Liabilities are classified on the balance sheet as current obligations or longterm obligations.. Current liabilities are those obligations whose liquidation is reasonably expected to re
Trang 1CHAPTER 13Current Liabilities and Contingencies ASSIGNMENT CLASSIFICATION TABLE (BY TOPIC)
Trang 51 Chapter 13 presents a discussion of the nature and measurement of items classified onthe balance sheet as current liabilities. Attention is focused on the mechanics involved inrecording current liabilities and financial statement disclosure requirements. Also included
is a discussion concerning the identification and reporting of contingent liabilities
Current Liabilities
2 (L.O. 1) In general, liabilities involve future disbursements of assets or services. According
to the FASB, a liability has three essential characteristics: (a) it is a present obligation thatentails settlement by probable future transfer or use of cash, goods, or services; (b) it is
an unavoidable obligation; and (c) the transaction or other event creating the obligation hasalready occurred.
3 Liabilities are classified on the balance sheet as current obligations or longterm
obligations. Current liabilities are those obligations whose liquidation is reasonably expected
to require use the of existing resources properly classified as current assets or the
creation of other current liabilities
4 The relationship between current assets and current liabilities is an important factor in theanalysis of a company’s financial condition. Thus, the definition of current liabilities for
a particular industry will depend upon the time period (operating cycle or one year, whichever is longer) used in defining current assets in that industry.
Accounts Payable
purchased on open account. These obligations, commonly known as trade accounts payable, should be recorded to coincide with the receipt of the goods or at the time
title passes to the purchaser. Attention must be paid to transactions occurring near theend of one accounting period and at the beginning of the next to ascertain that the record
of goods received (inventory) is in agreement with the liability (accounts payable) and thatboth are recorded in the proper period
a liability at the face amount of the note along with any accrued interest payable. A zero interestbearing note does not explicitly state an interest rate on the face of the note.
Interest is the difference between the present value of the note and the face value of the
Trang 6a oneyear, zerointerestbearing note that has a face amount of $150,000. The entry torecord this transaction on Burke’s books is as follows:
Cash 138,000Discount on Notes Payable 12,000Notes Payable 150,000The balance in the Discount on Notes Payable account is a contra account deducted fromthe Notes Payable account on the balance sheet
8 The currently maturing portion of longterm debt is classified as a current liability. When aportion of longterm debt is so classified, it is expected that the amount will be paid withinthe next 12 months out of funds classified as current assets
Refinancing
9 (L.O. 2) Certain shortterm obligations expected to be refinanced on a longterm basis should be excluded from current liabilities A shortterm obligation is excluded from
current liabilities if (a) it is intended to be refinanced on a longterm basis and (b) theability to accomplish the refinancing is reasonably demonstrated. Both conditions mustexist before the item can be excluded from current liabilities. Evidence as to the intent
agreements.
Dividends Payable
declared, a cash dividend is a binding obligation of a corporation payable to itsstockholders. Stock dividends distributable are reported in the stockholders’ equity sectionwhen declared as they do not require future outlays of assets or services, therefore do nomeet the definition of a liability.
Customer Advances and Deposits
11 When returnable deposits are received from customers or employees, a liability
corresponding to the asset received is recorded. The classification of these items ascurrent or noncurrent liabilities is dependent on the time involved between the date of thedeposit and the termination of the relationship that required the deposit
Unearned Revenues
12 A company sometimes receives cash in advance of the performance of services orissuance of merchandise. Such transactions result in a credit to a deferred or unearnedrevenue account classified as a current liability on the balance sheet. As claims of thisnature are redeemed, the liability is reduced and a revenue account is credited
Trang 713 Current tax laws require most retailers to collect sales tax from customers and periodicallyremit these collections to the appropriate governmental unit In such instances, theretailer is acting as a collection agency for a third party If tax amounts due togovernmental units are on hand at the financial statement date, they are reported ascurrent liabilities
14 To illustrate the collection and remittance of sales tax by a company, assume that BenthamCompany rang up $230,000 on its cash registers during the period. Bentham is subject to
a 7% sales tax collection that must be remitted to the State. Bentham’s policy is to recordthe total amount of sales with sales taxes in the Sales Revenue account. To determinethe sales taxes to be remitted to the State, divide the $230,000 by 1.07 to yield theamount of sales for the period, $214,953.27. Of the $230,000 total, $214,953.27 is salesrevenue and the difference of $15,046.73 is the amount of sales taxes collected due tothe taxing unit. The entry to record the sales tax liability is:
Sales Revenue 15,046.73Sales Taxes Payable 15,046.73
When payment is made, the Sales Taxes Payable account is debited and Cash iscredited
15 A corporation should estimate and record the amount of income tax liability as computed
on its income tax return. Chapter 19 discusses in detail the complexities involved inaccounting for the difference between taxable income under the tax laws and accountingincome under generally accepted accounting principles
EmployeeRelated Liabilities
16 (L.O. 3) Amounts owed to employees for salaries or wages of an accounting period are reported as a current liability. The following additional items are related to employeecompensation and are reported as current liabilities until paid:
Trang 818 The following illustrates the concept of accrued liabilities related to payroll deductions.Assume Mill Company has a weekly payroll of $25,000 that is entirely subject to FICAand Medicare (7.65%), federal unemployment tax (.8%), and state unemployment tax (3%).Income tax withholding amounts to $3,300, and employee credit union deductions for theweek total $975. No employee’s wages exceed the $7,000 compensation ceiling gotunemployment taxes. Two entries are necessary to record the payroll: (1) salaries andwages paid to employees, and (2) employer’s payroll taxes. The two entries are asfollows:
Salaries and Wages Expense 25,000Withholding Taxes Payable 3,300FICA Taxes Payable 1,913Credit Union Payments Payable 975Cash 18,812
Payroll Tax Expense 2,863FICA Taxes Payable 1,913FUTA Taxes Payable 200SUTA Taxes Payable 750
20 The accounting profession requires that a liability be accrued for the cost of
compensation for future absences if all of the following conditions are met: (a) the
employer’s obligation relating to employees’ rights to receive compensation for futureabsences is attributable to employees’ services already rendered, (b) the obligationrelates to the rights that vest or accumulate, (c) payment of the compensation is probable,and (d) the amount can be reasonably estimated. If an employer fails to accrue a liabilitybecause of a failure to meet only condition (d), that fact should be disclosed Theexpense and related liability for compensated absences should be recognized in the yearearned by employees Thus, if employees are entitled to a two week vacation afterworking one year, the vacation pay is considered to be earned during the first year. Theentry to accrue the accumulated vacation pay at the end of year one will include a debit toSalaries and Wages Expense and a credit to Salaries and Wages Payable
21 Bonus agreements are common incentives established by companies for certain keyexecutives or employees. In many cases, the bonus is dependent upon the amount ofincome earned by the company. However, because the bonus is an expense used indetermining net income, it must be deducted before net income can be computed. As aresult, there is the need to solve an algebraic formula to compute the bonus. In addition,when the concept of income taxes is added to the formula, calculation of the bonusrequires solving simultaneous equations
Trang 922 (L.O. 4) A contingency is an existing condition, situation, or set of circumstances involving
uncertainty as to possible gain (gain contingency) or loss (loss contingency) to anenterprise that will ultimately be resolved when one or more future events occur or fail tooccur. Gain contingencies are not recorded and are disclosed in the notes only when
the probabilities are high that a gain contingency will be realized
Loss Contingencies
23 (L.O 5) Loss contingencies involve possible losses Contingent liabilities depend
upon the occurrence or nonoccurrence of one or more future events to resolve its status.When a loss contingency exists, the likelihood that the future event or events will confirmthe incurrence of a liability and are categorized as probable, reasonably possible, or remote.
24 If the realization of a loss contingency that could result in a liability (1) is probable (likely to
occur) and (2) the amount of the loss can be reasonably estimated, a liability is recognized.
This liability should be recorded along with a charge to income in the period in which thedetermination is made. It is important to note that both conditions listed above must be met
before a liability can be recorded. In addition, note disclosure should describe the nature ofthe contingency.
25 If a loss is either probable or estimable, but not both, and if there is at least a reasonable possibility that a liability may have been incurred, then the financial statements should
include the following footnote disclosures: (a) the nature of the contingency, and (b) anestimate of the possible loss, range of loss, or indication that an estimate cannot be made
Warranties
28 A warranty (product guarantee) represents a promise by a seller to a buyer to make good
on any deficiency of quantity, quality or performance specifications in a product. Productwarranty costs may be accounted for using the cashbasis method or the accrualbasis method.
29 The cashbasis method must be used when (1) it is not probable that a liability has been
incurred or (2) the amount of the liability cannot be reasonably estimated. Under the
Trang 1030 The accrualbasis method includes two different accounting treatments: (a) the expense warranty approach and (b) the sales warranty approach The expense warranty method is the generally accepted method for financial accounting purposes and is
viewed as a loss contingency. It should be used whenever the warranty is an integral andinseparable part of the sale. Under the expense warranty method, the estimated warrantyexpense is recorded in the year in which the item subject to the warranty is sold. Whenthe warranty is honored in a subsequent period, the liability is reduced by the amount ofthe expenditure to repair the item. For example, if 200 units are sold and the estimatedwarranty cost is $300 per unit, the following entry is made to accrue warranty expense:
Warranty Expense 60,000Warranty Liability 60,000Actual expenditures made to honor the warranty will debit the liability account and creditcash
31 The sales warranty method defers a certain percentage of the original sales price until
some future time when actual costs are incurred or the warranty expires. This method isused when warranties are sold separately from the product and are often called extendedwarranties.
Premiums and Coupons
32 If a company offers premiums to customers in return for proof of purchase items such asproduct barcodes, box tops, and labels Printed coupons and rebates often used asmarketing tools as well. The costs of premiums and coupons should be recognized as anexpense in the period of the sale that benefits from the plan A liability should berecognized for outstanding premium offers expected to be redeemed
Environmental Liabilities
33 A company must recognize an asset retirement obligation (ARO) when it has an
existing legal obligation associated with the retirement of a longlived asset and when itcan reasonably estimate the amount of the liability. A company initially measures an ARO
at fair value, which is the amount that the company would pay in an active market tosettle the ARO. A company includes the cost associated with the ARO in the carryingamount of the related longlived asset, and records a liability for the same amount. Insubsequent periods, companies allocate the cost of the ARO to expense over the asset’suseful life.
Trang 1136 If a shortterm obligation is excluded from current liabilities because of refinancing, afootnote to the financial statements should include: (a) a general description of thefinancing agreement, (b) the terms of any new obligation incurred or to be incurred, and(c) the terms of any equity security issued or to be issued
Analysis of Current Liabilities
37 Two ratios often used to analyze liquidity are the current ratio and the acidtest ratio.
Liquidity regarding a liability is the expected time to elapse before its payment
Trang 12This chapter can be covered in two or three class sessions. Students should be familiar withtrade and payroll liabilities. Shortterm obligations expected to be refinanced and the accountingfor loss contingencies are the conceptually challenging areas for many students
A (L.O. 1) The Concept of Liabilities.
1 The question of what is a liability is not simple to answer. This can be seen if
preferred stock is analyzed
2 In general, liabilities involve future disbursements of assets or services. According tothe FASB, a liability has three essential characteristics: (a) it is a present obligationthat entails settlement by probable future transfer or use of cash, goods, or services;(b) it is an unavoidable obligation; and (c) the transaction or other event creating theobligation has already occurred.
B Current Liabilities
1 Nature of current liabilities: Obligations whose liquidation is reasonably expected to require use of existing resources properly classified as current assets, or the creation ofother current liabilities
2 Current liabilities are recorded and reported at their full maturity value.
C Typical Current Liabilities
1 Accounts Payable. Balances owed to others for goods or services purchased on openaccount
2 Notes Payable. Written promises to pay a certain sum of money on a specified futuredate
c Current maturities of longterm debt That portion of longterm debt that matures within the next fiscal year is reported as a current liability, unless it is to berefinanced by a new debt issue or by conversion into stock