Water cut 50 % or less can be higher if water can be handled Acid will preferentially stimulate water zone Gross reservoir height no limit, but diversion needed in longer wellbores
Trang 2Oct-19-15 Productivity Optimization Course day 1 2
Remove Formation Damage
Tubing/wellbore clean out
Optimum connection between reservoir and
well
Trang 3Wellbore Cleanout
Trang 4¥ Remove near wellbore formation damage :
Ð mud fluids/particles
Ð lost completion fluids
Ð clay fines, clay swelling
¥ Common acids: HCl, HCl/HF (clay), Acetic, Formic
¥ Treatment fluids are pumped into formation
Trang 5damage
Trang 6Diversion Advisor
Fluid Placement Simulator
Treatment Evaluation
Job Execution
Production Response Skin Prediction
Trang 7Candidate Selec&on and Matrix Acid S&mula&on Design
Trang 8Forma&on damage – causes and remedia&on
! Candidate Selection
! Problem Identification
! Formation Damage Mechanisms
! Identifying and Diagnosing the Causes of Damage
Trang 9Forma&on damage – causes and remedia&on
! Candidate Selection
! Problem Identification
! Fluid Selection
+ Types of Acids + Carbonate Acidizing Chemistry + Carbonate Matrix Acidizing Systems + Sandstone Acidizing Chemistry
+ Sandstone Matrix Acidizing Systems + Acid Additives
Trang 10+ Diversion Methods and Materials + Pumping Schedule Generation + Fluid Placement Simulation
Trang 11Candidate Selec&on and Matrix Acid S&mula&on Design
! Candidate Selection
! Treatment Selection
! Basic Well Productivity
Trang 12Candidate Selec&on
Trang 13! Effective matrix acidizing begins with correctly choosing the well(s) which need treatment
! Given all the wells in a field, which problem
wells will benefit from stimulation resources?
Trang 14Diagnose the Problem!
dig up: well history, previous s&mula&ons, lab reports, etc.
Trang 15Candidate Selection
requirements for successful matrix treatments
Hydrocarbon saturation 30 % or more
Highly depleted wells are poor acidizing candidates (from economic point of view)
Water cut 50 % or less (can be higher if water can be
handled
Acid will preferentially stimulate water zone
Gross reservoir height no limit, but diversion needed in longer wellbores
Permeability Gas > 1 mD, Oil > 10 mD
Low perm reservoirs need a frac, not acid
Reservoir pressure Gas: two times the abandonment pressure
Oil : 80 % depletion
Production system Current production not more than 80 % of
& tubing maximum capacity of facilities
Must be able to handle increased production
Trang 16treatment
Inves5gate other methods (e.g. reperforate)T
Skinfrac treatment (Frac&Pack)T
Matrix treatment Low chance success Matrix treatment High chance success
Slanted or horizontal sidetrack + acid
Trang 17Determine skin factor
Skin is a dimensionless representation of near well-bore pressure
drop caused by damage
ΔP skin
Pressure
Distance damage
region
Trang 18Skin components
Trang 19Candidate Selection
A well is a Matrix Acid Candidate if:
¥ it is damaged (positive damage skin)
¥ damage is acid soluble
¥ removal of damage results in economical well
Evaluate mechanical skin terms
and calculate damage skin
Trang 21Production & Skin: Semi-Steady State
formation damage caused
by poorly designed in/completion fluids
drill-optimized drill-in &
completion fluids damage removal & cleanup sandstone acid treatment
fracture stimulation frac & pack
carbonate acid treatment
Flow Efficiency (FE or WIQI)
Trang 23Produc 5on rate
water gas ra5o Top perfs
Botom perfs
Gross res.
Height
Tubing diamet
er
Max
Incl FWL
Distance to FWL
Permea bility
TH Pressure
Skin factor
Ini5al Res.
Pressure
Res.
Pressure
Abandonm ent pressure
Capacit
y fill
MMm 3/d
m3/
MMm3 m TV m TV m TV " deg mTV m TV mD bar bar bar bar %
Key West KW‐ 02 Carbonate 0.400 0.00 2921.49 2979.72 58.23 4.5 23 3060 80.28 134.4 15 20 349 40 10 65 Key West KW‐ 03 Carbonate 0.100 31.63 2877.22 2986.23 109.01 4.5 48.5 3060 73.77 34.75 10 ‐1.6 349 14 10 65 Key West KW‐ 04 Carbonate 12.280 33.32 2907.43 3010.97 103.54 7 17.84 3043 32.03 162.804 50 5.7 349 125 10 65 Key West KW‐ 05 Carbonate 30.600 32.54 2910.26 3026.25 115.99 7 4.7 3060 33.75 108.9 50 3.2 349 220 10 65 Key West KW‐ 06 Sandstone 7.200 32.74 2861.85 3014.66 152.81 7 17.61 3060 45.34 74 50 0.7 349 101 10 65 Key West KW‐ 07 Sandstone 15.000 1004.31 2591.78 2652.28 60.5 7 91.02 2672 19.72 360 25 ‐0.7 303 84.2 10 65 Key West KW‐ 08 Sandstone 0.927 16.71 2897.28 2971.61 74.33 3.5 31.5 2925 ‐46.61 2.1 50 2.3 337 251.3 10 65 Key West KW‐ 09 Carbonate 0.001 21.57 3430.26 3711.75 281.49 3.5 24.45 3520 ‐191.75 2.881 25 0.6 417 72.4 10 65 Key West KW‐ 10 Carbonate 0.079 21.63 3404.26 3498.99 94.73 2.5 38.4 3520 21.01 3.667 25 3 417 55.4 10 65 Key West KW‐ 11 Sandstone 0.302 80.79 3188.97 3294.68 105.71 4.5 3.25 3320 25.32 172.2 15 ‐3.4 377 22.4 10 65 Key West KW‐ 12 Sandstone 0.530 9.95 2970.2 3036.8 66.6 3.5 18.57 3060 23.2 1.16 50 ‐1 381 239.7 10 65 Key West KW‐ 13 Sandstone 0.936 153.18 2880.2 2898.5 18.3 3.5 88.1 2950 51.5 5.3 60 ‐0.5 390 222.1 10 65 Key West KW‐ 14 Sandstone 0.055 19.63 2760.49 3367.02 606.53 4.5 30.83 3000 ‐367.02 260 10 ‐1.3 331 27.2 10 65 Key West KW‐ 15 Sandstone 0.216 15.39 2943.87 2983.1 39.23 4.5 42.88 3001.5 18.4 15 50 18 231 101.5 10 65 Key West KW‐ 16 Sandstone 0.06 4827.00 3118.5 3140.61 22.11 3.5 5.27 3149 8.39 0.215 50 ‐2.14 362 277.8 10 65 Key West KW‐ 17 Carbonate 0.180 250.91 3028.47 3087.75 59.28 3.5 2 3101 13.25 1.4 50 ‐0.2 356 123 10 65 Key West KW‐ 18 Carbonate 0.250 123.51 2973.06 3101.64 128.58 3.5 35.76 3108 6.36 6.37 25 15 356 73.5 10 65
Trang 24Candidate Selection
requirements as ÔrulesÕ in spreadsheet
Hydrocarbon saturation 30 % or more
Highly depleted wells are poor acidizing candidates (from economic point of view)
Water cut 50 % or less (can be higher if water can be
handled
Acid will preferentially stimulate water zone
Gross reservoir height no limit, but diversion needed in longer wellbores
Permeability Gas > 1 mD, Oil > 10 mD
Low perm reservoirs need a frac, not acid
Reservoir pressure Gas: two times the abandonment pressure
Oil : 80 % depletion
Production system Current production not more than 80 % of
& tubing maximum capacity of facilities
Must be able to handle increased production
Trang 25Gross res.
Height
Distance
to FWL
Permea bility
Skin factor
Res.
Pressure
Abandon ment pressure
Capacit
y fill
Produc 5on rate
water gas ra5o
Gross res.
Height
Distance
to FWL
Permea bility
Skin factor
Res.
Pressure
Capa city fill
Abando nment
Acidizing candidate
Trang 26Production & Skin: Semi-Steady State
formation damage caused
by poorly designed in/completion fluids
drill-optimized drill-in &
completion fluids damage removal & cleanup sandstone acid treatment
fracture stimulation frac & pack
carbonate acid treatment
Flow Efficiency (FE or WIQI)
Trang 27Gross res.
Height FWL
Distance
to FWL Permility
TH Pressure
Skin factor
Ini&al Res.
Pressure
Res.
Pressure MMm3/
Trang 28Forma&on damage – causes and remedia&on
! Candidate Selection
! Problem Identification
! Formation Damage Mechanisms
! Identifying and Diagnosing the Causes of Damage
Trang 31• Damage caused by produced fluids, or in case of
injection wells, by the continuously injected fluids
Trang 33• Emulsions
Trang 35Treatment Op&ons ‐ Dependent on Damage Type
Cause of damage Damage type Treatment
* Stimulation, gravel packing (re-)perforation, etc
Drilling,
completion, etc
Chemical interaction
Wax, asphaltenes
Mud Acid treatment
Solvent/
surfactant treatment
Acid treatment
Produced fluids
Formation fines
Precipitates, Clay swelling
Emulsions
Solvent/
surfactant treatment
Solvent/
surfactant treatment
Specific well
treatment*
treatment Problem Identification
Trang 36! Formation damage mechanisms can be broken down into two broad classes:
! Near wellbore permeability reduction
! Near wellbore relative permeability changes.
! The permeability and relative permeability near the wellbore are altered by
! drilling,
! completion and
! production operations.
Trang 37! The drilling engineer traditionally designs drilling fluids to:
Trang 38worsening overall damage
Trang 46! In fractured formations, whole mud losses to the fracture network results in fracture plugging and destroys the productivity
! Best solution is under‐balanced drilling
! If however, due to safety and regulatory
constraints, underbalance drilling is not possible, bridging additives need to be added
! The most suitable bridging additives are graded
calcium carbonate and fibrous additives (cellulosic fibers and acid soluble fibers)
Trang 47acidizing is often ineffective because of:
Trang 48Forma5on Damage due to Comple5on and Workover Fluids
impact the near wellbore permeability through fluid invasion
Trang 50! Cement filtrate invasion can cause formation
damage due to inorganic precipitates such calcium carbonate and calcium sulfate.
! In studies severe permeability reductions of 60 to 90% in cores invaded by cement filtrate have been observed
! Also cement additives such as lignin derivatives, cellulose derivatives, organic acids and synthetic polymers can cause 40 – 80% reductionin
permeability
Trang 51! Good quality perforating is critical to the
productivity of a well
! By applying under‐balance perforating flow of fluid into the wellbore should clean the
perforation tunnel of disaggregated rock and
liner debris
! Even clean perforation tunnels show a narrow region of reduced permeability due to crushing.
! The reduction in permeability in the compacted region is typically of the order of 20 to 50 %
Damage during Perfora5ng
Trang 55! Ensure that the salinity is above the critical salt concentration for the rock
! The precipitation of inorganic scale is a major concern when injecting water with large concentrations of calcium, magnesium, iron or barium
! Large persistent drops in injectivity are likely when inorganic scales are formednear the injection wells
! The presence of solids and oil droplets in the injection fluid can result in severe and rapid injectivity decline
Trang 56! In the Prudhoe field in Alaska contaminated water has
been injected into injection wells with minimal impact on injectivity
Forma&on Damage in Injec&on Wells
Trang 57Forma5on Damage due to Paraffins and Asphaltenes
Trang 58! The primary cause of wax deposition is a loss in
solubility in the crude as a result of changes in
temperature, pressure or composition of the crude oil (evaporation of gas)
! Reductions in pressure usually lead to loss of
volatiles induce the precipitation of paraffins.
! The temperature profile in the near‐wellbore region and tubing controls where the wax will be
deposited, with the tubing being more likely
! The injection of cold fluids such as stimulation
fluids or injection water into the wellbore can also induce paraffin deposition
Trang 59in composition in the crude oil through injection of
fluids such as CO2 or lean gas
Trang 60Forma5on
! Crude oil and brine/formation water emulsions are stabilized by the presence of natural surfactants
and clay fines, wax and asphaltenes
! Emulsions are hard to remove; prevention the
formation of emulsions is critical
! Mutual solvents and surfactants (demulsifiers) are the most common way of trying to remove
emulsions from the near wellbore region
! However placing the treatment fluids in the
obstructed zones can be cumbersome
Trang 62! In solution gas drive reservoirs as the reservoir
fluid pressure drops below the bubble point a gas phase is formed
! If the bubble point is reached in the near wellbore region, a significant gas saturation builds up
around the wellbore resulting in a decrease in the oil relative permeability
! This type of damage is easy to establish but
requires phase behavior data
! A common method to remedy this to allow a
reduction drawdown by hydraulically fracturing the well
Trang 63around the wellbore, are expected to dissipate with time as the hydrocarbon fluids are produced.
for low permeability, depleted gas wells
Trang 64been lost to the formation (e.g. by using oil‐based
muds)
Trang 65! The use of a bactericide (such as sodium hypochlorite) is sometimes an effective but expensive method to tackle
this problem.
Trang 67Treatment Op&ons ‐ Dependent on Damage Type
Cause of damage Damage type Treatment
* Stimulation, gravel packing (re-)perforation, etc
Drilling,
completion, etc
Chemical interaction
Wax, asphaltenes
Mud Acid treatment
Solvent/
surfactant treatment
Acid treatment
Produced fluids
Formation fines
Precipitates, Clay swelling
Emulsions
Solvent/
surfactant treatment
Solvent/
surfactant treatment
Specific well
treatment*
treatment Problem Identification
Trang 68Treatment selec5on Chart