Complex 30–35 E57 Current assets section of the balance sheet.. Moderate 25–35 E517 Preparation of a statement of cash flows and a balance sheet.. Complex 40–50 P56 Preparation of a s
Trang 1CHAPTER 5Balance Sheet and Statement of Cash Flows
Trang 3E51 Balance sheet classifications Simple 15–20 E52 Classification of balance sheet accounts Simple 15–20 E53 Classification of balance sheet accounts Simple 15–20 E54 Preparation of a classified balance sheet Simple 30–35 E55 Preparation of a corrected balance sheet Simple 30–35 E56 Corrections of a balance sheet Complex 30–35 E57 Current assets section of the balance sheet Moderate 15–20 E58 Current vs. longterm liabilities Moderate 10–15 E59 Current assets and current liabilities Complex 30–35 E510 Current liabilities Moderate 15–20 E511 Balance sheet preparation Moderate 25–30 E512 Preparation of a balance sheet Moderate 30–35 E513 Statement of cash flows—classifications Moderate 15–20 E514 Preparation of a statement of cash flows Moderate 25–35 E515 Preparation of a statement of cash flows Moderate 25–35 E516 Preparation of a statement of cash flows Moderate 25–35 E517 Preparation of a statement of cash flows and a
balance sheet. Moderate 30–35E518 Preparation of a statement of cash flows, analysis Moderate 25–35
P51 Preparation of a classified balance sheet, periodic
P52 Balance sheet preparation Moderate 35–40 P53 Balance sheet adjustment and preparation Moderate 40–45 P54 Preparation of a corrected balance sheet Complex 40–45 P55 Balance sheet adjustment and preparation Complex 40–50 P56 Preparation of a statement of cash flows and
a balance sheet. Complex 35–45P57 Preparation of a statement of cash flows and
a balance sheet. Complex 40–50
CA51 Reporting for financial effects of varied transactions Moderate 25–30 CA52 Identifying balance sheet deficiencies Moderate 20–25 CA53 Critique of balance sheet format and content Simple 25–30
Trang 4Trang 6
*Note: All asterisked (*) items relate to material contained in the Appendix to the chapter
1 Chapter 5 presents a detailed discussion of the concepts and techniques that underlie thepreparation and analysis of the balance sheet. Along with the mechanics of preparation,acceptable disclosure requirements are examined and illustrated. A brief introduction tothe statement of cash flows is also presented. This explanation serves as a foundation forthe more comprehensive discussion of this subject presented in Chapter 23. At the end ofChapter 5, a multipage illustration of the financial statements and accompanying notes
of a corporation are presented. This illustration may be referred to throughout the study ofintermediate accounting as it includes information relevant to many of the topics discussed
in subsequent chapters
Usefulness of the Balance Sheet
2 (L.O 1) For many years financial statement users generally considered the income statement to be superior to the balance sheet as a basis for judging the economic wellbeing of an enterprise. However, the balance sheet can be a very useful financial statement
If a balance sheet is examined carefully, users can gain a considerable amount of informationused to assess liquidity, solvency and financial flexibility. Liquidity is generally related
to the amount of time that is expected to elapse until an asset is realized or otherwiseconverted into cash or until a liability has to be paid. Solvency refers to the ability of anenterprise to pay its debts as they mature. Financial flexibility is the ability of an enterprise
to take effective action to alter the amounts and timing of cash flow so that it can respond
to unexpected needs and opportunities
Limitations of the Balance Sheet
3 Criticism of the balance sheet has revolved around the limitations of the informationpresented therein. These limitations include:
(a) Failure to reflect current value information
(b) The extensive use of judgment and estimates
(c) Failure to include items of financial value that cannot be recorded objectively
4 The problem with current value information concerns the reliability of such information.The estimation process involved in developing currentvalue type information causes
a concern about the objectivity of the resulting financial information. The use of estimates
is extensive in the development of balance sheet data. These estimates are required bygenerally accepted accounting principles, but reflect a limitation of the balance sheet. Thelimitation concerns the fact that the estimates are only as good as the understanding andobjectivity of the person(s) making the estimates. The final limitation of the balance sheetconcerns the fact that some significant assets of the entity are not recorded. Items such
as human resources (employee workforce), managerial skills, customer base, and reputationare not recorded because such assets are difficult to quantify
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7 Any restrictions on the general availability of cash or any commitments on its probable
disposition must be disclosed. Shortterm investments are usually categorized as held
tomaturity, trading, or availableforsale. Any anticipated loss due to uncollectibles, theamount and nature of any nontrade receivables, and any receivables designated as
collateral should be clearly identified. For a proper presentation of inventories, the basis
of valuation (i.e., lower of cost or market) and the method of pricing (FIFO or LIFO) should
be disclosed. A company includes prepaid expenses in current assets if it will receive
benefits within one year or the operating cycle, whichever is longer.
Trang 8convey to the holder. Examples include patents, copyrights, franchises, goodwill, trademarks,trade names, and secret processes
11 Limitedlife intangible assets are amortized over their useful lives. Indefinitelife intan
gibles (such as goodwill) are not amortized but, instead, are assessed at least annuallyfor impairment
Other Assets
12 Many companies include an “Other Assets” classification in the balance sheet after
Intangible Assets. This section includes a wide variety of items that do not appear to fallclearly into one of the other classifications. Some of the more common items included inthis section are: deferred charges, noncurrent receivables, prepaid pension costs,deferred income taxes, and advances to subsidiaries
Current Liabilities
13 Current liabilities are the obligations that are reasonably expected to be liquidated either
through the use of current assets or the creation of other current liabilities. Items normallyshown in the current liabilities section of the balance sheet include notes and accounts
Trang 9sometimes referred to as net working capital, represents the net amount of a company’srelatively liquid resources.
LongTerm Liabilities
operating cycle or one year, whichever is longer. Examples include bonds payable, notespayable, lease obligations, and pension obligations. Generally, the disclosure requirements for longterm liabilities are quite substantial as a result of various covenants andrestrictions included for the protection of the lenders. Longterm liabilities that mature withinthe current operating cycle are classified as current liabilities if their liquidation requiresthe use of current assets. Longterm liabilities generally fall into one of the three followingcategories:
a Obligations arising from specific financing situations, such as the issuance of bonds,longterm lease obligations, and longterm notes payable
b Obligations arising from the ordinary operations of the company such as pensionobligations and deferred income tax liabilities
c Obligations that depend on the occurrence or nonoccurrence of one or more futureevents to confirm the amount payable, or the date payable, such as product warrantiesand other contingencies
Owners’ Equity
16 The owners’ equity section of the balance sheet includes information related to capital stock,
additional paidin capital, and retained earnings. Preparation of the owners’ equity sectionshould be approached with caution because of the various restrictions imposed by statecorporation laws, liability agreements, and voluntary actions of the board of directors
Balance Sheet Format
17 (L.O. 3) The account format of a classified balance sheet lists assets by sections on the left side and liabilities and stockholders’ equity by sections on the right side. The reportformat lists liabilities and stockholders’ equity directly below assets on the same page
Statement of Cash Flows
Trang 1018 (L.O 4) The primary purpose of a statement of cash flows is to provide relevant information about the cash receipts and cash payments of an enterprise during a period.The statement of cash flows answers three questions:
a Where did the cash come from during the period?
b What was the cash used for during the period?
c What was the change in the cash balance during the period?
19 (L.O. 5) In accomplishing its purpose, the statement focuses attention on three different activities related to cash flows
The basic format of the statement of cash flows is shown below
Statement of Cash Flows
Cash flows from operating activities $XXXCash flows from investing activities XXXCash flows from financing activities XXXNet increase (decrease) in cash XXXCash at beginning of year XXXCash at end of year $XXX
20 The statement of cash flow’s value is that it helps users evaluate liquidity, solvency, and financial flexibility.
21 (L.O. 6) The information to prepare the statement of cash flows comes from three sources: (a) comparative balance sheets, (b) the current income statement, and (c) selectedtransaction data. Preparation of the statement of cash flows involves the following steps
Trang 11of the statement of cash flows is found in Chapter 23 of the text
Trang 1222 (L.O. 7) Creditors look for answers to the following questions in the company’s cash flow statement:
a How successful is the company in generating net cash provided by operating activities?
b What are the trends in net cash flow provided by operating activities over time?
c What are the major reasons for the positive or negative net cash provided by operatingactivities?
Free Cash Flow
additional investments, retiring its debt, purchasing treasury stock, or simply adding to itsliquidity
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28 The methods used to value assets and allocate costs vary considerably among balancesheet accounts To help users of the financial statements understand and evaluatefinancial statement components and their relationships, these valuation methods arenormally disclosed in a separate Summary of Significant Accounting Policies preceding
the financial statement notes In addition to contingencies and valuation methods, anycontractual situations of significance should be disclosed. These items include pension
obligations, lease contracts, stock options, etc
Fair Values
29 Financial instruments are defined as cash, an ownership interest, or a contractual right toreceive, or an obligation to deliver cash or another financial instrument. Companies are tofollow a fair value hierarchy that provides insight into how to determine fair values. Level 1
(the most reliable) measures are based on observable inputs, such as market price foridentical assets or liabilities. Level 2 (less reliable) measures are based on marketbased
inputs other than those included in Level 1, such as those based on market prices forsimilar assets or liabilities. Level 3 (least reliable) measures are based on unobservable
inputs, such as a company’s own data or assumptions. In addition, companies mustprovide significant additional disclosure related to Level 3 measurements
Techniques of Disclosure
30 (S.O. 9) Effective communication of the information required to be disclosed in financial statements is an important consideration. Accountants have developed certain methodsthat have proven useful in disclosing pertinent information. The methods are parenthetical explanations, notes, cross reference and contra items, and supporting schedules.
Numerous examples of the techniques of disclosure are presented in the text.
Terminology
31 The balance sheet should contain descriptive labels that readers will generallyunderstand and clearly interpret. The profession has recommended that companies usethe work ‘reserve’ only to describe an appropriation of retained earnings. In addition, theprofession has recommended that the use of the work ‘surplus’ be discontinued in theequity section of the balance sheet.
*Ratio Analysis
*32 (S.O. 10) Appendix 5A Ratio Analysis. Demonstrates various ratios used to analyze
financial performance
Trang 14The second class session can be used for final review and for going over the longer problemmaterial. This material allows students to apply chapter concepts by critiquing and preparingfinancial statements
T EACHING T IP
As a comprehensive review of Chapters 4 and 5, use Illustration 57 to discuss the speci
men financial statements of The Procter & Gamble Company that appear in Appendix 5B inthe textbook. Reproduce and distribute Illustration 57. The exercise can be used as either
Trang 153 Omits many items that are of financial value to the business.
a Assets such as the value of a company’s knowledge, skills, human resources, andresearch and development are not reported
b Some liabilities or commitments such as leases and certain contractual arrangements are reported in an “offbalancesheet” manner, or not at all
C (L.O. 2) Classifications in the Balance Sheet.
T EACHING T IP Illustration 51 can be used in a discussion of the major classifications and subclassifications in
liabilities, working capital and the operating cycle
a Definition: Cash and other assets a company expects to convert into cash, sell, orconsume either in one year or in the operating cycle, whichever is longer. (Point
out the distinction between the operating cycle and the accounting cycle.)
b Point out some conceptual weaknesses in the classification of current assets:(1) Prepaid expenses will neither be turned into cash nor used to pay a currentliability. Discuss the justification for including them in current assets
(2) Consumption of plant assets during the current period: conceptually, thecurrent depreciation and amortization charges should be classified as currentassets, analogous to the “currently maturing portion of longterm debt.”
c Items included in the current assets section are presented in the order of liquidity
Trang 16(2) Shortterm investments Investments in debt securities are classified as
either trading, availableforsale, or heldtomaturity, while investments in
equity securities are classified as either trading or availableforsale. Tradingand availableforsale securities are reported at fair value, while heldtomaturity securities are reported at amortized cost Trading securities areclassified as current, while availableforsale and heldtomaturity areclassified as current or noncurrent based on circumstances
and accounts pledged or discounted must be disclosed
(4) Inventories. The basis of valuation (e.g., cost or the lowerofcostormarket),
pricing method (e.g., FIFO, LIFO, etc.), and stage of completion of manufacturedinventories should be disclosed
(5) Prepaid expenses Included as current assets if a company will receive
c Investments set aside in special funds: sinking funds, pension funds, plantexpansion funds, and cash surrender value of life insurance
d Investments in nonconsolidated subsidiaries or affiliated companies
machinery, furniture, and “wasting resources” (timberland, minerals) used in operations
a Most assets in this category are either depreciable (e.g., buildings) or consumable(e.g., timberlands). Land is not depreciated. However, land improvements aredepreciated
b The basis of valuation (e.g., historical cost), any liens against the property, andaccumulated depreciation or depletion must be disclosed
Trang 17a Examples include patents, franchises, copyrights, goodwill, trademarks, trade names,and customer lists.
b Examples:
(1) Payables resulting from the acquisition of goods and services: accountspayable, wages payable, taxes payable
(2) Collections received in advance for the delivery of goods or performance ofservices: unearned rent revenue, unearned subscriptions revenue
(3) Other liabilities whose liquidation will take place within the operating cycle:longterm bonds to be paid in the current period, shortterm obligationsarising from purchase of equipment
c Companies most commonly list notes payable, accounts payable, or shorttermdebt as the first item
d Some liabilities that will be paid within a year are reported as longterm liabilities.
This occurs when the company expects to