phân dạng và phương pháp giải hóa học 11 phần hữu cơ

Viet phufdng trinh hda hoc cua cdc phan iJng xay ra trong cac triTdng hdp sau va cho biet cac phan u'ng dd thuQC loai phdn uTng n^o phan vJng the, phan uTng cpng, phan u'ng tach... Tinh

if

D O X U A N H U N G Gi^o vign chuy^n luy^n thi DH-CD H6a

1 ( o/UH'V'Aijy <'k#

Pharyldng& phuangphap giai

PHAN DANG VA PHLfCJNG PHAP GIAI HOA HQC 11 HQU C d

D6 X U A N H U N G

Chju trach nhi^m xu^t ban

N G U Y E N T H I T H A N H Hl/OfNG Bientap : H A I A U

Tong phdt hanh

C 6 N G TY T N H H M T V D|CH vg VAN H6A KHANG VI|T

r D j a c h f : 71 Dinh TiSn Ho^ng - P.Da Kao - Q.I M P H C M

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In l l n tha 1 So la<?ng 2.000 cuon, kho 16x24cm

T?i: Cong ty T N H H MTV in ^n MAI T H j N H DLfC '

Dja chl: 71, Kha V^n CSn, P.HiOp Binh Ch^nh, Q.Thii Dufc, Tp.HCM

So DKKHXB: 1482-12/CXB/12-181/THTPHCM ngSy 06/12/2012

Quy^t djnh xuat bkn s6: 1815/QD-THTPHCM-2012 do NXB Tong h(?p

Thanh p h ^ H 6 Chi Minh cS'p ng^y 28/12/2012

In xong nOp lUU chi^u quy' I nanri 2013

(HuMtta 4,

p D A I CI/CJNG V E H 6 A H p C HtfU CCJ

A TOM TAT Lf THUY^T

I M d D A U V E H b A HOC HirUC(]fVAH0P CHAT H0UCCf

1 H^p chaft hffu ccf la hdp chat cua cacbon (trilf CO, CO2, muoi cacbonat xianua,

cacbua, )

2 PhSn loaii h^p chSt hffu ccf ^ 9!^: : J^'l • ,

Hop cha't hQu CO

Hidrocacbon ^ ^ ' Din xuS't cua hidrocacbon

Hidrocacbon Hidrocacbon Hidrocacbon

3 Danh phap h^p chS't hffu cd

a) Ten thong thiidng (nguon goc flm ra chat) ^ ' - ' ' - ^ M s g « * a v * f « b) Ten h^ thong (lUPAC) ' ' ' : i , ' 1 ^ ' / ^ ( r y i

Ten goc chiJc = Ten phan goc + T6n phan dinh chiJc Ten thay the = Ten phan thay the + Ten mach C chinh + Ten phan dinh

II PHAN T I C H NGUYEN TO

* Xdc dinh C : Dot chdy chat hSu cd CO2 CaCOjl

* Xac dinh H : Dot chdy chat hihi cd H2O ^CuS04khan^ CUSO4.5H2O

'••'^ ^ - (xanh)

* Xic dinh nitd : C^HyCN, (NH4)2S04 + jV- v!* ? n f •

* « ^ • • * (NH,)2S04 + 2NaOH >Na2S04 + 2NH3t + 2H2O

* Xac dinh halogen : CxHyO,N, > CO2 + H2O + HCl 1:4 ; ?

HCl + AgNOj > AgCli + HNO3 vi ,

2 PhSn tich djnh Irf^ng (A la chat hffu cd c6 HIA)

Phan djing \ik phuong ph^p g'Ai H6a hpc 11 HJu co - B8 Xuan Hung

=> mo = niA - (mc + mH + IHN)

hay % 0 = 1 0 0 % - (%C + %H + %N) ^ ; ,

I I I C O N G T H L T C P H A N T l T H O P C H A T H 0 U COf '^'iMj^J

1 C6ng thtfc defn g i a n nhS't ! Y i t M i * t ,vN ' (

C 6 n g thu-c p h a n tuT ( C T P T ) : CxHyO,Ni v,!^ j

C o n g thu-c ddn g i a n nhat ( C T D G N ) : (CpH,OrN,)„ ( n = 1,2, 3, ) ,|

* C a c h thiet lap : T i m t i 1$ (C,HyO,) so, ^^.,^

* C o n g thiJc cau tao k h a i t r i e n ;| >fiX

* C o n g thiJc ca'u tao thu g o n

2 D d n g d a n g

Nhffng h d p chat c6 t h a n h p h a n p h a n tuT hdn k ^ m nhau mpt hay n h i e u nhom CH2

nhiftig c 6 t i n h chat hoa hpc tiidng tif nhau "V''';^;! ' ' ,4^

Dac diem cua phan iJng h6a hpc trong hoa hoc hffu cd : - 1

- Phan iJng thifdng xay ra cham \'t } -\{^ An

- Phan iJng thudng sinh ra hon hdp san pham ; '.^^

B PHAN LOAI V A PH JCJNG PHAP G I A I C A C D A N G BAI TAP

- (Vm fihan ling^hau c ^ r i r i O ' - v H ^ ^ - T H ; } ,HI4 -,H;:HHD-;.ii:):-,-i-'' •

- <Jjhaii loai fditut itiig hitii eet ' t

- (Vi& eMiq Ihiie eaii tim, ctmtg^ phdn^ ddtig^ dqttQ^ ede ehdt

BAI TAP M A U VA BAI TAP N A N G CAO i?

B a i 1 V i e t phifdng trinh hoa hoc ciia cac phan iJng xay ra theo sd do sau f.^

Phan djing va phUdng ph^p giai H6a hpc 11 HOu cO - D5 XuSn HiJng

Vay chat cd nhieu dong phan nhat Ik CiH^N roi den C4H,„0, C 4 H y C l

Bai 3 Cho ba hdp chat : A (cau tao tit C, H); B (cau tao tuf C, H, N); C (cau tao tit

C, H, O) Chaft nao thupc loai hidrocacbon, cha't nao thuQC loai dan xuat cua

hidrocacbon ' ' ,

* A la hidrocacbon \\ chi cSu tao gom hai nguyen to C H 1;,) • j i l

* B va C la dan xuat cua hidrocacbon vi ngoai hai nguyen to C, H cdc hcJp chat B,

C con chiJa cdc nguyen to khac (N va O)

a) Trong cac hdp chaft sau hc(p chat n^o la hffu c d , hcJp cha't nao la v 6 c d CH4,

CHCI3 C2H7N, HCN, CHjCOONa, C,2H220|,, f C2H3Cl}-„, AI4C3

b) Chat nao sau day la hidrocacbon ? la dan xuat cua hidrocacbon : CH2O, C2H5Br,

CH2O2, CfiHsBr, CfiHfi, CH3COOH

Gidi

a) Hdpchathi?ucd:CH4,CHCl3,C2H7N.CH3COONa,C,2H220,i,{C2H3Cl}„ *

Hdp chat v 6 c d : H C N , AI4C3 '

b) Hidrocacbon: CfiHfi f r t ' )

Dan xua't cua hidrocacbon : CH2O, C2H5Br, CH2O2, CfiHjBr, CH3COOH

Bai 5 Cho 6 hdp cha't hi?u cd ddn chiJc, mach hcl cd cung cong thiJc phan tuT 1^

C4HXO2 Viet cdc cong thiJc ca'u tao thu gpn cua cdc chat dd • , • ,

CH3-CH2-CH2-COOH ; CH3-COO-CH2-CH3 ; CH3-CH-COOH

ir CH3

HCOO-CH2-CH2-CH3 ; CH3-CH2-COOCH3 ; HCOO-CH-CH3

CH

Bai 6 Cac phan uTng sau day thuOc loai phan iJng nho ? (phan iJng the, phan iJng

cong, phan iJng tach) ? a) C2H6 + CI2 ^ C2H5CI + HCl b) C4HX + H2O C4H,oO c) CzHsCl ) C2H4 + HCl d) 2 C 2 H 5 0 H ^ ^ C 2 H 5 0 C 2 H 5 + H20 e) CH2=CH2 + H2O CH3-CH2-OH f) CfiHft + Brj CfiHsBr + HBr

g) C4HH, + 5F2 > 4 C + lOHF h) CH3OH + HCl CH3CI + H2O

a) Phan iJng the b) Phan iJng c p n g c) Phan tfng tach ^' d) Phan iJng tach e) Phan iJng c p n g f) Phan iJng the g) Phan ifng tach h) Phan u-ng the '

Bai 7 Dtfa vao tinh chat hoa hoc cua CH2=CH2 v a CH^CH (da hoc d Idp 9) Hay

Viet phiTdng trinh hoa hoc khi cho CH3-CH=CH-CH3 va C H 3 - C ^ - C H 3 lac dung vdi Br2, H2 va cho biet nhufng nhdm nguyen tuT nao trong phan tuf cua hai h d p cha't

tren da gay nen cac phan u'ng dd , , : ( ;

* CH3-CH=CH-CH3 + Br2 > CH3-CH-CH-CH3 -mwaot/rh sn6:; ?iv (

^;,H"^ ' Br Br 'hi: , ' ' CH3-CH=CH-CH3 + H2 CH3-CH2-CH2-CH3 -

=> Nhdm nguyen tuT gay nen phan uTng 1^ : - C = C -

Bai 8 Viet phufdng trinh hda hoc cua cdc phan iJng xay ra trong cac triTdng hdp sau

va cho biet cac phan u'ng dd thuQC loai phdn uTng n^o (phan vJng the, phan uTng cpng, phan u'ng tach)

Phan dgng vji phuong phap giSi H6a hgc 11 HDu co - D8 XuSn Hung

a) Etilen tac dung vdi hidro c6 N i lam xuc tdc va dun n6ng

b) Dun n6ng axetilen d 600"C vdi bgt than lam xuc tac thu diTdc benzen '^f '

c) Dung dich ancol etylic d ^ lau ngoSi khong khi chuy^n thanh dung dich axit

axetic (giam an) • t i > i f i J ;^W;> ; / :i•0-.-,^K;;» ,•

' a) CH2=CH2 + H2 CH3-CH3 (phan iJng cOng) ,li::).:.:H':;).- H':) i : X ) ' » '

^ ^ (CfiHfi) [ Q ] (phan iJng cpng)

b) 3 C H = C H

600° C •

c) C2H5OH + 02(kk) ^^"^ > CH3COOH + H2O ^ phan ifng oxi h6a

,, , r); ^ <.': , , , khong hoan toan

Bai 9 Cho cac chat sau, nhffng chat nao la dong d i n g cua nhau ? NhCng cha't nao la

ddng phan cua nhau ? ,

f£;Cic chat la dong d i n g : ( 1 ) v a (6); ( 4 ) v a (9) rt' rirt 4 t\i& '•^'cf f , ' I I }H

* C d c chaft dong phan cua nhau : ( 2 ) v a (8); ( 4 ) (7), ( 3 ) ( 5 ) ^ < h

B a i 10 '

a) Hay viet cong thufc electron va cong thiJc cau tao c^c phan tuT sau : > ~ , r ) i }f'3 , *

C H 3 C I , CH4O, C H 2 O , CH5N

b) H a y vie't cong thufc cau tao khai trien v a cong thiJc cau tao thu gon nhat cula cac

hdp chat sau : C3H6, C H 3 C H O , CH3COOC2H5, C H 3 C N , biet r i n g trong phan tiJf

cua chiing d i u c6 lien ket bpi : ' ' r f !"'v •"^'H^;-^'' ijik I'-'iy '•^•"•.i-r., , •

^han dang phuong phiip giai H6a hgc 11 HOu co - D8 Xufln Ht/ng

•)) V i e l c o n g thu'c ca'u t a o c 6 the c d c u a c a c d o n g d a n g c u a a n c o l e t y l i c c d c o n g

thu'c p h a n tuT CsHxO v a C4H|„0

hay CHg - C H O ^>|ri; i;^ q i j, 1

i.iaii! K u H f i i d q s n o b i i i uVifi } « b j j r f M f i iftrfj

a) H a y vie't c o n g thu'c p h o i canh cua C H 3 O H (metanol) va ciia C H C I 3 ( c i o r o f o m )

b) H a y v i e t c o n g thiJc p h o i c a n h cua C2H6 (etan) va C2H5OH (etanol)

- f£gfi etniff thiie ittfii qlun iihal ,,),,., „,,,,,v,y,) > 4 , j j.^j;,^;^

, , ^ BAI TAP MAU VA BAI TAP N A N G CAO

Bai 1 Oxi h6a ho^n toan 0,6g hdp chat hi?u cd A thu duTdc 0,672 lit CO2 (dktc) v j 0,72g H2O Tinh thanh phan % khoi liTdng cua cac nguyen to trong phan tuf cha't A

Phan d?ng va phudng ph^p giSi H6a hpc 11 HQu co - D8 XuSn Hung

Thanh phan % khoi lifdng cic nguyen 16' trong A : d, i jỵ

Bai 2 Tinh khoi lifdng m o l phSn tuf cua cdc chat sau : jj,;., ,,,,,

a) Chat A c5 t i khoi hdi so v d i khong khi bkng 2,07

b) The tich hdi cua 3,3g chat X b^ng the tich cua l,76g k h i oxi (do cf ciang dieu k i f n

ve nhiet do, ap suát)

Gidi '•^''''^ '^''''^ *

a) dA/kk = ^ = 2,07 ^ M A = 29.2.07 = 60 (dvC) , ^g^,, ^.^

b) Ta c6: no2 = ^ ^ = 0,055 mol => nA = = 0,055 m o l = > M A = = 60 (g/mol)

32 0,055

Bai 3 D o t chay hoan toan 0,282g hdp chat hiJu cd A, san pham sinh ra cho qua binh

dtrng CaCl2 khan va binh dUng NaOH, thay binh diTng CaCla tSng them 0,194g,

binh dufng N a O H tSng them 0,8g M a t khac dot chay liTdng chat A tren thu difdc

22,4ml khi nitd (dktc) Xac dinh thanh phan % khoi liTdng cac nguyen to trong Ạ

Gidi

" Cho san pham chay qua binh dtfng CaCb : mi = 0,194g =>mH20 = 0 ' 1 9 4 g

= Qua binh dirng N a O H : m, = 0,8g=> m c o , = 0.8g

Khói lifdng cac nguyen to :

!ai 4 O x i h6a hoan toan 4,92mg mot hdp chat A chiJa C, H , N O roi cho san

pham Ian liTdt qua binh chiJa H2SO4 dam dac, binh chiJa K O H thi thay khoi

liTdng binh chiJa H2SO4 dSc tang them 1,8 Img, binh chiJa K O H tSng them

10,56mg d thi nghie m khac, khi nung 6,15mg hdp chat A do v d i CuO thi thu

difdc 0,55ml (dktc) k h i nitd Hay xdc djnh h^m liTdng phan trSm cua C, H , O va

N d hdp chat Ạ

Gidi

* Khoi lifdng binh chiJaH2S04 tang them 1,8Img chinh la mH20=>mH20 =1.81mj

* Khoi liTdng binh chiJa K O H tang them 10,56mg chinh la m c o , => "^C02 ^0,56 mi

Khoi lifdng cac nguyen to :

^ x l O O % = 58.54% ^,^^^,„ £, s^fM)ixSk^^^^^

x 100% = 4.065%

% N = ^ X 100% = 11,18% - ^ ^ ' ^ - ' ^ ^ o ^ ' ' ^ ^ ' '^^^

r:> % 0 = 100% - %C - % H - % N = 26.215%

Bai 5 Hai chat hffu cd A va B ciing chtJa cac nguyen to C, H , Ọ K h i dot chay moi

chat deu phai dung mOt lifdng oxi b^ng 8 Ian lifdng o x i c6 trong m o i chat va thu difdc lifdng k h i CO2 va H2O theo ti le khoi lifdng CO2 so vdi khoi lifdng nuTdc =

— Xac dinh cong thiJc đn gian nhat cua m o i chat ? ' ' ' " " '"

-• ''' CUM '

Theo dieu kỉn de bai thi A, B la hai chat dong phan cua nhaụ •

Dat C T T Q cua A, B la CxHyỘ i ,, ,, , "Mrirả- ^'.-YV ^'^'^ „

Phifdng trinh dot c h a y : , 1 , i

1

Phan djing va phuong ph^p giai H6a hpc 11 HOu co - Dfi Xuan Hung

B a i 6 Vitamin A (retinol) c6 c6ng thiJc phan tuf C2()H3()0, vitamin C c6 cong thiJc

phan tur la CfiHsOfi

a) Vie't cong thiJc ddn gian nhat ciia moi chat 'li,, ,

b) T i n h t i 1? % ve kho'i li/dng va t i ie % so' nguyen tur cua cac nguyen to d vitamin

A va vitamin C

Gidi , "

a) Cong thiJc ddn gian nhat cua cdc cha't: ^

Vitamin A : C2()H3(,0; Vitamin C : C3H4O3 ,0 ' • ' 7 ,

b) * T i 1Q % ve khoi liTdng cdc nguyen to :

* T i 1? so nguyen tuf cdc nguyen to: , / j

+ Vitamin A : C2(iH3„0 (51 nguyen tuf)

B k i 7 Chat A chiJa C, H O c6 t i 1$ khoi li/dng mc : mo = 3 : 2 khi dot chdy h6't A thu

diTdc CO2 va hdi niTdc theo u' I9 the tich Vco2 : V H J O = 4 : 3 (cdc the tich do d cung

dieu k i ^ n nhi§t dp, ip suat) T i m cong thiJc ddn gian nha't cua A ^,

B a i 8 Hay thict lap cong thiJc ddn gian nhat tCf cac so lieu phan tich sau : a) 70,94%C; 6,4%H; 6,9%N; con lai la o x i i r i o n ' r ; o 5 ' b) 65,92%C; 7,75%H; t , ; , c o n l a i la o x i l f : > H : \ t P k v j , ; t v | : : , ' , '

.,!,;•! X^:,, ,,,, Gidi •i^il i o r f ' ' a n f giiW'utkj I.'

a) Thanh phan % cua oxi • 'jiinod:?^'^ ni'^q di'

12 1 16 14

= 5 , 9 1 : 6 , 4 : 0 , 9 8 5 : 0 , 4 9 = 1 2 : 1 3 : 2 : 1 Vay cong Ihu'c ddn gian nhat la C12H13O2N , „ ;

b) Thanh phan % cOa o x i : H , , ,

Bki 9 D o t chdy ho^n loan 4,6g mpt hdp chat huTu cd A thu diTdc 3,6g H2O Dan khi CO2 sinh ra vao dung dich ni/dc voi trong 0,1M thi difdc 8g ket tua v^ dung dich

Y nho tiep dung dich N a O H v^o dung dich Y thi difdc 3,5g ket tua nffa Xac dinh cong Ihu'c ddn gian nhat cua X

Phan djing va phudng phip giSi H6a hpc 11 HQu co - D8 Xuan Hifng

2CO2 + Ca(OH)2 > Ca(HC03)2 ^

Vay cong thtfc ddn gian nhat cua X la CsHgOs •> iah-) ~iSi i i l r f i y \M J

Bai 10 K M cho 5,3 gam hon hdp gom etanol C2H5OH ;H''i?i',fl! ;Civ^,ii' / j ;

va propan-l-ol C H 3 C H 2 C H 2 O H tac dung vdi natri drfthu diTdc 1,12 lit khi (dktc)

a) Vie't phifdng trinh hoa hoc cua cac phan iJng xay ra

b) Tinh thanh phan % khoi lifdng cua m o i chat trong hon hdp S' d i n M T {a

% C 2 H 3 0 H = Q ' " ^ ^ ^ ^ 100% = 43.39% :

=>%CH3CH2CH20H = 56,61%.""" !:>tU^ J l f l n ft? ,, ^ ^ , .fltfc^ :

t.;.,,iV - : 7 - , S ' * j i m ' V ; - & r f i T

(DoMig 3 <£Afi eS^ntf, thi'te fthdit tilt :

- <T)t/a ocLO^ cang, thiie fteiti Qtatt nhdi i <- '

- <T)ita oda khai liMtiq hoae % khoi lii&iig ede nqiujjen t»

- ^i/a i9dn the tieh (phiMuj fthdfi khi nhien ke)

B A I T A P M A U - v ^ ' '

Bai 1 Dot chay ho^n toan 5,6 lit chat hiJu cd A d t h i tich k h i thu difdc 16,8 l i t CO2

va 13,5g, H2O Xac dinh cong thiJc phan tuT cua A biet t i khoi so vdi hidro la 21

Vay trong A khong CO o x i , • 1

Dat C T T Q cua A : CJiy Ta c6 ti I9 : x : y = — : — = 0,75:1,5 = 1:2

^ Cong thu-c A c6 dang (CH2)„ , l „, ^ „ ,,

T a c o : 14n = 42 ^ n = 3 V $ y CTPT A : C3H '^''-^'^^^-^^-^ > ^ Bai 2 Limonen la mot chat c6 m d i thdm diu difdc tdch tilf tinh dau chanh Ke't qua

phSn tich nguyen to cho thay limonen diTdc cau tao tiJ hai nguyen to C va H , trong do C chiem 88,235% ve khoi lifdng T i khoi hdi cua limonen so v d i khong khi gan b^ng 4,69 Lap cong thiJc phan tuT cua hmonen , '

V$y CTPT cua limonen m CjpHii

THLT VIEN TIMH BSNH THUAN

-zr::^" ' "A 9 17

Phan dgng va phuong phap giSi H6a hoc 11 Hau co - P i Xuan Hung

B a i 3 Dot chay 100ml hdi cha't hffu cd A chtfa ba nguyen to C, H , O v d i 450ml O 2

la'y dff trong k h i nhien ke Sau phan ffng the tich hon hdp khi va hdi thu difdc

650ml Sau k h i cho hdi nffdc ngffng tu hon hdp chi con 350ml va sau khi cho Igi

tiep qua N a O H chi con 50ml Xac dinh cong thiJc phan tuf cua A

Vay CTPT cua A la CjHfiO ,• ; _ , ^

B a i 4 Hay thie't lap cong thiJc phan tuf hdp chat hffu cd trong m o i trifclng hdp sau :

a) Dot chdy ho^n toan lO.OOmg hdp chat hCu cd Y sinh ra 33,85mg CO2 6,95mg

H2O T i khoi hdi cua hdp chat Ad doi vdi khong khi la 2,69

b) D o t chay hoan toan 28,2mg hdp chat hffu cd Z vk cho cdc san pham sinh ra Ian

Iffdt d i qua cac binh dtfng CaClz khan va K O H dff thi thay binh CaCl2 tSng them

19,4mg con binh K O H tSng them SOmg M a t khac, k h i dot 18,6mg chat do sinh

ra 2,24ml khi nitd (dktc) Biet rkng phan tuf chat d6 chi chffa mpt nguyen tijf nitd

,:;; ; - = 6 : 7 : 1 => C T cd dang (CeBilS^/ Jri^ f)^?'

V I trong phan tuf chi chffa mgt nguydn tuf nitd =>-m=^U.''' ' "P '^^ "'^^i •!

Vay CTPT chaft hffu cd m C 6 H 7 N -"5' < « ^

B a i 5 Phan tich chat hffu cd X chffa C , H , O ta c6 :

mc : mH : mo = 2,24 : 0 , 3 5 7 ^ ^ ' - ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' " ' a) L a p cong thffc ddn gian nhat cua X t '

b) Xdc dinh cong thffc phSn tff ciia X biet 1 gam J i ^ l a m bay hdi c6 t h ^ t i c h

1,2108 lit a 0"Cva 0,25 atm '

Kh6i Iffdng m o l cua X : M x = — ^ - — = 74 , < ,

0,0135 (^.- ,

T a c d : (3 x 12 + 6 + 2 x 16)n = 74 =i> n = 1 V§y cong thffc phan tff cua X la C3H6O2 r ' f f ) c ! >

19

Phan d?ng va phUdng phAp Q\i\a hgc 11 Hi?u co - D5 XuSn Hung

Bai 6 TO tinh dau hoi, ngi^di ta tach difdc anetol, mpt chaft thdm du"dc diing de san

xuat keo cao su Anetol c6 khoi lifdng mol phan tuf bang 148g/mol Phan tich

nguyen to cho thay anetol c6 %C = 81,08%; % H = 8,1%; con lai la oxi Llipcong

thuTc ddn gian nhat va cong thiJc phan tuf cua anetol

V|iy cong thiJc phan tiJf cua anetol la CioHuO ( t j >l 3 K

Bai 7 Dot chay 200ml hdi 1 chat Mu cd A chiJa C, H, O trong 900ml O2, the tich

h6n hdp khi thu di/dc 1^ 1,3 lit Sau khi cho hdi nifdc ngiftig tu, chi con 700ml

Tiep theo cho qua dung dich K O H dac chi con 100ml (cac the tich do d cUng

dieu ki^n) T i m CTPT cua A

1300ml

O2 dif 700ml

Difa vao sd do ta tinh difdc:

Bai 8 Trpn 4 0 0 cm^ hon hdp hdp chat Mu cd A va nitd vdi 9 0 0 cm' oxi duf roi dot

The tich hon hdp sau phan iJng la 1,4 lit Sau khi cho hdi nufdc ngung tu thi con

8 0 0 cm^ tiep tuc cho qua dung dich KOH thi con 4 0 0 cm"\T cua A la:

r c o 2 ^

H 2 0 N2

^ 0 2 dir 400cm^ 900cm^ 1400cm

Dtfa vao sd do ta tinh difdc: s, j

ngutig tu

- H 2 O

C O 2 N2

Viet lai phi/dng tnnh phan u-ng: 2 C x H y + 7 O 2 -A- 4 C O 2 + 6 H 2 O

Ap dung dinh luat bao toan nguyen to' C va H ta cd: 2x = 4

2y = 6.2'

x = 2

y = 6

=> C T P T c u a A l a :C2H6

Bai 9 Cho 5 cm' C,Hy d the khi vdi 30 cm' O2 (lay diT) vao khi nhien ke Sau khi

bat tia lufa di^n va lam lanh, trong khi nhien ke con 20 c m ' ma 15 c m ' bi hap thu bdi dung dich K O H Phan con lai bi hap thu bdi photpho T i m CTPT cua hidrocacbon , 1

Theo de bai: Vco^= 15 c m ' =^

= > phan ifng = 30 - 5 = 25 c m '

Gidi ,

Vo d ^ = 2 0 - 15 = 5 c m '

2 1

Ptiftn^ang^ phicnq phap giai Hfa^pc 11 Hi?u co - P8 Xuan HiMg

• ^ u a n g trinhphan tfngchdy:

Q H y + (x + ^,)02 ->-xC02 + ^ H z O

=>x = 3 v a y = 8 = > G T P T la CjHs

B ^ O : Cho vao khi nhiSnske 10 cm^ ch^it hffu cd A (chiJa C H , N), 25 cm^ H 2 va 40

tsdl^Oz Bat tia liJa di$^nn:ho hon hcfp no Chuyen hSn hcJp khi nhan diTdc ve dieu

aki^Ii'ban dau, H2O ngiteg tu he't, thu diTdc 20 cm^ hSn hdp khi, trong 66 c6 10

••Wff bi NaOH hap thu vi'S cm^ hi photpho hap thu C T P T cua A la: i^^' '

Photpho hafp thu O 2 = > VQ^ j i , = 5 cm'

© o i n g d i c h N a O H hap thu C O 2 = > VQO = 10 cm' v>v'

20 cm'

=> = 2 0 - ( 5 + 10) = 5 cm'

25 3 Wolchayhkiro) = —- = 12,5 Cm

'•,m ,ix^ '.},>'i i(6o;«iT

BAI TAP NANG CAO

B a i 1 Mot hdp chat hilu cd A chuTa 54,8%C; 4,8%H; 9,3%N con lai la O Cho biet

ph§n tuf khoi cua nd la 1 5 3 X a c dinh c6ng thiJc phan tuf cua hdp chat V i sao phSn tuf khoi cua c&c hdp chat chtfa C , H, O la s6' ch£n ma phan tuf khoi ciia A

lai la so' le (khong ke phan thap phan) ? • u • *, |,

* Phan tuf khoi cua A la so le vl nguyen to nitd c6 h6a tri 16 => nguyen tuT H la so

B^i 2 Cho 400ml mOt hidro g6m N 2 C^Hy v^o 900ml O 2 dif roi dot The tich hon hdp khi thu dtfdc sau khi dot la 1400ml Sau khi cho hdi niTdc ngifng tu thi con 800ml hon hdp ngi/di ta cho loi qua dung dich K O H tha'y con 400ml khi X a c

dinh cong thiJc phan tuf cua hidrocacbon tren, biS't the tich cic khi deu do d ciing

d i l u ki^n nhi$t dp va ap sua't ^^\,

Phan dgng va phuong ph^p giai H6a hpc 11 HQu eo - B5 Xufln Hung

V a y t a c d : ay = 1200 (1)

• V i v i ax = 400 (2)

G l a i ( l ) , (2), (3)

a = 9 0 0 - a (3) ' ' • 'i«i#iffc

• • - • , -itiVj i'kih '•'pli ri/!;y ,fy§^

a = 2 0 0 m l fSsirj '^Iv; Vjnv'i/i) bl u, ii lli

• X = 2 ,:ut}

y = 6 •= "''r;i' m.P 'fli s.i' •>]::

Vay CTPT cua hidrocacbon la C2H6

Bai 3 Dot chay hodn toan 3,6g chat huTu cd A (C, H , O) b^ng 4,48 lit O2 (dktc) thu

diTdc hon hdp k h i va hdi trong do V c o , = 3 V o ; ^ ^ ^ ^ = 11 T i m cong thiJc

phan tuTcua A biet d the hdi; l,8g chat A chiem the tich bang the tich cua 0,8g oxi

cung dieu ki?n , _ ^ , , •

O2 — ^ XCO2+ ^ H 2 0 •« iTt'rf aftd U^;^(m

mi&jB'jof{):,ii ~.tciq atfrti ;ii'n>;!-> idofsi

H5n hdp k h i thu difdc :

CO2 H2O O2 dir

Vay CTPT cua A \k C3H4O2

Bai 4 Dot chay hoan toan l,37g chat hufu cd A thu diTdc 3,08g CO2; 0,63g H2O va

0,126 l i t N2 (30"C va 75 cmHg) Xac dinh cong thiJc phan tuT A Biet l,37g A cho

bay hdi d 100"C va 1 atm thi the tich thu diTdc la 306ml •,.(;./

Vay cong thu-c A cd dang (C7H702N)„

T a c d : (7 x 12 + 7 + 32 + 14)n = 137 n = 1 ^ > -^'''-^ "

Vay C T P T cua A m C7H7O2N AX'kD s ^ H O k J ^

B a i 5 Tri^dc kia, "pham do" dung de nhupm do cho^ng cho cac Hong y gido chu

diTdc tdch chie't tijf mpt l o ^ i oc bien Do la mpt hdp cha't cd th^nh phan nguyen to nhiTsau :

C : 45,7%>; H : 1,9%; O : 7,6%; N : 6,7%; Br : 38,1%

a) Hay xac dinh cong thi^c ddn gian nhat cua "pham do"

b) Phi/dng phdp phd khdi liTdng cho biet trong dd phan tuT "pham do" cd chiJa hai

nguyen tur brom Hay xac dinh cong thufc phan tiJf cua nd

'hSn dgng vk phtwng ph^p giSi H6a hpc 11 HOu CO - D8 Xuan Hung

Vay cong IhiJc ddn gian nhat cua pham do la C K H 4 0 N B r

j) V i phan tuf chiJa hai nguyen tuf Br nen A c6 dang (CsH40NBr)2

Vay C T C T cua pham do la CfiHxOsNsBra

Bai 6 Dot chdy hoan loan hon hdp X gom hai hidrocacbon A B, mach hd cilng

day dong dang Cho toan bp san pham chay vao 4,5 lit dung dich Ca(OH)2

0,02M, thu difdc ke't tua va khoi liTdng dung dich tang 3,78g Cho dung dich

Ba(OH)2 (in vao dung dich thu difdc, ket tua lai tSng them, tong khoi liTdng ket

tua hai Ian la 18,85g T i khoi hdi cua hon hdp X so v d i hidro < 20 So m o l cua A

b^ng 60% tong so m o l cua A va B trong hon hdp X Cdc phan iJng xay ra hoan

toan Hay xac dinh cong thiJc phan tuT cua A va B '

C O 2 + Ca(OH)2 > CaCOs + H 2 O ,/!.,(:), 1-?,":) ; ; l ; (3) yJ:M

b m o l b m o l b m o L j i ffiourU, -lib gauf; "nf> frartq" jnJ; •JSuil 2 }i:H

2 C O 2 + Ca(OH)2 )• Ca(HC03)2 l v : / M & n > n f (4) ,1-^Ij^A

Theo (3) va ( 4 ) : mcafOH), = b + c = 0,09 (mol)

M a t k h a c : 18,85 = mcacoaO) + mcaC03 (4) + mcacogrs) „, , ,

hay 18,85 = 100b + 100c + 197c = 100b + 297c

Ta c5 he phifdng trinh :

b + c = 0,09 fb = 0,04 (mol) 100b + 297c = 18,85 [c = 0,05 (mol)

=> nco2 = b + 2c = 0,14(mol)=> m c o j (3 4) = ( b + 2c).44 = 0,14.44 = 6,16(g)

Ttf (6)=i> m H j O = 3.78 +100.0,04 - 6,16 = 1,62 (g)

1,62

n i - = 0,09 (mol) Theo phifdng trtnh (1), (2) ta c6: n c o j = 3ax + 2a(x + n) = 0,14 1 r i 1

3ay -i-2a y + 2n

2 hay nco2 = 5ax + 2an = 0,14

Bai 7 D o t chay ho^n toan m gam chat hiJu cd X chtfa ba nguyen to C , H , O thu

difdc a gam C O 2 va b gam H 2 O , biet a = va b = Hay x i c dinh cong

thtfc phan tvl cua X Biet 3,6g hdi X cd the tich b^ng the tich cua l,76g C O 2 ciJng

Phan dgng phuong ph&p g\k\a hgc 11 HOu cO- D8 XuSn Hang

V$y CTPT cua X m CjHfiOs v * / r v , - , i v * -' f ,.t •

Bai 8 Oxi hoa hoan loan 18,6g chat hffu cd A thu diTdc 52,8g CO2 va 12,6g H2O

Mat khac k h i phan tich liTdng cha't hffu c d A thu difdc k h i NH3 Dan toan bp k h i

nay v a o 125ml dung dich H2SO4 2 M thi phan axit duT difdc trung hoa vilfa he't bdi

100ml dung djch NaOH 3M

a) Xac d i n h thanh phan % N cd trong A u> ' , ^,

b) L $ p c o n g thiJc phan tuT A biet dA/kk < 3,25

T A 52,8 ^ 12,6 , , , , s f o l T O x J l ^

-T a c d : m c = 1 2 = 14,4(g); mn = 2 — ^ = l , 4 ( g ) ^

=> mo = 1 8 , 6 - ( 1 4 , 4 + 1 , 4 + 2,8) = 0 „

VSy trong A khong cd oxi :

^l- Dat CTTQ cua A : C ^ H y N , rf:^='''^'M ^-^^ ''"^f"^'* - f*-^^' {!•&;)•&• n.^ij^ ptjrfl ^ •

Bai 9 Dot chdy 560 cm^ hon hdp khi (dktc) gom 2 hidrocacbon cd cilng so nguyen

tiJ cacbon ta thu duTdc 4,4g CO2 va 1,9125g hdi niTdc • '

a) Xdc dinh CTPT cac chat hiJu cd ,.,, , ,, j ^y j : •

b) Tinh % khoi lifdng cac cha't

c) Neu cho lifdng CO2 tren vao 100 ml dd K O H 1,3M; Tinh CM muoi tao thanh

Giai

6 bki nay, ta dilng phifdng phap so nguyen tuf H trung bmh ke't hdp vdi phiTdng

phap bi^n luan de giai ij(|,;,,,|v) d d

= ^ y ' = 1 0 r = > C T P T B : C 4 H , o tentO,0 TiWng tir bi?n luan tim CTPT A : y < 8,5, y chSn >|.ii^||''ai '

Bi^n luHn tim CTPT B :