Prepare financial statements from the adjusted trial balance.. The basic terminology includes: event, transaction, account, real accounts, nominal accounts, ledger, journal, posting, tri
Trang 1CHAPTER 3 The Accounting Information System
ASSIGNMENT CLASSIFICATION TABLE (BY TOPIC)
1 Transaction identification 1, 2, 3, 5,
8, 9, 10 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 20 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8,
9, 10, 12
5 Financial statements for
10, 12
7 Financial statements for
merchandising
companies.
8 Comprehensive
*These topics are dealt with in an Appendix to the Chapter.
Trang 21 Understand basic accounting terminology.
2 Explain doubleentry rules.
3 Identify steps in accounting cycle.
4 Record transactions in journals, post to ledger
accounts, and prepare a trial balance. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 1, 2, 3, 4, 17 1, 4, 9, 10
5 Explain the reasons for preparing adjusting
entries and identify major types of adjusting
entries.
3, 4, 5, 6, 7,
8, 9, 10
5, 6, 7, 8,
9, 10, 20 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9,
10, 12
6 Prepare financial statements from the adjusted
10, 12
10, 12
8 Prepare financial statements for a
*9 Differentiate the cash basis of accounting from
*These topics are dealt with in an Appendix to the Chapter.
Trang 3E317 Transactions of a corporation, including investment
Trang 41 Understand basic accounting terminology
2 Explain doubleentry rules
3 Identify steps in the accounting cycle
4 Record transactions in journals, post to ledger accounts, and prepare a trial balance
5 Explain the reasons for preparing adjusting entries and identify major types of adjusting entries
6 Prepare financial statements from the adjusted trial balance
7 Prepare closing entries
8 Prepare financial statements for a merchandising company.
*9 Differentiate the cash basis of accounting from the accrual basis of accounting
*10 Identify adjusting entries that may be reversed
*11 Prepare a 10column worksheet
*12 Compare the accounting information systems under GAAP and IFRS.
Trang 5*Note: All asterisked (*) items relate to material contained in the Appendices to the chapter.
1 Chapter 3 presents a concise yet thorough review of the accounting process. The basic elements of the accounting process are identified and explained, and the way in which these elements are combined in completing the accounting cycle is described
Accounting Information System
2 (L.O. 1) The accounting information system collects and processes transaction data and then disseminates the financial information to interested parties To understand the accounting process, one must be aware of the basic terminology employed in the process. The basic terminology includes: event, transaction, account, real accounts, nominal accounts, ledger, journal, posting, trial balance, adjusting entries, financial statements, and closing entries. These terms refer to the various activities that make
up the accounting cycle.
DoubleEntry Rules
3 (L.O. 2) Doubleentry accounting refers to the process used in recording transactions.
The terms debit and credit are used in the accounting process to indicate the effect
a transaction has on account balances. The debit side of any account is the left side; the right side is the credit side. Assets and expenses are increased by debits and decreased
by credits. Liabilities, stockholders’ equity, and revenues are decreased by debits and increased by credits
4 In a doubleentry system, for every debit there must be a credit and viceversa. This leads
us to the basic accounting equation: Assets = Liabilities + Stockholders’ Equity
The Accounting Cycle
5 (L.O. 3) The first step in the accounting cycle is analysis of transactions and selected other events. The purpose of this analysis is to determine which events represent
transactions that should be recorded
6 Events can be classified as external or internal. External events are those between an
entity and its environment, whereas internal events relate to transactions totally within an entity
Journalizing
7 (L.O. 4) Transactions are initially recorded in a journal, sometimes referred to as the book of original entry. A general journal is merely a chronological listing of transactions
expressed in terms of debits and credits to particular accounts. No distinction is made in
a general journal concerning the type of transaction involved. In addition to a general journal, specialized journals are used to accumulate transactions possessing common
characteristics
Trang 68 The next step in the accounting cycle involves transferring amounts entered in the journal
to the general ledger. The ledger is a book that usually contains a separate page for each
account. Transferring amounts from a journal to the ledger is called posting. Transactions
recorded in a general journal must be posted individually, whereas entries made in specialized journals are generally posted by columnar total
Trial Balance
9 The next step in the accounting cycle is the preparation of a trial balance. A trial balance is
a list of accounts and their balances at a given time. An entity may prepare a trial balance
at any time in the accounting cycle. A trial balance prepared after posting has been completed serves to check the mechanical accuracy of the posting process and provides
a listing of accounts to be used in preparing financial statements
Adjusting Entries
10 (L.O. 5) Preparation of adjusting journal entries is the next step in the accounting cycle.
Adjusting entries are entries made at the end of accounting period to bring all accounts
up to date on an accrual accounting basis so that correct financial statements can be prepared. Adjusting entries are necessary to achieve a proper matching of revenues and expenses in the determination of net income for the current period and to achieve an accurate statement of the assets and equities existing at the end of the period. One common characteristic of adjusting entries is that they affect at least one real account
(asset or liability account) and one nominal account (revenue or expense account).
Adjusting entries can be classified as: (1) deferrals (prepaid expenses, unearned revenues), or (2) accruals (accrued revenues, accrued expenses).
11 Prepaid expenses and unearned revenues refer to situations where cash has been paid
or received but the corresponding expense or revenue will not be recognized until a future period. Accrued revenues and accrued expenses are revenues and expenses recognized
in the current period for which the corresponding payment or receipt of cash is to occur in
a future period.
Adjusted Trial Balance
12 After adjusting entries are recorded and posted, an adjusted trial balance is prepared. It
shows the balance of all accounts at the end of the accounting period
Financial Statements
13 (L.O. 6) From the adjusted trial balance, a company can directly prepare its financial statements
Trang 714 (L.O. 7) After financial statements have been prepared, nominal (revenue and expense) accounts should be reduced to zero in preparation for recording the transactions of the next period. This closing process requires recording and posting of closing entries. All nominal
accounts are reduced to zero by closing them through the Income Summary account. The
net balance in the Income Summary account is equal to net income or net loss for the period. The net income or net loss for the period is transferred to an owners’ equity account
by closing the Income Summary account to Retained Earnings
PostClosing Trial Balance
15 A third trial balance may be prepared after the closing entries are recorded and posted This postclosing trial balance shows that equal debits and credits have been posted
properly to the Income Summary account
Reversing Entries
16 Reversing entries are made at the beginning of an accounting period to remove the effects of some adjusting entries. They are optional.
Accounting Cycle Summarized
17 In summary, the steps in the accounting cycle performed every fiscal period are as follows:
a Enter the transactions of the period in appropriate journals
b Post from the journals to the ledger (or ledgers)
c Take an unadjusted trial balance (trial balance)
d Prepare adjusting journal entries and post to the ledger(s)
e Take a trial balance after adjusting (adjusted trial balance)
f Prepare the financial statements from the adjusted trial balance
g Prepare closing journal entries and post to the ledger(s)
h Take a trial balance after closing (postclosing trial balance)
i Prepare reversing entries (optional) and post to the ledger(s)
Trang 818 The income statement classifies amounts into such categories as gross profit, income from operations, income before taxes, and net income The statement of retained earnings shows the changes in retained earnings during the period. A classified balance sheet classifies assets and liabilities into current and noncurrent.
19 Closing entries of a merchandising company require that the Cost of Goods Sold account
be closed along with the other expense accounts.
*Cash Versus AccrualBasis Accounting
*20 (L.O. 8) CashBasis Accounting Versus AccrualBasis Accounting is presented in
Appendix A of Chapter 3 for the purpose of demonstrating the difference between cash basis and accrualbasis accounting. Under the strict cash basis of accounting, revenue
is recognized only when cash is received, and expenses are recorded only when cash is paid. The accrual basis of accounting recognizes revenue when it is earned and expenses when incurred without regard to the time of receipt or payment of cash
*Reversing Entries
*21 (L.O. 9) Appendix B covers preparation and posting of reversing entries, the final step in
the accounting cycle. A reversing entry is made at the beginning of the next accounting period and is the exact opposite of the adjusting entry made in the previous period. The recording of reversing entries is an optional step in the accounting cycle that may be performed at the beginning of the next accounting period. The entries subject to reversal are the adjusting entries for accrued revenues and accrued expenses recorded at the close of the previous accounting period
*Worksheet
*22 (L.O. 10) Appendix C covers the use of a 10column worksheet, which serves as an aid to
the accountant in adjusting the account balances and preparing the financial statements The worksheet provides an orderly format for the accumulation of information necessary for preparation of financial statements. Use of a worksheet does not replace any financial statements, nor does it alter any of the steps in the accounting cycle
Trang 9Chapter 3 provides a review of accounting procedures throughout the accounting cycle Depending on time constraints and students’ accounting course background, Chapter 3 can be approached in several different ways: (1) Spend 23 class sessions reviewing the chapter and Appendices 3A through 3C. (2) Spend 12 class sessions reviewing selected portions of the chapter and Appendix 3A. (3) Omit the chapter entirely
It is assumed that all students have completed at least one course in financial accounting Therefore, students should already be familiar with the mechanics of journalizing, posting, and preparing adjusting entries and financial statements, etc. An important objective of a review of these procedural details is to prepare students: (1) to progress from mere memorization of required journal entries to an understanding of the entries’ impact on the financial statements, and (2) to visualize the effect of errors (both the failure to record transactions and the improper recording of transactions) on the financial statements
The following lecture outline can be expanded upon or reduced to suit the needs of your class
A (L.O. 1) Basic Terminology. Review the 11 terms defined on text pages 86 and 87.
B (L.O. 2) DoubleEntry Rules.
1 Review the mechanics of debits and credits
T EACHING T IP
Use Illustration 31 in reviewing doubleentry rules for increasing and decreasing accounts.
Debits increase assets and expenses, while credits increase liabilities, stockholders’ equity, and revenues. The normal balance of an account is the same as the increase side
Use Illustration 32 to discuss and provide examples of transactions affecting stockholders’
equity accounts. Emphasize the difference between nominal and real accounts
C (L.O. 3) The Accounting Cycle.
T EACHING T IP
Present an overview of the accounting cycle by using Illustration 33.
1 (L.O. 4) Journalizing.
a General Journal
b Special Journals
2 Posting to the Ledger
3 Trial Balance
Trang 104 (L.O. 5) Adjusting Entries.
T EACHING T IP
Use Illustration 34 in discussing adjusting entries. Provide examples of each type and
discuss the effect on the financial statements when failing to make each type of entry. The ability to classify adjusting entries into one of the accrualdeferral categories is necessary to
an understanding of reversing entries
a Prepaid expenses
b Unearned revenues
c Accrued revenues
d Accrued expenses
5 (L.O. 6) Prepare financial statements.
a Financial statements of a service company
6 (L.O. 7) Prepare closing entries.
a Temporary accounts vs. permanent accounts
b Postclosing trial balance
D (L.O. 8) Financial statements of a merchandising company.
a Income statement
b Classified balance sheet.
c Closing entries.
*E (L.O. 9) APPENDIX 3A. Cash basis versus accrualbasis accounting.
1 Strict cash basis. Recognize revenue when cash is received and expenses when cash
is paid
a Used by small businesses and individual taxpayers
b Not acceptable under GAAP
2 Modified cash basis. Recognize revenue when cash is received. Depreciable assets are capitalized and depreciated; prepaid assets are capitalized and expensed as used; and all other expenses are recognized as paid
a Used by service organizations (CPAs, lawyers, doctors, and architects)
Trang 113 Accrual basis. Revenues are recognized when earned and expenses when incurred.
4 Conversion from cash to accrual basis
5 Weaknesses of the cash basis
T EACHING T IP
Use Illustration 35 to discuss the conversion of the cash basis to the accrual basis.
*F (L.O. 10) APPENDIX 3B. Using reversing entries.
T EACHING T IP
Use Illustration 36 to compare journal entries made when reversing entries are used
compared to when reversing entries are not used
Emphasize that reversing entries are optional and that the financial statement amounts are identical whether or not reversing entries are used
1 Use of reversing entries is optional
2 In an accounting system which uses reversing entries, the following types of adjusting entries should be reversed:
a Adjusting entries for unearned and prepaid items where the original amount was entered in a revenue or expense account
b Adjusting entries for all accrued items
*G.(L.O. 11) APPENDIX 3C. Using a worksheet: The accounting cycle revisited.
1 The worksheet does not replace the financial statements
2 Worksheet columns
3 Preparing the worksheet
4 Preparing the financial statements from a worksheet