Virtual Reality 1

wishes to thank the following for permission to reprint excerpts from published material used with test questions appearing in this booklet: “Elders in Southeast Asian Refugee Families,”

©2002 Kaplan, Inc.

All rights reserved No part of this book may be reproduced in any form, by photostat,

microfilm, xerography or any other means, or incorporated into any information retrieval

system, electronic or mechanical, without the written permission of Kaplan, Inc

Kaplan, Inc wishes to thank the following for permission to reprint excerpts from published material used with test questions appearing in this booklet:

“Elders in Southeast Asian Refugee Families,” by Barbara W K Yee, Generations, Summer 1992, Volume 17, No 3, pages

24-27

Excerpt from “Phenomena, Comment and Notes” by Michael H Robinson From The Smithsonian, February 1989 Reprinted

with the author’s permission

Student ProfileDIRECTIONS: On Pages 1 and 2 of your Kaplan answer grid, please answer the following questions.

Enter your LAST NAME, FIRST NAME, and

MIDDLE INITIAL If a name is too long, just enter

as many letters as will fit

ITEM 2

Enter the CENTER I.D and CLASS I.D according

to the proctor’s instructions

Enter the MONTH and YEAR of the SAT

administration you plan to take (Leave blank if

you don’t know.)

1 Which of the following best represents the average of your high school grades so far?(A) A

(B) A–/B+

(C) B(D) B–/C+

(E) C(F) C– or below

2 Which of the following are good ways for you

to learn? (Choose as many as apply.)(A) Listening to a lecture given by a good teacher

(B) Working with a small group of people(C) Working with a large group of people (D) Working alone with a book

(E) Working with a computer

3 How have you prepared for the SAT in the past? (Choose as many as apply.)

(A) I have worked through one or more actualSATs

(B) I have worked with a published prep book

commercially-(C) I have taken a commercial course other than Kaplan

(D) I have previously taken the Kaplan course.(E) I have taken a course in my high school.(F) I have purchased SAT prep software (G) I have not prepared for the SAT before

4 What concerns you at this stage of your SATpreparation? (Choose as many as apply.) (A) Test anxiety

(B) Vocabulary(C) Reading speed(D) Reading comprehension(E) Math

(F) Timing

ITEM 9

Leave blank

ii

-5 What kind of admissions information and

advice would you like to receive from Kaplan?

(Choose as many as apply.)

(A) School selection

(B) General application

(C) Essay writing

(D) Letters of recommendation

(E) Financial aid

6 What online services do you use once a week

or more? (Choose as many as apply.)

(A) America Online

What is your target SAT Verbal score on the

200-800 scale? (Be realistic.)

If you do not know your target score, leave blank

to spend on SAT prep between each class?(A) 0

(B) 0-1 (C) 1-3 (D) 3-5(E) More than 5

2 Rate your general reading SPEED?

(A) Very fast(B) Fast(C) Average(D) Slow(E) Very slow(F) It depends on what I’m reading

3 Rate your general reading COMPREHENSION?(A) Excellent

(B) Good(C) OK(D) Only fair(E) Poor(F) It depends on what I’m reading

iii

-4 Rate your VOCABULARY

5 How confident are you of your MATH skills?

(A) Very confident

(B) Somewhat confident

(C) A little confident

(D) Not at all confident

6 Which part of the SAT are you MORE

comfortable with at this point? (Choose one.)

(A) Verbal

(B) Math

(C) I’m equally comfortable (or uncomfortable)

with Verbal and Math

(D) I’ve never seen an SAT before

7 Do you own a computer and a modem?

(A) Computer only

(B) Computer and modem

(C) Neither, but I have access to both

(D) Neither, and I don’t have access to either

8 What was your primary reason for choosing

Kaplan for your SAT preparation? (Choose one.)

(A) Friend(s) recommended it

(B) Had a good experience with another Kaplan

course

(C) Newspaper, TV, or radio advertising

persuaded me

(D) Bad experience with a competing course

(E) Bad experience preparing for the test on my

own

(F) Kaplan is the only one around

(G) It was the best value

(H) Was persuaded by speaking to Kaplan

representatives on the telephone or in

person

ANSWER THE NEXT TWO QUESTIONS ONLY IF

YOU HAVE ACCESS TO A COMPUTER.

9 What type of computer do you own or have the most access to? (Choose only one.)

(A) DOS(B) Windows(C) Mac

10 Do you have a CD-ROM drive?

(A) Yes(B) No

iv

WHEN YOU HAVE COMPLETED THIS PROFILE, WAIT FOR THE PROCTOR’S INSTRUCTIONS.

DO NOT TURN THE PAGE UNTIL YOU ARE TOLD TO DO SO.

- 1 -

Section 1 1

Time-30 Minutes —

30 Questions For each of the following questions, choose the best answer and darken the corresponding oval on the answer sheet.

Select the lettered word or set of words that best

completes the sentence

Example:

Today’s small, portable computers contrast markedly

with the earliest electronic computers, which were

1 Despite their fierce appearance, caymans are rarely

, and will not attack humans unless provoked

2 Some historians claim that the concept of courtly

love is a that dates from the age of chivalry, while

others believe it has more origins

3 In Shakespeare’s day, theater audiences would

often throw fruits and vegetables at actors who failed

to live up to their expectations

4 Although they physically resemble each other, the

brothers could not be more temperamentally;

while the one is quiet and circumspect, the other is

(A) replenishing ravaged( B ) pursuing joined(C) sinking camouflaged(D) floundering assaulted( E ) tottering upbraided

6 The Morgan Library in New York provides a environment in which scholars work amidst costly tapestries, paintings, stained-glass windows, and hand-crafted furniture

(A) realistic( B ) frugal(C) sumptuous(D) friendly( E ) practical

7 The lecturer’s frustration was only by the audience’s to talk during her presentation

(A) compounded propensity( B ) alleviated invitation(C) soothed authorization(D) increased inability( E ) supplanted desire

8 The proposal to build a nuclear power plant was the most issue ever to come up at a council meeting;

it is astonishing, therefore, that the members’ vote was unanimous

(A) popular( B ) contentious(C) concise(D) exorbitant( E ) inconsequential

9 The itinerary set by their travel agent included somany stops in amount of time that they received only the most - impressions of places visited

(A) a limited lasting( B ) a brief cursory(C) a generous favorable(D) a sufficient fleeting( E ) an unnecessary preliminary

2

GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE

Section 1 1

Choose the lettered pair of words that is related in the

same way as the pair in capital letters

(A) fixative : preparation ( B ) vitamin : deficiency (C) spice : aroma

(D) inoculation : reaction( E ) catalyst : change

3

GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE

Questions 16-23 are based on the following passage.

The passage below is adapted from a short story set

in the wilderness of Alaska.

Day had broken cold and gray, exceedingly cold

and gray, when the man turned away from the main

Yukon trail and climbed the high earth-bank, where

a dim and little-traveled trail led eastward through

the spruce timberland It was a steep bank, and he

paused for breath at the top, excusing the act to

himself by looking at his watch It was nine o’clock

There was no hint of sun, though there was not a

cloud in the sky It was a clear day, and yet there

seemed an intangible pall over the face of things that

made the day dark This fact did not worry the man

In fact, all this – the dim trail, the absence of sun

from the sky, the tremendous cold, and the

strangeness and weirdness of it all – made no

impression on the man It was not because he was

used to it He was a newcomer in the land, and this

was his first winter The trouble was that he was

without imagination He was young and quick and

alert in the things of life, but only in the things, and

not in the significances It was fifty degrees below

zero, he judged That impressed him as being cold

and uncomfortable, but it did not lead him to

meditate upon his frailty as a creature of

temperature, and upon human frailty in general, able

only to live within narrow limits of heat and cold;

and from there on it did not lead him to the

conjectural field of immortality and humanity’s

place in the universe Fifty degrees below zero stood

for a bite of frost that hurt and that must be guarded

16 By using the phrase “excusing the act to himself” (lines 6-7), the author suggests thatthe man

(A) is annoyed that it is already nine o’clock inthe morning

( B ) distrusts his own intuitive reactions tothings

(C) finds fault with others more readily thanwith himself

(D) doubts that the time of day has any realbearing on things

( E ) dislikes admitting to personal weaknesses

(30)

(35)

(40)

(45)

against Nothing more than that entered his head

He plunged in among the trees with

determination The trail was faint A foot of snow

had fallen since the last sled had passed, and he was

glad he was traveling light In fact, he carried nothing

but the lunch wrapped in his handkerchief He was

surprised, however, at the cold It certainly was cold,

he concluded, as he rubbed his numb nose and

cheekbones with his mittened hand He was bearded,

but that did not protect the high cheekbones and the

eager nose that thrust itself aggressively into the

frosty air

At his heels walked a dog, a big native husky,

gray-coated, without any visible or temperamental

difference from its close relative, the wild wolf The

animal was depressed by the tremendous cold It

17 The author identifies the man as “a newcomer

in the land” (line 16) most likely in order to suggest that the man was

(A) excited at being in a new place with manyopportunities

( B ) nervous about being alone in an unfamiliarplace

(C) lacking in knowledge and experience about the things around him

(D) trying hard to forget something in his past

( E ) unsure about why he chose to come to thenew place

4

GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE

Section 1 1

18 In lines 23-24, the phrase “a creature of

temperature” refers to

(A) the man’s preference for cold climates

( B ) the innate human ability to judge temperature

(C) the fact that one’s personality is shaped by the

(D) the extreme cold could potentially be fatal

( E ) he has undertaken to do something which

most people could not

20 The man’s opinion of the temperature (lines

28-30) reveals which aspect of his character?

(A) Determination to succeed against all odds

( B ) Lack of concern about personal welfare

(C) Pragmatic approach to travel

(D) Absence of insight and understanding

( E ) Apprehension about the extreme cold

21 In lines 44-54, by discussing the dog’s reaction to

the “tremendous cold,” the author suggests that

(A) animal instinct can prove to be superior to

human intelligence

( B ) animals can judge temperature more

accurately than humans can

(C) humans are ill-equipped to survive in the

wilderness

(D) there is little difference between animal

instinct and human judgment

( E ) animals and humans have different reactions

to extreme temperatures

22 The statement “the dog knew nothing of thermometers” (lines 50-51) means that(A) dogs need not be as concerned abouttemperature as humans do

( B ) the dog’s awareness of its environment is on adifferent level from the man’s

(C) a dog’s mental faculties are not very welldeveloped

(D) the dog’s experience of humans had beenrather limited

( E ) the dog could not rely on the technologicaldevices that the man could

23 Which of the following best explains why the dogwould “question every unusual movement of theman” (lines 57-58)?

(A) The dog senses that it cannot rely on the manfor survival

( B ) The man is beginning to be visibly affected bythe cold

(C) The dog recognizes the need for protectionfrom the cold

(D) The dog worries that the man intends to leave

Questions 24-30 are based on the following passage.

The social science passage below was adapted from

an article written by a health scientist.

For people in Southeast Asian refugee families, the

experience of aging in America is very different from

what they had expected for their second half of life

Older Southeast Asian refugees must cope with their

rapidly acculturating younger family members, while

taking on new roles and expectations in a foreign

culture

Many Southeast Asian immigrants find that, by

American standards, they are not even considered

elderly Migration to a new culture often changes the

definition of life stages In the traditional Hmong

culture of Vietnam, one can become an elder at 35

years of age when one becomes a grandparent With

grandparent status, elder Hmong can retire and

expect their children to take financial responsibility

as their new country

for the family Retiring at 35, of course, is not

acceptable in the United States

There is a strong influence of Confucianism in

traditional Vietnamese society Confucianism, an

ancient system of moral and religious thought,

fosters strong filial piety and respect for family

elders In many Southeast Asian societies, age roles

are hierarchical, with strict rules for social

interaction In America, however, because older

refugees lack facility with the English language and

knowledge of American culture, their credibility

decreases when advising younger family members

about important decisions As younger family

members take on primary roles as family mediators

with American institutions – schools, legal systems,

and social service agencies, for example – the

leadership position of elders within the family is

gradually eroded

Refugee elders must also cope with differences in

gender roles in the United States Even before

migration, traditional gender roles were changing in

Southeast Asia During the Vietnam War, when men

of military age were away, women took

responsibility for tasks normally divided along

gender lines When Vietnamese families came to this

country, changes in traditional gender roles became

more pronounced There were more employment

opportunities for younger refugees and middle-aged

refugee women because their expectations often fit

with the lower status jobs that were among the few

opportunities open to refugees Many middle-aged

women and younger refugees of both sexes became

family breadwinners This was a radical change for

24 The major purpose of the passage is to discuss(A) the reasons why Southeast Asian people move to the U.S

( B ) educational challenges facing young refugees

in America today(C) problems that elderly Southeast Asian peopleencounter in America

(D) the influence of Confucianism in SoutheastAsian cultures

( E ) changing gender relationships in SoutheastAsian refugee families

25 The author mentions the “traditional Hmong culture” (lines 11-12) in order to

(A) show that social expectations may varygreatly from one country to another( B ) suggest the lessening importance oftraditional values in Vietnamese society(C) indicate that modern Vietnam encompasses

a number of ancient cultures(D) illustrate the growing influence ofConfucianism in Vietnamese society( E ) compare the religious beliefs of theVietnamese to those of other SoutheastAsian peoples

6

GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE

(C) help that newly arrived refugees get from

friends who migrated earlier

(D) professional help available to refugee families

28 In the fourth paragraph, the author's discussion of

employment opportunities for new refugees (lines

42 - 47) suggests that

(A) most middle-age refugee men are unemployed

(B) employment opportunities for women and

young people leads them to lose respect for

their husbands and fathers

(C) the Vietnam War was, ironically, a liberating

experience for many women and children

(D) many refugee families are dependent on jobs

that pay low wages

(E) cultural pride leads many men to refuse low-

status jobs

29 The author’s point about the problematic long- term outlook for refugee women is made primarilythrough

(A) personal recollection( B ) historical discussion(C) case study analysis(D) philosophical commentary( E ) informed speculation

30 The author mentions which of the following problems facing elderly Southeast Asian refugees?

I Southeast Asian women have greater employment opportunities in their own countries than in the United States

II Southeast Asians respect their elders, whileAmericans do not

III Americans and Southeast Asians differ in theirdefinition of when one becomes elderly

( A) I only( B ) II only( C) III only( D) II and III only( E ) I, II, and III

IF YOU FINISH BEFORE TIME IS CALLED, YOU MAY CHECK YOUR WORK ON

THIS SECTION ONLY DO NOT TURN TO ANY OTHER SECTION IN THE TEST.

- 7 -

(1) Calculator use is permitted

(2) All numbers used are real numbers

(3) Figures are provided for some problems All figures are drawn to scale and lie in a plane UNLESS otherwise indicated

2 c2 = a2 + b2 Special Right Triangles

The sum of the degree measures of the angles of a triangle is 180

The number of degrees of arc in a circle is 360

A straight angle has a degree measure of 180

–2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

2 On the number line above, what is the distance

from point B to the midpoint of AC?

(A) 1( B )

2 (C)

3 (D)

4 ( E )5

8

-GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE

3 A certain machine caps 5 bottles every 2 seconds.

At this rate, how many bottles will be capped in 1

minute?

5 If a + b < 5, and a – b > 6, which of the following pairs could be the values of a and b?

(A) (1,3)( B ) (3,–2)(C) (4,–2)(D) (4,–3)( E ) (5,–1)

4 If n3 + 3m = -5k, what is the value of n when m = 4

y°

Note: Figure not drawn to scale

6 In the triangle above, if the measure of angle B is

60 degrees, then what is the value of y?

(A) 24( B )

26 (C)

28 (D)

30 ( E )32

9

-GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE

(A) 100( B ) 121(C) 144(D) 222

7 In a certain building, there are 10 floors and the

number of rooms on each floor is R If each room

has exactly C chairs, which of the following gives

the total number of chairs in the building?

(A) 10R + C

( B ) 10R + 10C

9 If 4 percent of r is 6.2, then 20 percent of r =

(A) 25( B )

26 (C)

30 (D)

31 ( E )35(C) RC10

(D) 10RC

( E ) 100RC

sum of the digits of the number is greater than the

product of the digits of the same number, which of

the following is a “sump” number?

Section 2 2 2

11 If x /\ y is defined by the expression

(x – y) x + (x + y) y, what is the value of 4 /\ 2?

13 Which of the following values of s would yield

the smallest value for 4 + 1?

s

(A) 14( B ) 12(C) 1(D) 2( E ) 4

B 14 The first and seventh terms in a sequence are 1 and 365 respectively If each term after the first

in the sequence is formed by multiplying the preceding term by 3 and subtracting 1, what is the

(A) 40( B ) 41(C) 121(D) 122

12 In pentagon ABCDE shown above, each side is 1

centimeter If a particle starts at point A and

travels clockwise 723 centimeters along ABCDE,

the particle will stop on which point?

Section 2 2 2

15 If an integer is randomly chosen from the first 50

positive integers, what is the probability that an

integer with a digit of 3 is selected?

17 In the circle with center O above, for what value

of x does the circle have a circumference of 20π?

(A) 5( B )

10 (C)

15 (D)

20 ( E )25

16 In a certain triangle, the measure of the largest

angle is 40 degrees more than the measure of the

middle-sized angle If the measure of the smallest

angle is 20 degrees, what is the degree measure of

the largest angle?

18 In a coordinate plane, if points A(p,3) and B(6,p)

lie on a line with a slope of 2, what is the value of

p?

(A) 1( B )

2 (C)

3 (D)

4 ( E )5

12

-GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE

Section 2 2 2

19 Ahmed rolled an eight-sided polygon six times

Each face of the polygon has a number from 1 - 8

painted on it No two numbers are repeated Each

roll yields one number face up

The first roll yields an even number

The second roll yields an odd number

The third roll yields the number 5

The fourth roll yields a number smaller than 4

The fifth roll yields the same number as the

fourth roll

The sixth roll yields a number smaller than the

fifth roll

Which of the following must be true?

(A) Ahmed could have rolled a 5 three times

(B) Ahmed could have rolled a 2 more frequently

than he could have rolled any other

numbers

(C) Ahmed rolled more odd numbers than even

numbers

(D) Ahmed rolled a 3 at least once

(E) Ahmed rolled a 1 on four rolls

21 The average (arithmetic mean) of two numbers isequal to twice the positive difference betweenthe two numbers If the larger number is 35, what is the small number?

(A) 3( B ) 9(C) 15(D) 21( E )27

y

P(0,6) Q(1,4)

O

e

20 In the coordinate plane above, points P(0,6), Q(1,4)

and C(3,0) are on line £ What is the sum of the

areas of the shaded triangular regions?

n cubes

22 In the figure above, there is a total of n cubes,

each with an edge of 1 inch, stacked directly on

top of each other If n > 1, what is the total

surface area, in square inches, of the resulting

solid, in terms of n?

(A) 2n ( B ) 2n2 + 2

(C) 4n + 2 (D) 4n2

( E ) 5n

13

GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE

23 In the figure above, if BC = DC, and AD = AB,

25 The lengths of two sides of a triangle are (x – 2) and (x + 2), where x > 2 Which of the following

ranges includes all and only the possible values of

the third side y?

(A) 0 < y < x ( B ) 0 < y < 2x (C) 2 < y < x (D) 4 < y < x ( E ) 4 < y < 2x

what is the value of CD AB ?

24 If the sum of 5 different positive integers is 100,

what is greatest possible value for the median of

IF YOU FINISH BEFORE TIME IS CALLED, YOU MAY CHECK YOUR WORK ON

THIS SECTION ONLY DO NOT TURN TO ANY OTHER SECTION IN THE TEST.

14

-NO TEST MATERIAL ON THIS PAGE

15

-Section 3 3 3 3

Time-30 Minutes —

35 Questions For each of the following questions, choose the best answer and darken the corresponding oval on the answer sheet.

Select the lettered word or set of words that best

completes the sentence

Example:

Today’s small, portable computers contrast markedly

with the earliest electronic computers, which were

(A) roving vulnerable( B ) despondent stable(C) transitory covert(D) fervid enduring( E ) nomadic permanent

7 The effect of the sleeping tablets was so thatshe still felt groggy the next day

1 Ozone in the upper layers of Earth’s atmosphere is

beneficial, animal and plant life from

dangerous ultraviolet radiation

2 While George Balanchine’s choreography stayed

within a classical context, he challenged convention

by recombining ballet idioms in ways

3 All of today’s navel oranges are of a single mutant

tree that began bearing seedless fruit 200 years ago

4 Because he consumed quantities of food and

drink at feasts given in his honor, King Henry VIII

was considered a by his subjects

5 The prime minister ordered the cabinet to stay on as

administration until a new government could be

(A) compliant( B ) slothful(C) conscientious(D) model( E ) recalcitrantAlthough the actress had lived in a large city all her life, she was such a performer that she became the virtual of the humble farm girl she portrayed

in the play

(A) versatile opposite( B ) melodramatic understudy(C) natural nemesis

(D) consummate incarnation( E ) drab caricature

The chairman the decision of the board members, describing it as a of every worthy ideal that the organization had hitherto upheld

(A) defended denial( B ) lamented negation(C) criticized fulfillment(D) endorsed renunciation( E ) applauded repudiation

GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE

Section 3 3 3 3

Choose the lettered pair of words that is related in the

same way as the pair in capital letters

(A) moral : story( B ) transient : traveler(C) utopian : ideal(D) morbid : cemetary( E ) valiant : enemy

20 CALM : COMPOSURE ::

(A) scared : trouble( B ) cold : sickness(C) congested : traffic(D) sad : melancholy( E ) bored : gladness

(A) quarantine : patient ( B ) cloister : convent (C) parole : prisoner(D) graduate : pupil( E ) elect : mayor

(A) omnipotent : power( B ) debauched : virtue(C) fictitious : objectivity(D) correct : judgment( E ) stubborn : resolve

23 SLAKE : THIRST ::

(A) stoke : fire( B ) starve : hunger(C) assuage : pain(D) endure : discomfort( E ) induce : sleep

GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE

17

Questions 24-35 are based on the following passage.

In the following passage, a famous zoologist

discusses the origins of the domesticated animal.

The relationship between humans and animals

dates back to the misty morning of history The

caves of southern France and northern Spain are full

of wonderful depictions of animals Early African

petroglyphs depict recognizable mammals and so

does much American Indian art But long before art,

we have evidence of the closeness of humans and

animals The bones of dogs lie next to those of

humans in the excavated villages of northern Israel

and elsewhere This unity of death is terribly

appropriate It marks a relationship that is the most

ancient of all, one that dates back at least to the

Mesolithic Era.* With the dog, the hunter acquired a

companion and ally very early on, before agriculture,

long before the horses and the cat The companion

animals were followed by food animals and then by

those that provided enhanced speed and range, and

those that worked for us

How did it all come about? A dog of some kind

was almost inevitable Consider its essence: a social

carnivore, hunting larger animals across the broad

plains it shared with our ancestors Because of its

pack structure it is susceptible to domination by, and

attachment to, a pack leader – the top dog Its young

are born into the world dependent, rearable without

too much skill, and best of all, they form bonds with

the rearers Dogs have a set of appeasement

behaviors that elicit affective reactions from even the

most hardened and unsophisticated humans

Puppies share with human babies the power to

transform cynics into cooing softies Furthermore,

the animal has a sense of smell and hearing several

times more acute than our own, great advantages to a

hunting companion and intrusion detector The

dog’s defense behavior makes it an instinctive guard

animal

No wonder the dog was first and remains so close

to us In general, however, something else was

probably important in narrowing the list – the

candidates had to be camp followers or cohabitants

When humankind ceased to be continually nomadic,

when we put down roots and established semi-

permanent habitations, hut clusters and finally

villages, we created an instant, rich food supply for

guilds of opportunistic feeders Even today, many

If the birds had been so specialized that they only fed

in deep forest, it never would have happened But these were forest-edge opportunists, pioneers rather than conservatives It is from animals of this ilkthat we find our allies and our foes

Returning to the question of how it all came about, my instincts tell me that we first domesticated those individual animals that were orphaned by our hunting ancestors In my years in the tropics, I have seen many wild animals raised by simple people in their houses The animals were there, without thought of utility or gain, mainly because the hunter in the family had brought the orphaned baby back for his wife and children In Panama it was often a beautiful small, spotted cat that bounced friskily out of a peasant’s kitchen to play at my feet The steps from the home-raisedwolfling to the domestic dog probably took countless generations I bet it started with affection and curiosity Only later did it become useful

When we consider that there are more than 55million domestic cats and 50 million dogs in thiscountry, and that they support an industry largerthan the total economy of medieval Europe, we mustrecognize the strength of the ancient bond Without the “aid” of goats, sheep, pigs, cattle and horses we would never have reached our present population densities Our parasitization of some species and symbiosis with others made civilization possible That civilization, in turn, is increasingly causing the extinction of many animals and plant species – an ironic paradox indeed

*Mesolithic Era: also known as the Middle Stone Age,

between 8000 and 3000 years B.C.

18

GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE