Rèn kỹ năng đọc hiểu tiếng anh

Câu hỏi thông tin cụ thể và suy luận o Câu hỏi 4: Xác định thông tin được nêu trong bài Stated detail o Câu hỏi 5: Xác định thông tin không được nêu trong bài Unstated details o Câu hỏi

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NỘI DUNG BÀI HỌC

 Phân tích cấu trúc đề thi

 Giới thiệu 9 dạng câu hỏi thường gặp

 Chi tiết cách làm về 9 dạng câu hỏi

Phân tích cấu trúc đề thi

o Câu hỏi 1: Tìm ý chính của bài đọc (Main idea)

o Câu hỏi 2: Xác định mục đích của bài (Purpose)

o Câu hỏi 3: Nhận diện cách tổ chức ý tưởng hoặc bố cục chung hoặc thái độ (general

organizatuon or attitude)

2 Câu hỏi thông tin cụ thể và suy luận

o Câu hỏi 4: Xác định thông tin được nêu trong bài (Stated detail)

o Câu hỏi 5: Xác định thông tin không được nêu trong bài (Unstated details)

o Câu hỏi 6: Xác định thông tin này đã được đề cập ở đâu trong bài (Where questions)

o Câu hỏi 7: Suy luận, tìm hàm ý (Inference)

o Câu hỏi 8: Tìm từ hoặc cụm từ được nói đến hoặc quy chiếu đến (Reference)

3 Câu hỏi từ vựng

o Câu hỏi 9: Tìm từ đồng nghĩa, trái nghĩa (Vocabulary)

Chi tiết cách làm về 9 dạng câu hỏi (phần 1)

Câu hỏi 1 và 2: Tìm ý chính của bài đọc (main idea) và mục đích của bài (purpose)

Các câu hỏi thường gặp:

• What is the topic of the passage?

Rèn kỹ năng đọc hiểu (1)

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NGOẠI NGỮ 24H WWW.NGOAINGU24H.VN

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• What is the subject of the passage?

• What is the main idea of the passage?

• What is the author’s main point in the passage?

• With what is the author primary concerned

• Which of the following would be the best title?

• What is the author’s main purpose in the passage?

Câu trả lời: Thường nằm ở đầu hoặc cuối mỗi đoạn văn

Nếu ý chính không nằm cụ thể ở đầu hoặc cuối đoạn văn ta sẽ để lại làm cuối cùng sau khi đã dành thời gian trả lời các câu hỏi chi tiết

be played indoors on a gymnasium floor, that involved a lot running, that kept all team members involved, and that did not allow the tackling and physical contact of American style football

What is the topic of the passage?

A The life of James Naismith

B This history of sports

C Physical education and exercise

D The origin of basketball

Đọc các dòng đầu tiên của mỗi đoạn văn

Tìm ý chung nhất trong dòng đầu tiên và tìm mối liên hệ giữa chúng

Đọc lướt nhanh toàn bài để kiểm tra xem đã tìm đúng nội dung chính

Loại các phương án chắc chắn sai

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Since the world has become industrialized, there has been an increase in the number of animal

species that have either become extinct or have neared extinction Bengal tiger, for instance, which

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once roamed the jungles in vast number, now only about 2,300 and by the year 2025, their

population is estimated to be down to zero What is alarming about the case of the Bengal tiger is that this extinction will have been caused almost entirely by poachers who according to some

sources, are not interested in material gain but in personal gratification

This is an example of the callousness that is part of what is causing the problem of extinction

Animals like Bengal tigers as well as other endangered species are a valuable part of the world’s ecosystem International laws protecting these animals must be enacted to ensure their survival and the survival of our planet

Countries around the world have begun to deal with the problem in various ways Some countries, in order to circumvent the problem, have allocated large amounts of land to animal reserves They then charge admission to help defray the costs of maintaining the parks and they often must also depend

on world organizations for support With the money they get, they can invest in equipment, and patrols to protect the animals Another solution that is an attempt to stem the tide of animal

extinction is an international boycott of products made from endangered species This seems fairly effective but it will not, by itself, prevent animals from being hunted and killed

Question 1:

The previous passage is divided into two paragraphs in order to contrast:

A A comparison and a contrast

B A problem and a solution

C Specific and general information

D A statement and an illustration

• According to the passage…

• It is stated in the passage…

• The passage indicates that……

• Which of the following is true…

Cách làm cụ thể:

Gạch chân key word, ý quan trọng trong bài

=> Dùng kỹ năng scanning để tìm đoạn phù hợp để đọc kỹ lấy thông tin

=> Đọc kỹ các câu chứa các từ khóa và ý trong câu hỏi cẩn thận

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greenfield enclosed by hedges or stone walls and field of wheat and barley Most farmland is

privately owned but is crossed by a network of public footpaths

Question 1: We can see from the passage that in the countryside of Britain

A none of the areas face the sea

B most beautiful areas are not well preserved

C only a few farms are publicly owned

D it is difficult to travel from one farm to another

Câu hỏi 5: Xác định thông tin KHÔNG được nêu trong bài (unstated details)

Các dạng câu hỏi:

• Which of the following is NOT stated ?

• Which of the following is NOT mentioned ?

• Which of the following is NOT discussed ?

• Which of the following are false….?

• All of the following are true EXCEPT

Trả lời:

• Câu trả lời sẽ là thông tin không xuất hiện trong bài

• Câu trả lời sẽ là câu sai so với bài

Gạch chân key word, ý quan trọng trong bài

=> Dùng kỹ năng scanning để tìm đoạn phù hợp để đọc kỹ lấy thông tin

=> Đọc kỹ các câu chứa các từ khóa và ý trong câu hỏi cẩn thận

=> Loại bỏ những lựa chọn được đề cập hoặc đúng so với bài đọc

=> Chọn phương án không được đề cập hoặc không đúng với bài đọc

Ex:

The Florida Keys are a beautiful chain of almost 1,000 coral and limestone islands These islands form an arc that heads first southwest and then west from the mainland U.S Highway 1, called the Overseas Highway, connects the main islands in the chain On this highway, it is necessary to cross forty-two bridges over the ocean to cover the 159 miles from Miami, on the mainland, to Key West, the farthest island on the highway and the southernmost city in the United States

Question 1: Which of the following is NOT mentioned about the Florida Keys?

A The Florida Keys are a chain of islands

B The Florida Keys contain coral and limestone

C The Florida Keys are in the shape of an arc

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D The Florida Keys are not all inhabited

CÁC EM XEM BÀI GIẢNG VÀ ĐÁP ÁN CÔ CHỮA TẠI NGOAINGU24H.VN NHÉ!!! Bài dịch:

1) Bóng rổ được phát minh vào năm 1891 bởi một huấn luyện viên thể dục ở Springfield,

Massachusetts tên là James Naismith Bởi thời tiết khắc nghiệt trong mùa đông, những học sinh học thể dục của ông ấy thường ở trong nhà thay vì ở ngoài trời Họ thực sự không thích ý tưởng tập thể dục nhàm chán, lặp đi lặp lại và ưa thích sự phấn khích và thách thức của một trò chơi Naismith đã tìm ra một môn thể thao đồng đội có thể được chơi trong nhà, trên sàn phòng tập thể dục, bộ môn bao gồm rất nhiều sự vận động, để tất cả các thành viên đều được tham gia, và không có những sự tranh bóng hay va chạm như bóng đá kiểu Mỹ

2) Kể từ khi thế giới trở nên nên công nghiệp hóa, đã có sự tăng lên về số lượng các loài động vật đã tuyệt chủng hoặc sắp tuyệt chủng Ví dụ về loài hổ Bengal, loài mà đã từng lang thang khắp rừng rậm với số lượng đông đảo, nay chỉ còn khoảng 2.300 và đến năm 2025, số lượng của chúng được ước tính là sẽ xuống con số 0 Điều đáng báo động về trường hợp của hổ Bengal là sự tuyệt chủng này được gây ra gần như hoàn toàn bởi những kẻ săn bắn trộm - những người mà theo như một số nguồn tin, họ không quan tâm đến lợi ích vật chất nhưng lại làm vì những sự thỏa mãn cá nhân Đây

là một ví dụ về sự nhẫn tâm, cũng là một phần của những gì đang gây ra nguy cơ tuyệt chủng Hổ Bengal cũng như những loài động vật nguy cấp khác là một phần quan trọng của hệ sinh thái thế giới Những luật pháp quốc tế nhằm bảo vệ những loài vật này phải được ban hành để đảm bảo sự tồn tại của chúng và sự tồn tại của hành tinh chúng ta

Các quốc gia trên thế giới đã bắt đầu đối phó với các vấn đề này bằng nhiều cách khác nhau Nhằm mục đích phá vỡ vấn đề này, một số quốc gia đã phân bổ một lượng lớn đất để làm những khu bảo tồn động vật Sau đó, họ tính phí để giúp trang trải các chi phí duy trì các công viên và họ cũng thường xuyên phải phụ thuộc vào các tổ chức trên thế giới cho nguồn hỗ trơ Với số tiền nhận được,

họ có thể đầu tư vào trang thiết bị và tuần tra để bảo vệ các loài động vật Một giải pháp khác trong

nỗ lực ngăn chặn làn sóng tuyệt chủng là tẩy chay các sản phẩm làm từ các loài động vật đang bị đe dọa Giải pháp này có vẻ khá hiệu quả nhưng một mình nó sẽ không thể ngăn chặn động vật bị săn đuổi và giết chết

3) Các vùng nông thôn của Anh nổi tiếng với vẻ đẹp của nó với nhiều sự tương phản: ở đây có rất nhiều những vùng đồi trọc và những vùng đất hoang, sông, hồ, những cây gỗ và những bờ biển dài hoang sơ Rất nhiều khu vực công viên quốc gia đẹp nhất được bảo vệ khỏi sự phát triển Khi người Anh nghĩ về vùng nông thôn họ nghĩ về đất nông nghiệp, cũng như những không gian mở Họ tưởng tượng những đàn bò, cừu trong những khu vườn xanh rào lại bởi hàng rào hoặc tường đá và những cánh đồng lúa mì, lúa mạch Hầu hết đất nông nghiệp thuộc sở hữu cá nhân nhưng được cắt ngang bởi mạng lưới đi bộ công cộng

4) Florida Keys là một chuỗi đảo xinh đẹp gồm gần 1.000 hòn đảo san hô và đá vôi Những hòn đảo tạo thành một vòng cung mà đầu hướng về phía tây nam và phía tây hướng về phía đất liền U.S Highway 1, được gọi là đường cao tốc vượt biển, kết nối các hòn đảo chính trong chuỗi Trên đường cao tốc này, thật sự là điều cần thiết để vượt qua bốn mươi hai cây cầu qua đại dương để đi hết 59 dặm từ Miami, trên đất liền, đến Key West, hòn đảo xa nhất trên đường cao tốc và là thành phố cực nam của Hoa Kỳ

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1 SKIMMING (Đọc lướt lấy ý chính)

Skimming là dùng mắt đọc lướt qua toàn bộ bài khóa để lấy ý chính và nội dung bao quát của bài Khi nào cần dùng kỹ năng Skimming?

- Skimming để xem ý nghĩa của bài đọc để xác định đâu là thông tin quan trọng

- Đọc các câu phụ đề nếu có và tìm mối tương quan giữa chúng

- Đọc câu đầu tiên của các đoạn còn lại + ý chính của mỗi đoạn thường nằm ở câu đầu tiên

+ Nếu như tác giả bắt đầu bằng một câu hỏi, một lời dẫn, thì có thể ý chính sẽ nằm ở câu cuối

Đọc sâu hơn vào bài khóa, hãy chú ý:

Những từ đầu mối trả lời cho các câu hỏi Who, what, when, why, how

+ Danh từ riêng

+ Các từ khác biệt, đặc biệt là từ viết hoa/ liệt kê

+ Tính từ số lượng (best, most, worst, )

+ Những dấu hiệu đánh máy: in nghiêng, in đậm, gạch chân

+ Nếu có tranh, biểu đồ hay sơ đồ hãy nhìn lướt thật nhanh

Đọc toàn bộ đoạn cuối

Chú ý: Khi chúng ta đọc lướt không có nghĩa là chúng ta đọc từng chữ và thông thường chúng ta đọc

ừ trái qua phải Để đọc lướt các em cần nắm chắc cấu trúc câu trong tiếng Anh

2 SCANNING (Đọc nhanh lấy dữ liệu chi tiết)

Scanning là đọc thật nhanh để lấy những dữ liệu cụ thể, những thông tin chi tiết trong bài khóa Khi nào cần dùng kĩ năng Scanning?

Scanning thường được sử dụng khi tìm kiếm các dữ liệu như tên riêng, ngày, thông số hoặc các từ trong bài khóa mà không cần đọc và hiểu được những phần khác của bài hoặc đối với các câu hỏi thí sinh đã hoàn thành kỹ năng Skimming thì áp dụng kỹ năng Scanning để tìm được đáp án chính xác Các bước trong Scanning là:

Luôn luôn phải định hình trong đầu xem bạn đang tìm kiếm thông tin gì Nếu như xác định được các thông tin cần tìm kiếm trong bài một cách rõ ràng thì khi bạn tìm các từ trong bài sẽ dễ hơn

- Dự đoán xem các thông tin trong bài khóa ở dạng nào: số, tên riêng, ngày tháng có thể nằm ở đoạn nào

- Phân tích cách tổ chức bài khóa trước khi bắt đầu scanning

+ Có thể là trong tiêu đề, biểu đồ hoặc trong phần in đậm

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+ Thông tin có thể được sắp xếp theo vần, theo số liệu giống như trong danh bạ điện thoại, bảng chú giải

- Đảo mắt thật nhanh nhìn vào nhiều dòng cùng một lúc

- Khi tìm thấy câu có chứa thông tin cần tìm hãy dừng lại và đọc toàn bộ câu đó Bạn có thể đọc từ trên xuống dưới hoặc đọc theo đường chéo

3 PARAPHRASING:

Paraphrase là cách phát biểu lại đoạn văn viết hoặc nói bằng từ vựng hoặc cấu trúc khác mà không làm thay đổi nghĩa của đoạn văn

Ex: The hardest woodwind instrument to learn is the oboe

The oboe is the most difficult woodwind instrument to master

Kỹ thuật này bao gồm các cách sau:

a/ Sử dụng từ đồng nghĩa:

- a car exhibition -> an auto show

- to identify problems in the system -> to expose defects in the system

- vehicular access will be temporarily restricted -> some roads will be closed for a certain period of time

b/ Sử dụng từ trái nghĩa:

The construction will improve the traffic flow

-> The construction will ease traffic congestion

The museum is open to the public Tuesday through Saturday

-> The museum is closed to the public on Monday

- to encourage better attendance -> to have fewer absences

c/ Chuyển từ một danh từ cụ thể (vd: color printer) sang danh từ chung (vd: office equipment)

She is eating an apple -> She is eating a fruit

He bought a microwave oven -> He purchased a kitchen appliance

d/ Chuyển từ một danh từ chung sang một danh từ cụ thể

transportation service -> bus, subway, train and airline service

fossil fuels -> coal, oil, gas

e/ Thay đổi từ loại:

- to take occasional walks -> to walk occasionally

- to dress comfortably walks -> to wear comfortable clothing

f/ Sử dụng các cấu trúc khác:

- Street parking is available, but limited

-> Visitors may have difficulty finding a place to park

- Competitive salary based on the level of prior experience

-> Pay depends on how much experience the applicant has

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Exercise 1

It is very difficult to succeed in the music business; nine out to ten bands that release a first record fail

to produce a second Surviving in the music industry requires luck and patience, but most of all it requires an intricate knowledge of how a record company functions The process begins when a representative of a company's Artists and Repertoire (A & R) department visits bars and night clubs, scouting for young, talented bands After the representative identifies a promising band, he or she will work to negotiate a contract with that band The signing of this recording contract is a slow process A company will spend a long time investigating the band itself as well as current trends in popular music During this period, it is important that a band reciprocate with an investigation of its own, learning as much as possible about the record company and making personal connections within the different departments that will handle their recordings

Once a band has signed the contract and has finished recording an album, the Publicity and Promotions department takes over This department decides whether or not to mass produce and market the band's album Most bands fail to make personal contacts in this second department, thus losing their voice in the important final process of producing and marketing their album This loss of voice often contributes to the band's failure as a recording group

Which of the following statements best expresses the main idea of the passage?

A Nine out of ten bands fail to produce a second record

B It is important for a band to have an intricate knowledge of how a recording company works

C Making personal connections will help the band in the final decisions about the promotion

VŨ MAI PHƯƠNG

VŨ MAI PHƯƠNG

Rèn kỹ năng đọc hiểu 1

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Khóa Pro S: Luyện thi THPT Quốc Gia - 2018 – GV: Vũ Mai Phương Fb: Vũ Mai Phương

Unfortunately, the more industrialized we become the farther away we move from direct contact with plants, and the less distinct our knowledge of botany grows Yet everyone comes unconsciously on an amazing amount of botanical knowledge, and few people will fail to recognize a rose, an apple, or an orchid When our Neolithic ancestors, living in the Middle East about 10,000 years ago, discovered that certain grasses could be harvested and their seeds planted for richer yields the next season, the first great step in a new association of plants and humans was taken Grains were discovered and from them flowed the marvel of agriculture: cultivated crops From then on, humans would increasingly take their living from the controlled production of a few plants, rather than getting a little here and a little there from many varieties that grew wild - and the accumulate knowledge of tens of thousands of years of experience and intimacy with plants in the wild would begin to fade away

Which of the following assumptions about early humans is expressed in the passage?

A They probably had extensive knowledge of plants

B They divided knowledge into well-defined fields

C They did not enjoy the study of botany

D They placed great importance on ownership of property

Exercise 3

For many years, scientists have speculated that the cataclysmic impact of ail asteroid with the earth was responsible for the demise of the dinosaurs approximately 65 million years ago Previous discoveries and results have hinted that an asteroid two kilometers in diameter struck the Yucatan peninsula in Eastern Mexico This impact, stronger than one thousand nuclear explosions, is speculated

to have cast a cloud of dust and debris into the atmosphere, covering the entire surface temperature of the earth and blocking out the sun and consequently lowering the surface temperature of the earth With such a radical change in the earth’s environment, scientists believe that over 99% of all animal and plant species were eradicated Only after millions of years did plants and animals even begin to recover But, the reign of the dinosaurs had ended and the age of mammals had begun

The crucial link that has his theory together has been the element iridium Iridium is not commonly found on either the surface of the earth or inside the crust It is more commonly found in asteroids or meteorites throughout the solar system Scientists have hypothesized that after the asteroid impacted the earth, an even layer of iridium sediment settled over the globe and eventually became part of its surface The theory, of course, has depended on the discovery of such an existing layer of iridium Unfortunately, scientists have never been able to offer absolute proof that this asteroid impact ever occurred Recently, however, a discovery may go a long way toward validating these scientists’ theories In 1996, a team of marine biologists excavated samples of rock from the floor of the Atlantic Ocean just off the coast of Bermuda Found thousands of meters below the sea, these samples contain iridium similar to those found in the Yucatan peninsula thousands kilometers away At first, scientists were skeptical whether the samples were from the same time period But since carbon dating placed them to 65 million years ago, their doubts were quickly alleviated Since then many of the other theories for the demise of the dinosaur have been finally laid to rest

This passage mainly discusses a theory about

A which type of dinosaur roamed where

B archeological evidence from Mexico and the Atlantic Ocean

C why the dinosaurs turned into birds and reptiles

D the extinction of the dinosaurs

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Exxercise 4

Large animals that inhabit the desert have evolved a number of adaptations for reducing the effects of extreme heat One adaptation is to be light in color, and to reflect rather than absorb the Sun’s rays Desert mammals also depart from the normal mammalian practice of maintaining a constant body temperature Instead of trying to keep down the body temperatures deep inside the body, which would involve the expenditure of water and energy, desert mammals allow their temperatures to rise to what would normally be fever height, and temperatures as high as 46 degrees Celsius have been measured in Grant’s gazelles The overheated body then cools down during the cold desert night, and indeed the temperature may fall unusually low by dawn, as low as 34 degrees Celsius in the camel This is an advantage since the heat of the first few hours of daylight is absorbed in warming up the body, and an excessive buildup of heat does not begin until well into the day

Another strategy of large desert animals is to tolerate the loss of body water to a point that would be fatal for non-adapted animals The camel can lose up to 30 percent of its body weight as water without harm to itself, whereas human beings die after losing only 12 to 13 percent of their body weight An equally important adaptation is the ability to replenish this water loss at one drink Desert animals can drink prodigious volumes in a short time, and camels have been known to imbibe over 100 liters in a few minutes A very dehydrated person, on the other hand, cannot drink enough water to dehydrate at one session, because the human stomach is not sufficiently big and because a too rapid dilution of the body fluids causes death from water intoxication The tolerance of water loss is of obvious advantage

in the desert, as animals do not have to remain near a water hole but can obtain food from grazing sparse and far-flung pastures Desert-adapted mammals have the further ability to feed normally when extremely dehydrated; it is a common experience in people that appetite is lost even under conditions

of moderate thirst

What is the main topic of the passage?

A Weather variations in the desert

B Adaptations of desert animals

C Diseases of desert animals

D Human use of desert animals

Exercise 5

In Death Valley, California, one of the hottest, most arid places in North America, there is much salt, and salt can damage rocks impressively Inhabitants of areas elsewhere, where streets and highways are salted to control ice, are familiar with the resulting rust and deterioration on cars That attests to the chemically corrosive nature of salt, but it is not the way salt destroys rocks Salt breaks rocks apart principally by a process called crystal prying and wedging This happens not by soaking the rocks is salt water, but by moistening their bottoms with salt water Such conditions exist in many areas along the eastern edge of central Death Valley There, salty water rises from the groundwater table by capillary action through tiny spaces in sediment until it reaches the surface

Most stones have capillary passages that suck salt water from the wet ground Death Valley provides

an ultra-dry atmosphere and high daily temperatures, which promote evaporation and the formation of salt crystals along the cracks or other openings within stones These crystals grow as long as salt water

is available Like tree roots breaking up a sidewalk, the growing crystals exert pressure on the rock and eventually pry the rocks apart along planes of weakness, such s banding in metamorphic rocks, bedding in sedimentary rocks, or preexisting or incipient fractions, and along boundaries between individual mineral crystals or grains Besides crystals growth, the expansion of halite crystals (the

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same as everyday table salt) by heating and of sulfates and similar salts by hydration can contribute additional stresses A rock durable enough to have withstood natural conditions for a very long time in other areas could probably be shattered into small pieces by salt weathering within a few generations The dominant salt in Death Valley is halite, or sodium chloride, but other salts, mostly carbonates and sulfates, also cause prying and wedging, as does ordinary ice Weathering by a variety of salts, though often subtle, is a worldwide phenomenon Not restricted to arid regions, intense salt weathering occurs mostly in salt-rich places like the seashore, near the large saline lakes in the Dry Valleys of Antarctica, and in desert sections of Australia, New Zealand, and central Asia

What is the main idea of the passage?

A The destructive effects of salt on rocks

B The impressive salt rocks in Death Valley

C The amount of salt produced in Death Valley

D The damaging effects of salt on roads and highways

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1

 Chi tiết cách làm về 4 dạng câu hỏi

1 Câu hỏi ý chính

o Câu hỏi 1: Tìm ý chính của bài đọc (Main idea)

o Câu hỏi 2: Xác định mục đích của bài (Purpose)

o Câu hỏi 3: Nhận diện cách tổ chức ý tưởng hoặc bố cục chung hoặc thái độ (general

organizatuon or attitude)

2 Câu hỏi thông tin cụ thể và suy luận

o Câu hỏi 4: Xác định thông tin được nêu trong bài (Stated detail)

o Câu hỏi 5: Xác định thông tin không được nêu trong bài (Unstated details)

o Câu hỏi 6: Xác định thông tin này đã được đề cập ở đâu trong bài (Where questions)

o Câu hỏi 7: Suy luận, tìm hàm ý (Inference)

o Câu hỏi 8: Tìm từ hoặc cụm từ được nói đến hoặc quy chiếu đến (Reference)

3 Câu hỏi từ vựng

o Câu hỏi 9: Tìm từ đồng nghĩa, trái nghĩa (Vocabulary)

Chi tiết cách làm về 9 dạng câu hỏi (phần 2)

Câu hỏi 6: Xác định thông tin này được đề cập ở đâu trong bài (Where question)

• Where is the passage…?

Câu trả lời: sẽ là một vài dòng liền nhau trong bài chứa thông tin trong câu hỏi

Rèn kỹ năng đọc hiểu (2)

Xác định từ khóa hay ý chính trong câu hỏi Đọc nhanh các lựa chọn được đưa ra Lựa chọn đáp án là nơi chứa thông tin trong câu hỏi

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2

Example 1:

The words ‘’capital’’ and ‘’capitol’’ are confused in spelling and in meaning by a lot of people who try to use them Both their spellings and their meanings are quite closely related A ‘’capital’’ is the location of the center of government, while a ‘’capitol’’ is the actual building where the government officials meet Thus, in the United States, for example, the Capitol building is located in Washington, D.C, which is the capital city of the United States

Where in the passage does the author define the word ‘’capital’’

Since the world has become industrialized, there has been an increase in the number of animal

species that have either become extinct or have neared extinction Bengal tiger, for instance, which once roamed the jungles in vast number, now only about 2,300 and by the year 2025, their

population is estimated to be down to zero What is alarming about the case of the Bengal tiger is that this extinction will have been caused almost entirely by poachers who according to some

sources, are not interested in material gain but in personal gratification This is an example of the callousness that is part of what is causing the problem of extinction Animals like Bengal tigers as well as other endangered species are a valuable part of the world's ecosystem International laws protecting these animals must be enacted to ensure their survival and the survival of our planet Countries around the world have begun to deal with the problem in various ways Some countries, in order to circumvent the problem, have allocated large amounts of land to animal reserves They then charge admission to help defray the costs of maintaining the parks and they often must also depend

on world organizations for support With the money they get, they can invest in equipment, and patrols to protect the animals Where in the passage does the author discuss a cause of extinction?

A Lines 7-9

B Lines 5-6

C Lines 10-16

D Lines 1-3

Câu hỏi 3: Suy luận, ìm hàm ý (Inference questions)

 It is implied in the passage that…

 It can be inferred from the passage that…

 It is most likely that…

 What probably happened… ?

Câu trả lời:

Câu trả lời cho câu hỏi này thường dựa vào ý hiểu của mình đối với bài,tuy nhiên chúng ta có thể tìm theo trình tự bài đọc

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3

Cách làm:

-Tìm từ chính(key words),then chốt của mỗi câu hỏi

-Đọc lướt (skimming) đọc lướt xem từ then chốt,ý then chốt nằm ở chỗ nào trong đoạn văn (thường theo thứ tự trong bài)

-Đọc kỹ các câu văn chứa các từ,ý then chốt

-Tìm câu trả lời phù hợp theo đoạn văn

-Dùng phương pháp loại trừ loại phương án sai nhất, rồi chọn phương án đúng nhất trong các phương án còn lại

Ex:

The number of rings in a tree can be used to determine how old a tree really is Each year a tree produces a ring is composed of one light-colored wide band and one dark-colored narrow band The wider band is produced during the spring and early summer when tree stem cells grow rapidly and become larger The narrower band is produced in fall and early winter when cell growth is muc slower and cells do not get very large No cells are produced during the harsh winter and summer months

Question 1:

It is implied in the passage that if a tree has 100 wide bands and 100 narrow bands,then it is

A a century old

B two centuries old

C fifty years old

D two hundred years old

Câu hỏi 8: Tìm từ hoặc cụm từ được nói đến hoặc quy chiếu đến trong đoạn văn

Michael Collins is very lucky He is crazy about music, and his parents help hint a lot by taking him

to concerts and arranging private piano and violin lessons for him They even drive him 50

kilometers twice a week for violin lessons Michael's mother knows very little about music, but his father plays the trumpet in a large orchestra However, he never makes Michael enter music

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4

• Which of the following word has the closest meaning with the ‘’X’’ in line ‘’Y’’?

• Which of the following has the opposite meaning with the word’’X’ in line ‘’Y”?

……….Professor Richmond’s hobby is philately The professor has been quite

interested in collecting stamps for a number of years………

The question: The word “philately’’ in line 1 could be best replaced by

Michael Collins is very lucky He is crazy about music, and his parents help hint a lot by taking him

to concerts and arranging private piano and violin lessons for him They even drive him 50

kilometers twice a week for violin lessons Michael's mother knows very little about music, but his father plays the trumpet in a large orchestra However, he never makes Michael enter music

competitions if he is unwilling

Question 1: The word “unwilling’’ in the passage mostly means…

A “not objecting to doing nothing”

B “getting ready to do something”

C “not wanting to do something”

là một ví dụ về sự nhẫn tâm, cũng là một phần của những gì đang gây ra nguy cơ tuyệt chủng Hổ

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5

Bengal cũng như những loài động vật nguy cấp khác là một phần quan trọng của hệ sinh thái thế giới Những luật pháp quốc tế nhằm bảo vệ những loài vật này phải được ban hành để đảm bảo sự tồn tại của chúng và sự tồn tại của hành tinh chúng ta

Các quốc gia trên thế giới đã bắt đầu đối phó với các vấn đề này bằng nhiều cách khác nhau Nhằm mục đích phá vỡ vấn đề này, một số quốc gia đã phân bổ một lượng lớn đất để làm những khu bảo tồn động vật Sau đó, họ tính phí để giúp trang trải các chi phí duy trì các công viên và họ cũng thường xuyên phải phụ thuộc vào các tổ chức trên thế giới cho nguồn hỗ trơ Với số tiền nhận được,

họ có thể đầu tư vào trang thiết bị và tuần tra để bảo vệ các loài động vật Một giải pháp khác trong

nỗ lực ngăn chặn làn sóng tuyệt chủng là tẩy chay các sản phẩm làm từ các loài động vật đang bị đe dọa Giải pháp này có vẻ khá hiệu quả nhưng một mình nó sẽ không thể ngăn chặn động vật bị săn đuổi và giết chết

3) Số lượng các vòng trong một cây có thể được sử dụng để xác định số tuổi thật sự của một cái cây Mỗi năm một cây sản xuất ra một vòng bao gồm một dải rộng màu sáng và một dải hẹp màu tối Các băng tần rộng được sản xuất trong suốt mùa xuân và đầu mùa hè khi các tế bào thân cây phát triển nhanh chóng và lớn hơn Băng tần hẹp được sản xuất trong mùa thu và đầu mùa đông khi sự tang trưởng tế bào chậm hơn và các tế bào không nhận được rất lớn Không có các tế bào được sản xuất trong mùa đông khắc nghiệt và mùa hè

4) Michael Collins rất may mắn Ông rất thích âm nhạc, và cha mẹ ông đã giúp ông ý rất nhiều bằng cách đưa anh đến buổi hòa nhạc và sắp xếp các bài học piano và violin tin cho ông ta Họ thậm chí chở ông ấy 50 km hai lần một tuần để học violin Mẹ của Michael hiểu biết rất ít về âm nhạc, nhưng cha của ông chơi kèn trong một dàn nhạc lớn Tuy nhiên, ông không bao giờ để cho Michael tham gia một cuộc thi âm nhạc nếu ông ấy không muốn

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Exercise 1 Read the passage and choose the correct answer for each question:

The national park movement began in the United Sates in 1870 when a team of explorers

suggested that part of the Yellowstone River region be set aside in order to protect its geothermal

features, wildlife, forests, and exceptional scenery for the benefit of future generations Congress responded by creating Yellowstone National Park, the world’s first, in 1872

The idea proved popular, and the number of national parks in this country grew rapidly, new parks being set up by presidential proclamation and sometimes as the result of gifts by states of the union or by individuals Administration of this increasingly complex system was in the hands of the U.S Army for thirty years from 1886, but then Congress created the National Park Service as part of

the Department of the Interior to oversee it

Today, in addition to what might be thought of as typical national parks, the Service also manages

places of historic interest, hiking trails, seashores, rivers, reserves of scientific interest, and memorials In

all, more than 300 entities are involved, covering over 32 million hectares Each unit is directed by a superintendent who is responsible for all aspects of the operation Staff include administrative personnel and, according to the nature of the unit, park rangers, naturalists, historians, and maintenance workers

Perhaps unexpectedly, the Statue of Liberty and the White House both fall within the system It

is sites such as these which help account for the extraordinary number of visitors, now totaling some

400 million annually To serve such large numbers, guest facilities are offered at every site, which may

include hotels, restaurants, gas stations, and transportation systems All these

are operated by private concessionaires, who must observe specific regulations imposed by the Federal Government

1 What is the main topic of the first paragraph?

A The natural features of Yellowstone

B The origins of national parks

C The role of Congress

D Explorations of the Yellowstone River

2 The expression “set aside” in line 2 is closest in meaning to

A purchased B fenced off C looked into D reserved

3 In line 9, “it” refers to

A the Department of the Interior

B the National Park Service

C the U.S Army

D this increasingly complex system

4 It may be inferred from the passage that the National Park Service was created in

5 According to the passage, the original idea for a national park came from

VŨ MAI PHƯƠNG

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A a private group B Congress

C the National Park Service D the U.S Army

6 The word “hiking” in line 11 is closest in meaning to

7 The word “sites” in line 17 is closest in meaning to

8 According to the passage, some National Park Service entities do NOT have

C administrative personnel D guest facilities

9 In line 19, “these” refers to

C transportation systems D facilities

10 Where in the passage does the author exemplify the popularity of national parks with the public?

Capitalizing on the interest in Charles Lindsborg, Disney planned Mickey’s debut in the short

cartoon Plane Crazy, with Minnie as a co-star In the third short cartoon, Steamboat Willie, Mickey

was whistling and singing through the miracle of the modern soundtrack By the 1930s Mickey’s image had circled the globe He was a superstar at the height of his career

Although he has received a few minor changes throughout his lifetime, most notably the addition

of white gloves and the alterations to achieve the rounder forms of a more childish body, he has

remained true to his nature since those first cartoons Mickey is appealing because he is nice He may

get into trouble, but he takes it on the chin with a grin He is both good-natured and resourceful Perhaps that was Disney’s own image of himself Why else would he have insisted on doing Mickey’s voice in all the cartoons for twenty years? When interviewed, he would say: “There is a lot of the

mouse in me.” And that mouse has remained one of the most pervasive images in American popular

culture

11 Which of the following is the main topic of the passage?

A The image of Mickey Mouse

B The life of Walt Disney

C The history of cartoons

D The definition of American culture

12 What distinguished Steamboat Willie from earlier cartoons?

A Better color B A sound track

C Minnie Mouse as co-star D The longer format

13 The word “pervasive” could be best replaced by

A well loved B widespread C often copied D expensive to buy

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14 The word “appealing” is closest in meaning to

A attractive B famous C exceptional D distinguishable

15 The word “those” refers to

16 Where in the passage does the author relate how Mickey got his name?

A Lines 2 - 3 B Lines 7 - 8 C Lines 17 - 18 D Lines 5 - 6

17 What does the author mean by the statement “Although he has received a few minor changes

throughout his lifetime, most notably the addition of white gloves and the alterations to achieve the rounder forms of a more childish body, he has remained true to his nature since those first cartoons”?

A The current version of Mickey Mouse is different in every way from the early cartoons

B The original Mickey Mouse was one of the first cartoon characters

C It the first cartoons, Mickey Mouse looked more like a child

D The personality of Mickey Mouse has not changed over the years

18 What did Disney mean when he said, “There is a lot of mouse in me”?

A He was proud of the mouse that he created

B He knew that the mouse would be a famous creation

C He created the mouse with many of his own qualities

D He had worked very hard to create the mouse

19 The first image of Mickey Mouse is described as all of the following EXCEPT

A He was dressed in shorts with two buttons

B He had big ears

C He wore yellow shoes

D He was wearing white gloves

20 The paragraph following this passage most probably discusses

A the history of cartoons

B other images of popular culture

C Walt Disney’s childhood

D the voices of cartoon characters

Exercise 3

In the folklore of the Navajo people, it was said that frogs and toads fell from the sky when it rained The phenomenon that gave rise to this belief involved the spadefoot toad, which remains dormant beneath the Sonoran Desert of Arizona, avoiding the heat and drought for as long as eight or nine months With the onset of summer thunderstorms, however, the toads respond to the vibrations of

drumming raindrops and emerge, as if fallen from the sky with the rain, to begin their brief and frantic

mating season

The male spadefoot sits in a muddy pool and fills the night with his calls, attempting to attract a female of the same species Once a female joins him, she may lay as many as 1,000 eggs in the small

pool of life-sustaining rainwater From that point it's a race against the elements for the young, who

must hatch and mature with remarkable speed before the pool evaporates beneath the searing desert sun As the pool grows smaller and smaller, it becomes thick with tadpoles fighting for survival in the mud, threatened not only by the loss of their watery nest but also by devouring insects and animals In

as few as nine days after fertilization of the eggs, those lucky enough to survive develop through each

tadpole stage and finally emerge as fully formed toads After gorging themselves on insects, the young

toads, like their parents, burrow underground, where they will lie dormant abating the next summer's storms

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21 What does the passage mainly discuss?

A Navajo folklore

B Weather in the Sonoran Desert of Arizona

C The habits of the spadefoot toad

D The mating rituals of the male spadefoot

22 According to the passage, the spadefoot toad

A is dormant for as long as nine months

B reproduces during winter rains

C eats leaves and grasses

D develops very slowly

23 Which of the following is NOT true of the spadefoot?

A They are active only three to four months a year

B The female lays her eggs in pools of water

C The searing desert sun is their only enemy

D many tadpoles die before they reach maturity

24 It can be concluded from the passage that

A spadefoot toads could exist for years without rain

B the Navajo legends are based on acute observations

C spadefoot toads are well adapted to their environment

D the chances of a tadpole’s becoming an adult are very great

25 The author is most likely a

A botanist B biologist C chemist D geographer

26 This passage is most likely followed by a passage on

A weather patterns in the Sonorant Desert

B methods of reproduction among insects

C dwellings of the Navajo people

D other desert animals

27 The word “frantic” is closest in meaning to

28 The word “elements” could best be replaced by

A weather B time C environment D thunderstorms

29 The word “gorging” is closest in meaning to

30 Where in the passage is the geographic location that the spadefoot toads inhabit mentioned?

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Exercise 1 SKIMMING Read the passage and choose the best answer

Pulp Friction

Every second, one hectare of the world's rainforest is destroyed That's equivalent to two football fields An area the size of New York City is lost every day In a year, that adds up to 31 million hectares more than the land area of Poland This alarming rate of destruction has serious consequences for the environment; scientists estimate, for example, that 137 species of plant, insect or animal become extinct every day due to logging In British Columbia, where, since 1990, thirteen rainforest valleys have been clearcut, 142 species of salmon have already become extinct, and the habitats of grizzly bears, wolves and many other creatures are threatened Logging, however, provides jobs, profits, taxes for the govenment and cheap products of all kinds for consumers, so the government is reluctant to restrict or control it

Much of Canada's forestry production goes towards making pulp and paper According to the Canadian Pulp and Paper Association, Canada supplies 34% of the world's wood pulp and 49% of its newsprint paper If these paper products could be produced in some other way, Canadian forests could

be preserved Recently, a possible alternative way of producing paper has been suggested by agriculturalists and environmentalists: a plant called hemp

Hemp has been cultivated by many cultures for thousands of years It produces fibre which can be made into paper, fuel, oils, textiles, food, and rope For centuries, it was essential to the economies of many countries because it was used to make the ropes and cables used on sailing ships; colonial expansion and the establishment of a world-wide trading network would not have been feasible without hemp Nowadays, ships' cables are usually made from wire or synthetic fibres, but scientists are now suggesting that the cultivation of hemp should be revived for the production of paper and pulp According to its proponents, four times as much paper can be produced from land using hemp rather than trees, and many environmentalists believe that the large-scale cultivation of hemp could reduce the pressure on Canada's forests

However, there is a problem: hemp is illegal in many countries of the world This plant, so useful for fibre, rope, oil, fuel and textiles, is a species of cannabis, related to the plant from which marijuana is produced In the late 1930s, a movement to ban the drug marijuana began to gather force, resulting in the eventual banning of the cultivation not only of the plant used to produce the drug, but also of the commercial fibre-producing hemp plant Although both George Washington and Thomas Jefferson grew hemp in large quantities on their own land, any American growing the plant today would soon find himself in prison despite the fact that marijuana cannot be produced from the hemp plant, since

it contains almost no THC (the active ingredient in the drug)

VŨ MAI PHƯƠNG

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In recent years, two major movements for legalization have been gathering strength One group of activists believes that ALL cannabis should be legal both the hemp plant and the marijuana plant and that the use of the drug marijuana should not be an offense They argue that marijuana is not dangerous or addictive, and that it is used by large numbers of people who are not criminals but productive members of society They also point out that marijuana is less toxic than alcohol or tobacco The other legalization movement is concerned only with the hemp plant used to produce fibre; this group wants to make it legal to cultivate the plant and sell the fibre for paper and pulp production This second group has had a major triumph recently: in 1997, Canada legalized the farming of hemp for fibre For the first time since 1938, hundreds of farmers are planting this crop, and soon we can expect to see pulp and paper produced from this new source

1 The main idea of paragraph one is:

A Scientists are worried about New York City

B Logging is destroying the rainforests

C Governments make money from logging

D Salmon are an endangered species

2 The main idea of paragraph two is:

A Canadian forests are especially under threat

B Hemp is a kind of plant

C Canada is a major supplier of paper and pulp

D Canada produces a lot of hemp

3 The main idea of paragraph three is:

A Paper could be made from hemp instead of trees

B Hemp is useful for fuel

C Hemp has been cultivated throughout history

D Hemp is essential for building large ships

4 The main idea of paragraph four is:

A Hemp is used to produce drugs

B Many famous people used to grow hemp

C It is illegal to grow hemp

D Hemp is useful for producing many things

5 The main idea of paragraph five is:

A Hemp should be illegal because it is dangerous

B Recently, many people have been working to legalize hemp

C Hemp was made illegal in 1938

D Marijuana is not a dangerous drug

Exercise 2 SCANNING Read the passage in Exercise 1 and choose the best answer

6 How many species of salmon have become extinct in BC?

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11 How long does it take for 100 hectares of rainforest to be destroyed?

A less than two minutes

B about an hour

C two hours

D a day

12 Why is pulp and paper production important to Canada?

A Canada needs to find a way to use all its spare wood

B Canada publishes a lot of newspapers and books

C Pulp and paper export is a major source of income for Canada

13 Who is suggesting that pulp and paper could be produced without cutting down trees?

A the logging industry

B the government

C the environmental lobby

14 Why was the plant hemp essential to world-wide trade in the past?

A Ships' ropes were made from it

B Hemp was a very profitable export

C Hemp was used as fuel for ships

D Hemp was used as food for sailors

15 Why do agriculturalists think that hemp would be better for paper production than trees?

A It is cheaper to grow hemp than to cut down trees

B More paper can be produced from the same area of land

C Hemp produces higher quality paper

16 When was hemp production banned in Canada?

17 Why was hemp banned?

A It is related to the marijuana plant

B It can be used to produce marijuana

C It was no longer a useful crop

D It was destructive to the land

18 What chemical ingredient of cannabis plants is a powerful drug?

Exercise 3 Read the passage in Exercise 1 and choose the best answer

21 "Every second, one hectare of the world's rainforest is destroyed That's equivalent to two football fields."

What does "equivalent to" mean?

What does "clearcut" mean?

A a few trees have been cut down

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B many trees have been cut down

C all the trees have been cut down

23 "Logging, however, provides jobs, profits, taxes for the govenment and cheap products of all kinds for consumers, so the government is reluctant to restrict or control it."

What does "reluctant" mean?

What does "proponents" mean?

A people who are against something

B people who support something

C people in charge of something

25 "In the late 1930s, a movement to ban the drug marijuana began to gather force."

What does "gather force" mean?

A appear

B get stronger

C get weaker

26 "One group of activists believes that ALL cannabis should be legal."

What does "activists" mean?

A people trying to change something

B people against the government

C people who smoke marijuana

Exercise 4

The history of UFOs

Unidentified Flying Object (or “UFO”) is a term commonly used to describe lights or shapes in the sky It was first coined by the United States Air Force in 1952 to describe sightings of mysterious objects in the sky that could not be explained even after careful investigation Nowadays UFOs are spotted frequently, and feature in numerous movies and TV shows Another popular name for such an object is, “Flying Saucer,” in reference to the round shape of many UFOs

The first widely publicized UFO sighting was in 1947, by a pilot called Kenneth Arnold Following this event, public sightings of UFOs increased dramatically Movies and TV shows began featuring visitors from outer space, arriving on earth in flying saucers With the popularity of these images, many people claimed to have seen lights in the sky Some experts believe that people simply think they see UFOs because of the influence of TV and movies

However, experts estimate that as little as 5% of these sightings could be called “unidentified.” Usually these lights are made by aircraft, satellites, or weather balloons Top secret air force activities during the Cold War may have been responsible for many of the UFO sightings in America and Europe Although not actually aliens, the secretive nature of these flying objects is definitely unidentified

Another popular idea concerning UFOs concerns the role of world governments Specifically, people believe that the US government has discovered alien life and operates a “cover-up” to hide the truth from the public The most widely believed cover-up is that of the Roswell Incident In July, 1947, a UFO supposedly landed in Roswell, New Mexico, and was examined and hidden by government

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agents There have been many investigations into the Roswell Incident, however, these reports always claim that no such event occurred

Read through the article and answer each of the following questions

27 What is the purpose of this report?

A To describe the history of alien life

B To describe government cover-ups

C To describe the history of UFO sightings

D To describe UFOs in popular movies

28 Why are UFO sightings so controversial?

A They have never been proved

B There are many sightings

C The government covers up sightings

D There are very few UFO sightings

Choose the best answer for each question about the reading passage

29 Why is Kenneth Arnold famous among UFO believers?

30 How do experts explain many UFO sightings?

A There are many alien visitors to earth

B TV and movies make people believe they see UFOs

C Government cover-ups make people paranoid

D They have no idea why there are so many sightings

31 What do many people believe happened at Roswell?

A Famous movies were made

B Kenneth Arnold was born

C The first UFO sighting

D A UFO landed there

32 Which of the following is true?

A The first UFO was spotted in 1952

B The word “UFO” was first used in 1952

C The Roswell Incident occurred in 1952

D A UFO landed in America in 1952

33 What influence did the Cold War have upon UFO sightings?

A American pilots saw a UFO in the Cold War

B More UFO movies were made in the Cold War

C Lots of government cover-ups occurred

D Top secret air force activities caused more sightings

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Exercise 1 Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the best answer to each of the following questions

In Death Valley, California, one of the hottest, most arid places in North America, there is much salt, and salt can damage rocks impressively Inhabitants of areas elsewhere, where streets and highways are salted to control ice, are familiar with the resulting rust and deterioration on cars That attests to the chemically corrosive nature of salt, but it is not the way salt destroys rocks Salt breaks rocks apart principally by a process called crystal prying and wedging This happens not by soaking the rocks is salt water, but by moistening their bottoms with salt water Such conditions exist in many areas along the eastern edge of central Death Valley There, salty water rises from the groundwater

table by capillary action through tiny spaces in sediment until it reaches the surface

Most stones have capillary passages that suck salt water from the wet ground Death Valley provides an ultra-dry atmosphere and high daily temperatures, which promote evaporation and the formation of salt crystals along the cracks or other openings within stones These crystals grow as long

as salt water is available Like tree roots breaking up a sidewalk, the growing crystals exert pressure

on the rock and eventually pry the rocks apart along planes of weakness, such as banding in metamorphic rocks, bedding in sedimentary rocks, or preexisting or incipient fractions, and along boundaries between individual mineral crystals or grains Besides crystals growth, the expansion of halite crystals (the same as everyday table salt) by heating and of sulfates and similar salts by

hydration can contribute additional stresses A rock durable enough to have withstood natural conditions for a very long time in other areas could probably be shattered into small pieces by salt

weathering within a few generations

The dominant salt in Death Valley is halite, or sodium chloride, but other salts, mostly

carbonates and sulfates, also cause prying and wedging, as does ordinary ice Weathering by a variety

of salts, though often subtle, is a worldwide phenomenon Not restricted to arid regions, intense salt weathering occurs mostly in salt-rich places like the seashore, near the large saline lakes in the Dry Valleys of Antarctica, and in desert sections of Australia, New Zealand, and central Asia

1 What is the main idea of the passage?

A The destructive effects of salt on rocks

B The impressive salt rocks in Death Valley

C The amount of salt produced in Death Valley

D The damaging effects of salt on roads and highways

2 The word “it” in the first paragraph refers to _

A Salty water

B groundwater table

C capillary action

VŨ MAI PHƯƠNG

Thi Online Rèn kỹ năng đọc hiểu 4

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4 Why does the author compare tree roots with growing salt crystals?

A They both force hard surfaces to crack

B They both grow as long as water is available

C They both react quickly to a rise in temperature

D They both cause salty water to rise from the groundwater table

5 The author mentions the “expansion of halite crystals by heating and of sulfates and similar salts

by hydration” in order to

A Present an alternative theory about crystal growth

B Explain how some rocks are not affected by salt

C Simplify the explanation of crystal prying and wedging

D Introduce additional means by which crystal destroy rocks

6 The word “durable” in the second paragraph is closest in meaning to

9 According to passage, which of the following is true about the effects of salts on rocks?

A Only two types of salts cause prying and wedging

B Salts usually cause damage only in combination with ice

C A variety of salts in all kinds of environments can cause weathering

D Salt damage at the seashore is more severe than salt damage in Death Valley

10 Which of the following can be said from the passage about rocks that are found in areas where ice is common?

A They are protected from weathering

B They do not allow capillary action of water

C They show similar kinds of damage as rocks in Death Valley

D They contain more carbonates than sulfates

Exercise 2

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Very few people in the modern world obtain their food supply by hunting and gathering in the natural environment surrounding their homes This method of harvesting from nature’s provision is the oldest known subsistence strategy and has been practised for at least the last two million years It was,

indeed, the only way to obtain food until rudimentary farming and the domestication of wild animals

were introduced about 10,000 years ago

Because hunter-gatherers have fared poorly in comparison with their agricultural cousins, their

numbers have dwindled, and they have been forced to live in marginal environments, such as deserts

and arctic wastelands In higher latitudes, the shorter growing seasons have restricted the availability

of plant life Such conditions have caused a greater dependence on hunting, and on fishing along the

coasts and waterways The abundance of vegetation in the lower latitudes of the tropics, on the other hand, has provided a greater opportunity for gathering a variety of plants In short, the environmental differences have restricted the diet and have limited possibilities for the development of subsistence societies

Contemporary hunter-gatherers may help us understand our prehistoric ancestors We know from the observation of modern hunter-gatherers in both Africa and Alaska that a society based on hunting and gathering must be very mobile While the entire community camps in a central location, a smaller party harvests the food within a reasonable distance from the camp When the food in the area has become exhausted, the community moves on to exploit another site We also notice seasonal migration patterns evolving for most hunter-gatherers, along with a strict division of labor between the sexes These patterns of behavior may be similar to those practised by mankind during the Paleolithic Period

11: The word “domestication” in the first paragraph mostly means

A teaching animals to do a particular job or activity in the home

B hatching and raising new species of wild animals in the home

C making wild animals used to living with and working for humans

D adapting animals to suit a new working environment

12: According to the passage, subsistence societies depend mainly on

14: In the lower latitudes of the tropics, hunter-gatherers

A have better food gathering from nature

B can free themselves from hunting

C harvest shorter seasonal crops

D live along the coasts and waterways for fishing

15: According to the passage, studies of contemporary subsistence societies can provide a

A broader vision of prehistoric natural environments

B deeper insight into the dry-land farming

C further understanding of modern subsistence societies

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D further understanding of prehistoric times

16: The word “conditions” in the second paragraph refers to

A the environments where it is not favorable for vegetation to grow

B the situations in which hunter-gatherers hardly find anything to eat

C the places where plenty of animals and fish can be found

D the situations in which hunter-gatherers can grow some crops

17: A typical feature of both modern and prehistoric hunter-gatherers is that

A they don’t have a strong sense of community

B they live in the forests for all their life

C they don’t have a healthy and balanced diet

D they often change their living places

18: According to the passage, which of the following is NOT mentioned?

A Hunting or fishing develops where there are no or short growing seasons

B The environmental differences produce no effect on subsistence societies

C Harvesting from the natural environment had existed long before farming was taken up

D The number of hunter-gatherers decreases where farming is convenient

19: According to the author, most contemporary and prehistoric hunter-gatherers share

A only the way of duty division

B some patterns of behavior

C some restricted daily rules

D some methods of production

20: Which of the following would serve as the best title of the passage?

A Hunter-gatherers: Always on the Move

B Hunter-gatherers and Subsistence Societies

C A Brief History of Subsistence Farming

D Evolution of Humans’ Farming Methods

Exercise 3

Marian Anderson's brilliant singing career began at age six when she sang spirituals at the Union Baptist Church in her hometown of Philadelphia She toured Europe in the 1920s, drawing vast

acclaim; however, when she returned to the United States she was still barred from performing on the

American operatic stage Strict segregation laws were in force at the time, keeping many Black performers out of exclusively white theaters and concert halls After she was prevented from singing in

Washington's segregated Constitution Hall in 1939, Eleanor Roosevelt intervened and arranged for

Miss Anderson to perform at the Lincoln Memorial Marian Anderson's beautiful contralto voice

broke down racial barriers, showing white Americans that blacks had a profound contribution to

make to America's cultural life Eventually, in 1955, she became the first African-American singer to perform at New York's Metropolitan Opera In her many years of touring she had to endure a racism

that forced her to enter concert halls and hotels through service entrances Her grace under this stress

showed a moral perseverance that paralleled that of the famous Martin Luther King, Jr

21 We can conclude from the passage that Marian Anderson first toured Europe instead of the United States because

A she was paid more in Europe

B she was not allowed to perform in the United States

C there were better operatic facilities in Europe

D it was too expensive to tour in the United States

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22 The word “acclaim” could best be replaced by _

24 The significance of Anderson’s Lincoln memorial performance was that

A Eleanor Roosevelt arranged it

B her contralto voice was beautiful

C 75,000 people came

D she was a black performer

25 The phrase "broke down racial barriers" means

A disclosed opportunities

B shattered obstacles

C revealed inaccuracies

D analyzed destinations

26 Where is the best place in the passage to add the following sentence?

“A crowd of 75,000 people came to watch her sing before the Memorial.”

A after the word “…Memorial”

B after the word “…Stage”

C after the word “…Opera”

D after the word “…entrances”

27 The word “grace” is similar in meaning to _

B a clear strong voice

C a performance at the Lincoln memorial

30 What does the word “this” refer to?

A touring for many years

B racist attitudes toward her

C performing before thousands of people

D being like Martin Luther King, Jr

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1

 Chữa chi tiết 4 bài đọc hiểu theo chủ đề Celebrity

Example 1

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions

Walt Disney was born in 1901 in Chicago, but soon moved to a small farm near Marceline, Missouri

From this rural and rather humble beginning he later became one of the most famous and beloved

motion- picture producers in history Although he died in 1966, his name and artistic legacy continue

to influence the lives of millions of people though out the world

After several years of barely making ends meet as a cartoon artist operating from his Los Angeles

garage, Disney had his first success in 1928, with his release of a Mickey Mouse cartoon Through out the next decade, he continued to produce a number of cartoons , and develop more of his highly

profitable and enduring creations, such as Donald Duck and Pluto In the late 1930s, he issued

full-length cartoon film.Snow White became an instant commercial and critical success This was only the first of many films, both animated and not, produced by Disney and his studio

But as renowned as Disney name is for cartoon and monies, it is probably best known for a string of spectacular amusement and theme parks Starting with California‟s Disneyland in 1955 and

culminating with the fantastically successful Disney World and EPCOT Center in Florida, Disney became a household name In recent years, the theme park concept became international, with openings in Toyo and Paris With the continuing success of Disney, the creation of future theme park are under discussion

1.The word “humble” in bold in paragraph 1 is closest in meaning to

A shy

B respectful

C simple

D boring

2 According to the passage, which of the following is true?

A Snow White was the first full-length cartoon film

B Disney’s first concern was always profitability

C Mickey Mouse was Disney‟s only cartoons creation

D Disney’s first achieved success after his death

3 In paragraph 2 “barely making ends meet’ in bold is closest in meaning to

A meeting personal failure

Rèn luyện kỹ năng đọc hiểu (5)

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2

B producing only a few cartoons

C not making much money

D trying new businesses

4.The word “enduring” in bold in paragraph 2 is closest in meaning to

A lasting

B suffering

C difficult

D famous

5.It can be inferred from the passage that_

A the Tokyo theme park is in financial difficulty

B Snow White was Disney‟s most successful film

C the California theme park is now closed

D Disney created cartoon movies and “non cartoon” movies

6.In future years it is most likely that

A the remaining theme parks will also close

B the Paris theme park will become successful

C the Disney name will stay well known

D Disney will produce only cartoons

7.Which of the following is the best title for the passage?

A Walt Disney and His Legacy

B The History of Disney World and Disneyland

C Walt Disney’s Boyhood Years

D Walt Disney and Animated Cartoon

II Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to

indicate the correct answer toeach of the questions

Robert Capa

1 Robert Capa is a name that has for many years been synonymous with war photography

2 Born in Hungary in 1913 as Friedmann Endre Ernő, Capa was forced to leave his native country after his involvement in anti government protests Capa had originally wanted to become a writer, but after his arrival in Berlin had first found work as a photographer He later left Germany and moved to France due to the rise in Nazism He tried to find work as a freelance journalist and it was here that he changed his name to Robert Capa, mainly because he thought it would sound

more American

3 In 1936, after the breakout of the Spanish Civil war, Capa went to Spain and it was here over the next three years that he built his reputation as a war photographer It was here too in 1936 that he took one of his most famous pictures, The Death of a Loyalist Soldier One of Capa‟s most famous quotes was 'If your pictures aren't good enough, you're not close enough.' And he took his attitude of getting close to the action to an extreme His photograph, The Death of a Loyalist Soldier is a prime example of this as Capa captures the very moment the soldier falls However, many have questioned the authenticity of this photograph, claiming that it was staged he built his reputation as a war

photographer It was here too in 1936 that he took one of his most famous pictures, The Death of a Loyalist Soldier One of Capa‟s most famous quotes was 'If your pictures aren't good enough, you're

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3

not close enough.' And he took his attitude of getting close to the action to an extreme His

photograph, The Death of a Loyalist Soldier is a prime example of this as Capa captures the very moment the soldier falls However, many have questioned

the authenticity of this photograph, claiming that it was staged

4 When World war II broke out, Capa was in New York, but he was soon back in Europe covering the war for Life magazine Some of his most famous work was created on 6th June 1944 when he swam ashore with the first assault on Omaha Beach in the D-Day invasion of Normandy Capa, armed only with two cameras, took more than one hundred photographs in the first hour of the landing, but a mistake in the darkroom during the drying of the film destroyed all but

eight frames It was the images from these frames however that inspired the visual style of Steven Spielberg's Oscar winning movie „Saving Private Ryan‟ When Life magazine published the

photographs, they claimed that they were slightly out of focus, and Capa later used this as the title of his autobiographical account of the war

5 Capa’s private life was no less dramatic He was friend to many of Hollywood‟s directors, actors and actresses In 1943 he fell in love with the wife of actor John Austin His affair with her lasted until the end of the war and became the subject of his war memoirs He was at one time lover to actress Ingrid Bergman Their relationship finally ended in 1946 when he refused to settle in

Hollywood and went off to Turkey

6 In 1947 Capa was among a group of photojournalists who founded Magnum Photos This was a co-operative organisation set up to support photographers and help them to retain ownership of the copyright to their work

7 Capa went on to document many other wars He never attempted to glamorise war though, but to record the horror He once said, "The desire of any war photographer is to be put out of business."

8 Capa died as he had lived After promising not to photograph any more wars, he accepted an assignment to go to Indochina to cover the first Indochina war On May 25th 1954 Capa was

accompanying a French regiment when he left his jeep to take some photographs of the advance and stepped on a land mine He was taken to a nearby hospital, still

clutching his camera, but was pronounced dead on arrival He left behind him a testament to the horrors of war and a standard for photojournalism that few others have been able to reach

9 Capa’s legacy has lived on though and in 1966 his brother Cornell founded the International Fund for Concerned Photography in his honor There is also a Robert Capa Gold Medal, which is given to the photographer who publishes the best photographic reporting from abroad with evidence of

exceptional courage But perhaps his greatest legacy of all are the haunting images of the human struggles that he captured

1.Why did Capa change his name?

A To hide his identity

B Because he had been involved in protests

C To sound more American

D Because he had to leave Hungary

2 Capa originally wanted to be

A A photojournalist

B A writer

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4

C American

D A protestor

3 Capa went to Spain to

A fight in the civil war

B build his reputation

C have a holiday

D take photographs

4.Capa’s famous picture Death of a Loyalist Soldier

A was taken by someone else

B was definitely genuine

C wasn’t even taken in Spain

D cannot be proven genuine or staged

5 When World War II broke out Capa

A went to New York

B swam ashore on Omaha Beach

C went to Europe

D went to Normandy

6.A mistake meant that

A only one hundred of Capa‟s photographs were published

B Capa lost both of his two cameras

C Capa’s images inspired an Oscar winning movie

D Most of Capa’s images of the D-Day landing were destroyed

7 Capa’s private life was

A less dramatic than his professional life

B spent mostly in Hollywood

Carson’s first book, Under the Sea Wind, was published in 1941 It received excellent reviews, but

sales were poor until it was reissued in 1952 In that year she published The Sea Around Us, which provided a fascinating look beneath the ocean’s surface, emphasizing human history as well as geology and marine biology Her imagery and language had a poetic quality Carson consulted no less than 1,000 printed sources She had voluminous correspondence and frequent discussions with experts in the field However, she always realized the limitations of her nontechnical readers

In 1962, Carson published Silent Spring, a book that sparked considerable controversy It proved how much harm was done by the uncontrolled, reckless use of insecticides She detailed how they

poison the food supply of animals, kill birds and fish, and contaminate human food At the time,

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5

spokesmen for the chemical industry mounted personal attacks against Carson and issued

propaganda to indicate that her findings were flawed However, her work was proved by a 1963

report of the President’s Science Advisory Committee

Question 1 The passage mainly discusses Rachel Carson‟s work

B became more popular than her other books

C was praised by critics

D sold many copies

Question 4 Which of the following was NOT mentioned in the passage as a source of information for The Sea Around Us?

A printed matter

B talks with experts

C a research expedition

D letters from scientists

Question 5 Which of the following words or phrases is LEAST accurate in describing The Sea Around Us?

Question 7 According to the passage, Silent Spring is primarily

A.an attack on the use of chemical preservatives in food

B a discussion of the hazards insects pose to the food supply

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C a warning about the dangers of misusing insecticides

D an illustration of the benefits of the chemical industry

Later, with the help of several teachers, he was able to study law and became a member of the

Massachusetts bar, but he never forgot those early struggles

While serving in Massachusetts legislature, he signed a historic education bill that set up a state

board of education Without regret, he gave up his successful legal practice and political career to

become the first secretary of the board There he exercised an enormous influence during the critical period of reconstruction that brought into existence the American graded elementary school as

substitute for the older distinct school system Under his leadership, the curriculum was restructured, the school year was increased to a minimum of six months, and mandatory schooling was extended

to age sixteen Other important reforms included the establishment of state normal schools for

teacher training, institutes for in-service teacher education, and lyceums for adult education He was also instrument in improving salaries for teachers and creating school libraries

Mann’s ideas about school reform were developed and distributed in twelve annual reports to the state of Massachusetts that he wrote during his tenure as secretary of education Considered quite radical at the time, the Massachusetts reforms later served as a model for the nation Mann was recognized as the father of public education

Question 1:

1.Which of the following describes Horace Mann’s early life ?

A.He attended school six months a year

B.He had to study alone, without help

C He supported his family after his father died

D He was an only child

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Question 4: Did Horace Mann advocate ?

A.The state board school system

B.The district school system

C The substitute school system

D The graded school system

Question 5: The word “mandatory” in line 10 is closest in meaning to

A.required

B.excellent

C.equal

D Basic

Question 6: How were Mann’s educational reforms distributed ?

A In twelve annual reports to the state of Massachusetts

B In reports that he wrote for national distribution

C In speeches that he made throughout the country

D In books that could be found in school libraries

Question 7: The reforms that Horace Mann achieved were

A.not radical for the time

B.used only by the state of Massachusetts

C adopted by the nation as a model

D enforced by the Massachusetts bar

Dịch bài:

I)Walt Disney sinh năm 1901 tại Chicago, nhưng sau đó chuyển đến một trang trại nhỏ gần

Marceline, Missouri Từ khởi đầu bần nông và tầm thường, ông sau đó trở thành một trong những nhà sản xuất phim điện ảnh nổi tiếng nhất và được yêu thích nhất trong lịch sử Mặc dù ông đã qua đời vào năm 1966, tên tuổi và gia tài nghệ thuật của ông tiếp tục có sức ảnh hưởng tới cuộc sống của hàng triệu người trên thế giới Sau nhiều năm sống chật vật là một nghệ sĩ truyện tranh sống trong một gara ở Los Angeles

Disney đã đạt được thành tựu đầu tiên của mình vào năm 1928 với sự phát hành của phim hoạt hình chuột Mickey Trong thập kỷ tiếp theo, ông tiếp tục sản xuất một số phim hoạt hình,phát triển thêm nữa những sáng tạo bền bỉ và mang lại lợi nhuận cao và lâu dài như vịt Donald và Pluto Vào cuối những năm 1930, ông đã phát hành bộ phim hoạt hình điện ảnh Bạch tuyết đã nhanh chóng trở nên thành công cả về mặt doanh thu và phê bình Đây là tác phẩm sớm nhất trong nhiều bộ phim, cả hoạt hình và không,sản xuất bởi Walt Disney và hãng phim của ông Tuy cái tên Disney nổi tiếng về những bộ phim hoạt hình và gia tài kếch xù nhưng có lẽ nó được biết đến nhiều nhất bởi chuỗi nhưng công viên vui chơi giải trí tuyệt vời Khởi đầu với California’s Disneyland vào năm 1955 và cực thịnh với sự thành công của Disney World và EPCOT Center ở Florida, Disney đã trở thành cái tên phổ biến Trong những năm gần đây,công việc giải trí này đã trở nên toàn cầu hóa, với việc mở mới

ở Tokyo và Paris Cùng với thành công liên tiếp của Disney, sự ra đời của các công viên giải trí tiếp theo đang được thảo luận

II) 1.Robert Capa là một cái tên gắn liền với những bức ảnh thời chiến

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2 Sinh ra tại Hungary năm 1913 như Friedmann Endre Ernő, Capa đã buộc phải rời khỏi quê hương của mình sau khi dính dáng tới các cuộc biểu tình chống chính phủ Capa ban đầu muốn trở thành một nhà văn, nhưng sau chuyến đi tới Berlin lần đầu tiên ông đã tìm được việc làm như một nhiếp ảnh gia Sau đó, ông rời Đức và chuyển sang Pháp do sự gia tăng chủ nghĩa phát xít Ông đã cố gắng làm việc như một nhà báo tự do và ở đây ông đã thay đổi tên của mình thành Robert Capa, chủ yếu

là bởi vì ông nghĩ rằng nó nghe sẽ giống Mỹ hơn

3 Năm 1936, sau sự bùng nổ của chiến tranh dân sự Tây Ban Nha, Capa đã đi đến Tây Ban Nha và trong ba năm tiếp theo ông đã xây dựng danh tiếng của mình như là một nhiếp ảnh gia chiến tranh Vào năm 1936 ông đã chụp một trong số những bức ảnh nổi tiếng của cuộc đời mình, The Death of

a Soldier Loyalist Một trong số những trích dẫn nổi tiếng của Capa là " Nếu hình ảnh của bạn là không đủ tốt, bạn không đủ gần " Và ông đã tiếp cận các hành động đến cùng Bức ảnh của ông,

“The Death of a Soldier Loyalist” là một ví dụ điển hình về điều này khi Capa đã nắm bắt được những khoảnh khắc người lính ngã xuống Tuy nhiên, nhiều người đã đặt câu hỏi về

tính xác thực của bức ảnh này và họ khẳng định rằng bức ảnh được dàn dựng, ông đã xây dựng danh tiếng của mình như là một nhiếp ảnh gia chiến tranh Nó đã ở đây quá vào năm 1936 rằng ông lấy một bức ảnh nổi tiếng nhất của ông, The Death of a Soldier Loyalist Một trong Capa "của câu nói nổi tiếng nhất là" Nếu hình ảnh của bạn là không đủ tốt, bạn không đủ gần " Và ông đã thái độ của mình trong việc tiếp cận các hành động đến cùng cực Bức ảnh của ông, The Death of a Soldier Loyalist là một ví dụ về điều này như Capa nắm bắt được những khoảnh khắc rất người lính rơi Tuy nhiên, nhiều người đã đặt câu hỏi tính xác thực của bức ảnh này, tuyên bố rằng nó đã được dàn dựng

4 Khi Thế chiến II nổ ra, Capa đang ở New York, nhưng ông đã sớm trở quay trở lại châu Âu trực tiếp truyền đạt những cuộc chiến tranh cho tạp chí Life Một số những tác phẩm nổi tiếng nhất của ông đã được tạo ra vào ngày 06 tháng sáu năm 1944 khi anh bơi vào bờ với các cuộc tấn công đầu tiên trên bãi biển Omaha trong cuộc xâm lược D-Day Normandy Capa,chỉ với hai camera, đã chụp hơn một trăm bức ảnh trong những giờ đầu tiên hạ cánh, nhưng một sai lầm trong phòng tối trong khi phơi khô film đã phát hủy tất cẩ ngoại trừ 8 chiếc khung.Tuy nhiên,đó là những khung hình mà cảm hứng phong cách hình ảnh của bộ phim đoạt giải Oscar Steven Spielberg "Saving Private

Ryan" Khi tạp chí Life công bố những bức ảnh, họ tuyên bố rằng những bức ảnh có chút không rõ nét, và Capa sau đó sử dụng điều này như tiêu đề của tự truyện của ông về nguyê nhân chiến tranh 5.Đời sống riêng tư của Capa cũng không kém phần kịch tính Ông là bạn của rất nhiều đạo diễn, diễn viên và nữ diễn viên Trong năm 1943, ông đã yêu vợ của nam diễn viên John Austin.Chuyện này đã kéo dài cho đến khi chiến tranh kết thúc và trở thành chủ đề của cuốn hồi ký chiến tranh của ông Ông còn là người yêu của nữ diễn viên Ingrid Bergman, mối quan hệ của họ cuối cùng đã kết thúc vào năm 1946 khi ông từ chối giải quyết ở Hollywood và ra đi đến Thổ Nhĩ Kỳ

6 Năm 1947 Capa là một trong một nhóm các phóng viên ảnh sáng lập Magnum Photos Đây là một

tổ chức hợp tác thành lập để hỗ trợ các nhiếp ảnh gia và giúp họ giữ lại quyền sở hữu bản quyền của những công việc của họ

7 Capa đã ghi lại nhiều cuộc chiến tranh khác Ông không bao giờ cố gắng để tán dương chiến tranh mặc dù, nhưng để ghi lại nỗi kinh hoàng Ông từng nói: "Mong muốn của bất kỳ nhiếp ảnh gia chiến tranh là đưa những bức ảnh ra khỏi lĩnh vực kinh doanh.”

8 Capa đã qua đời Sau khi hứa hẹn không chụp ảnh bất kỳ cuộc chiến tranh nào nữa, ông chấp thuận một kí kết để đi sang Đông Dương để trực tiếp các cuộc chiến tranh Đông Dương lần thứ

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Ngày 25 tháng 5 năm 1954 Capa đã được hộ tống bởi một trung đoàn Pháp khi ông rời chiếc xe jeep của mình để có một số hình ảnh của trước và bước vào một mỏ đất Ông được đưa tới một bệnh viện gần đó, vẫn giữ chặt máy ảnh của mình, nhưng đã chết trước trên đường đến Ông để lại phía sau một minh chứng cho sự khủng khiếp của chiến tranh và một tiêu chuẩn cho nhiếp ảnh báo chí mà những thế hệ sau có thể tiếp cận

9 Những di sản của Capa đã tồn tại ,tuy nhiên trong năm 1966 anh trai của ông ấy - Cornell thành lập Quỹ quốc tế liên quan đến nhiếp ảnh Ngoài ra còn có một Huy chương vàng “Robert Capa” được trao cho các nhiếp ảnh gia nào xuất bản các báo cáo chụp ảnh tốt nhất từ nước ngoài với bằng chứng về sự dũng cảm đặc biệt Nhưng có lẽ di sản lớn nhất của ông trong tất cả đều là những hình ảnh đầy ám ảnh của những cuộc đấu tranh của con người mà ông chụp được

IV)Rachel Carson đã được sinh ra vào năm 1907 ở Springsdale, Pennsylvania Cô học chuyên ngành sinh học tại trường đại học và nghiên cứu ngành động vật học tại Đại học Johns Hopkins, nơi cô nhận được bằng vào năm 1933 Năm 1936, cô được thuê bởi các cá và động vật hoang dã Dịch vụ Hoa Kỳ, nơi cô dành phần lớn thời gian làm việc ở đây

Cuốn sách đầu tiên của Carson, “Cuốn theo chiều gió”, được xuất bản vào năm 1941 Cuốn sách được đánh giá xuất sắc, nhưng doanh số bán hàng của nó rất thấp cho đến khi nó được tái bản vào năm 1952 Trong năm đó, bà xuất bản “Biển cả quanh ta”, mà

cung cấp một cái nhìn hấp dẫn bên dưới bề mặt của đại dương, nhấn mạnh lịch sử nhân loại cũng như địa chất và sinh học biển hình ảnh và ngôn ngữ của cô đã có một chất thơ Carson hỏi ý kiến không ít hơn 1.000 nguồn in Cô đã có thư đồ sộ và thảo luận thường xuyên với các chuyên gia trong lĩnh vực này Tuy nhiên, cô luôn nhận ra những hạn chế của độc giả không biết kỹ thuật của mình Năm 1962, Carson xuất bản “Mùa xuân im lặng”, một cuốn sách gây nhiều tranh cãi Cuốn sách đã chứng minh những thiệt hại đã được gây rả bởi các hành vi sử dụng thuốc trừ sâu bất cẩn,không kiểm soát Cô chỉ ra làm thế nào họ đầu độc nguồn thức ăn của động vật, giết chim, cá, và đầu độc thức ăn của con người Vào thời điểm đó, người phát ngôn của ngành công nghiệp hóa chất thống

kê các cuộc tấn công cá nhân chống lại Carson và tuyên truyền ban hành để chỉ ra rằng những phát hiện của cô đã sai lầm Tuy nhiên, công việc của cô đã được chứng tỏ bởi một báo cáo năm 1963 của

Ủy ban Tư vấn Khoa học của Tổng thống

Có lẽ chính việc không được học hành đầy đủ đã truyền cảm hứng cho Horace Mann làm việc không mệt mỏi để đem lại những cải cách quan trọng trong ngành giáo dục Khi ông còn là một đứa trẻ, cha

và anh trai của ông qua đời, và ông trở thành trụ cột chính trong gia đình Cũng như hầu hết bọn trẻ trong thị trấn, ông chỉ tới trường tầm hai hay ba lần một năm Sau này, được một số thầy cô giáo giúp đỡ, ông có điều kiện học luật và trở thành một thành viên của tòa án bang Massachusetts, nhưng ông không bao giờ quên được những khó khăn thời nhỏ

Trong khi đang phục vụ tại cơ quan lập pháp của bang Massachusetts, ông đã k{ vào một bản dự luật giáo dục mang tính lịch sử về việc thành lập Hội đồng giáo dục cho bang Không hề hối tiếc, ông đã

từ bỏ nghề luật và sự nghiệp chính trị đang rất thành công của mình để trở thành thư k{ đầu tiên của hội đồng nói trên Ở đó ông đã tiến hành hàng loạt những thay đổi to lớn trong thời kz cốt lõi của việc tái xây dựng, do đó đã khai sinh ra hệ thống giáo dục tiểu học có phân khối lớp ở Mỹ để thay thế cho hệ thống giáo dục cũ Dưới sự điều hành của ông, các chương trình học được cải tổ, thời gian cho một năm học được kéo dài, ngắn nhất là sáu tháng, và bắt buộc mọi trẻ em dưới 16 tuổi phải tới trường Một số các cải cách quan trọng khác bao gồm việcthành lập ra những trường chuẩn tắc của

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