deo d i y cd, day tai, tay
va c h a n , d a n dng c u n g n h u d a n ba" Vao
cudi t h e k y XVII, t o a n q u y e n P h i - l i p - p i n da
t i n h gia t r i s i n x u a t dia phUdng va, theo
t h d n g t i n c u a G e m e l l i C a r r e r i , k h o a n g gan
200.000 pe-sd m a n h u n g ngUdi b a n xii da
k h a i t h a e m a " k h d n g c i n den l u a hoac t h u y
ngan" N h Q n g ngUdi P h i - l f p - p i n da d u n g so'
v a n g n a y de b u d n b a n vdi nhQng ngudi
ngdai qud'c
NhQng ngUdi d a n m i e n n u i cd q u a n he
thUdng m a i tUdng trUng vdi nhQng ngUdi
Phi-lfp-pin d dudi xudi t h d n g q u a viec b a n
vang, s a p va cac s a n p h a m k h a c cua rQng
Antdnid de M o r g a da n h a n m a n h : mac du
hg k h d n g t i n h che v a n g mdt each h o a n
t o a n , c u n g k h d n g l a m h o a n c h i n h , hg da
m a n g c h u n g d e n m d t sd ndi d Llocos de ddi
lay gao, ldn, t r a u , c h a n va cac thQ c i n d u n g
khac N h Q n g n g u d i d Llocos t i n h che h o a n
toan v a n g va dUa c h u n g p h a n phdi t r e n
k h i p t r a i d a t N h Q n g ngUdi P h i - l i p - p i n
k h a c cQng xQ ly v a n g nhUng t r a n h dUa
t h d n g t i n ve n h Q n g ndi cd md v a n g vi sd
r i n g n h Q n g ngUdi T a y B a n N h a se chiem
h e t v a n g "Hg ndi r i n g v a n g n i m d dudi d a t
chac c h i n hdn la d n h a cua hg" Hg chi lay lUdng viing tdi t h i e u c i n t h i e t de m u a h a n g hoac ddng t h u e , gay r a nhQng Idi chi trich cua cac vien chQc va c h a dao ve "sU vd cam
t u n h i e n " cua hg, dieu mil phd vUdng d M e -hi-cd da t h a n p h i e n t r o n g t h u giii cho Felipe II n a m 1573 r i n g : "thd dan chi
k h i n g d i n h r a n g k h i n a o hg c i n v a n g thi cac md d g i n thdi" Chi'nh q u y e n cung da lam mdt c h u t de cai t h i e n t i n h t r a n g d cac
md, mgt p h a n la vi t a p t r u n g vao cac md la
sU bQ d i p r i e n g cho thUdng mai, nhU cha Francisco Colin h a y Antonio de Morga da
de x u a t N h u vay, vao giQa t h e ky XVII da
cd nhQng c h i n h sach kich thi'ch t h u e q u a n
va "ngUdi t a da giam t h u e d a n h vao v a n g tdi "20 h a y 15%" n h u n g rdi da t h a t bai, theo mdt n h a t r u y e n dao", "vi khdng biet each liim t a n g t i n h t h a m l a m cua thd dan"
T r e n thUc te', k h i nhQng ngQdi Tay Ban
N h a den dUdc cac md M a s b a t e d Visayas -nhQng hdn dao cd n h i e u v a n g n h a t - thi
d a n b a n dia da bd r a di h e t rdi
Ngoai b u d n b a n b a n g bac va viing (ma
p h a n r a t ldn la s a n g A n Do), nhQng ngQdi
P h i - l i p - p i n da tiep tuc x u a t k h a u cac s a n
p h a m t r u y e n thd'ng cua m i n h Hg x u a t vd
dc ( C y p r a e a m o n e t a ) s a n g cac nUdc Ddng
N a m A n h u Xiem, C a m - p u - c h i a va M a l a s i a
de d u n g lam tien "nhU d T a n Tay Ban N h a vdi cac h a t cacad" t h e o sU g i i i thfch cua Morga Benito L e g a r d a da chi r a r a n g da cd cac q u a n h e vdi C a m - p u - c h i a tQ n a m 1594, vdi Ddng dUdng n a m 1596 va vdi nUdc Xiem
n a m 1599; "nhUng viec b u d n b a n nay chUa bao gid ldn hoac t h a t deu dan" CQng cd t h e ndi n h u vay vdi An Do N a m 1644 con t a u
Seahorse da tdi M a n i l a t h e o l e n h cua British East India Company (Cdng ty Ddng
An Anh) chd mdt c h u y e n bdng va da md
d i u cho mgt m a u dich h a n che vii p h a n t a n giQa An Do va P h i - l i p - p i n b a t d i u t a n g
Trang 962 Rghien ciru Lich sit sd 12.2009
trUdng tQ nam 1674 nhQng chUa bao gid trd
thanh quan trgng vi cac tau chau Au bi
cam vao Manila va chi dUdc vao khi mang
cd A chau nhu dii xiy ra vdi 4 con tau cua
Elihu Yale, ngUdi ma ten dii dUdc dat cho
mdt trUdng Dai hgc cd uy tin ciia My
Vdi Nhat Ban thUdng mai cd manh me
hdn mac du sdm bi ngat quang Thee Pedre
Chirind, Phi-lip-pin da xuat khau da hUdu,
rUdu cg vii ngudi ta cdn biet de'n mgt so' vd
cd mciu nau, khdng rd ngudn gd'c mil Nhat
ban dung de bao q u i n tra, da dUdc ban vdi
gia rat cao Phi-lip-pin cQng nhap lua mi,
bdt nghien, cac kim loai, ni-trat kali, vu
khi vii bac ma theo bao cao ciia Juan
Pacheco Maldonado vao khoang nam 1575,
ngitdi ta ddi b i n g viing Gang Manila dii la
ndi nhQng ngudi Nhat Ban mua viing va
ban hiing hda, vii cung la ndi hg ddi bac lay
lua Trung Hoa Dieu nay da gay ra sU p h i n
ddi tu phia Macao vi lo sd r i n g dieu dd se
liim ha gia lua d Nagasaki Tong cdng,
trong nhQng nam 1586 de'n nam 1635 da cd
khoang 95 tiiu Nhat Ban den Phi-lfp-pin,
nhUng tQ dd viec kiem soiit thUdng mai dd
Tokugawa thiet liip da liim tan vd sQ trao
ddi
Budn ban nd le lii mgt hinh thQc khac ma
Phi-lip-pin dii dQa viao thUdng mai the gidi
NhQng ngQdi Bd Dao Nha da ban nd le chau
Phi, nhQng ke ngoai dao cua Nam Phi va
nhQng ngUdi Ghi-ne Tai Acapulco ngUdi ta
cung da ban cac nd le dugc chd tren tau
hang vdi giii ma ngUdi ta dat ra nam 1626 la
500 pe-sd/nd le Sd'lUdng nd le cung dang kd;
ddi vdi nhQng ngUdi da den vii da nau
chuyen ddi, nhii thd Manila dii thanh lap
Gido xU cua nhUng ngUdi da ndu tU do vd
nhUng ngUdi no le, treng khi nhQng giad dan
ddng Ten da td chQc cho hg 6 hgi ai hQu
Sii hien dien cua Tay Ban Nha da lam cho so' ngUdi ngoai qud'c den Phi-lfp-pin tiing them NgUdi ta d i n thanh lap cac cdng ddng Ddng Nam A, den tQ Hdi An, Phnom-penh va A-yut-tha-ya NhUng cdng ddng chfnh van la ngUdi Hoa, chii yeu den
tQ Fujian Cung vdi thUdng mai dudng bien, hg d i n nam giQ vai trd phan phd'i ndng s i n va thiiy san tdi mQc ma tap doan Tiiy Ban Nha p h i i phu thugc vao cdng viec cua hg, nhu thay ddng Domingo Salazar da phai cdng n h a n vao nam 1590 khi chQng minh cho Vua Felipe II rang nhQng ngQdi thd thu cdng Tay Ban Nha khdng cdn lam viec nQa: "cac nghe cd khi cua nhQng ngUdi Tay Ban Nha da dQng cl rdi" Thay ddng nay da ta chi tiet va dam bao r i n g nhQng ngudi Hoa dii dam nhiem viec xay dQng nhii cUa, ke ea nen cdng nghiep lam ngdi va gach; hg giQ khau nhap khau bdt my tQ Trung Hoa vii liim biinh my, ngoiii ra cdn cung cap ban chiu: "hg vd cung phu hdp, khi mdt ngUdi khdng cd tien de tra tien banh my che hg, hg cho chiu va rat nhieu binh linh da an chiu n h u vay c l nam trdi" Ong ta cdn ndi them: "Va dieu ldn nhat duy tri cho thanh phd' niiy la ca ma nhQng ngUdi Hda nay mang den ban", dng cung dam bao, sau nay Chirine vii nhQng ngUdi khac cung dii lap lai r i n g : "thanh phd dUdc cung cap d i y du nhu lii d Madrid hay Salamanca"
NgUdi ta da giai quyet cac xung dot thudng ky vdi cdng ddng ngUdi Hoa mdt each nhanh chdng nhd sU quan tam cua ca hai phfa de cung quay lai mdi quan he cdng sinh Mdi cudc ndi day cua nhQng ngUdi Hoa nay (1603, 1639, 1662 va 1686) deu keo theo sau dd mdt thdi ky suy thdai kinh
te tUdng dd'i n g i n n h u da xay ra vao nam
1603, mac du da tan sat h i u nhu hoan toan
Trang 10Phi-lip-pin va toan cau hda lan dau tien 63
nhung chi sau dd hai nam, nam 1605 da lai
cd 8500 ngudi Hoa d Manila va lan can
ThQ da nudi nhQng ngUdi Tay Ban Nha
d Phi-lip-pin chinh la viec budn ban cua
cac chuyen tiiu hang Cac du an chinh phuc
Trung Hoa va cac chuyen tham hiem sang
Cam-pu-chia va Thai Lan da khdng dat
dUdc chut ket qua nao Viec chiem ddng
Formosa (Dai Loan) tQ nam 1626 den 1642
chi mang muc dfch bao ve cac tuye'n dudng
chd cdi den Manila, canh khu dinh cU ciia
ngUdi Ha Lan mil hg da bd di
Cac thUdng nhan Manila vdi sU tiii trd
cua ngUdi Hda vii Nha thd, ddng vai trd
nhu nhQng cdng ty b i o hiem hang hai va
trong nhieu trudng hdp chinh cac thUdng
gia Me-hi-cd vii Pe-ru da cu ngudi ciia
minh den de true tiep mua hang tai dd
NhUng h i u nhu khdng cd tai lieu tU nhan
nao ve cac thUdng gia vii sU mieu ta cua cac
phdng sU chi la chung chung, vi vay mil rat
dang neu la trudng hdp cua mgt ngUdi Kitd
Mdi, Diogo Fernandes Vitoria d Manila tQ
nam 1580 den 1598, bi tda an di giao
Me-hi-cd tuyen an vii James C Boyajian da
nghien cQu cac boat ddng cua anh ta
Fernandes Vitoria da tQ Manila dau tU
vao Me-hi-cd, Bra-xin va ciic nUdc chau A
Mac du ngudn Idi nhuan chu yen ciia anh
ta la cd tQ bac cua Me-hi-cd, anh ta ddi nd
lay hang Trung Hoa rdi giii sang Pe-ru,
Me-hi-cd vii Ca-ri-be NhQng nhan vien
ngUdi Hda cua anh ta mua lai d cac hdi chd
d Quang Ddng de rdi cac thuyen Nhat Ban
van chuyen chung den Manila Cac nhan
vien thudng tru gUi ve cho anh ta gia vi tQ
cac dao Banda va Ambon thudc Molucas va
cac san pham cua Coromandel, Ceilan,
Mien Dien, Thai Lan vii p h i n cdn lai ciia
quin dao Indonesia tQ Malaca NhQ vay,
khi tich thu tiii san, Tda di giao da tim
thay nhQng khoan tien dUdc gUi tQ cac nha
d i u tu va thudng gia tQ Me-hi-cd, Macao, Malaca va Molucas TQ viec kiem tra tai san cua anh ta ngUdi ta cd the suy ra ngudn gd'c va t i m quan trgng cua cac hang hda mil cac chuyen tau hiing da van chuyen trong nhQng nam dd Nhin vao tam quan trgng ciia Manila, lua thd va vai vdc da chiem tdi 89% so' tai san, sau dd tdi vang, gia vi, nd le, hdng nggc va kim cUdng Cac vien hdng nggc va kim cUdng niiy lii mdt hinh thQc chuyen vd'n di xa mdt each tUdng dd'i de dang va kin dao Tuyen Thai Binh DUdng da la con dUdng du phdng cho cac tau Bd Diao Nha de chd kim cUdng sang chau Au mac du tQ giQa the ky XVII, nhQng ngUdi Kitd Mdi da bat d i u sU dung
nhQng con tau cua British East India Company de van chuyen dii quy
Cac till lieu lii;n quan ddn Diogo Fernandez Vitoria da xep Phi-lip-pin vao mdt mang ludi trao ddi hang hda va dau tU rac rdi bao trum mgt phan ldn cua hanh tinh Cac nhdm thUdng gia va "cdng ddng thudng mai Do Thai" cung nhU nhQng ngudi Kitd Mdi, da tham gia vad viec budn ban nd le, dau tU vao thUdng mai chau A va chuyen cac s i n pham sang chau Au Cung cdng tac vdi cac thUdng nhan cua cac hdi qudc gia vii tdn giao khac nhau, cac td chQc cua thUdng gia nay da chgn nhQng tuyen dudng thUdng mai cd Idi nhat va tranh tdi mQc tdi da cac quy dinh cua nha nUdc TQ nam 1620, nhQng ngUdi Kitd Mdi vung Sevilla bat d i u d i u tu vao tau chd hang
chd Manila do cac trac trd vdi Carreira da India ciia Bd Dao Nha TrUdng hdp cua
Antonio Martins d'Orta nam 1629 da nhan tai Sevilla 200.000 cru-za-dd b i n g nggc trai Trung Hoa, hd phach va xa hUdng Ngoai ra, nhQng ngUdi Kitd Mdi d Manila cdn quan he vdi nhQng ngUdi d Macad va
An Do Vao the ky XVII hg chua biet ke