On tap english thi cao hoc GTVT

Final REVISION (TONG ON TAP) – PostGraduate Course 18 – by Nguyen Thi Mo I GRAMMAR: UNIT 1 TENSES (cac thoi cua dong tu) 1. Present Simple: Form: (+) IWe… + V +… She, He, It + Vses () S + don’t doesn’t + V (?) dodoes + S + V ? Use Examples: I live in Vietnam but she lives in France. We don’t understand because Jim doesn’t explain. Do you like music? – Yes, I do. Where does your father work? Clues: every day, every morning, always, usually, often, sometimes, rarely, never. Ex1: She ….. to school every day. A. walk B. walking C. walked D. walks Ex2: My father and my brother ….. overtime. A. don’t usually work B. usually don’t work 2. Present Continuous: Form: (+) S + isaream + Ving () S + isn’taren’t ’m not + Ving (?) IsAre?Am + S + Ving ? Note: is = ’s are = ’re am = ’m Use Examples: Look. The river is flowing very fast today. The students are studying English now. It isn’t raining at the moment. What are you doing now?. I’m playing football tomorrow afternoon. Clues: now, at the moment, at present, this month, today. 3. Past Simple: Form: (+) S + Ved () S + didn’t + V (?) Did + S + V ? Note: waswere + adj pre noun… (‘to be’ khong the di cung Vinfinitive) Use Examples: She worked for Pentax from 1998 to 2004. We went out for a drink yesterday evening. It was warm last month. I didn’t know your phone number but now I do. Where did you live five years ago? Clues: yesterday, last, ago,.... 4. Past Continuous: Form: (+) S + was were + Ving () S + wasn’t weren’t + Ving (?) Was Were + S + Ving ? Note: I, She, He, It (was) Use Examples: When I came home, my mother was cooking. (Khi toi ve nha, me toi dang nau) What were you doing at 9 o’clock yesterday morning? ( the police asked) Clues: when, while, at… (mot hanh dong dang dien ra o qua khu) 5. Present Perfect: Form: (+) S + have has + P.P. () S + haven’t hasn’t + P.P. (?) Have Has + S + P.P. ? Note: She, He, It (has + P.P.) Have = ’ve has = ’s Use Examples: I’ve learned English for 7 years. She has just bought a coat. We’ve been friends since 1988. This is the most interesting book I’ve ever read. This is the first time I’ve read such an interesting book. Clues: for since, just, already, recently, so far, lately, all my life, … 6. Present Perfect Continuous Form: (+) S + have has + been + Ving. Use Examples: Mr Jahno has been working here for a long time. (Mr Jahno started working here a long time ago and now he is still working here.) (action and time duoc nguoi noi nhan manh cau nay co the dien ta bang Present Perfect cung duoc) Why are you so late? I’ve been waiting for you since this early morning. Clues: nguoi noi muon nhan manh mot hanh dong xay ra qua lau ma van con tiep dien, mot hanh dong da va dang xay ra. 7. Past Perfect Form: (+) S + had + P.P. () S + hadn’t + P.P. (?) Had + S + P.P. ? Note: had = ’d Use Examples: When I arrived, she had left. (Khi toi den noi, co ay da ra ve roi) The old man had died before the doctor came. Clues: mot hanh dong xay ra truoc mot thoi diem trong qua khu 8. Futher ‘will’ Form: (+) S + will + V () S + won’t + V. (?) Will + S + V ? Note: will not = won’t Will = ’ll (sau Tro dong tu (Modal verbs) thi V phai de nguyen the) Use Examples: My brother will be 17 years old next month. They will finish this project in five years. Clues: next, tomorrow, in, if..., will (Type 1 – Conditional) 9. Modal Verbs: S + Modal verb + V can could should may must will would ought to had better would rather (…than) may might Should = ought to = ’d better You may see litter everywhere. (Ban co the thay rac khap moi noi) She’d better not go out at night. = She shouldn’t go out at night. People mustn’t break the law. I’d rather listen to music than watch TV.

Final REVISION (TONG ON TAP) – PostGraduate Course 18 – by Nguyen Thi Mo

I/ GRAMMAR:

UNIT 1- TENSES (cac thoi cua dong tu)

1 Present Simple:

Form:

(+) I/We… + V +…

She, He, It + V-s/-es

(-) S + don’t/ doesn’t + V

(?) do/does + S + V ?

Use/ Examples:

- I live in Vietnam but she lives in France

- We don’t understand because Jim doesn’t explain

- Do you like music? – Yes, I do

Where does your father work?

Clues: every day, every morning, always, usually, often, sometimes, rarely,

never

Ex1: She … to school every day

A walk B walking C walked D walks Ex2: My father and my brother … overtime

A don’t usually work B usually don’t work

2 Present Continuous:

Form:

(+) S + is/are/am + V-ing

(-) S + isn’t/aren’t/ ’m not + V-ing

(?) Is/Are?Am + S + V-ing ?

Note: is = ’s are = ’re am = ’m

Use/ Examples:

- Look The river is flowing very fast today

- The students are studying English now

- It isn’t raining at the moment

- What are you doing now?

- I’m playing football tomorrow afternoon

Clues: now, at the moment, at present, this month, today.

3 Past Simple:

Form:

(+) S + V-ed

(-) S + didn’t + V

(?) Did + S + V ?

Note: was/were + adj/ pre/ noun…

(‘to be’ khong the di cung V-infinitive)

Use/ Examples:

- She worked for Pentax from 1998 to 2004.

- We went out for a drink yesterday evening.

- It was warm last month.

- I didn’t know your phone number but now I do

- Where did you live five years ago?

Clues: yesterday, last, ago,

4 Past Continuous:

Form:

(+) S + was/ were + V-ing

(-) S + wasn’t/ weren’t + V-ing

(?) Was/ Were + S + V-ing ?

Note: I, She, He, It (was)

Use/ Examples:

- When I came home, my mother was cooking.

(Khi toi ve nha, me toi dang nau)

- What were you doing at 9 o’clock yesterday morning? (- the police asked)

Clues: when, while, at… (mot hanh dong dang dien ra o qua khu)

5 Present Perfect:

Form:

(+) S + have/ has + P.P

(-) S + haven’t/ hasn’t + P.P

Use/ Examples:

- I’ve learned English for 7 years.

- She has just bought a coat

(?) Have/ Has + S + P.P ?

Note: She, He, It (has + P.P.)

Have = ’ve has = ’s

- We’ve been friends since 1988.

- This is the most interesting book I’ve ever read.

- This is the first time I’ve read such an interesting book

Clues: for/ since, just, already, recently, so far, lately, all my

life, …

6 Present Perfect Continuous

Form:

(+) S + have/ has + been + V-ing Use/ Examples: - Mr Jahno has been working here for a long time

(Mr Jahno started working here a long time ago and now he is

still working here.) (action and time duoc nguoi noi nhan

manh/ cau nay co the dien ta bang Present Perfect cung duoc)

- Why are you so late? I’ve been waiting for you since this early morning

Clues: nguoi noi muon nhan manh mot hanh dong xay ra qua

lau ma van con tiep dien, mot hanh dong da va dang xay ra

7 Past Perfect

Form:

(+) S + had + P.P

(-) S + hadn’t + P.P

(?) Had + S + P.P ?

Note: had = ’d

Use/ Examples:

- When I arrived, she had left

(Khi toi den noi, co ay da ra ve roi)

- The old man had died before the doctor came

Clues: mot hanh dong xay ra truoc mot thoi diem trong qua

khu

8 Futher ‘will’

Form:

(+) S + will + V

(-) S + won’t + V

(?) Will + S + V ?

Note: will not = won’t

Will = ’ll

(sau Tro dong tu (Modal verbs) thi V

phai de nguyen the)

Use/ Examples:

- My brother will be 17 years old next month.

- They will finish this project in five years

Clues: next, tomorrow, in,

if , will (Type 1 – Conditional)

9 Modal Verbs: S + Modal verb + V

You may see litter everywhere (Ban co the thay rac khap moi noi)

She’d better not go out at night = She shouldn’t go out at night

People mustn’t break the law

I’d rather listen to music than watch TV

UNIT 2: PASSIVE VOICE

O + To be + P.P + place + by S + time

The robber was arrested in the street by the police yesterday morning

O to be P.P place by S time

- To be phai bien doi phu hop voi O va hop Tense

Change these sentences into Passive voice:

a) People play football all over the world

b) My mother is picking apples at the moment

c) The students did all the work

d) They had finished the dinner when I came

e) They will not mention your mistakes

f) People must obey the traffic rules

g) My sister has eaten three hamburgers since 7.a.m

h) They have just grown a small tree in the square

i) When he asked, I had typed all the documents

j) I have my mother tidy my room

k) Did they make you do what you didn’t want to?

l)People say that Jim is rich

It……… People say that = It is said that

m) People say that the Smiths have a big house

It……… S is/ are said to have Pp

The Smiths………

n) People think that he wants to be a film star

It………

He………

o) People say that he worked for a big company

It………

He………

UNIT 3: INDIRECT SPEECH

Rule 1: Lui thi (present → past, past → past perfect)

Rule 2: Thay doi Time/ Place neu can thiet

This – that, here – there, these – those, today – that day, now – then, three weeks ago – three weeks before, yesterday – the day before, last weekend – the weekend before, next week – the next week, tomorrow – the next day

Rule 3: Yes-No questions, Wh-questions, Requests

S told sb not to do sth

asked (wondered, wanted to know,

didn’t know) asked (wondered, wanted to know,didn’t know) told (asked, advised, warned, recommended)

‘Are you working for IBM, John?’

the man asked

………

………

………

‘Did you miss the train this

morning?” – the teacher asked me

………

………

………

if = whether

“Where do you live, Anna?” Peter asked

Peter wanted to know …………

………

………

“How many books will you buy?”

I asked her

I didn’t know ………

………

………

“Give me the keys of the house, you are not old enough to keep them.” → The father asked his daughter ………

………

………

“Don’t eat too much.” The doctor said to him

………

………

“Why don’t you apply for this job?” My friend said

………

………

*Note:

can →could, would→ would,

may →might, should →should,

will →would, could→ could

must→ had to, might→ might,

is →was, ought to →ought to,

are →were, have to → had to

am →was, has to → had to

S suggested + V-ing.

S suggested (that) S2 (should) V

‘Let’s go out for dinner.’ My sister said

→ My sister suggested going out for dinner

→ My sister suggested that we should go out for dinner

(My sister suggested we go out for dinner)

UNIT 4: COMPARISONS

1 Equal comparison: So sanh ngang bang : as… as, not so ….as

My book is as interesting as yours.

His car runs as fast as a race car.

He is not so tall as his father.

2 Comparatives: So sanh hon: ….+ER, … MORE…….THAN

Today is hotter than yesterday.

He speaks Spanish more fluently than I do.

I have less money than my brother (less >< more)

He visits his family less frequently than she does.

3 Superlatives: So sanh nhat: (the)…+EST, (the) MOST …

July is the hottest month of the year.

These shoes are the most expensive of all (>< These shoes are the least expensive of all)

This one is the prettiest of the three shirts.

UNIT 5: CONDITIONAL SENTENCES

TYPE 1 (kha thi): If + Present Simple, S + will

If it rains tomorrow, she will not come

You will pass the exam if you work hard

TYPE 2 (khong thuc te): If + Past Simple, S + would + V

If I were you, I would marry her

If today were Sunday, we would have a day off

What would you do if someone gave you a rose? – I would say ‘thanks’

If I found some money in the street, I would keep it

TYPE 3 (nuoi tiec qua khu): If + Past Perfect, S + have P.P (gia ma….thi da….)

If I had arrived sooner, I would have seen her (Neu toi den som hon, toi da gap duoc co ay roi.)

(Gia ma toi den duoc som hon thi toi da gap duoc co ay)

Luyen tap chuyen cau voi Unless: Unless = If not (Tru khi, neu khong…), sau Unless ta nen dung menh de

khang dinh vi ban than unless da mang nghia la neu khong roi Khi chuyen, mot trong hai menh de cua cau If

se phai nguoc lai

Vi du: If it rains tomorrow, she will not come (Unless…)

→ Unless it rains tomorrow, she will come

(Ta quan sat, menh de ‘it rains tomorrow’ duoc giu nguyen vi day la menh de Khang dinh (+), vi the chi co mot ve nguoc lai, will not chuyen thanh will.)

If you don’t run, we won’t wait

= Unless you run, we won’t wait (Chung toi se khong doi tru khi ban chay)

(Ghi nho: chi 1 trong 2 menh de cua cau tren mang nghia nguoc lai)

If you didn’t watch the film, you missed an interesting thing

Unless ………

There won’t be enough school classes for children if the birth rate increases rapidly

Unless………

I wouldn’t have applied for the job unless the salary had been higher

If………

Ghi chu: ‘If I were you, I would stop smoking’ – my friend said to me

= My friend advised me to stop smoking

Otherwise: nếu không thì (He must work harder Otherwise, he will fail the exam again.

Provide that = if

As long as = if

Unless = If … not

UNIT 6: RELATIVE CLAUSES

Relative pronouns: which, who, whom, whose, that, where, when, why

Which: thay the cho do vat, su viec

Who/Whom: thay the cho nguoi (whom thay the cho tan ngu)

That: co the dung giong nhu which/ who hoac whom nhung trong menh de khong the tu bo, nghia la ‘that’

khong dung sau dau (,)

Whose: thay the cho tinh tu so huu (vd: his, her, my father’s…)

Where: thay cho ‘in’, ‘on’, at,…+ dia diem

When: thay cho ‘in’, ‘on’, ‘at’… + thoi gian

Why: ….the reason why…(ly do tai sao)

Examples:

- What is the name of the person who first landed on the moon? (who = the person = he) (that)

- All students whose names are from A to K stay in this class room, those whose names are from L to Z have

to move (whose = their)

- The girl with whom I fall in love is from Asia (I fall in love with her)

- My mother, who is a teacher, has many books.

(Menh de nay co the bo di ma khong toi nghia, vi the phai co hai dau (,), khong the dung ‘that’ thay cho who

trong truong hop nay

- The car which she drives to work is very expensive.

- We work from early morning to late night, which makes us very tired (which thay the cho 1 menh de)

- Vietnam, which is in South East Asia, has a population of 80 million.

- Last week we visited Peru where my girlfriend lives (my girlfriend lives in Peru)

Last week we visited Peru which is a small but rich country (Peru is a small but rich country)

(Ta phai phan biet duoc where va which trong nhung truong hop tuong tu)

*Reduced relative clauses: Menh de quan he bi luoc bo

**) (Ta quan sat thay dong tu sau who/which… la chu dong)

Do you know the boy who broke the window yesterday?

→ Do you know the boy breaking the window yesterday?

The man who is sitting next to Jane is my brother

→ The man sitting next to Jane is my brother

All the students getting mark zero will not be allowed to attend the examination

(getting = who get)

**) (Ta quan sat thay dong tu sau who/which… la bi dong)

Do you know the boy who was arrested by the police yesterday?

→Do you know the boy arrested by the police yesterday? (P.P.)

Students who are punished by teachers are lazy and dishonest.

→ Students punished by teachers are lazy and dishonest (P.P.)

PRACTICE PART A: VOCABULARY AND READING

I Choose the right answer to make the correct answer (10 pts)

1 I’ve been in this city for a long time I ……….here sixteen years ago

2 I ……….the flowers in the garden yesterday morning

A had been watering B watered C had watered D was water

3 I don’t feel good I ……….home from work tomorrow

A am staying B stay C will have stayed D will be stayed

4 Could you turn off the stove? The potatoes ……….for at least 30 minutes

A are boiling B boiling C have been boiling D were boiling

5 This is the second time he ………… a mistake

A made B makes C is making D has made

6 My friend ……….when the lesson started

A hasn’t arrived B wasn’t arrived C hadn’t arrived D wasn’t arriving

7 If he ……… his promise, she ……….speak to him again

A break/ would never B break/ will never C broke/ will never D breaks/ will never

8 He ……….on the bank fishing when he ……….a man’s hat floating down the river

A has sat/ had seen B sat/ was seeing C was sitting/ saw D was sitting/ has seen

9 I ……….some money when I ……….shopping yesterday

A lost/ was going B was losing/ went C lost/ went D had lost/ went

10 I ……… you back the money as soon as I ……….my salary

A will pay/ will get B will pay/ get C pay/ will get D paid/ got

II Look at the sign in each question and circle the letter among A, B, C, or D for the correct

explanation (5 pts)

1

2

4

5

III Read the following passage and then circle the letter of the best answer (10pts)

Many professional athletes reach high levels in their sport They make large salaries and earn more from advertising contracts They attract attention from people around the world They are often role models and

heroes for their young fans, and children want to be like them But when you hear stories about some of their actions off the playing field, you might doubt whether these athletes should be role models Sometimes they

act badly and attract negative attention However, there are many athletes who have decided to do good work They want to help others

Didier Drogba is one athlete who wants to have a positive effect on society He is a soccer player from

the Ivory Coast, a country in West Africa He plays for Chelsea, a soccer club in England He sometimes gets angry and argues with other players on the soccer field But Drogba also does a lot of charity work

In 2007, he started a foundation to help poor people who cannot afford healthcare He is also building a hospital in his hometown of Abidjan, Ivory Coast Another example is Mia Hamm She has won many awards She is one of the best women’s soccer players in the world In 1997, Hamm’s brother died of a blood illness She started a foundation that has two areas of focus First, it helps patients and families in situations like her brother Second, it gives young women more opportunities in sports as they grow up

There are many more athletes like this There are athletes who take time to help homeless people,

improve health and education around the world, or help families with sick children Many stories in the news are about famous athletes who act badly But it’s really the athletes who do good work who stand out The athletes who use their money and fame to improve our world should be our role models

Choose the correct answer to each question

1 What is the topic of the passage?

A Athletic role models C Didier Drogba and Mia Hamm

B Models do good things for their fans D Famous people

2 What does the word ‘them’ in line 3 refer to?

A young fans B children C role models D stories

3 How many examples of athletes who have a good impact on society are mentioned in the text?

4 What was the reason for the death of Hamm’s brother?

A poverty B a difficult situation C his family D a disease

5 Who are role models like?

A their fans B the athletes who help homeless people C professional athletes

D the famous and wealthy athletes who participate in improving the world

IV Fill each gap with one of the words given (5 pts)

name

distant

observe

land too half

water life called

planets from is

so year saw

The earth is one of the time (1) ……….in the solar system It is the only planet (2) ……….the ‘home’ of human beings From space, the earth looks like a big blue marble with white clouds above blue oceans About 71 percent of the earth’s surface is (3) ……… The rest (4) ……….land, mostly continents that rise above the oceans

Unlike the other planets, the earth supports life It is neither (5) ……….hot, like Mercury, the closest planets, nor too cold, like distant Mars and the even more (6) ……….outer planets – Jupiter, Sturn, Uranus, Neptune and tiny Pluto The earth’s atmosphere has gases that trap heat (7) ……….the sun and helps block radiation harmful to (8) ……….from it

In the second (9) ………of the 20th century, there were more advances in the study of the earth and the solar system Human beings were able to study and (10) ……….the earth from the space with satellites equipped with scientific instruments

PART B: WRITING (30pts)

I Finish each of the following sentences in such a way that it means the same as the sentence printed before it (15pts)

1 I can’t buy that new car because it is very expensive

That new car………

2 The sun rose high The fog disappeared quickly

The higher………

3 “Are you interested in this language center?” asked my sister

My sister asked………

4 “Shall we go to London for the weekend, Peter?” Ann asked

Anna suggested………

5 I haven’t eaten this kind of food before

This is the first………

6 “If I were you, I would go somewhere warmer for a change”, the doctor said to me

The doctor advised………

7 My back ached so much because I tried to move this heavy box

If I ………

8 Nobody in the team plays as skillfully as she does.

She is the………

9 Unless someone has a key, we can’t get into the house

We can only get………

10 The thief has broken into his house three times recently

His house………

II Write a complete letter, using the words given.

Dear Mr Wayner,

1 I/ write/ thank/ you/ spend/ summer/ we

2 It/ nice/ you/ come/ teach/ how/ use/ computer

3 You/ helpful/ because/ it/ easy/ follow/ you/ lesson

4 Before/ you/ come/ computer/ strange/ we

5 Now/ we/ know/ how/ use/ them/ support/ study

6 As/ you/ see/ I/ use/ computer/ write/ letter/ you

7 All/ us/ regret/ when/ summer/ pass/ fast

8 We/ can’t/ wait/ next summer/ when/ you/ return

9 Once again/ thank you/ much/./ we/ love/ you/ bottom/ heart

10 I/ look/ forward/ hear/ you/ soon./

Yours truly,

Thomas Alkins