Bdi v i , xet den ciing, day la van de cua con ngiCdi, cua cac ca nhan va cong dong ngiidi, va la s\l dap ling cua chinh ho triidc cac thach do' gay gat cua tang triidng kinh te, b i
Trang 1208 NguySn Quang Vinh
cua thiic t i i n Hay chi lay mot t h i du nho, chang han n h u ,
doi v6i cac quan niem ve do t h i va do t h i hoa, ve npi dung
nhieu chieu cua phat t r i e n nong thon va phat t r i e n do t h i ,
dvTdng nhiJ ngay trong doi ngii quan ly N h a nxidc d trong
v u n g v i n chifa dat t d i mot cai n h i n thong n h a t va sang ro
Chu nghia k i n h nghiem c6 le con dang dong mot vai tro dang ke t r o n g hoat dong ciia mot so' khong nho cac can bo
quan ly N h a nu6c, n h a t la d cap cd sd
Trxidc nhutng thach do' tang n h a n h dot ngot do'i v6i
quan ly phat t r i e n , n h a n dan dang k y vong vao sii dap ling
nang dong cua mot the he mdi cac nha quan ly N h a nu'dc
t r o n g vung, diidc t r a n g b i c6 he thong ve t r i thxic quan ly
phat t r i e n hien dai Neu ho ke thijfa diidc chi k h i each
mang, ban l i n h va k i n h nghiem hoat dong xa hoi cua the
he cac nha quan ly di trxidc, t h i hy vong ho se cong hien
dUdc n h i i n g hieu qua cong tac doc dao hdn t r o n g mot doi
ngu quan ly N h a nxidc bao gom nhieu the he t r e n tiifng dia
ban l a n h tho M o t doi ngii quan ly N h a nxidc khong ngvfng doi mdi va diidc tre hoa b^ng n h i i n g hxidc d i t h i c h hdp nhii the, se la bao dam chac chan cho sxi t h a n h dat n h f l n g muc
tieu phat t r i e n DBSCL, triidc van hoi lieh svL mdi
(In trong cuo'n Dong bang song CiCu Long - nghien cjjtu phat trim,
Nxb Khoa hoc xa hoi, Ha Noi, 1995)
Trang 2C A U C H U Y E N V A N HOA CUA M I E N T A Y NAM BO
Ly thu nhat, nhifng dong thdi cung la thuoc loai kho
"dan xep" nhat la nhiing he luy van hoa cua siJ phat trien
oi tham vong 16n lao phat trien kinh te - xa hoi trong vai
ap nien tcii d Dong h&ng song Ciiu Long (DBSCL) chic
c h i n khong the chi d i l n ra trong thuat toan cua nhiing can doi dau vao - dau ra, cac nhip do tang trifdng GDP theo nganh va tieu viing lanh tho, hoac viec x i i ly cac bien so" ve
von, ve cong nghe, t h i triidng Bdi v i , xet den ciing, day la
van de cua con ngiCdi, cua cac ca nhan va cong dong ngiidi,
va la s\l dap ling cua chinh ho triidc cac thach do' gay gat
cua tang triidng kinh te, b i n g nhiing cong hien sinh dong trong tien bo van hoa Va, noi mot each chat che t h i bat ky mot thanh t i i u phat trien nao diidc coi la ben viing ciing deu phai bao ham viec van dung kheo leo cac tiem nang van hoa
da tich liiy diidc, dong thdi gop phan boi d i p nhiing Idp phCi
sa van hoa mdi cho chat liidng cuoc song cua cac chii the cua phat trien Tien bo van hoa c6 y nghia viia nhif la dong luc, viia nhii la muc tieu cua phat trien, chinh la diidc hieu
t i i each tiep can bien chiing noi tren ^ :,
Trang 3212 NguySn Quang Vinh
Tien t r i n h phat trien cua DBSCL da va dang dien ra
xuyen qua nhieu m a u thuan va nghich ly M o t trong nhiing
nghich l y do, hoc 16 r a t dam net trong hien trang phat trien,
la siJ tang triidng nhanh trong l i n h vUc k i n h te khong c6 siJ
song hanh cua n h i i n g tien bo ro net tren l i n h viJc van hoa,
dan t r i , loi song, chat liidng song va cd cau nang \\ic cua
ngiidi lao dong T r a i lai, tren mot so' mat nhat dinh cua tiem
nang v a n hoa dan cii DBSCL, dang c6 hxidc sa sut dang lo
ngai Biicic sa sut do dang gay trci ngai cho s i i tang triidng
viing ch^c, t r d ngai cho cac muc tieu chuyen dich cd cau k i n h
te va cho chinh miic hiidng t h u phuc Idi vat chat va t i n h t h a n
cua dan chung Cam giac lo a u cua nhieu n h a quan sat
khach quan ve dieu ma ho goi l a "nghich l y dong b i n g "
khong phai la khong c6 cd sd O mien dat nay, ndi thanh dat
mot mijfc san lUdng lua cao nhat ca niidc (700 k g
thoc/ngiidi)*", da so' ngiidi dan van song diidi cac m a i la sd
sai, v6i nguon nii6c uong bi 6 nhiem nang ne, miic do that
hoc cao, t r e em b i suy dinh diidng vdi t i le 16n, miic do t h u
hiidng v a n hoa ngheo nan, h a m liidng t r i tue trong cac san
pham ciia vCing con kha thap
Theo mot each hieu nao do, t h i v a n hoa cung c6 nghia la
each the song ciia con ngvidi; l a phiidng thiic de con ngiidi
t h i c h l i n g v6i moi triidng t i i nhien va xa hoi, de viidn len
dong hoa va cai tao moi triidng do, theo n h i i n g muc tieu cua
tien bo xa hoi Khong i t giay miJc da diidc danh de phan tich
1 So lieu thong k e n a m 1993
va danh gia cao t i n h nang no cua nen van hoa boat dong ciia cac l i i u dan thdi md dat, ciing n h i i cua kho'i cii d a n da
toe ngiidi d D B S C L trong suo't chieu dai lich s\i 300 n a m
nay Do la mot s i i that, va la mot von quy t h a t stf cho phat trien N h i i n g cuoc song dang khong ngiing tien hoa Nhieu
mo h i n h i l n g x i i , nhieu p h a m chat v a n hoa t i n h t h a n ngay horn qua con to r a la mot dap l i n g nang dong do'i v6i doi hoi cua cuoc song, t h i r a t c6 the ngay horn nay da to r a la khong con day d i i niia V a neu hiidng t a m n h i n tdi mot vien canh
xa hdn, t h i c6 n h i i n g cai t h a m c h i l a i trci t h a n h liic can do'i v6i cuoc h a n h t r i n h qua m d i me d i vao tiidng lai Co phan nao qua Idi khong, k h i noi rang mot so' t a n d i i cua 16'i song liiu dan va 16'i s6'ng thiidng ho - diide nu6i diidng va v a n dong tren m6t m a t b^ng d a n t r i k h a thap - roi se phai dap ling l a m sao day trii6e cac yeu cau nghiet nga cua qua t r i n h c6ng nghiep hoa, hien dai hoa va do t h i hoa? Ro rang la
dang CO mot doi hoi khach quan biJtc xiic d6'i v6i chuyen d6'i
he th6'ng cac d i n h hiidng gia t r i ciia ngiidi dan DBSCL, de
ho CO the diidng dau t h a n g Idi vdi cac thach do' mdi ciia cuoc
so'ng O day, c6 h a i tuye'n v a n de can diidc song song x\l ly
Mot mat, N h a niidc, cac d i n h che xa hoi, cac cong dong can
CO s i i ph6'i hdp de nang cap viidt bac he tho'ng k e t cau ha tang xa hoi va k y t h u a t , nhSm ho t r d cho viee thiic hien cac chi tieu ve tien bo v a n hoa trong viing M a t khac, ban t h a n moi con ngiidi c( mien Tay ciing can y thiic ve t a t ca n h i i n g
gi mdi me dang d i l n r a t r o n g m 6 i triidng k i n h te - xa hoi,
de kh6ng qua ngii yen va bang long vdi t r i n h do nang liic hien c6 va mot each iing x i i v a n hoa quen thuoc von dang b i cuoc s6'ng thach thiic va doi hoi p h a i thay doi
Trang 4214 Nguyen Quang Vinh
"Van hoa va phat trien" la mot chii de rat rong Idn
Trong bai viet, chiing toi chi di vao phan tich hien trang
ddi song van hoa d DBSCL va nhiing khia canh nghich ly
cua no Sau do, xin gdi len ba van de cua tien bo van hoa
ma chiing toi cho rang can diJdc xii ly tot, de gop phan hoa
giai nghich ly va bao dam phat trien ben viing Do la van
de phat trien tai nguyen con ngiidi, van de truyen thong va
each tan trong phat trien loi song c\i dan, va van de ve svt
ke thijfa c6 tinh sang tao giiia cac the he
I H I E N T R A N G D C I S O N G V A N H O A V A N G H I C H L Y
P H A T T R I E N C U A D O N G B A N G S O N G C U U L O N G
Chuyen ke ring, c6 mot cau con trai ci tuoi dang 16n rat c6
tai danh bat cua, ca Cau chAng he thieu tien Tren cd tay
chang trai thon que mien Tay ay c6 deo mot chiec dong ho
Seiko mdi "cau canh" Chi c6 dieu la la cau chang gap ai cdng
hoi "May gid roi?" Ly do ddn gian thoi Cau khong biet chii!
NhiJng giai thoai hien dai nhuom mau hom hinh cua
Ba Phi hay cua Triim Pho va 6ng 6 nhif the khong hiem
No Cling la mot thii t\i trao thong minh, de nh^c nhd ve
nhiing khuyet tat van hoa ma ngiJdi dan biet minh chUa
viJdt thoat han dUdc Diing vay Nhiing con so' ngoan muc
ve san liidng liia cua mien Tay, ve miic san xuat binh quan
ciia viing nay bang 1,27 Ian ca niidc' la nhiing thanh tdu
1 Ti'nh toan theo so lieu 3 nam 1990 - 1992
Di tim SLfc song cac quan he xa hoi 215
mo hoi nUdc mat that dang tii hao Song d phia sau nhiing so' lieu kinh te tdng hdp ay, van con mot vai mang hien
thUc van hoa va dan t r i bi che k h u a t di O do con niJdng
nau khong i t van de gay can rat cham diidc giai quyet
CCing vdi thdi gian, chiing c6 the tich t u lai de trd thanh nhiing khung hoang cue bo, tao ra nguy cd pha hong nhieu chiidng trinh phat trien day thien y Hay thii di vao quan sat mot vai trang thai cua ddi song van hoa hom nay
1 Triidc het hay noi ve mi^c sink, nhif la mot chi bao
cua trinh do iing xii van hoa Ngiidi phu nii nong thon mien Tay Nam bo con sinh nhieu con Mac dau trong vong
15 nam trd lai day, c\i dan trong viing da chap nhan mot
so' bien phap ngufa thai, va ci mot so' nhom xa hoi nhat dinh (phu n i i tre, dan do thi, t h i tii) da c6 chuyen bien biidc dau
ve quan niem so' con hdp ly, song theo so lieu dieu tra qudc gia nam 1992 -1993, so' con trung binh cua cac ba me ci DBSCL v^n con d miic 3,2 con' So' ba me c6 5 - 6 con khong phai la hiem d viing nay Co mot hien tildng rat c^n luu y la, neu nhii bay, tarn nam ve triidc, ci cac tinh trong viing, viec giam t i le tang triicing t i i nhien dan so' hang nam xuo'ng 0,1% khong phai la dieu qua kho khan; t h i bay, tam nam gan day, keo xuo'ng mdi nam chiing 0,01% la mot viec het siic chat vat doi vdi nhieu tinh Co nhieu ly do de
ly giai hien tiidng nay Nhiing neu chi xet rieng ve khia
• So con t r u n g binh cua cac ba me dong b i n g song Hong la 2,9 con (so'lieu dieu tra nam 1992 - 1993) •;•
Trang 5216 Nguyen Quang Vinh
canh van hoa ciia viec tai san xuat dan c\i, t h i da thay c6
nhieu van de phai giai quyet
Nhieu cuoc dieu tra xa hoi hoc cho thay boh ly do muon
sinh nhieu con van dUdc lap di lap lai d ca hai gidi nam
-nQ va ci moi Itfa tuoi cua cxi dan nong thon DBSCL:
- Can ngiidi cham soc khi gia yeu,
- Can du con trai, con gai,
- Muon gia dinh c6 nhieu sutc lao dong,
- Dong con t h i nhieu phifdc
Doi v6i nam gidi, doi vdi ngifdi gia va trung nien thuoc
ca hai gidi t h i quan niem nay con kha kien c6', mac dau
cung CO chieu hiidng hdi giam xuo'ng do tac dong tong hdp
cua nhieu cuoc van dong xa hoi Tuy cac gia dinh tre muon
thay doi mo hinh ling xvL van hoa tren linh viic nay, song
tam anh hifdng tinh t h i n va sii kiem tra xa hoi cua cha
me, ong ba (thiidng cxi trii rat gan vdi ho) cung con kha 16n
Trong so' cac anh hUdng va siic ep tinh than tH phia cac
bac trifdng thifdng do, c6 the ke den sxi binh gia thUdng
xuyen do'i vdi cac cap vd chong tre ve sil \xia chon cac bien
phap ngijfa thai (vi du: nhieu vi rat "ngan" bien phap triet
san nam hoac ni3), binh gia ve so con da sinh, hoac ve tinh
trang thieu vang con trai, v.v ^
1 X e m them: N g u y e n Q u a n g V i n h - "Kehoach hoa gia dinh d dong
bang song Cilu Long nhin tii goc do bien doi loi song", i n trong
cuo'n sach nay
Do mile sinh con cao, nen t i le mac benh (trong nam) ciia cac ba me d DBSCL ciing cao hdn nhieu vung trong
nxidc va hien d miic 75,57% O cac ba me c6 3 con trd len, t i
le mac benh cua me len den 80% (cac con so' tifdng iing d dong bling song Hong la 66,01% va 67,1%)
2 Ti le tre em suy dinh di/dng d DBSCL ciing vao loai cao nhat trong ca nxidc, mac dau cac dieu kien ve chat bot, tom ca, trai cay trong vung nay khong phai la thieu thon Ngiidi ta Ixiu y ngay cang nhieu tdi viec di tim nguyen nhan cua tinh trang nay Difdc neu len hang dau la cac
nguyen nhan: trinh do dan t r i chiia cao cua phu nxL
DBSCL noi chung va each thijfc cham nuoi con cua cac ba
me trong vCing noi rieng con chiia hdp ly, thieu khoa hoe Yeu to' 6 nhiem nghiem trong nguon nxidc mat d DBSCL ciing la mot nguyen nhan gay benh dUdng ruot cho tre va lam nghiem trong them tinh trang suy dinh difdng Cac
cuoc khao sat gan day nhat cho thay chi eo 20% dan cxi
DBSCL CO diidc nguon nxidc uo'ng an toan Cung each an d tren song rach va xa phan rac tuy tien cua dong dao cxi
dan cung la mot nguon goc gay 6 nhiem niidc
3 Trong khi do, miCc do thu hildng cac dich vu y te cxxa
ba con trong vung ciing con thap so vdi cac chi tieu cua ca nude Trong khi chi tieu binh quan cua ca nifde la 103 y bac si (trong do c6 40 bac si) tren 100.000 dan; cua dong bang song Hong la 87 y bac si (trong do c6 38 bac si) tren 100.000 dan, t h i DBSCL chi c6 difdc binh quan 84 y bac si tren 100.000 dan (trong do so bac si ehi c6 23) Mile giifdng
Trang 6218 NguySn Quang Vinh
benh t r e n 100.000 dan cua D B S C L chi dat 5 1 % mijfc do
b i n h quan ca nU6c, va 58,3% m\ic do b i n h quan ciia dong
bang song Hong
4 Nan mu chit, tinh trang tre em cham den Idp hoac bo
hoc va trinh do hoc van binh quan thdp cua ngiidi dan
D B S C L cung la mot n h a n to l a m t r d ngai Idn cho phat
t r i e n ben vQng
• f Neu chi khao sat so hoc sinh pho thong cac cap (dau
n a m hoc 1992-1993) t r e n 100.000 dan, t h i thay DBSCL
khong thap thua bao nhieu so v6i chi tieu tvfdng ijfng cua ca
nUdc Song van de noi com len la 80% cd sd trUdng Idp trong
vung deu r a t tho sd, t a m bd; giao vien tieu hoc thieu nghiem
trough; mot so'vung sau, v u n g xa t h a m chi khong c6 thay c6
giao va cd sd trifdng Idp^ T i le tre em iii 6-14 tuoi chiia den
t n j d n g thuoc loai cao nhat trong ca niidc (34,17%)
Neu n h i n van de d t a m phat t r i e n theo hiidng cong
nghiep hoa va hien dai hoa, t h i t i le hoc sinh cap I I I (pho
thong t r u n g hoc) trong v u n g con qua thap Trong k h i ca
niidc c6 991 hoc sinh cap III/IOO.OOO dan, t h i chi so nay d
1 Chi tinh d 3 tinh Can Thd, Dong Thap, A n Giang trong nam
1994, he thong giao due pho thong dang thieu khoang 4000 giao
vien tieu hoc
2 Co nhQng v u n g s a u , trifOng 16p pho thong quoc lap k h o n g vildn
tdi dUOc, ba con phai t\i dong gop cay, la dvtng Idp, gop tien nuoi
thay giao d a n lap chon tif trong thon ap, de day tre v6i mot
chuong t r i n h khong day du va chat lUOng thap
D B S C L chi dat mufc 663 (bSng 63,8% miic ca nudc va 43,2% mile ciia dong bang song Hong) -
Do la n h i n miifc hoc van dan ci:; tijf phia cac hoat dong hien hanh cua he thong giao due pho thong Neu xet hien
t r a n g t r i n h do hoc van ciia toan bo dan chung tii 10 t u o i trd len, t h i con c6 den 16% dan chung hoan toan khong
biet cha (trong cong dong ba con Khdme, so' hoan toan khong biet doc, biet viet tieng Viet len tdi 51,58%) T i le c\i
dan (tijf 10 t u o i trci len) chi c6 t r i n h do cap I t r d xuo'ng, chiem den 67,41%
Chi bay nhieu con so' thong ke khach quan ve ddi song van hoa cua dan chung cung da cho thay mot nghich ly t r d
t r e u cho sti phat t r i e n difdng dai cua DBSCL M o t t i n h
t r a n g nhif the, neu khong diidc cai t h i e n tii can ban hkng
n h i i n g chii t r d d n g , bien phap dau tu: m a n h me c6 k h a nang xoay van t i n h the lien tuc t r o n g khoang mot h a i thap k y tdi, t h i chac chan se l a m chiSng l a i da tang trifdng k i n h te
viia lay l a i difdc, va se thtte siJ kho k h i biide vao mot t h d i
ky phat t r i e n toan dien, trong do yeu to con ngddi va t i e m nang van hoa cua con ngUdi se diidc huy dong den cao do
I I PHAT TRIEN T A I NGUYEN CON N G l / O l - GIAI PHAP
CO T I N H C H I E N Ll/OC DE T I C H C l / C H O A T I E M NANG
V A N H O A CUA CU" D A N
1 Con ngddi mien Tay vo'n noi tieng t i i l a u ve nhiifng
truyen thong van hoa quy bdu, tifng diidc t h i i thach trong
Trang 7220 Nguyen Quang Vinh
lich s\i Long can trvfdng, t i n h thiet thiic va kha nang thich
ling l i n h hoat cua nhQng the he con ngiidi d i k h a i pha
v u n g dat mdi, da difdc chijfng thiJc bang chinh v u n g giang
sdn t r u p h u ma ho la chu the xay diing nen M o t dac t i n h
van hoa noi t r o i nQa cua con ngifdi mien Tay la t i n h t h a n
t i i chu, phong each giao l i i u cdi mci, m l n cam v6i cai mdi va
khong chiu go bo trong n h i i n g k h u o n mau giao dieu cvfng
nh4c Do la nhiJng tiem nang van hoa can phai diidc tiep
tuc v u n boi va tich ciic hoa, trifdc ngiidng c\ia cua mot thdi
k y phat t r i e n mdi Qua t r i n h xa hoi hoa the he tre dang
16n len cua D B S C L phai l a m sao gop phan trao t r u y e n l a i
diidc cac pham chat van hoa t r u y e n thong quy bau ay, va
phat t r i e n len cho ngang tarn vdi nhutng doi hoi r a t cao cua
tien t r i n h cong nghiep hoa va do t h i hoa The he nhQng
ngiidi lao dong mdi d D B S C L khong the la sii t a i tao
nguyen ban l a i nhiJng gi cha anh ho da c6 (va da tijfng
t h a n h cong 16n vdi cai von da c6 do) t r o n g qua khijt Cac
thiidc do dan t r i ciing c6 t i n h lich svL Gid day, d ngiidng
ciia the k y X X I , ngiidi lao dong mien Tay phai c6 d u t r i
thiic, nang l\ic de viidt qua chu nghia k i n h nghiem, phong
each mo phong va "thii-sai" mo m&m t r o n g san xuat ma
cha ong ho da nhieu ddi van dung de l a m r a cay lua, hat
gao, t r a i cay, dan gia suc SiJ canh t a n v a n hoa cua dat
nxidc noi chung, va cua D B S C L noi rieng c6 le trifdc het
phai diidc "cay" vao chiidng t r i n h phat t r i e n t a i nguyen con
ngiidi ci v u n g nay M o t qua t r i n h tri tue hoa lao dong phai
difdc khcii dong mot each eo chu dich va c6 phiidng phap
dung dan Bat dau tijf viec mci rong va nang cao chat lifdng
giao due pho thong; dao luyen tay nghe da dang cho c\i dan
nong thon va do t h i , de ho c6 du siic don n h a n chUdng
t r i n h ehuyen giao cong nghe m a n h me vao t r o n g vOing nay, chac chan se dien r a vdi mot n h i p do cao
2 Co le dieu dau t i e n diidc ngUdi ta Ixiu y den k h i ban
ve cai t h i e n hoat dong giao due t r o n g v i i n g la phai c6 svi
dau tu dung mi2c cua Nhd niCdc Khong c6 "qua dam
m a n h " nay, t h i D B S C L se khong dat tdi dUde t r i n h do eo
du mang Ixidi t r i i d n g Idp nghiem ehinh, du thay c6 giao deu
khap cho tdi t a n v u n g sau, v i i n g xa N h f l n g kho k h a n dac biet do dia h i n h song rach chang chit, cac quan cif b i chia cat, ciing can diide x i i ly k h i muon pho cap hoa t r i thiic pho thong va t r i thiifc ky t h u a t cho dan ehiing Diidng n h i i ngiidi ta con i t n g h i den viec van dung cac ed che giao due tif xa - thong qua sach bao, radio, t i v i - de tiep siic t h e m cho mang lifdi trifdng Idp r a t kho t r i e n k h a i t h a u khap trong mot lue Chung toi cho r i n g cae the he dang Idn len
CO the se dan dan tiep n h a n ed che nay, chii day khong
phai ehi la chuyen " v i l n tifdng"
Hdn nijfa, do n h u cau thdi dai, va do t i n h thiet thiic cua con ngiidi mien Tay, nen chu y lam dam net them cac t i n h thiet thue va t i n h hifdng ve ky t h u a t cua cac t r i thiic can truyen t h u Day la mot each tiep can r a t c6 trien vong, neu
ta xem xet n6 trong stf ddi chieu vdi k i n h nghiem mot so"
quoc gia trong k h u w^ic M o i ngvfdi deu biet H a n Quoe va
Singapore la n h i i n g niidc di len ra't nhanh nhd vao sii nghiep giao due quoc dan M o t trong n h i i n g bai hoc Idn cua
ho la N h a nifdc dau t i i m a n h vao giao due, nhifng dieu quan
Trang 8222 Nguyen Quang Vinh
trong hdn la viec dau t\i nay dat dau nhan vao mot nen gido
due hitdng ve ky thudt. H a n Quoc tr\ic tiep k h a i thac n h i i n g
bai hoc quy ciia N h a t va Dijfc trong k h u y n h hifdng nhan
m a n h giao due ky thuat Con Singapore t h i trong k h i co
g i n g de thoat ra khoi vong anh hiicing ciia he thong giao
due thuoc dia cua nxidc A n h trong qua k h i i , cung dong thdi
nhan manh hdn den dao tao ky thuat va nghe nghiep cho
nhan dan trong chvTdng t r i n h giao due quoc dan Va chinh
nhd d dinh hiidng thich hdp n h i i the, hai quoc gia noi tren
da don dau difdc cac thach do eua tang trufdng va phat trien
nhanh, khien cho viec phat trien t a i nguyen con ngiidi co
the " t r d bo" k i p triidc cac khiic quanh den ehdng mat cua
toe do trien k h a i ddi song k i n h te - xa hoi hien dai Con giao
due d Malaixia, Indonesia va T h a i L a n , trong k h i da lam
mot dieu rat xac dang la coi trong dung mile cac khoa hoc
xa hoi va nhan van, lai co thdi ky coi nhe hoac gay ra t a m ly
coi nhe dao tao ky t h u a t trong xa hoi, nen da phai dieu
ehinh mot each i t nhieu bi dong
Noi l a i bai hoc k i n h nghiem nay, chung toi n g h i r ^ n g c6
le no CO y nghla doi v6i sii nghiep eai each giao due d ca
rvddc ta, ehil khong chi rieng la v a n de cua DBSCL Song
ngay ca k h i cac s i p xep chung cua nen giao due ca nii6c
eon ehiia diide thiJc hien sdm sua, t h i , theo chung toi, viec
d i n h hu6ng sau hdn vao ky t h u a t cho c\i dan D B S C L v l n
CO the diide t r i e n k h a i thong qua nhieu ed che sSn co trong
t a m tay Chang h a n thong qua viec thuc day thUc hien
n h a n h phan ban d cap H I cho DBSCL, thong qua viec xav
diing cac t r u n g t a m day nghe d nong t h o n va do t h i , thong
qua viec phat huy vai tro cua D a i hoc Can Thd, cung n h u ciia h i n h thiic giao due tCf xa (qua radio va t i vi), ngUdi ta
cung CO the dat dau nhan dung mite cho ky thudt trong
tiem nang van hoa eiia dan chung Rieng d cap dai hoc, hang nam co 8.000 con em ci D B S C L nop ddn t h i , song D a i hoc Can Thd chi tiep nhan noi toi da 2.000 em Neu cho trifdng nay thUc hien quy che D a i hoc Cong dong, t h i co the t h u nap khoang 4.000 - 5.000 em vao hoc giai doan I (chiJdng t r i n h dai hoc ed sci), tao nen mong t r i thiie va t a m
the hxidng nghiep sau cho cac em di vao cac ehuyen khoa
cua D a i hoc Can Thd va cac dai hoc khae d v u n g N a m bo nhiing nam tiep sau H i e n nay, D a i hoc Can Thd da co quan he hdp tac vdi nhieu trifdng dai hoe t r e n the gi6i, thuoc hau het cac chau lue, va do la ed sci tot de co the trien k h a i h i n h thijfc dai hoe eong dong Va neu biet d i n h hu6ng dung cho ed che dao tao mem deo nay, t h i dau n h a n
ky t h u a t se c6 the dUde thiic hien khong may kho k h a n cho so'thanh nien D B S C L co hoc van cao
3 Viec gay diing tUng hxidc cho D B S C L mot nen san
xuat CO h a m l\Jdng khoa hoc va t r i tue cao r a t co the diidc
thue hien t i i hai nga M o t mat la nang cao dan qua t r i n h
t r i tue hoa lao dong cua ngifdi san xuat d ed sd thong qua cac hoat dong k h u y e n nong, khuyen ngif, k h u y e n eong da dang M a t khae, thuc day sii ra ddi cua mot tang 16p t r i
thutc da dan toe tre tuoi trong vung, l a m t h a n h mot diem
tr-oi ve t r i tue t r o n g ed cau xa hoi
Co le cung phai n g h l den phat t r i e n mot mang \\idi truyen thong khoa hoc pho cap t r o n g vung, tii do tao dUng
Trang 9mot phong each van hoa m6i cho cac the he cii dan D B S C L
cuoi the ky X X , dau the ky X X I - phong each tim doc va
nghe - nhin nhQng noi dung c6 tac dung hiidng dan cho su
di dong xa hoi - nghe nghiep va dich chuyen cO cau kinh te
cua vung Day ciing la nhiing bien phap ky thuat va xa hoi
de phat huy truyen thong ve tinh nang dong, phong each
cdi md, kha nang thich iing cua cif dan D B S C L trong dieu
kien lich stC mdi
4 Phu nH DBSCL la mot ehu the xa hoi rat quan trong
cua san xuat vat chat va tinh than, ciing nhii cua siJ nghiep
tai san xuat cac the he dan c\i cho vung dat dang bien doi
nhanh chong nay Bao ve va nang cao siie khoe cho phu nQ,
nhat la cho cac ba me trong tuoi sinh san, la mot noi dung
rat then chot cua cong euoc phat trien tai nguyen con ngiidi
Bcii vi, vdi tu each la ngUdi vd, ngifdi me, ngvfdi noi trd, neu
chi em phu niJ trong vung diidc tiep silc de cai bien phUdng
thiic nuoi day con, cham soc cho moi trifdng song cua gia
dinh, dieu chinh hdp ly miic sinh, quan tam den viee hoc
hanh lien tuc cua con cai trong tudi den trvfdng, thi siie tac
dong cua 161 song cua chi em se cham tdi dUdc nhQng tang
rat sau cua sii tien hoa cd cau xa hoi
I I I X U " L Y D U N G M O I Q U A N H E G I U " A T R U Y E N T H O N G
vA cAcH T A N T R O N G L O I S O N G C U A C A C T O C N G U O I
vA C U A T O A N B O C U D A N T R O N G V U N G
1. D B S C L la mot vung da van hoa, la nOi cU tru xen ke
cua nhieu toe ngiidi tvi nhieu the ky, vdi mot moi giao lifu
1 0i tim sLfc song cac quan he xa hoi 225
van hoa sau rong va lanh manh NgUdi Viet, ngiJdi Khdme, ngiidi Cham Hoi giao da ciing nhau chia se cong trinh khai pha va phat trien xa hoi rat manh me suot ba the ky qua,
tuy moi toe ngUdi v&n gin giQ nhiing ban sic van hoa dae
thu cua minh trong to chiic san xuat, to chiic cac quan he cong dong, va chia se cac niem tin ton giao, t i n ngvfdng it nhieu rieng biet Cac moi giao thoa van hoa da diidc the
nghiem sau sic thong qua cac giao liiu va bd sung cho
nhau ve ky thuat san xuat, thiidng mai, ve ngon ngii, ve sinh boat l l hoi va tin ngiidng, ve trao ddi hon nhan, ve cac
qua trinh qu^n cii va di cM noi vCing v.v
Cac cuoc dieu tra xa hoi hoc trong thap ky 90 nay cho thay qua trinh trao ddi hon nhan giiia ngifdi Viet, ngiidi Hoa va ngUdi Khdme da de lai nhiing dau an van hoa sau dam trong viee cai bien phong each lam an va sinh boat cua khong it gia dinh Mot cuoc khao sat xa hoi (chon m^u)
d vung nam song Mang Thit (thuoc tinh Tra Vinh va Vinh Long) vao nam 1992 cho thay eo 7% cac ho ngifdi Viet (dUdc khao sat) c6 quan he trao ddi hon nhan vdi ngiidi Hoa va 6% khac c6 quan he trao ddi hon nhan vdi ngUdi Khdme Trong k h i do, d 7,1% so ho Khdme diidc khao sat
CO ghi nhan thay hien tUdng lay vd lay chong la ngUdi Viet
va 1,2% so'ho CO thanh vien lay vd lay chong la ngUdi Hoa
Trong khi khao sat cong viee lam an sinh song cua ba eon ngiidi Khdme, ehung toi thay d nhiing ho c6 quan he trao doi hon nhan vdi ngifdi Viet hoac ngiidi Hoa, mijte song
thudng CO phan cao hdn, phong each to ehijfc san xuat kinh
doanh c6 phan nang dong, da dang hdn Neu nhu xet
Trang 10226 NguySn Quang Vinh
chung cpng dong Khdme v u n g n a m M a n g T h i t , t h i nhom
CO miic t h u nhap thap chiem den 4 4 , 1 % tong so'ho Khome
dddc khao sat Trong k h i do, d nhom cac ho Khdme c6
quan he trao doi hon nhan vdi ngddi Viet hoac ngiidi Hoa,
ty le ho CO t h u nhap thap chi con chiem 35,7% so' ho cua
nhom sau nay ma thoi
Mac dau c6 nhieu khac biet ve t r u y e n thong van hoa,
dac diem t i n ngifdng, ngon ngU, phong tuc, nep quan cu
v.v , song t r o n g lich s\i ciing n h d hien t a i , khong thay xuat
hien n h i i n g x u n g dot ve quan he toe ngifdi giiia cac cong
dong dan cd t r o n g v i i n g do canh t r a n h k i n h te hoac khac
biet van hoa Tuy vay, neu n h i n ci goc do ciia cac chddng
t r i n h phat t r i e n quy mo Idn, dong cham sau xa t d i mo h i n h
canh tac, san xuat, k i n h doanh da t h a n h t r u y e n thong cua
moi toe ngddi, t h i ciing con n h i i n g t r d ngai Idn can phai
vddt qua Do la mot dang t r d ngai van hoa cua phat trien
Trong k h i ngddi Viet da d i sau vao t h a m canh lua 2 - 3 vu/
n a m va bddc dau phat t r i e n cac dang boat dong p h i - nong
nghiep va dich v u nong thon, t h i khong i t ba con ngddi
Khdme van con dam chan k h a l a u t r o n g t i n h t r a n g lam
lua miia mot v u Phong each t i c h liiy, t i e u d i i n g va t a i dau
t d cho phat t r i e n d h a i toe ngddi nay ciing khac biet K h i di
sau vao cac dd an phat t r i e n tdng hdp tieu vung, t h i cang
thay sd khac biet ve van hoa san xuat do dang lam xuat
hien n h i i n g bai toan hoc bua, neu muon xac d i n h n h i p do
va quy mo doi mdi cd cau m i i a v u , k h a i thac toi d u cac cong
t r i n h t h i i y Idi, h i n h t h a n h cac diem do t h i mdi v.v N e u sd
quan cd cua cac toe ngddi t r o n g v i i n g da dddc t h i e t lap
tach biet ( n h d t r d d n g hdp cac dan toe i t ngddi d mien nui)
t h i viee x d ly cac dac t h u cua van hoa san x u a t dd gap kho
k h a n hdn nhieu Dang nay, ngddi Viet, ngddi Hoa, ngddi Khdme l a i h a u n h d cong cd t r e n ciing n h i i n g dia ban dd an rong Idn, cho nen, cung mot dd an phat t r i e n , khong the c6 hai mo h i n h , hai nhip do di chen Ian vao nhau
N o i cho dung ra, mot so' k h u vdc dan ed Khdme d
D B S C L da t h i i nghiem dan t h a n l a m h a i v u lua Ho l a m dddc, n h d n g nang suat n h i n chung van con thap, trong k h i mde doi hoi d^u t d de vddt qua sdc chiu ddng cua kha dong cac ho Khdme ngheo V i vay, de chuyen hoa dan mo
h i n h van hoa san xuat cua ba con Khdme, c6 le phai xac dinh chddng t r i n h t h u hep lua mua d mot n h i p do viia phai, khong qua voi va Dong thdi can c6 sd ho t r d t i n dung vdi dieu kien de dang hdn cho cac v u n g ma ba con dan toe Khdme dang m a n h dan di vao mo h i n h h a i v u lua Sd u n g
ho k h u y n h hudng doi mdi cong nghe canh tac nay t d phia cac v i luc ea va cac v i sd sai t r o n g cac ngoi ehiia Khdme -cac t r u n g tarn v a n hoa t i n h t h a n ciia cong dong - mang mot y nghia r a t to Idn 0 day, cac nha quan l y phat t r i e n
can de t a m sau sic hdn den moi tac dong qua l a i giiJa bo'n
n h a n to: tap tuc v a n hoa - cong nghe mdi - dieu k i e n dau
t d de doi mdi - va chinh ban t h a n h a n h v i san xuat cua cac chu the k i n h te ngddi Khdme
N h d vay la viee x i i ly dung dan moi quan he t r u y e n tho'ng va each t a n trong 16'i song, trddc bet dddc the h i e n trong l i n h vdc h a n h v i san xuat V a de thue day mot bddc chuyen bien t r o n g loi song, ngddi ta p h a i chu y den r a t
Trang 11228 NguySn Quang Vinh
nhieu yeu to, dac biet la nhiJng yeu to thoat n h i n c6 ve n h u
la k h a each xa vdi pham t r u "van hoa" niia
2 Ben canh viee doi mdi v a n hoa san xuat cua ngiidi
dan, t h i viee doi mdi Unh viCc van hoa tinh than va sU van
hdnh cua cac quan he cgng dong cung la mot t h a n h to
quan trong cua phat t r i e n No se i n dau an trci l a i t r e n loi
song cua cM dan va l a m n e n dien mao dac s^e cua mien
Tay N a m bo t r o n g tong the nen v a n hoa dang doi m6i cua
Viet N a m Chi c6 the gdi len ci day k h a nang chuyen hoa tir
t r u y e n thong len h i e n dai ci mot v a i l i n h vvfc dvfdc coi la
quan trong
a Thechegia dinh cua ngiidi mien Tay c6 net dac sSc
rieng Ben canh n h i i n g net chung cua gia d i n h t r u y e n
thong Viet N a m , to chiic gia d i n h ci v u n g nay diidc h a t
n h a n hoa k h a n h a n h , t i n h dan c h u t r o n g gia d i n h k h a cao;
do CO ket noi t a i va t i n h t\i chu cua gia d i n h h a t n h a n k h a
16n; gin hen v6i mot k h a nang t h i c h iing l i n h hoat triidc
moi bien dong cua m o i trifdng k i n h te - xa hoi va cac giao
lifu v a n hoa Dac diem nay cua the che gia d i n h c6 the tao
dieu kien t h u a n Idi hdn cho s\i phat t r i e n cua cac ca nhan
t h a n h vien, cua n i i gidi va cua t h a n h nien G i n giii va phat
huy cac s i c t h a i ay c6 le se tiep t h e m siic m a n h cho s i i di
dong xa hoi, cho sU md rong cac quan he t h i trUdng va cho
cac chieu giao lUu v a n hoa se difdc md r a r a t m a n h trong
tifdng l a i
b Cac quan he thon ap va lang gieng la mot truyen
thong v a n hoa tot dep cua nong thon t r o n g v u n g - t u y do
Qi tim sCrc song cac quan he xa hoi 229
khong phai la mot the manh Idn, neu dem so sanh vdi cd cau lang xa kien co hdn nhieu ciia dia ban phia Bac T u y
vay, t r u y e n thong v a n hoa nay cung can dUdc v u n dip, v i
no se la tien de quy bau cho cac h i n h thiic hdp tac da dang
va nhieu tang bac trong nong thon, mot k h i cac hoat dong nong nghiep, cong nghiep va dich v u nong thon difdc hang hoa hoa cao do hdn niia Dieu dac biet can l i i u y d mien Tay N a m bo la cac quan he cong dong thon ap t r d nen
khang k h i t gap nhieu Ian mot k h i no diidc dan det nhudn
nhuyen vdi tinh lien ddi ciia cac quan he t i n ngiidng hoac
t i n h cam t o n giao 6 cac lang Thien Chua giao, lang theo
dao Hoa Hao, ngiidi ta co the quan sat thay r a t nhieu hoat
dong xa hoi cong ich hoac co t i n h chat t\i t h i e n diidc phat
trien da dang vdi siJ t h a m gia ttf nguyen cua dong dao d a n chung trong thon ap: dvlng cau g6, l a m dUdng giao thong nong thon, lap cac doi chQ thap do, md cac t r a m phat thuoc Dong N a m difdc mien p h i cho dan v.v D a y la n h i i n g nhan to v a n hoa va lo'i song tich ciJc, mang t i n h n h a n b a n cao, hoan toan co the dvfdc t h u h u t mot each m e m deo vao trong k h u o n kho eac phong trao quan chiing d cd sd de eai thien dieu kien song va chat lUdng m o i trifdng eho n h a n dan nong thon
Rieng doi vdi ngifdi Khdme, p h u m , soc la mot khong gian v a n hoa thieng lieng, co kha nang co' ket eon ngiidi va
CO tac dung kiem t r a xa hoi - dao diic t h a t hon nhien Dong thdi, sii r a ddi cua cac xa ap hanh chinh cQng la mot
n h u cau khach quan cua he quan l y n h a nifdc hien dai
N h u n g , CO nen chang, trong t a t ca m o i trifdng hdp, cac
Trang 122 3 0 Nguy§n QuangVinh
khong gian p h u m , soc xiia deu can phai diidc "hoa t a n "
t r i e t de vao cac r a n h gidi hanh chinh - l a n h tho? Cau t r a
Idi cua nhieu nha khoa hoc la: Khong! '
c Do thi - hieu theo dung nghia cua no - la mot dau
hieu tong hdp cua t i e n bo k i n h te va tien bo xa hoi STJ ra
ddi cua nhieu t h i t\i, t h i t r a n , t h a n h pho mdi trong vung
D B S C L dang keo theo tdi do r a t nhieu t h i dan mdi c6 goc
r l nong thon nhieu ddi M o t van de cua van hoa va phat
t r i e n dat ra d day la phai nang cao nang \\ic quan ly cac do
t h i de svi phat t r i e n ket cau vat the cua do t h i phai di song
h a n h vdi sii nay nci va chin muoi cua quan he kieu do t h i ,
cua loi song do t h i Do la con diidng de ngan ngvfa t\i xa xu
hiidng "nong t h o n hoa do t h i " da tijfng l a m xuong cap hang
loat do t h i lau n a m ci t r o n g va ngoai v u n g DBSCL T r a i l a i ,
ben canh sii cung co cac diem do t h i dich thiic, mot qua
t r i n h do t h i hoa nong thon ciing phai dUdc t r i e n k h a i Cach
to chxic, sap xep khong gian cua cac xom ap phai diidc cai
to l a i cung vdi qua t r i n h xay diJng cac kieu loai nha ci mdi,
k i e n co hdn, hdp ly hdn cho nong thon Nep an, d, sinh boat
v a n hoa, g i n givi moi t r i i d n g song t r o n g l a n h can diidc coi
1 X i n tham khao them quan diem cua cac n h a khoa hoc ve van de nay:
- P h a n A n - "Phum, soc trong erf che quan ly xd hoi vung dan tgc
KhOme Nam Bp" T r o n g sach NhSng van de xd hoi hoc a mien
Nam Nxb K H X H , H a Noi, 1993, tr.86-94
- P h a n X u a n Bien - "L6i song cqng dong truyen thong va van de hien
dai hoa xd hoi cac dan toe Tdy Nguyen" Sach vila dSn, tr 70-83
Qi tim SLfc song cac quan he xa hoi 231
la noi dung van hoa quan trong nhat cua mot nong thon diidc do t h i hoa
d Canh quan t h i e n nhien D B S C L da tifng t h a m nhap
s a u dam va t i n h te vao trong cac cung each quan c\i va to
chiic cac quan he xa hoi cua nong t h o n va do t h i mien Tay Old day, t r o n g qua t r i n h doi mdi sii chiem l i n h khong gian
do cac n h u cau cong nghiep hoa, hien dai hoa va do t h i hoa
dat ra, co le viec nang cao gid tri cua canh quan thien
nhien nen diidc t i n h den mot each t h a u dao n h i i la mot bao dam ve chat lifdng van hoa cho qua t r i n h phat trien v u n g
va cac tieu vung Se kho co the chap n h a n mot v i i n g
D B S C L hien dai hoa, nhUng hi triet t i e u het cac ban s^c v6 gia cua miet vifdn, miet n i i i , miet bien, miet rijfng ngap man, cung nhif canh quan song niidc, t r a m chim, ho ruing, hai dao
e Trong mot tUdng l a i gan, d D B S C L se d i l n r a m a n h
me hdn viec tiep n h a n cac san pham va n h a n to" van hoa tijf nude ngoai du nhap vao qua sach, bao, p h i m anh, cac phUdng t i e n nghe n h i n , qua cac du khach, cac doan giao thUdng va ky thuat gia ngoai quoc, cac hoi ehd, trien lam v.v
NhvCng cu soc van hoa chSc chSn se d i l n ra Va neu nhxi s\i tvt khang d i n h cua mot ddi song van hoa mang ban skc dan
toe trong v u n g khong du manh, t h i siJ tiep n h a n va giao luu se dien r a trong mot the r a t chong chenh Ch^c c h i n
se kho t r a n h khoi nhufng hien tUdng v a n hoa va 161 song
"dau Ngo m i n h Sd" lai cang, 16 bich, kh6ng p h a i la dan toe, nia ciing ch4ng phai la hien dai , , ,
Trang 13f Diem s a u chot, chung toi muon noi den cong viec
trifdc mat: cdi thien dcfi song van hoa d cd sd Miic do t h u
hiidng thong t i n va cac gia t r i van hoa cua cif dan DBSCL
hien nay r a t khong dong deu Ngay d ca cac t h a n h pho, t h i
xa, t h i t r a n , cac xa gan diidng giao thong huyet mach, mvfc
t h u hifdng van hoa cung khong on d i n h ; chat lUdng cac
mon an t i n h t h a n cho dan chiing cung chvfa cao 0 n h i i n g
v u n g s a u , ngifdi dan thUdng muon di t i m mot td bao t i n h
cung phai mat n\l& ngay chong xuong di ve Cac buoi t r i n h
d i i n s a n k h a u , chieu p h i m ; cac t u sach cong cong, cac t u
diem giai t r i con qua hiem hoi Da xuat hien n h i i n g sang
k i e n v a n hoa ciic k y dang quy n h U to chiic "con thuyen v a n
hoa" (Ian Ivfdt ghe ben cac xa ap) cua miet vifdn, hoac nhif
sang k i e n lap " k h u v a n hoa gia d i n h " hit dau t ^ khdi
xifdng cua mot nong dan d V i T h a n h la ong H a i Tich Do
la n h i i n g dom sang dau t i e n cua mot qua t r i n h cac Idc
lifdng xa hoi t i i nguyen t h a m gia phat t r i e n van hoa dang
difdc khdi dong, dem l a i hy vong gop phan lap day khoang
trong qua Idn lao ve sinh hoat van hoa, i t nhieu mang t i n h
k h u n g hoang hien nay Ngifdi ta dang the nghiem cac h i n h
thttc sinh hoat van hoa da dang va mem deo hdn ci ngay
trong k h u o n vien cac ngoi chua Khdme, trong k h u o n vien
cac nha thd T h i e n Chua giao, ci cac chd, cac ben song v.v
Cac " M a n h t h i i d n g quan" dan gian ciing dang xuat hien
tiep tay cung nganh v a n hoa ve mat de xuat cac loai h i n h
sinh hoat t h i c h hdp, gop siic t r a n g b i phvidng tien va to
chiic mat bang, t h a m gia quan ly theo t i n h t h a n N h a niicic
va n h a n dan cung chung sijfc N h i i n g , du noi gi chang
t h i d day, vai tro hoach dinh chien lifdc phat trien v a dflu
t i i chieu sau v i n thuoc ve N h a niidc va cac nganh chiic nang h i i u quan cua N h a nUdc
I V Sy K E T H L T A CO T I N H SANG TAO G I C A CAC THE H E
VA TirONG L A I CUA T I E N BO V A N HOA
1 Tac gia cua bai viet nay dac biet hao h i i n g k h i bat gap trong t a t ca cac cuoc dieu t r a xa hoi hoc (thiic hien
ciing cac dong nghiep) t r e n dat mien Tay, n h i i n g dau hieu
het silc dang khich le ve tiim nang sang tao cac gia tri van
hoa mdi cua Idp cii dan tre DBSCL. Qua t r i n h trdcing
t h a n h cua the he 1 8 - 3 0 tuoi chiia phai da t r o n ven Cac
pham chat xa hoi - van hoa ndi ho v i n con nhieu k h i e m khuyet can phai hoan thien Song, ci bat cut chang thdi gian
khao sat nao, Idp tre D B S C L khong n g i i n g noi tiep n h a u deu cho thay trong ho tiem tang n h i i n g nang liic each t a n v6 cung quy gia 6 day khong c6 van de hdn - kem giiia
cac the he Song ro rang, t r o n g biidc tiep noi sii nghiep cua
cac the he cha anh, Idp tre dang hoc 16 t i n h sang tao t r o n g
ke t h i i a mot each ngay cang ro net
Co the t i m thay d Idp t h a n h nien n a m n i i D B S C L mot miic hoc van t r u n g b i n h cao hdn cac the he trudc Ho
hu:dng m a n h tdi n h i i n g kenh trao t r u y e n kien thiic v a k y
nang mdi mang t i n h khoa hoc cao hdn, chii khong d i i n g l a i
qua nhieu d each hoc hoi triic quan, k i n h nghiem chu
nghia O mdi triidng x i nghiep c6ng nghiep t a i d6 t h i , Idp
Trang 14234 Nguyen Quang Vinh
thd tre dvfdc khao sat - von triidc day chiia lau con song d
moi trvfdng nong thon - da to ra c6 kha nang t h i c h xing
n h a n h v6i cac quy t r i n h ky t h u a t tUdng doi phiic tap
T h a n h nien nong thon c6 moi giao l i i u kha m a n h vdi cac
diem do t h i gan lang que, vdi Cin Thd va vdi TP H C M
Ben canh cac muc tieu c6 t i n h ich dung triic tiep cho san
xuat, tieu dCing, ho chu y nhieu hdn (so vdi cac nhom xa
hoi khac) den viec d i day d i do de md mang hieu biet, va
hifcing l i n g cac hoat dong v a n nghe, the thao, hoi chd cua
do t h i C h i c chan r a n g nhQng chuyen di kieu con t h o i ay
da mang den cho hp nhQng quan niem mdi ve mot the gidi
rong Idn hdn dang bien chuyen va chiia dtfng nhieu dieu
can k h a m pha N h i i n g d i i an ddi song cua t h a n h nien cung
hufdng nhieu hdn tdi viec t i m tdi cd hoi hoc hoi cac kien
thiic khoa hoc ky t h u a t ( c h i n g h a n nh\i thong qua cac Idp
h u a n luyen ngSn ngay) Ho cung to ra skn sang hdn trong
cac hoat dong d i dan, t a i d i n h cM de t i m cac nguon m i i u
sinh CO t r i e n vong hdn Thiet n g h i , do la n h i i n g tien de
giup ho hoi nhap d l hdn vao t i e n t r i n h do t h i hoa nong
thon, md rong cd cau nang l\ic, t h a m gia mot each hdp ly
vao qua t r i n h di dong xa hoi (c6 bao gom hoac khong nhat
thiet bao gom viec d i c\i ve phia do t h i )
2 Tuy nhien, nhQng t i e n de van hoa quy bau ay khong
the cil de t\i phat nay sinh roi lai t i i phat l u i t a n Mot
chinh sdch van hoa doi vdi thanh nien can phai difdc xac
lap va t r i e n k h a i n h i i mot bo phan hdp t h a n h hflu cd cua
he thong cac chinh sach phat t r i e n tdng hdp v i i n g DBSCL
Da CO n h i i n g dau hieu cho thay t i n h t u phat c6 the d i n
Di tim site song cac quan he xa hoi 235
t h a n h men tdi n h i i n g iing x i i t h i e u hdp ly den dudng nao Nhieu nha giao due d D B S C L da canh bao ve hien tUdng so
t h a n h nien nong thon c6 t r i n h do cap I I I , k h i khong hoc len dai hoc, t r d ve que nha, da to ra mot t h a i do thd d dang ngai doi vdi cac hoat dong phat t r i e n nong thon doi hoi kien thiic T i i ngay c6 chinh sach doi mdi, cac do t h i va nhat la T P H C M da t h u h u t mot so khong nho n a m n i i
t h a n h nien nong thon D B S C L di vao moi t r i i d n g do t h i de
t i m viec l a m mot each k h a phieu l u u ; mot so nho da r d i vao cac te nan xa hoi n h i i buon lau va di diem
Va nhxi da de cap d phan t r e n , mot k h i cac giao lifu van
hoa vdi nUde ngoai t r d nen da dang hdn, t h i chinh t h a n h nien se la ngtfdi t h a m gia nang dong n h a t vao sU giao l i i u
ay N h i i n g v a n de ve sU d i n h h\Xdng cho y ehi lap nghiep,
cho he thong n h u cau, t h i hieu, thdi t r a n g , t i n h yeu - hon nhan - gia dinh, cho y thtic gin giii t h u a n phong my tuc va ban sac van hoa dan toe, phong ngiia t h a i do vong ngoai v6 loi hoac tieu dung cac san pham t i n h t h a n doc hai v.v chae c h i n phai t r d t h a n h n h i i n g chu de Idn hifdng tdi doi tUdng t h a n h nien C h i n h t h a n h nien D B S C L se phai la chu the quan trong nhat, du miie t r i f d n g t h a n h ve xa hoi -van hoa, de hoa giai cac "nghich ly dong bang" ma ta da eo dip mot Ian noi den
K h i nghien etiu sau vao DBSCL, c6 ngifdi thot len: ehi
CO mot cuoc bien doi each mang t h a t sii d i l n ra ci cac t i n h
m i e n Tay N a m bo t h i mdi bao dam c6 dUdc sii phon v i n h vat chat di song hanh vdi mot ddi sd'ng t i n h t h a n va van
Trang 15236 Nguyen Quang Vinh
hoa phong phii, x i l n g dang v6i tarn voc cua v u n g dat nay
Chung toi n g h i rang do la mot y tUdng dung K h o n g c6 tien
bo v a n hoa, t h i muc t i e u phat t r i e n ben vQng chi v i n h v i l n
t i e n da c6 the diidc gidi thieu v6i "anh Sau", "chi Tam",
;"chu Mifdi" N h i i n g cai ten goi t r u y e n thong gan lien v6i cac con so - thifdng k h i len den r a t cao — do la chi bao xa
hoi hon n h i e n ve mot v u n g que da iii l a u ddi c6 mot n h i p
do t a i san x u a t dan cii k h a cao Vcii quy mo gia d i n h t r u n g
b i n h la 6 ngiidi, va t y le tang trifdng t\l n h i e n dan so hang
nam la 2,2% (1988), D B S C L ngay nay v&n la v u n g dat diing vao hang dau t r o n g ca nifdc ve miic t a n g dan so" va ve mat do dan so''
1 So' lieu nam 1988: Vung Tay Nguyen c6 ty le tang t u nhien 2,65%, dijtng dau cac vung trong ca nU6c, tuy mat do thap nhat trong ca nU6c M a t do cao nhat la dong bang song Hong (801), dong bang song Cuu Long (366)
Trang 16238 Nguyen Quang Vinh
I M O T VAl SUY N G H i VE P H U O N G P H A P L U A N
1 Thiic kho ma ly giai diidc chieu hiCdng vd khd ndng tdc
dong cua chiCOng trinh kehoach hoa gia dinh neu chung ta
t\i bo hep qua lau trong each tiep can y te - ky thuat, mac
du doi k h i c6 diidc "bo sung" mot each ng&u h i l n g bang mot
vai dong tac quan sat xa hoi khong c6 he thong lam Vdi t u
each mot ngxibi nghien ciiu xa hoi hoc, chiing toi muon \\iu y
den hxidng tiep can xa hoi hoe loi song doi v6i chvfdng t r i n h
ke hoach hoa gia dinh, ma ehung toi cho r^ng eo the c6
nhieu trien vong D i i an "Nghien ciiu khoa hoc xa hoi ve
van de dan so'd Viet N a m " difdng nh\i dang tao r a nhQng
kha nang va dong liic mdi cho hifdng tiep can nay Theo do
hanh vi tdi sdn xuat cU dan ciia eon ngiidi ci DBSCL khong
chi diidc quan sat va ghi nhan tren n h i i n g stt kien trUc
quan, ma eon diide eoi n h i i mot thdnh tohQu cd trong cd cau
hoat dong song on dinh cua con ngiCdi, chiu siJ che d i n h cua
cd cau xa hoi nong thon trong vung, von c6 n h i i n g goc r l sau
xa trong iich Cung theo do, cae dac diem cua sii to ehiic
san xuat, cua cae nhan to van hoa eong dong, eiing n h i i tinh
hen tue va dutt doan giiia eac the he dang dien ra theo dong
thdi gian v.v se diidc xem xet, khong phai n h i i n h i i n g yeu
to CO lap ben ngoai con ngiidi, ma n h i i la sii thdm nhap dac
t h u cua chiing vao ehinh trong cd cau hoat dong song ciia
cae chii the t a i san xuat Noi each khac, mot k h i diidc n h i n
qua lang k i n h cua each tiep can loi song, cae dong thai ciia
svt sinh san ra con ngiidi trong moi gia dinh se hien r a n h i i
la mot diem gap gd t i n h te nhat giiia mot ben la cae qua
t r i n h k i n h te - xa hoi - van hoa rong Idn, va ben kia la niem
thoa man ciia su t i i giac Iiia chon t h a m k i n ciia moi ca
nhan Trong khuon kho do, viee do liidng nhiing xu thebien
doi cua he thong cdc dinh hiCdng gid tri se la mot trong
nhiing mo'i quan t a m hang dau ciia nha nghien ciiu
2 Co mot thdi ky, t r o n g mot vai gidi nghien ciiu khoa hoc xa hoi (bao gom ca ngiidi viet ban t h a m l u a n nay) c6 quan diem cho rSng: triide mot khaeh the nghien ciiu la xa hoi va eon ngiidi phiidng Dong, khong d l dang gi c6 the ap
dung CO hieu qua eac eong cu do liidng va phan tich xa hoi
von ra ddi t i i moi t r i i d n g t i i duy duy ly phiidng Tay diidc
du nhap vao eac niidc dang phat trien Noi cho ehinh xac, quan diem do eiing eo mang mot hat n h a n hdp ly nao do
D i nhien la eac dac diem van hoa A chau, t i n h chat t h a m
k i n khong de nSm bat cua t a m l i n h eon ngiidi A chau, doi hoi nha nghien ciiu xa hoi hoc ve loi song, ve gia d i n h va dan so" phai eo mot siJ t h a n t r o n g nhat d i n h trong viee t i m chiee chia khoa de md vao the gidi ben t r o n g cua con ngiidi
Da khong thieu n h i i n g txkc t r d , n h i i n g t i n h huong "tien
thoai liidng nan", va ca n h i i n g sai l a m v6 doan niia, k h i
t h i i ap dung mot each may moc, song sUdng n h i i n g k i n h nghiem c6 the da to ra la t h a n h eong d n h i i n g moi t r i i d n g van hoa khac Cho nen, khong phai la ngau nhien, chiing toi da bat gap d vai niide chau A lang gieng c6 mot vai diJ
an nghien ciiu ve khd ndng thich itng cua eac phiidng
phap, ky t h u a t xa hoi hoc A u M y vao t r o n g moi triidng xa hoi va t a m ly cae dia phifdng chau A
Song than trong khong c6 nghla la khiidc tii ThiJc ti§n
nghien ciiu xa hoi hoc va dan so' hoe cl mot so' quo'e gia va
Trang 17240 Nguyen Quang Vinh
lanh tho vung chau A - Thai Binh Diidng da chiifng to mot
each hung hon r^ng viec tiep nhan va kheo van dung cac
ky thuat nghien ciiu hien dai - dac biet la d quy mo phoi
hdp - da dem lai nhijtng kham pha ciJc ky ly thu Kha nang
nghien cilu so sanh ma cac ky thuat nay dem lai, dang md
ra nhiing vien canh 16n lao, chang nhiing cho siJ hieu biet
Ian nhau giQa cac dan toe, ma con cho cd hoi dao sau
nghien ciiu mot each thau dao cac dac diem cua tijfng xa
hoi rieng biet Thanh cong cua viec ap dung d\i an lien
quo'c gia ve " Cach tiep can gia t r i cua con cai" (The Value
of Children Approach - VOC), ddt I : 1972 - 1973, va ddt I I :
1975 - 1976, trong tong cong 9 quoc gia va lanh tho, la mot
hien thUe sinh dong khong the choi cai Chinh la v6i cac
kham pha d giai doan I ma hai tac gia Lois Hoffman va
Martin Hoffman, vao nam 1973, da de xuat mot he thong
gia t r i (kinh te va phi kinh te) cua con cai do'i v6i cha me'
De xuat nay da day them mot bii6c kha nang nghien ciiu
sau hdn cac dinh hudng gia t r i con ngiidi trong hanh vi tai
san xuat dan so' Mot chi tiet thu vi: Viec cha me muon c6
con trai hay con gai, von khach quan la mot chieu kich
quan trong, song cho tdi luc do van bi nhieu ngUdi lang
quen trong bo may khao sat cua minh, da difdc hai tac gia
nay nhan manh dung mile
1 L Hoffman, M Hoffman "The Value of Children to Parents" I n
Psychological perspectives on Population Ed J Fawcett, New
York, 1973, Basic book, pp.1976
Ket qua dieu tra d Thai Lan, Indonesia, Philippines, Singapore, Dai Loan, Nam Trieu Tien, Tho Nhi Ky, v.v
trong dU an VOC noi tren da cho thay:
1^ Cha me d vung nong thon c6 xu hxidng nhan manh cac
Idi ich kinh te va thiJc tien do con cai mang lai (ke ca viec
con cai trd giup trong luc minh ve gia)
Cha me d vung do thi (nhat la so' c6 hoe van cao) lai c6
xu hiidng nhan manh nhieu cac khia canh tinh cam, tam
ly cua viec sinh con
0 Dai Loan va Nam Trieu Tien, ndi dila con trai c6 y nghia ve mat tin ngiJdng kha dac biet, t h i viec mong moi sinh con trai da diidc nhan manh nhat
Khi dilng d ngifdng ciia cua mot giai doan d\i dinh di
sau vao hiidng tiep can xa hoi hoc lo'i song doi vdi chiidng trinh ke hoach hoa gia dinh d nong thon dong bang song
C\iu Long, nhutng thong t i n txi cac chan trdi be ban dxia
den da khuyen khich chung toi rat nhieu Va khong phai
khong CO nhiing gdi y rat trxic tiep va gan gui, neu ta thvL
di sau hdn mot chut vao thiJc tien trien khai ke hoach hoa gia dinh d DBSCL trong nhiing nam qua
II Ttf G O C D O L O I S O N G , NGHIEN CUXJ
N H I T N G K H A N A N G T A N G C U O N G Ml/C DO TIEP NHAN CUA CU" DAN D O N G B A N G S O N G CUtJ L O N G DOI V6l
CHirONG TRINH "KE HOACH HOA G I A DINH"
1 Can ghi nhan rSng trong vong 10 nam trd lai day, ttiot so' khia canh trong viec dieu chinh hdp ly cac qua
Trang 18242 NguySn Quang Vinh
t r i n h dan so hoc d D B S C L da bat d^u phat huy tac dung
th\ic t i l n Trong do, c6 viec cif dan v u n g nay chap n h a n
mot so bien phap ngiia t h a i va hxidc dau c6 chuyen bien
tich cvic ve quan niem so con hdp ly trong mot so nhom x a
hoi nhat d i n h 6 t a t ca chin t i n h trong v u n g deu ghi nhan
mot sU giam ha t y le tang trUdng tvi nhien dan so, nhUng
difdng bieu dien x u the do r a t dao dong Cuoc khao sat gan
day cua chung toi t a i t i n h C\iu Long cho thay suot tii n a m
1985 den n a m 1988, t y le do dam chan hen tuc d mile
2,23% Neu nhxi vao nhutng n a m triidc, viec hang n a m c6
the giam t y le t a n g t r i i d n g i\i nhien mot phan ngan (0,1%)
la dieu khong qua kho k h a n , t h i vai n a m trd l a i day, chi
keo xuong moi n a m 0,01% da la mot viec het siic chat vat,
Neu chi d i t i m coi nguon cua hien tiidng nay d nhiing
k h i e m k h u y e t cua dich v u y te va cua ciidng do cac thao
tac van dong ke hoach hoa gia d i n h "co dien" t h i ro r a n g la
khong day du, t u y do la dieu c6 that V a n de ve mot " S J 2 C i'
v6 hinh ndo do, c6 le phai difdc t r u y t i m it nhieu c6 he
thong d t r o n g chieu sau cua cd cau xa hoi va gia dinh
t r o n g dac diem to chiic cac h i n h t h a i san x u a t va sinh ton
ndi t h o n ap, t r o n g moi triidng van hoa va cac moi quan he
cong dong, t r o n g he thong cac d i n h hiidng gia t r i cua con
ngiidi - nhat la cac chu the dang trong do tudi t a i san xuat
c\l dan trvic tiep
2 Tvf mot so cac khao sat t h a m do t r o n g vong 5 n a m tro
lai day t r e n cac l i n h vtfc vvfa noi, chung toi muon gdi len
n h i i n g k h a nang de t h a m nhap vao nga difdng nay, n h a m
CO g i n g ly giai cac nguon dong lUc va cac rdo can doi vdi
viec t r i e n k h a i cuoc van dong ke hoach hoa gia dinh d vung nong thon dong bang phia N a m nay
Chung toi muon noi den vai tro cua gia dinh nong dan
trong viec to chiic ddi song k i n h te cua con ngUdi d nong thon dong bang song Cxiu Long
Quy l u a t khach quan t r o n g svf van dong ciia liic lifdng
san x u a t ci t r i n h do h i e n nay vkn dang trao cho ho gia d i n h
nong dan cai s i i menh la mot h i n h thiic to chile san x u a t cd ban, CO do ben chat va l i n h hoat cao Trong mot t h d i k y nhat d i n h , viec phan bo quy mo ruong dat m a m6i gia d i n h
du'dc phep svL dung, da difdc quy chieu theo so n h a n k h a u
trong ho, n e n da thuc day n h a n h x u the con cai Idn muon s6m tach r a t h a n h ho r i e n g ngay sau hon n h a n Tuy vay, phan Idn cac ho gia d i n h mdi tach r a nay v l n l a m nha ci
manh dat gan nha cha me Gia d i n h nhieu the he t u y c6 b i
xoi mon bdi p h a n ijtng tach ho, song no v ^ n giQ l a i mot trUdng anh hu:dng m a n h , vdi noi dung Idi ich k i n h te va
van hoa cong dong ro net
Trong bo'i canh to chiic san x u a t va quan c\X nh\i vCfa
noi tren, it n h a t c6 h a i dieu can iufu y, v i chiing c6 anh hudng triic tiep t d i van de t a i san x u a t dan so:
a/ Viec sinh nhieu con - n h a t la con t r a i - v i n la mot
n h a n to trtfc tiep tao nguon lao dong cho to chile san xuat
cd ban la ho gia d i n h H d n nila, viec con cai cham soc cho
cha me liic ho ve gia ciing con la mot n h u cau to 16n c6 thuc, trong dieu k i e n cac h i n h thiic bao hiem xa hoi d nong thon luc nay con k h a tho sd
Trang 19244 Nguyen Quang Vinh
hi Tkm a n h hiJdng t i n h t h a n va sii kiem t r a xa hoi cua
cha me, ong ba doi v6i cac gia d i n h t r e c\X t r u ci r a t gan ve
mat dia ly, v^n con k h a 16n Trong so cac anh hifcing va STIC
ep t i n h t h a n do, c6 bao h a m ca nhQng s\i b i n h gia t h i i d n g
xuyen doi v6i cac quyet d i n h cua cap vd chong tre ve sii
chon cac bien phap ngCfa t h a i , ve so con da sinh, ve su
thieu ving con t r a i v.v
Cac cuoc dieu tra, phong van d cac xa thuoc t i n h M i n h
H a i va t i n h H a u Giang n a m 1984 da giiip phat hien 4 ly do
hang ddu ma cac chu ho nong dan da neu len de ly giai v i sac
ba con nong dan ta thiidng sinh dong con: Do la "can ngUdi
chdm s6c khi gid yeu"; "can du con trai, con gdi"; "muon c6
nhieu site lao dgng" va "dong con thi nhieu phUdc"
6 day, trong gia t r i cua con cai c6 sii d a n xen giiJa nhan
to thuoc n h u cau k i n h te va bao hiem sinh ton, v d i n h a n to
thuoc cac n h u cau t i n h t h a n (tinh cam, t i n ngiidng) Chung
toi t i n r a n g cac cuoc khao sat rong r a i t h a u dao va c6 he
thong h d n sau nay, c h i c chdn se cho thay ro moi tiidng
quan giiJa cap do n h a n thCtc, cap do xac t i n va cap do hanh
dong t r e n l i n h vUc quan trong nay cua ddi song cif dan
nong thon D u sao, v 6 i n h i i n g thong t i n sd khcii da c6,
chiing ta cung c6 the thay, de tang ciidng mxic do chap
n h a n chifdng t r i n h ke hoach hoa gia d i n h , ben canh n h i i n g
hoat dong tuyen t r u y e n , thuyet phuc va cac dich v u y te
tifdng ling, c h i c c h i n con phai t i n h den n h i i n g cai thien
chu dong h d n t r e n Hnh vvfc cac chinh sach k i n h te va an
sinh xa hoi, cung n h i i n g cai bien t r e n l i n h viic v a n hoa
t i n h t h a n trong moi trifdng nong thon
Co the trong chd nhutng nhip do bien doi khong qua
cham chap t r e n Hnh viJc t i n h t h a n d v i i n g nong thon nay,
neu n h i i ta t i n h den t r i n h do giao liJu v6i v a n hoa do t h i da
v a dang d i i n r a k h a manh, n h d cl t r i n h do phat t r i e n san
xuat va trao doi hang hoa ciia D B S C L hien dutng vao loai
cao nhat so vdi cac vung chau tho khac trong nxidc ."
3 SiJ phan hoa ve miic do tiep t h u chiidng t r i n h ke
hoach hoa gia d i n h giiia h a i gidi nam va ni/ d D B S C L da
dUdc h\idc dau g h i nhan Theo siJ quan sat c u a chiing t o i ,
cho tdi nay, gidi niJ, mac dau dia v i xa hoi v a t r i n h do hoc
van t r u n g b i n h chifa cao, nen con b i khohg che' bdi nhieu
yeu to' can t r d tii ben trong va til ben ngoai, song ho da la
gidi triic tiep tiep n h a n chiidng t r i n h nay ro net hdn n a m
gidi SiJ tiep nhan phudng phap triet san d n a m gidi dien
r a r a t cham chap Trong cac t h i i nghiem do lUdng t a m l y
sinh san trong n a m 1988 viia qua, t h a i do khong dinh
trUdc so con, t d i dau hay do, luon luon d n a m gidi cd t y le
cao h d n so vdi n i i gidi Diidng n h i i cd mot do lech da xay r a theo hiidng chiing ta con buong long siic tac dong tdi nhdm
xa hoi - gidi t i n h nay, dhxi den t a m l y coi ke' hoach hda gia
dinh h a u nhif la "chuyen cua may ba" Do lech ay, r a t cd the gay r a hieu qua xa hoi tieu ciic l a u dai hdn la ngifdi t a van tiidng
4 Sii ke thtfa va doi m d i cua cac the he c i i dan nong thon dang md r a mot dia ban hoat dong t h u a n Idi cho toan
bo chien ludc dan sd, ma dUdng nhif cac to chiic N h a nvfdc
va xa h o i chiia k i p t a n dung het Q u a nhieu cuoc hoi
Trang 20246 Nguyen Quang Vinh
chuyen trvfc tiep 6 cac gia dinh, chiing toi da c6 the do
lUdng thay mot x u the tien bo ro net trong n h a n thiic ciia
16p tre nong thon do'i vdi cac yeu cau giam bdt nhip do tang
triiOng t i i nhien dan so' O cac gia d i n h tre nong thon da
xuat hien mot do sSn sang cao hdn so v6i cac gia d i n h
t r u n g nien, trong viec chu dong thvic h a n h cac bien phap
ke hoach hoa gia dinh Ro r a n g vdi k h a nang tiep nhan
thong t i n da dang hdn, hoc van t r u n g b i n h cao hdn, nhip
do va ban k i n h tiep xuc v6i moi t r i i d n g do t h i 16n hdn, n h i n
chung 16p t h a n h nien n a m nut d D B S C L da c6 difdc nhCtng
tien de t i n h t h a n de tiep nhan cai mdi t r e n l i n h viJc nay
Cuoc dieu t r a xa hoi hoc do nhom chung toi t i e n hanh
vao mua he n a m 1988 d 4 v i i n g sinh t h a i khac nhau, da
ghi n h a n diidc mot svf n6i long hdn cua quyen Ixic gia
triJdng nong t h o n t r e n l i n h \\ic to chtic san xuat, tieu dung
trong gia d i n h va t r e n sii diing vd ga chong cho con cai
(63,8% lao dong nong thon da ghi n h a n r i n g hdn 10 n a m
qua "nam n i i t h a n h nien c6 t\i do hdn t r o n g viec lay vd lay
chong") Cac dieu kien xa hoi khach quan ay trong quan he
cong dong c6 the gop phan vao viec thuc day y chi t\i do liia
chon cua t h a n h nien t r e n l i n h vvfc t a i san xuat dan so'
Chung t o i CO the m a n h dan neu len d day - nhif la gia
t h u y e t cong tac - r i n g nhom xa hoi nay, r o i day, c6 the se
la n h o m t i e n phong c6 k h a nang va c6 tarn ly san sang
tiep n h a n quan niem hien dai ve svf p h a n biet gifla quan
he t i n h due va h a n h v i sinh con Q u a n niem nay c6 ve de
b i p h a n \ing k h i dUdc diJa vao moi t r i i d n g v a n hoa nong
t h o n phifdng Dong N h i f n g diia vao theo nga dUdng cua
16p tre t h i c6 the se la nga diidng tUdng do'i i t gap t r i e t r d nha't Quan niem ay, theo chung toi, mot k h i bam r l vao y thijtc xa hoi k h u vvfc nong t h o n , c6 the tao de dang cho siJ tiep n h a n cac bien phap ngiia t h a i da dang hdn, nha't la d
n a m gidi
5 Diem cuo'i ciing chung toi muo'n neu len d day la ve
kha nang tac dong va tiep siifc cua cac nhan vat c6 uy tin
trong xa hoi nong thon, do'i vdi chiidng t r i n h ke hoach hoa gia d i n h
Co mot dau hieu hdi c6 ve bat thiidng, la trong k h i phat bieu quan niem ve so' con hdp ly, cac cu ong, cu ba t r e n 60
tuoi l a i to ra "c6 chiing mxlc hdn" la cac ong cac ba trong nhom dan c\i t r u n g nien Day la mot dau hieu can dao sau
nghien cilu de xac n h a n them ve t i n h on d i n h cua no
D u sao, trong moi trvfdng v a n hoa thon ap, y kien cua cac v i triidng lao, cua cac bac giao pham trong dao, cua cac nha giao nong thon, v.v bao gid ciing c6 mot trong lifdng rieng, r a t dang chii y K i n h nghiem thiic te quy bau ve hieu qua n h i i n g Idi k h u y e n cua cac v i l i n h muc T h i e n Chiia giao, t r e n l i n h viJc gia d i n h va ke hoach hoa gia d i n h tai mot so'viing theo dao T h i e n Chua d D B S C L la dieu can dudc tiep tuc nghien ciiu van dung mot each ky lUdng V i i a qua, trong cuoc trao doi khoa hoc ciia chung toi vdi cac nha
xa hoi hoc va dan so hoc Indonesia, chiing toi dUdc biet cac dong nghiep ben do r a t quan t a m den viec chii dong phat
huy anh hifdng cua cac thu linh khong chinh thi2c
(informal leader) trong qua t r i n h thiic day siJ bien doi cua
Trang 21248 Nguyin Quang Vinh
y thilc xa hoi tren linh viic ke hoach hoa gia dinh Chiing
toi cho r^ng chi c6 the xii ly van de nay di^di dnh sang cua
cdc ly thuyet ve quan he van hoa cgng dong, thi m6i tan
dung het sii tiep s,\ic cua doi ngii da dang cac thu linh
khong chinh thiic Chung ta khong nen chi blng long v6i
mot vai thao tac "Idi dung" ca nhan ddn le, c6 tinh chat ich
dung nhat thdi, theo kieu gap dau lam do
Mci ra hiidng tiep can khoa hoc ve loi song mot each
mach lac va on dinh vdi mot hien tiidng xa hoi phiic hdp va
tinh te nhu linh viic tai san xuat dan so, qua la mot viec
lam kho khan Chung toi chvfa c6 nhieu kinh nghiem V6i
mot vai dieu gdi y sd sai tren day, chiing toi chi muon bay
to mot khat vong nhSm day manh tien trinh phat trien
vCing nong thon giau tiem nang kinh te nay, tren cd sd cac
qua trinh dan so' hoc ci do diidc quan ly mot each c6 hieu
qua bang cac cong cu khoa hoc da dang
(Tap chi Xa hoi hoc,
so 2, nam 1990)
Tir "SONG CHUNG" TRl/dC HON NHAN
DEN GIA DINH B E N V U ^ G i (Suy nghl ve nhiifng dau hieu dau tien)
I KHONG PHAI LA CHUYEN CUA CAC CA N H A N
• ^
Cac quan sat xa hoi hoc ci vCing N a m bo noi chung va
thanh pho' Ho Chi M i n h noi rieng, d i n chiing ta tiep xiic
v6i nhieu hien tifdng xa hoi mdi me c6 lien quan den t i n h yeu, hon nhan, gia dinh, trong do c6 hien tiJdng t r a i gai song chung trifdc hon nhan, va c6 biet bao nhieu cuoc song chung chang bao gid triic tiep dan den hon nhan ca
Tiep can xa hoi hoc buoc chiing ta phai dat n h i i n g hien tifdng bien doi cua gia dinh trong khuon kho va difdi anh hifdng ciia n h i i n g bien doi xa hoi rong 16n Mac dau trong
so rat nhieu cac chi bao va cac bien so difdc khao sat c6 bao
ham dong cd va ling x\i ciia cac ca nhan, song cac nha
nghien ciiu van khong ngiing nhac nhau r i n g khong bao
gid de tuot khoi tam n h i n vai trb quan trong cua ca cdu xa
hoi dang tao ra nhiing ItCc li/cfng xd hoi tdc dong manh me