Chemical methods Acid 5 Name three major sources of damage!. None, no stimulation candidate 7 An oil well with a high skin in a sandstone forma5on containing streaks of up to 25% calci
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! Matrix stimulation
! Sandstones: Only Damage Skin removed, S dam = 0
! Chemistry complex
! Carbonates: Damage bypassed, Sdam = ‐2
! Chemistry relatively simple
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1 What is the general purpose of
s5mula5on?!
! Making sure that the connection between reservoir and well is not the bottleneck for
2 Which are the two main goals of well
s5mula5on?
! Removal of near well bore damage
3 How are the two goals achieved? ! Chemical methods (Acid)
5 Name three major sources of damage ! Mud related damage
! Lost completion fluids
! clay problems; clay swelling, clay & fines
6 What is the most appropriate treatment for
2 mD gas well with a skin of 1.5 and in
which losses occurred during comple5on?
None, no stimulation candidate
7 An oil well with a high skin in a sandstone
forma5on containing streaks of up to 25%
calcite has been damage by mud losses.
What is the best type of acid to be used?
HCl or organic, No HF!
8 Which are the four main phases in
s5mula5on design?
• Candidate selection and damage analysis
• Fluids and additives recommendation
• Pumping schedule and flow (diversion) simulation
• Post‐job analysis
Trang 4Name the 5 main items to
investigate whether a well is a
matrix stimulation candidate
Well performance – WIQI Mechanical problems
Skin analysis PLT
Damage assessment
A well is producing from a
sandstone reservoir of 20 mD with
40% oil saturation. Under which
conditions is this well in general a
stimulation candidate?
When it is producing less than 50% water, not close to abandonment and the tubing and production facilities can handle extra
production
A well has a total skin of 21 of
which two thirds can be attributed
to formation damage. What is the
order of magnitude of production
improvement an acid treatment
could deliver?
2 fold
Trang 5What are the essential
differences between
carbonate and sandstone
acidising?
No HF Damage by‐pass rather than removal
Which factors control
wormhole formation
Surface Reaction Rate
Injection Rate
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What needs to be checked before a
stimulation treatment can be
executed on a well?
! Cement quality
! Pressure limitations
! Pumprates and fracturing
! Perforations
! Corrosion concerns
Which are the perforation
conditions favor a successful matrix
stimulation treatment?
! perforation diameter ‐ large
! shot density ‐ high
! perforation phasing ‐ 120o or better
What are the corrosion protection
requirements for an acid treatment?
! Less than 0.05 lb/ft2 weight loss of tubular steel
! No pitting
! In case of sour wells (H2S), no stress corrosion cracking
! Always use corrosion inhibitors
! Use intensifiers if needed to meet above
How long should the well be shut‐
in after an acid treatment?
Best practice:
return spent acid to surface immediately after the treatment
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Name the most important mineral
components of a sandstone with
respect to acid treatments
Quartz Feldspars Clays
! Kaolinite
! Montmorillonite or smectite
! Illite
! Chlorite Carbonates
Can HF/HCl mixtures be used in:
! High carbonate content
! Presence of wax
Not if it is more than 10%
No, wax will not be removed by acid Yes in most cases, but not in very high temperatures or extremely water sensitive clays
Describe the three spending stages in
sandstone acidising
Primary spending.
This is the damage removal step. Same as classical theory.
Secondary spending.
Dissolved silicon will re‐precipitate as Si(OH)4.
Tertiary spending.
Aluminum leaching, leaving Si(OH)4. Potential Al scaling
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Will HCl be spent in clay rich
formations
Yes, but only during secondary and tertiary spending
Name the most common HF acid
systems
High HCl/HF ratio (prevent precip.)
For deep damage (fines migration)
Low HF, for high feldspar formations
For higher temps
‘Mud acid’ for silica scale removal
Whenever carbonate content > 10%
What are the normally used acid
volumes?
100 – 200 gals/ft
What is the typical treatment
procedure for an sandstone acid
treatment
Mud Clean‐out (whole mud lost) Wellbore Cleanout (pickle tubing) Non‐acid preflush (NH4Cl) 50‐100 gal/ft
Damage Removal System (HF/HCl) 50‐200 gal/ft Diverter stage
Overflush (NH4Cl) 25‐100 gal/ft Displacement
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What methods are available to obtain the kh in a
well?
From a log, or combination of log and core tests From a well test (e.g. a buildup)
What alternative methods are available to obtain the
skin in the well? Which method is the most
reliable?
Well test (build up or fall off).
Analyse PI decline over time. Reservoir pressure and kh are also needed in this method
Why is Water NOT a good choice as a Brine
Preflush?
Risk of clay swelling
Which of these two fluids (13.5% HCl/HF or 9/1%
HCl/HF) is preferred? Why?
13.5% HCl/HF preferred because it has a higher HF concentration and is therefore more efficient
What is the purpose of the Aqueous Non‐acid
Preflush (=Brine preflush)?
Establish injectivity before pumping acid, spacer between acid and reservoir fluids
What is the purpose of the Acid Preflush? Remove carbonates, other (acid‐soluble) material,
incompatible with HF What is the purpose of the Acid Mainflush? Dissolve damage (clay fines)
In a sandstone acid treatment, what is the major
difference in composition between the Acid Preflush
and the Acid Mainflush?
HF acid
What is the purpose of the Non‐acid Overflush
(=Brine overflush)
Displace spent acid deeper into formation, to prevent potential precipitations in near wellbore
What brines are acceptable in HF acidizing? Only NH4Cl (ammonium chloride)
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When would you select coiled tubing to pump an
acid treatment? When bullheading? What are the
advantages/disadvantages of both methods?
Coiled tubing: when tubing is dirty (rust, scale); in longer wellbores (placement)
Bullheading: relatively short intervals, high rate pumping
What is the effect of pump rate on the final
treatment results? Is there a difference between
sandstones and carbonates?
In sandstones the effect of pump rate is only small. The main advantage of a higher pump rate is the shorter treatment time
In carbonate acidizing, pump rate is important. A higher pump rate will result in longer wormholes and deeper stimulation
The bottom hole pressure (BHTP curve) drops
rapidly, after the first brine stage (2% NH4Cl) has
reached the perforations. Why?
The viscosity of the injected brine is lower (about 0.4 cp, see Pumping Schedule), compared to the viscosity of the reservoir fluid (about 1.2 cp, see Reservoir Fluid Details screen)
The BHTP goes down during the 13.5/1.5% HCl/HF
stage. Explain!
The acid dissolves the damage, reducing the skin. As a result, the bottomhole pressure decreases during the treatment
The skin drops from 10 to about 8, during the 7.5%
HCl stage. Explain!
The 7.5% HCl does not remove the fines damage, but it will dissolve the carbonate in the mineralogy. This increases the permeability in the near wellbore, and reduces the skin
Why is lowering the HCl concentration a good idea? Cheaper, less corrosion and easier to inhibit