Describe the accounting for the fair value option and for impairments of debt and equity investments.. The unrealized gains and losses related to changes in the fairvalue of availablefo
Trang 1CHAPTER 17Investments ASSIGNMENT CLASSIFICATION TABLE (BY TOPIC)
Trang 2*This material is dealt with in an Appendix to the chapter.
Trang 4Level of Difficulty
Time (minutes)
E179 Availableforsale securities entries and financial statement
Trang 5P179 Financial statement presentation of availableforsale
Trang 6Level of Difficulty
Time (minutes)
Trang 74 Explain the equity method of accounting and compare it to the fair value method for equity securities.
5 Describe the accounting for the fair value option and for impairments of debt and equity investments.
6 Describe the reporting of reclassification adjustments and the accounting for transfers between categories
*7 Describe the uses of and accounting for derivatives.
*8 Explain how to account for a fair value hedge.
*9 Explain how to account for a cash flow hedge
*10 Identify special reporting issues related to derivative financial instruments that cause unique accounting problems
*11 Describe the accounting for variableinterest entities
*12 Describe required fair value disclosures
*13 Compare the accounting for investments under GAAP and IFRS
*This material is covered in an Appendix to the chapter
Trang 81 The problems of accounting for investments involve measurement, recognition, anddisclosure Investments are generally classified as either debt securities or equitysecurities and may be either temporary or longterm investments The first sectionpresents accounting for debt securities; the second section covers accounting for equitysecurities; and the remainder of the chapter presents the equity method of accounting,disclosure requirements, impairments, and accounting for the transfer of investmentsecurities between categories
Debt Securities
2 (L.O. 1) Debt securities are instruments representing a creditor relationship with an
enterprise Debt securities include U.S government securities, municipal securities,corporate bonds, convertible debt, commercial paper, and all securitized debt instruments
4 (L.O. 2) Heldtomaturity debt securities are accounted for at amortized cost, not fair value.
Amortization on Bond Investments
5 The effectiveinterest method is required to amortize premium or discount unless someother method—such as the straightline method—yields a similar result. The effectiveinterest method is applied to bond investments in a fashion similar to that described forbonds payable. The effectiveinterest rate or yield is computed at the time of investmentand is applied to its beginning carrying amount (book value) for each interest period tocompute interest revenue. The investment carrying amount is increased by the amortizeddiscount or decreased by the amortized premium in each period
AvailableforSale Debt Securities
6 Availableforsale debt securities are reported at fair value. After a company recognizesinterest revenue and bond investment amortization, it adjusts the carrying value of thedebt securities to fair value. The unrealized gains and losses related to changes in the fairvalue of availableforsale debt securities are recorded in an unrealized holding gain orloss account. This account is reported as other comprehensive income and as a separatecomponent of stockholders’ equity until realized. A valuation account called “Fair Value
Trang 97 When an availableforsale debt security is sold, the realized gain or loss is reported inthe Other Revenues and Gains section or the Other Expenses and Losses section of theincome statement. The unamortized cost of the bond investment is removed from theinvestment account
Trading Debt Securities
8 Trading debt securities are reported at fair value, with unrealized holding gains andlosses reported as part of net income. A holding gain or loss is the net change in the fairvalue of a security from one period to the next period, exclusive of dividend or interestrevenue recognized but not received. A valuation account called “Fair Value Adjustment(Trading)” is used instead of debiting or crediting the Trading Securities account
Equity Securities
9 (L.O. 3) Equity securities are described as securities representing ownership interest
such as common, preferred, or other capital stock. They also include rights to acquire ordispose of ownership interests at an agreed upon or determinable price such as warrants,rights, and call options or put options. The cost of equity securities includes the purchaseprice of the security plus brokers’ commissions and other fees incidental to the purchase
10 The degree to which one corporation (investor) acquires an interest in the voting stock of
another corporation (investee) generally determines the accounting treatment for the
investment subsequent to acquisition. Investments by one corporation in the voting stock
of another and the accounting method to be used can be classified according to thepercentage of the voting stock of the investee held by the investor:
method requires that companies classify equity securities at acquisition as availablefor sale securities or trading securities.
12 When acquired, availableforsale equity securities are recorded at cost. When cash
dividends are declared by the investee, the investor recognizes the dividends asInvestment Income. The net unrealized gains and losses related to changes in the fair
Trang 10as a part of other comprehensive income and as a separate component of stockholders’equity until realized. The offsetting portion of recognizing an unrealized gain or loss isdebited or credited to the valuation account, Fair Value Adjustment (availableforsale)
13 The accounting entries to record trading equity securities are the same as for available
forsale equity securities except for reporting the unrealized holding gain or loss. Fortrading equity securities, the unrealized holding gain or loss is reported as part of netincome
Equity Method
14 (L.O. 4) When an investor has a holding interest of between 20% and 50% in an investee corporation, the investor is generally deemed to exercise significant influence overoperating and financial policies of the investee. Other factors to consider in determiningwhether an investor can exercise “significant influence” over an investee includerepresentation on the board of directors, participation in policymaking processes,material company transactions, interchange of managerial personnel, or technologicaldependency. In instances of “significant influence,” the investor is required to account forthe investment using the equity method.
15 Under the equity method, the investment’s carrying amount is periodically increased
(decreased) by the investor’s proportionate share of the earnings (losses) of the investeeand decreased by dividends received by the investor from the investee. The investormust recognize the amount of ordinary and extraordinary income in as separatecomponents in the same manner as reported by the investee
16 Under the equity method, if an investor’s share of the investee’s losses exceeds thecarrying amount of the investment, the investor should discontinue applying the equitymethod and not recognize additional losses (unless the investor’s loss is not limited or ifreturn to profitability appears to be assured)
17 The following transactions illustrate the journal entries for an investment accounted forunder the equity method
a On January 2, 2014, Workowski Corporation purchased 55,000 shares (26%) of WendyCompany at a cost of $8 per share
Equity Investments ($8 × 55,000) 440,000Cash 440,000
b At the end of 2014, Wendy Company reported net income of $350,000 (all ordinary).Workowski’s share is $91,000 ($350,000 × 26%)
Equity Investments 91,000Investment Income 91,000
Trang 11c Wendy Company reported a $215,000 net loss (all ordinary) for 2014. Workowski’sshare is $55,900 ($215,000 × 26%).
Investment Loss 55,900Equity Investments 55,900
d In early 2015, Wendy Company paid a $75,000 dividend Workowski’s share is
$19,500 ($75,000 × 26%)
Cash 19,500Equity Investments 19,500
Consolidated Financial Statements
18 When one corporation (the parent) acquires a voting interest of more than 50% in anothercorporation (the subsidiary), the investor corporation is deemed to have a controlling interest. When the parent treats the subsidiary as an investment, consolidated financial statements are generally prepared. The subject of when and how to prepare consolidated
financial statements is discussed extensively in advanced accounting
Fair Value Option
19 (L.O. 5) Companies have the option to report most financial assets and liabilities at fair value, with gains and losses reported in net income. The fair value option is only available
at the acquisition date or date incurred, and applies on a securitybysecurity basis. Whenthe fair value option in selected, it must be used for the life of the instrument
as a reduction of the investment account
c Financial liabilities, a company revalues its own liabilities, with gains and losses
reported in net income. That is, when the market price of a company’s bonds declines,the company will reduce the liability and record a gain in the income statement
Impaired Investments
21 Each accounting period, every investment must be evaluated to determine if it hassuffered a loss in value that is other than temporary (an impairment). If an investment is
deemed impaired, the cost basis of the individual security is written down to a new costbasis. The amount of the writedown is accounted for as a realized loss and included innet income
Trang 1222 (L.O. 6) The reporting of changes in unrealized gains or losses in comprehensive income
is straightforward unless securities are sold during the year When this occurs, a
reclassification adjustment is necessary to ensure that gains and losses are not
counted twice. The adjustment is shown either on the face of the statement in whichcomprehensive income is reported, or disclosed in the notes
Transfers Between Categories
23 Transfers between any of the investment categories are accounted for at fair value. Thetext gives an illustration of measurement basis and how stockholders’ equity and netincome are impacted upon a transfer between investment categories
Accounting for Derivative Instruments
*24 (L.O. 7) Derivatives are a product that has been developed to manage the risks due to changes in market prices. Derivatives include such instruments as interestrate swapsand options, current futures and options, stockindex futures and options, caps, floors,commodity futures, swaptions, leaps, and collateralized mortgage obligations. They arecalled derivatives because their value is derived from values of other assets (for examplestock, bonds, or commodities) or is related to a marketdetermined indicator (for example,interest rates or the Standard and Poor’s stock composite index)
*25 Any individual or company that wants to insure against different types of business risksoften can use derivative contracts to achieve this objective. Producers and consumersboth find derivatives useful so they can hedge their positions to ensure an acceptablefinancial result. A speculator is betting that the change in the derivative value will go
a certain way and therefore makes the purchase with the purpose of gaining earningsbased on his prediction. An arbitrageur purchases and sells derivatives in an attempt toexploit inefficiencies in various derivative markets
Basic Principles in Accounting for Derivatives
*26 Derivatives are recognized in the financial statements as assets and liabilities and arereported in the balance sheet at fair value. On the income statement, any unrealized gain
b The instrument requires little or no investment at the inception of the contract
c The instrument requires or permits net settlement (for example, a profit can be realizedwithout an actual purchase and sale of the underlying item)
Trang 13g— Fair Value Hedge
*28 (L.O. 8) In a fair value hedge, a derivative is used to hedge (offset) the exposure to
changes in the fair value of a recognized asset or liability or of an unrecognizedcommitment. In accounting for fair value hedges, the derivative should be presented at itsfair value on the balance sheet with any gains and losses recorded in income
Derivatives Used for Hedgin
g—C ash Flow Hedge
*29 Cash flow hedges are used to hedge exposures to cash flow risk, which is exposure to
the variability in cash flows. In accounting for cash flow hedges, the derivative should bepresented at fair value on the balance sheet, but gains or losses are recorded in equity as
a part of other comprehensive income
Other Reporting Issues
*30 (L.O. 10) Hybrid securities have characteristics of both debt and equity and often are
a combination of traditional and derivative financial instruments. In some cases, a hostsecurity is combined with an embedded derivative. When this occurs, the embedded
derivative should be separated from the host security and accounted for using theaccounting for derivatives. This separation process is referred to as bifurcation.
*31 For special accounting of hedges to occur, certain criteria must first be met. The generalcriteria relate to the following areas:
where voting interests are unclear. A variableinterest entity (VIE) is an entity that has
(1) insufficient equity investment at risk, (2) stockholders lack decisionmaking rights, or(3) stockholders do not absorb the losses or receive the benefits of a normal stockholder
A company is required to consolidate a VIE if it is the primary beneficiary of the VIE
Fair Value Disclosures
*33 (L.O. 12) Fair Value Disclosures
Companies should disclose information that enables users to determine the extent ofusage of fair value and the inputs used to implement fair value measurement
Trang 14*34 Reasons for additional disclosure beyond itemizing fair values include: differing levels
of reliability existing in the measurement of fair value information, and changes in thefair value of financial instruments that are reported differently in the financialstatements, depending on the type of financial instrument involved and whether the fairvalue option is employed
d Quantitative information about significant unobservable inputs used for all Level 3measurements
e A qualitative discussion about the sensitivity of recurring Level 3 measurements tochanges in the unobservable inputs disclosed, including interrelationships betweeninputs
f A description of the company’s valuation process
g Any transfers between Levels 1 and 2 of the fair value hierarchy
h Information about nonfinancial assets measured at fair value at amounts that differfrom the assets’ highest and best use
i The proper hierarchy classification for items that are not recognized on the balancesheet but are disclosed in the notes to the financial statements
Trang 15The material in this chapter can be covered in three class periods. Students will have somedifficulty with the classifications of debt securities into trading, availableforsale, and heldtomaturity. The same issues will develop with equity securities as they are classified as trading
or availableforsale (assuming ownership interest is less than 20%). Illustrations 171, 173,and 175 can be used to clarify the issues. When discussing investments in debt securities, it
is often useful to contrast the entries made for debt securities with the entries made for debtobligations on the issuers’ book (see Chapter 14). Illustration 172 provides an example ofentries made for investments and issuances of debt securities
A (L.O. 1) Accounting for Investments in Debt Securities.
1 Debt securities represent a creditor relationship with another entity
2 Debt securities include U.S. government securities, municipal securities, corporate bonds,convertible debt, and commercial paper
3 Trade accounts receivable and loans receivable are not debt securities because they
do not meet the definition of a security
4 Investments in debt securities are classified into three separate categories:
a Heldtomaturity Debt securities that the company has the positive intent and ability to hold to maturity.
b Trading Debt securities bought and held primarily for sale in the near term to generate income on shortterm price differences
c Availableforsale Debt securities not classified as heldtomaturity or trading securities
a The effectiveinterest method is applied to bond investments in a fashion similar tobonds payable
Trang 16b The investment carrying amount is increased (decreased) by the amortized discount(premium) in each period.
b At each reporting date, availableforsale debt securities are reported at fair valuewith an adjustment to an Unrealized Holding Gain or Loss—Equity account.
c A Fair Value Adjustment (availableforsale) account is used to record the
difference between fair value and amortized cost
d When sold, a realized gain/loss is recognized in an amount equal to the differencebetween amortized cost and the selling price
is more relevant to existing and prospective stockholders
B (L.O. 3) Investments in Equity Securities.
1 Equity securities represent ownership interests such as common, preferred, or othercapital stock
2 The cost of equity securities includes the purchase price of the security plus broker’scommissions and other fees incidental to the purchase
3 Investments by one corporation in the voting stock of another can be classified according tothe percentage of ownership
a Holdings of less than 20% (fair value method).
b Holdings between 20% and 50% (equity method).
c Holdings of more than 50% (consolidated statements).