When par value stock is issued, the capital stock common or preferred account is credited for an amount equal to par value times the number of shares issued.. For example, if 200 shares
Trang 1CHAPTER 15 Stockholders’ Equity ASSIGNMENT CLASSIFICATION TABLE (BY TOPIC)
Brief
Concepts for Analysis
3, 6
*13 Dividend preferences
Trang 2*This material is covered in an Appendix to the chapter.
Trang 4ASSIGNMENT CHARACTERISTICS TABLE
Trang 5CA157 Treasury stock, ethics Moderate 10–15
*This material is presented in an appendix to the chapter.
Trang 6*11 Compare the procedures for accounting for stockholders’ equity under GAAP and IFRS.
*This material is covered in an Appendix to the chapter
Trang 71 Chapter 15 focuses on the stockholders’ equity section of the corporate form of businessorganization. Stockholders’ equity represents the amount that was contributed by theshareholders and the portion that was earned and retained by the enterprise. There is
a definite distinction between liabilities and stockholders’ equity that must be understood
if one is to effectively grasp the accounting treatment for equity issues. This chapteraddresses the accounting issues related to capital contributed by owners of a businessorganization, and the means by which profits are distributed through dividends
The Corporate Form of Organization
2 (L.O 1) The corporate form of business organization begins with the submitting of
articles of incorporation to the state in which incorporation is desired. Assuming the
requirements are properly fulfilled, the corporation charter is issued and the corporation isrecognized as a legal entity subject to state law. The laws of the state of incorporationthat govern owners’ equity transactions are normally set out in the state’s businesscorporation act
3 Within a given class of stock, each share is exactly equal to every other share. A person’spercent of ownership in a corporation is determined by the number of shares he or shepossesses in relation to the total number of shares owned by all stockholders.
4 In the absence of restrictive provisions, each share carries the right to share proportionately in:(a) profits, (b) management, (c) corporate assets upon liquidation, and (d) any new issues of stock of the same class (preemptive right).
Share System
5 The transfer of ownership between individuals in the corporate form of organization isaccomplished by one individual selling or transferring his or her shares to anotherindividual. The only requirement in terms of the corporation involved is that it be madeaware of the name of the individual owning the stock. A subsidiary ledger of stockholders
is maintained by the corporation for the purpose of dividend payments, issuance of stockrights, and voting proxies. Many corporations employ independent registrars and transfer agents who specialize in providing services for recording and transferring stock.
6 The basic ownership interest in a corporation is represented by common stock. Common
stock is guaranteed neither dividends nor assets upon dissolution of the corporation.Common stockholders are considered to hold a residual interest in the corporation.However, common stockholders generally control the management of the corporation andtend to profit most if the company is successful. In the event that a corporation has onlyone authorized issue of capital stock, that issue is by definition common stock, whether ornot it is so designated in the charter
Trang 87 (L.O 2) Owners’ equity in a corporation is defined as stockholders’ equity, share holders’ equity, or corporate capital. The following categories normally appear as part ofstockholders’ equity
9 Stockholders’ equity is the difference between the assets and the liabilities of thecompany—also known as the residual interest. Stockholders’ equity is not a claim tospecific assets, but a claim against a portion of the total assets
Accounting for the Issuance of Stock
10 (L.O 3) The par value of a stock has no relationship to its fair value Par value associated with most capital stock issues is generally very low. Low par values helpcompanies avoid the contingent liability associated with stock that is issued below par
11 When par value stock is issued, the capital stock (common or preferred) account is
credited for an amount equal to par value times the number of shares issued. Any amountreceived in excess of par value is credited to additional paidin capital. For example, if
200 shares of common stock with a par value of $2 per share are sold for $500, thefollowing journal entry would be made:
Cash 500Common Stock (200 × $2) 400Paidin Capital in Excess of Par 100Par value stock is always credited at its issue date for its par value times the number ofshares issued
12 When nopar stock is issued, the capital stock account is credited for an amount equal to
the value of the consideration received. If nopar stock has a stated value, it may be
accounted for in the same way as true nopar stock with the entire proceeds fromissuance credited to the capital stock account, or the stated value may be treated similar
to par value with any excess above stated value being accounted for as additional paidincapital
Trang 913 More than one class of stock is sometimes issued for a single payment or lump sumamount. Such a transaction requires allocation of the proceeds between the classes ofsecurities involved.
14 The two methods of allocation used are (a) the proportional method and (b) the incremental method. The proportional method is used when the fair value for each class
of security is readily determinable, and the incremental method is used when only oneclass’ fair value is known
Stock Issued in Noncash Transactions
15 Stock issued for services or property other than cash should be recorded by using the fairvalue of the property or services or the fair value of the stock issued, whichever is moreclearly determinable In cases where the fair value of both items is not clearlydeterminable, the board of directors has the authority to establish a value for the transaction
Costs of Issuing Stock
16 Direct costs incurred to sell stock such as underwriting costs, accounting and legal fees,and printing costs should be debited to Paidin Capital in Excess of Par. Managementsalaries and other indirect costs related to the stock issue should be expensed asincurred
Treasury Stock
17 (L.O. 4) Treasury stock is a corporation’s own stock that (a) was outstanding, (b) has been
reacquired by the corporation, and (c) is not retired. Treasury stock is not an asset and isreported in the balance sheet as a reduction of stockholders’ equity.
18 The reasons corporations purchase their outstanding stock include: (a) to provide tax–efficient distributions of excess cash to shareholders; (b) to increase earnings per shareand return on equity; (c) to provide stock for employee stock compensation contracts; (d) tothwart takeover attempts or to reduce the number of stockholders; and (e) to make amarket in the stock
19 Two methods are used in accounting for treasury stock, the cost method and the par value method Under the cost method, treasury stock is recorded in the accounts at
acquisition cost. When the treasury stock is reissued, the Treasury Stock account iscredited for the acquisition cost. If treasury stock is reissued for more than its acquisition
cost, the excess amount is credited to Paidin Capital from Treasury Stock. If treasury
stock is reissued for less than its acquisition cost, the difference is debited to any paidin
capital account from previous treasury stock transactions. If the balance in this account isinsufficient, the remaining difference is charged to retained earnings.
20 The following example shows the accounting for treasury stock under the cost method. Noprevious acquisitions or sales of treasury stock have occurred.
Trang 10A Entry for Purchase: 2,000 shares of common stock are reacquired for $20,000
Treasury Stock 20,000Cash 20,000
B Entry for Resale: 1,000 shares of treasury stock are resold for $8,000
Cash 8,000Retained Earnings 2,000Treasury Stock 10,000
21. Retirement of Treasury Stock. The retirement of treasury stock is similar to the sale oftreasury stock except that the corporation debits the paidin capital accounts applicable tothe retired shares instead of cash.
22 The cost of treasury stock is shown in the balance sheet as a deduction from the total ofall stockholders’ equity accounts
Preferred Stock
23 (L.O. 5) Preferred stock is the term used to describe a class of stock that possesses
certain preferences or features not possessed by the common stock The dividendpreference of preferred stock is normally stated as a percentage of the preferred stock’spar value However, a preference as to dividends does not assure the payment ofdividends; it merely assures that corporations must pay the applicable amount to thepreferred stock prior to paying any dividends on common stock
A corporation may attach whatever preferences or restrictions in whatever combination itdesires to a preferred stock issue, so long as it does not specifically violate its stateincorporation law.
Trang 1125 Certain terms are used to describe various features of preferred stock. These terms arethe following:
a Cumulative. Dividends not paid in any year must be paid first in a later year before
paying any dividends to common stockholders. Unpaid annual dividends on cumulative preferred stock are referred to as dividends in arrears and are disclosed in a
note to the financial statements
b Participating. Holders of participating preferred stock share with the common stockholders
in any profit distribution beyond the prescribed preference rate. This participation involves
a pro rata distribution based on the total par value of the outstanding preferred andcommon stock
Accounting and Reporting of Preferred Stock
26 Preferred stock is accounted for similar to common stock at issuance. The proceeds areallocated between the par value and additional paidin capital
27 Preferred stock generally has no maturity date and therefore no legal obligation exists topay preferred stock dividends As a result, preferred stock is classified as part ofstockholders’ equity. Mandatory redeemable preferred stock is reported as a liability
Dividend Policy
28 (L.O. 6) Very few companies pay dividends in amounts equal to their legally available retained earnings. The major reasons are: (a) to maintain agreements with creditors, (b) tomeet state corporation laws, (c) to finance growth or expansion, (d) to provide forcontinuous dividends whether in good or bad years, and (e) to build a cushion againstpossible future losses
29 Before a dividend is declared, management must consider availability of funds to pay thedividend. Directors must also consider economic conditions, most importantly, liquidity
30 The SEC encourages companies to disclose their dividend policy in their annual report.For example, companies that (a) have earnings but fail to pay dividends or (b) do notexpect to pay dividends in the foreseeable future are encouraged to report this information
In addition, companies that have had a consistent pattern of paying dividends areencouraged to indicate whether they intend to continue this practice in the future
Trang 1231 (L.O. 7) Dividends may be paid in cash (most common means), stock, or some other asset.
Dividends other than a stock dividend reduce the stockholders’ equity in a corporationthrough an immediate or promised distribution of assets. When a stock dividend is declared,the corporation does not pay out assets or incur a liability. It issues additional shares ofstock to each shareholder and nothing more
Cash Dividends
32 The accounting for a cash dividend requires information concerning three dates: (a) date of declaration, (b) date of record, and (c) date of payment A liability is
established by a charge to retained earnings on the declaration date for the amount of thedividend declared No accounting entry is required on the date of record Thestockholders who have earned the right to the dividend are determined by who owns theshares on the date of record. The liability is liquidated on the payment date through adistribution of cash. The following journal entries would be made by a corporation thatdeclared a $50,000 cash dividend on March 10, payable on April 6 to shareholders ofrecord on March 25
Declaration Date (March 10)
Retained Earnings (Cash Dividends Declared) 50,000Dividends Payable 50,000
Record Date (March 25)
No entry
Payment Date (April 6)
Dividends Payable 50,000Cash 50,000
Property Dividends
33 Property dividends represent distributions of corporate assets other than cash. A property
dividend is a nonreciprocal transfer of nonmonetary assets between an enterprise and itsowners Such transfers should be recorded at the fair value of the assets transferred. Fair value is measured by the amount that would be realized in an outright
sale near the time of distribution. Just before a property dividend is declared, the value ofthe property is adjusted to fair value and a gain or loss is recognized. The fair value thenserves as the basis used in accounting for the property dividend.
34 For example, if a corporation held stock of another company that it intended to distribute toits own stockholders as a property dividend, it would first adjust the carrying amount toreflect current fair value. If on the date the dividend was declared, the difference betweenthe cost and fair value of the stock to be distributed was $75,000, the following additionalentry would be made
Equity Investments 75,000
Trang 1336 (L.O. 8) A stock dividend can be defined as a capitalization of retained earnings that
results in a reduction in retained earnings and a corresponding increase in certaincontributed capital accounts. Total stockholders’ equity remains unchanged when a stockdividend is distributed All stockholders retain their same proportionate share ofownership in the corporation
37 When the stock dividend is less than 20–25% of the common shares outstanding at thetime of the dividend declaration, generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP) requirethat the accounting for stock dividends be based on the fair value of the stock issued.
When declared, Retained Earnings is debited at the fair value of the stock to bedistributed. The entry includes a credit to Common Stock Dividend Distributable at par
value times the number of shares, with any excess credited to Paidin Capital in Excess
of Par Common Stock Dividend Distributable is reported in the stockholders’ equity
section of the balance sheet once declared and prior to issuance.
38 Consider the following set of facts. Vonesh Corporation, which has 50,000 shares of $10par value common stock outstanding, declares a 10% stock dividend on December 3. Onthe date of declaration the stock has a fair value of $25 per share. The following entry ismade when the stock dividend is declared:
Retained Earnings (5,000 × $25) 125,000Common Stock Dividend Distributable 50,000Paidin Capital in Excess of Par 75,000When the stock is issued, the entry is:
Common Stock Dividend Distributable 50,000Common Stock 50,000
Large Stock Dividend
39 If the number of shares issued in a stock dividend exceeds 20 or 25% of the sharesoutstanding, calling it a “stock split” is warranted, and only the par value of the sharesissued is transferred from retained earnings
Trang 1440 A stock split results in an increase or decrease in the number of shares outstanding with
a corresponding decrease or increase in the par or stated value per share. In general, noaccounting entry is required for a stock split as the total dollar amount of all stockholders’equity accounts remains unchanged. A stock split is usually intended to improve themarketability of the shares by reducing the market price of the stock being split Ingeneral, the difference between a stock split and a stock dividend is based upon the size
of the distribution.
Restrictions on Retained Earnings
41 In many corporations restrictions on retained earnings or dividends exist, but no formaljournal entries are made. Such restrictions are best disclosed by note
Presentation of Stockholders’ Equity
42 (L.O. 9) An example of a comprehensive stockholders’ equity section of a balance sheet isprovided in the textbook. A company should disclose the pertinent rights and privileges of thevarious securities outstanding. Examples of information that should be disclosed aredividend and liquidation preferences, participation rights, call prices, and dates
Rate of Return
On Common Stock Equity =
Net income – Preferred dividendsAverage common stockholders' equity
Payout Ratio = Cash dividends
Net income – Preferred dividendsBook Value Per Share= Common stockholders' equity
Outstanding shares
Trang 15*45 (L.O. 10) Preferred stock generally has a preference in the receipt of dividends. Preferred stock can also carry features that require consideration at the time a dividend is declaredand at the time of payment. These features are (a) the cumulative feature, and (b) theparticipating feature.
Book Value Per Share
*46 Book value per share is computed as net assets divided by outstanding common shares
at the end of the year. There are complications that impact book value such as thenumber of authorized and unissued shares, the number of treasury shares on hand,commitments with respect to the issuance of unissued shares, and the relative rights ofvarious types of authorized stock
Trang 16The material in this chapter is straightforward and can be covered in two class sessions. Treasurystock transactions under the cost method should be emphasized. Consider emphasizing thedifference between stock splits and stock dividends and the accounting difference between smalland large stock dividends
A (L.O. 1) The Corporate Form of Organization.
1 The primary forms of business organization are the proprietorship, the partnership, andthe corporation
2 Influence of state corporate law. Each state has its own business corporation act. Theseacts are complex and vary in their provisions and definitions
3 Capital stock system. Each share represents an ownership right with the followingprivileges:
a To share proportionately in profits and losses
b To share proportionately in management (vote for directors)
c To share proportionately in corporate assets upon liquidation
d To share proportionately in any new issues of stock of the same class (preemptive right).
4 The share system provides easy transferability of ownership interests
5 Variety of ownership interests
a Common stock The residual corporate interest that bears the ultimate risks of loss and receives the benefits of success
b Preferred stock In return for certain preferences to earnings, preferred stockholders may sacrifice their rights to a voice in management or the right toshare in profits above a stated rate
c Different classes of common stock may have differences in voting rights
B (L.O. 2) Corporate Capital.
1 The stockholders’ interest in a company is a residual interest. It can be derived fromthe basic accounting equation: assets less liabilities equals stockholders’ equity
Trang 172 The two primary sources of equity are:
TEACHING TIP Illustration 151 can be used to provide an overview of the major components of stockholders’
events that cause changes in Stockholders’ Equity
C (L.O. 3) Accounting for the Issuance of Stock.
TEACHING TIP Illustration 153 provides a numerical example of the journal entries made to issue par value
and nopar value stock
1 Par value stock
a The par value is credited to the respective capital stock account.
b The excess of proceeds over par value is credited to paidin capital in excess ofpar (excess over par)
2 Nopar stock The issuance of nopar stock avoids any contingent liability and also
prevents par value from being misused as a basis for fair value. In some cases, noparstock is given a stated or minimum value
3 Lumpsum sales Either the proportional method or the incremental method can be
used to allocate proceeds among the different securities
4 Noncash stock transactions When stock is issued for services or property other than cash, the property or services should be recorded at either its fair value or the fair value of the stock issued, whichever is more clearly determinable.
5 Costs of issuing stock These costs are treated as a reduction of the amounts paid
in and debited to Paidin Capital in Excess of Par.