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BURKE AND WILLS- ACROSS AUSTRALIA Australia is a huge country, and the out-back the Australian word for the interior o f the country is desert.. When Europeans went there to live, they

Patricia Ackert Gidi thieu va chu giai KIM THU

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I N T E R M E D I A T E R E A D I N G P R A C T I C E

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C A U SE AND E F F E C T

Intermediate Reading Practice

Patricia ackert

Kim Thu chu gia i

NHA XUAT BAN VAN HOA - THONG TIN

CAUSE AND EFFEC T

C O N T E N T

To the Instructor

Unit I Explorers

1 3 Vitus Bering - Across Siberia to North America 19

Unit II W o rld Issues

Unit III A M ish m a sh (A H odgepodge)

Unit IV S cien ce

CAUSE AND EFFEC T

Unit_V M edicine and Health

Unit

I

A LA SK A

(J > rK

\

B u r k e

a n d

W i l l s

Robert Scott

M ary

K.ing*siey

Vitus Bering’

NEPAL _

J/jAlexandra INDIA A David-Neel

These rough notes and o u r dead bodies mu s t tell the tale.

R obert Scott's Diary

BURKE AND WILLS- ACROSS AUSTRALIA

Australia is a huge country, and the out-back

(the Australian word for the interior o f the country)

is desert Some years it rains only 8 centimeters in

the outback, but other years rainstorms turn the

desert into sandy swamps.

Until the eighteenth century, only aborigines

lived in Australia These are tall, thin, brown­

skinned people, the first people in Australia When

Europeans went there to live, they built towns on

the coast However, by the 1850s, people began

t hinking more a bout the interior

In 1860, Robert O'Hara Burke, a police officer

from Ireland, was chosen to lead an expedition

across the continent from south to north He took

with him William John Wills and 1 1 other men,

camels, horses, and e nough supplies for a year and a

Ca rpe Ha ri a on August 20, winter in the southern

hem isphere.

beginning Burke had no experience in the outback

The men fought and would not follow orders Twice

they left some o f their supplies so they could move

faster, and later sent one o f the men, William

Wright, back for them

Finally, a small group led by Burke moved on

ahead o f the others to a river named Cooper's Creek

1

very large

Change into, become

100 years

half of the earth

interior (n)

expedition (n)

hemisphere (n)

h u g e ( a d j )

[in'tiorio]

[.ckspi'di/n]

[’hemisfio]

[hju:d3]

: vi'ing d a l ben tro n g

: b an c an : l on g Urn

CA U SE A N D EFFECT

and set up their base camp They were ha lf wa y across

the continent, but it was summer now, with very hot

weat her and sandstorms

Th e y waited for a month for Wright, and then

Burke decided that four from his small group, with 3

months' supplies, should travel the 1250 kilometers to

the north coast as quickly as possible Th e y told the

others to wait for them at Cooper's Creek

The j our ne y across the desert wa s very difficult,

but at the end o f January they reached the Flinders

River near the G u l f o f Carpentaria

The y started their return j ourney, but now it was

the rainy season and traveling was s low and even

more difficult than their trip north Th e y did not have

enough food, and the men became hungry and sick

Then one o f them died Some o f the c ame ls died or

were killed for food

Finally, on April 21, they arrived back at

Cooper's Creek, only to find that no one was there

The rest o f the expedition left the day before because

they thought Burke must be dead

The three men continued south, but without

enough food, both Burke and Wills died Aborigines

helped the last man alive, and a s e a r c h p a r t y found

him in September 1861 He was h a lf crazy from

hunger and loneliness

There were many reasons that the expedition did

not go as it was planned, it had an inexperienced

leader, the men made bad d e c i s i o n s , s ome did not

follow orders, and they did not get a l o n g But they

were the first expedition to cross Australia, and

Burke and Wills are still known as heroes o f

exploration

search = look for/party

= a group of people

noun for decide be friendly, not fight

4

A V ocabu lary

In this book, difficult words are repeated several times in the exercises These words are also repeated and reviewed in other lessons It is not necessary to list ne w English words with their meanings in your own language You will learn them j ust by practicing In each lesson, when you read the text the first time, underline the words that you don't know Then you can give y o u r se l f a test when you finish the lesson, look at the words you underlined and see if you understand them If you don't know them yet, this is the t ime to memorize them

In the vocabulary exercises in this book, write the correct word in each blank.Use each word only once Use capital letters where they are necessary

1 Please decide what you want to do You must make a _

3 The dark- s kinned first Australians are c a l l e d

never fights with people

6 The years 1900 - 1999 are the twentieth _

7 Tom saw s ome c h i l d r e n o f him in the street while he was driving home, so he slowed down

8 Asia is in the n o r t h e r n

9 Africa, Antarctica, Asia, Australia, Europe, North America, and South America are the s e v e n

10 People who win in the Olympic Games a r e in their countries

e x p l o r e r s

h tQ Q Q

C A U SE A N D EFFECT

B V o c a b u l a r y

Do this exercise like Exercise A

1 Burke and Wills led a n into the interior o f Australia

2 Christopher Columbus w a s for a ne w wa y to go to India

3 Canada is a country, one o f the biggest in the world

4 Birds like to live i n _ because there is a lot o f wa te r and food

5 We use one kind o f paint for t h e o f a house and another kind for the exterior

6 It is a l o n g from Melbour ne to London

7 A s e a r c h was sent to find Burke and Wills' expedition

8 Most o f the earth has been explored N o w we are in the age o f space , searching for more information about the stars, the moon, and other planets besides earth

9 The secretary ordered paper, pens, and o t h e r _ for the office

10 Carlos started to study hard a n d a good student

C T r u e / False

Write T if the sentence is true, write F if it is false If a question is false, change it to make it true, or explain why it is false

An asterisk (*) before a question means it is either an in ference or an

You have to use the information in the text and things you already know and then decide on the answer

_L The first Europeans in Australia built villages in the outback

because there were too many aborigines on the coast

_2 1 he Burke and Wills expedition crossed Australia from south to north.

_ *3 De ce mbe r is a summer month in Australia

6

_4 Much o f the interior o f Australia is swampy all year long

5 Eleven men crossed Australia with Burke and Wills

_*6 Burke and Wills did not have enough food for their j ourne y back

to Cooper's Creek because the rain slowed them down

*7 The aborigines could help the last man alive because they

understood how to live in the desert

8 Burke was a good leader for this expedition

D C o m p r e h e n sio n Questions

A n s w e r these questions in complete sentences An asterisk (*) means it is

either an inference or an opinion question You cannot find the exact

a n s w e r in the text

1 W he re did the first Europeans live when they went to Australia?

*2 W h y wer e camels good animals for this expedition?

3 W h y did the men leave some o f their supplies behind them?

4 W h y wa s it difficult to travel in the interior o f Australia?

5 Wha t happened to some o f the camels?

6 N a m e t wo reasons why this expedition had so many problems

*7 Do you think Burke and Wills should be called heroes o f exploration? Why?

E M ain Idea

Wha t is the main idea o f paragraph 4 (lines 20-25)?

1 Robert Burke led this expedition

2 The expedition had many problems

3 Burke had no experience in the outback

C A U SE A N D EFFECT

WORD STUDY

A T w o -w o rd Verbs

English has many t wo- wor d verbs Each o f the t wo wor ds is easy, but when they are put together, t hey mean somet hing different Th er e is often no way

to guess what they mean You have to learn each one Learn these and then fill in the blanks with the right words Use the right verb form

turn into - changc into, become get along (with) - not fight, be friendly break down - s t o p goi ng or w or ki ng (often about a car) call on - when s omeone, usually a teacher, asks s ome one to speak put away - put s omet hing in the place it belongs

washing my clothes

about something almost every day

a chair or the bed

B Articles (a, an, the)

There are so many rules about articles that it is easier j u s t to get used to them

by practicing than to learn all the rules However, you will learn a few of the rules later in this book Here are some sentences or parts o f sentences from the text Put an article in the blank if it is necessary

1 Other years rainstorms t u rn desert into sandy swamps

turn into (v)

break down (v)

put away (v)

call on (v)

[to:n ’intu:, ’into]

[brcik]

[put o'wei]

[ko :1 on]

n o lien hong cat di glie tham

8

3 Iii I860, _ Robert O'Hara Burke, police officer from Ireland was chosen to lead _ expedition across continent from south to north

4 He took with him William John Wills, eleven other men,

e x p l o r e r s

y ea r and _half

C C o n te x t C lu e s

It is not n ec es sa ry to look up every new word in the dictionary You can often tell wh at the word means from the sentence it is in, or from the

s entence a ft er it For example, the word aborigines in line 6 is explained in

the next sentence What are aborigines?

A lw ay s look for this kind o f sentence when you are reading Don't look

up the wo r d in y o u r dictionary

Her e are s o me sentences from the other four lessons in this unit Tell what ea ch word in bold print means

1 She started wor ki ng as a journalist, writing articles about Asia and

B ud dh i sm for English and French magazines and newspapers

2 Scott t ook ponies (small horses) and a few dogs.

3 She he lpe d to start anthropology, the study o f people's customs and

lives, in Africa

4 Eu r op e an s bought ivory, which c omes from elephants, and other things

from Africans

5 She met t r a d e r s there, European men who bought ivory and other things

from Af ric ans and sold them things from Europe

6 M is s io n a r ie s went to Africa to t each Christianity.

n lia b a o

n g i/a c o n

n h d n c lu in g h o c

n g u r o i

C A U S E A N D EFFECT

ALEXANDRA DAVID - NEEL - A FRENCH

WOMAN IN TIBET

Tibet has been a secret and myst eri ous countr y to

the rest o f the world for several centuries, it is on a

high p l a t e a u in Asia, surr ounded by even higher

mountains, and only a few foreigners were able to

cross its b o r d e r s until recently

O ne o f these foreigners wa s a French wo ma n

t raveled by herself in India, Chi na, and Tibet She

studied the Buddhist religion, wr ot e articles and books

about it, and collected a n c i e n t Buddhist books She

also be came a Buddhist herself

Al exandra always said she had an unhappy

childhood She e s c ap e d her u nha ppi ne ss by r eading

books on adventure and travel She ran a way from

school several times and even ran a wa y to England

wh e n she was only sixteen

She was a singer for several years, but in 1903 she

started working as a journalist, writing articles about

Asia and Buddhism for English and French magazines

and newspapers The next year, when she was thirty-

seven she married Philippe-Fran^ois Neel It was a

strange marriage After five days together, they

moved to different cities and never lived together again

plateau (n)

b o r d e r ( n )

a ncient (adj)

Buddhi sm ui)

[’pLctou]

[ ’b v d n ]

[ 'em/ ont]

[ ' b u d i s t ]

c a o n g tty e n

b ie n g u n co

d u o p h o t

2

high, flat land lines between countries

very old

got away from

10

ga'.t her money to live on

hu nd r ed s o f letters full o f details about her travels

She traveled all over Europe and North Africa, but she went to India in 1911 to study Buddhism, and then

her real travels began She traveled in India and in Nepal

and Sikkim, the small countries north o f India in the

Hi mal ay a Mountains, but her goal was Tibet She

c on ti n ue d to study Buddhism and learned to speak

Tibetan She traveled to villages and religious centers,

with onl y an interpreter and a few men to carry her

c a m p i n g equipment For several months she lived in a

c a v e in Sikkim and studied Buddhism and the Tibetan

l anguage The n she adopted a fifteen-year-old Sikkimese

boy to travel with her He remained with her until his

death at the age o f fifty-five

For the next 7 years she traveled in remote areas o f Chi na Th e se were years o f civil war in China, and she

was often in danger She traveled for thousands o f

ki lomet ers on horseback with a few men to help her,

t hrough desert heat, sandstorms, and the rain, snow, and

fre e z in g temperatures o f the colder areas.

In 1924, David - N e e l was fifty-six years old She

da rk e ne d her skin and dressed as an old beggar She

carried only a beggar's bowl and a backpack and traveled

t hrough hot lowlands and snowy mountain passes until

she reached the border o f Tibet Because she spoke

Ti be ta n so well, she was able to cross the border and

reach the famous city o f Lhasa without anyone knowing

that she was European and forbidden to be there It

wa s often freezing cold, and somet imes there wasn't

e n o u gh food Sometimes she was sick, and once she nearly

0° C or colder

not allowed

not allowed

support (v)

goal (n)

cave (n)

besmear (n)

[so'p v t]

[ g o u l ] [ke.v]

f'bceol

c u n g c a p lo t n o

n in e d ic l i lia n g d o n g ngitt'ti a n .xin