Cau tao tinh the: Trong tinh th^ kim loai, nguydn tir va ion kim loai n l m a nhiJng niit ciia mang tinh th6', cac electron hoa tri chuyen dong tu do trong mang tinh the.. Lien ket kim
Trang 2Cdc em hoc sinh Idp 12 than md'n!
nam vChig kiS'n thiic va c6 the dat ket qua cao nha't trong cac k i thi, cac
em hoc sinh c^n ren luyfin giai nhanh cac dang bai tap thucmg xuyfen, lifin tuc trong
qua trinh hoc tap ciia minh Di cac em c6 th6m tai Vitu tu ren luyfin cac k l nang giai
bai tap, chupg t6i xin tran trong gioi thidu h6 sach: "Phdn loai vd phuong phdp
giai nhanh bai tap hod hoc 12" ' ••
PMn V6 CO g6m 5 chuong: ^
Chuong 5: Dai cuong \i kim loai
Chuong 6: Kim loai k\6m - Kim loai ki^m th6 nh6m
Chuong 7: Crom - Sat - D6ng
Chiromg 8: Nhan bie't mot s6' chat v6 co va chu^n d6 dung djch
Chuong 9: Hoa hoc vdri va'n d^ kinh i6, xa h6i va m6i trucmg
Trong m6i chuong duoc trinh bay:
A Ly thuyd't co ban
B Phuong phap giai cac dang bai tap
M6i bai tap trong sach duoc tac gia chon loc k l cang, la sir k6't tinh ciia kifi'n
thiic CO tinh chat t6ng hop kd't hop v6i kinh nghidm nhilu nam luy6n thi Cac bai
tap nay co gia tri rat cao v^ n6i dung, co d6 tin cay rat 16n trong ki^m tra, danh gia
Cac bai tap duoc n6u ra trong tap sach d^u duoc giai chi tifi't, d^y dii, d6 hi^u
va theo cac phuong phap giai nhanh
Tac gia xin b^y to long bid't on sau sSc su gop y chan thanh ciia cac ban d6ng
nghifip va cac em hoc sinh
Chuc cac em dat kd't qua cao trong hoc tap '
Tac gia
Mia sach Khang Vi^t xin tran trgng giai thi$u tai Quy dgc gid vd xin
idng nghe mgi y kim dong gop, decuon sack ngdy cdng hay han, botch han
Thu xin giti ve:
Cty T N H H Mpt Thanh Vien - Djch Van hoa Khang Vi$t
71, Dinh Tien Hoang, P Dakao, Quan 1, TP H C M
Tel: (08) 39115694 - 39111969 - 39111968 - 39105797 - Fax: (08) 39110880
Ho|c Email: khangvietbookstore@yahoo.com.vn
Cty TNHH MTV DVVH Khang YTel
I C A U T A O CUA K I M L O A I
1 Cau tao nguyen tiir: Nguyen tir ciia hSu hd't cac kim loai co s6' electron b Idp
ngoai cung it (1, 2, 3 e)
2 Cau tao tinh the: Trong tinh th^ kim loai, nguydn tir va ion kim loai n l m a
nhiJng niit ciia mang tinh th6', cac electron hoa tri chuyen dong tu do trong mang tinh the
3 Lien ket kim loai: La lien ket duoc hinh thanh giOa cac qguySn ttr va ion kim
loai trong mang tinh the do sir tham gia ciia cac electron tu do
I I T I N H C H A T C U A K I M L O A I
1 Tinh chat vat ly chung Cac kim loai deu dSn didn, dSn nhiet, deo, co anh kim la do cac electron tu do
trong kim loai gay ra
2 Tinh chat vat ly rieng
M6t !6' tinh chat vat ly nhu kh6'i luong riSng, nhiet d6 nong chay, tinh ciifng phu thu6c vao do b^n ciia lien ket kim loai, nguySn tir khdi, ki^u mang tinh th^, ciia kim loai
3 Tinh that hoa hoc chung cua kim loai
Cac kim loai deu CO tinh khir:
M > M"" + ne Nguyt n nhan: Cac electron hoa trj ciia nguydn tir kim loai lien k6't yd'u vdi hat nhan
nguydn tii, do do cac kim loai co kha nang nhuong electron de tao thanh ion duong
a Tac dung v&i phi kim
Hdu hift cac kim loai khir duoc phi kim thanh ion am Thf du:
4A1 + 3 0 , — ^ 2 A 1 A
Hg + S > HgS :
h Tac dung vdi axit
* D6'i y&i dung dich HCl, H:S04 loang:
Cac kiin loai dung trudc H trong day hoat d6ng hod hoc (day dien hoa) khir duoc ion (H3O*) ciia cac axit nay thanh H2:
M + nH* > M"" + - H , t
* D6'i v5i H2SO4 dac, nong; HNO3:
nau ha cac kim loai (triT Au, Pt) khii duoc N va- S trong cac axit nay xu6ng s<3
oxi hoa thap hon
Trang 3Thi du: 3Cu + 8HNO,(l) > 3Cu(NO,)2 + 2NO + 4 H , 0
2Fe + 6H3S04(d) '" > Fe2(S04)3 + SSO, + 6H3O
c Tac dung vdi H2O
- Cac kim loai c6 tinh khir manh nhir kim loai kiem, kim loai kidm tho (Ca, Sr,
Ba, truofc M g trong day dien hoa) khir H^O d6 dang 6 nhiet do thircmg
Thi du: 2Na + 2H.O > 2NaOH + H.T
- Mot s6' kim loai khac (nhu Mg, Zn, Fe, ) khir duoc hoi nuoc d nhiet d6 cao:
M g + H^O.h, — ^ MgO + H ,
3Fe + 4H.O — ^ Fe304 + 4 H :
d Tac dung vai dung dich niuoi cua kim loai
Kim loai manh hon (khong tac dung v6'i H^O) day duoc kim loai y€u hon ra
khoi dung djch mu6'i
Thi du: Fe + CuSO^Cdd) > FeSO, + Cui
Fe + Cu-" > Fe-" + Cu
III D A Y D I E N H O A C U A K I M L O A I
1 Cap oxi hoa - khurcua kim loai
Dang oxi hoa (M"*) va dang khu (M) ciia ciing m6t kim loai tao nen m6t cap oxi
hoa - khu ( M " 7 M ) , giOa chung c6 m6'i quan hd:
M " " +ne ( > M
2 Pin dien hoa
- Pin d'ltn hoa la thiet bi trong do nang lugng ciia phan ling oxi hoa - khir (hoa
nang) chuyen thanh dien nang
- Pin dien hoa tao bdi hai cap oxi hoa - khu, trong do:
• O cue am (anot): Xay ra su oxi hoa chat khir
• 6 cue duong (catot): Xay ra sir khu chat oxi hoa
- Sua't dien dong ciia pin dien hoa: La hieu ciia the didn cue duong (E,+)) v6i th6'
dien cue am (£,.,):
E(pi,„ = - E,-, > 0 (luon diromg)
E ° pi„) = E V ) - E V , > 0 (sua't dien dong chuan)
E,pi„), E°p|,„ phu thuoc vao ban chat ciia kim loai lam dien cue, n6ng d6 dung i
dich va nhiet do
5. The dien circ chuan ciia kim loai
- Dien cue hidro chudn : Pt (H,, 1 atm)/H" ( I M ) :
(Neu M diing truoc H trong day dien hoa)
4 Quy tac anpha (a ) 1
Day didn hoa ciia kim loai cho phep du doan chieu eua phan ling giCra hai cap
oxi hoa - khir theo quy tac a
Phan ling giOa hai cap oxi hoa - khir xay ra theo chieu chat oxi hoa manh hon se oxi hoa chat khir manh hon sinh ra chat oxi hoa yeu hon va chat khu yeu hon:
[oxh|„,„h + [kh] ,„,„h > [oxh]j4„ + [kh]
I V S l T B I E N P H A N
- Sir dien phan la qua trinh oxi hoa - khijf xay ra 0 be mat cac didn cue khi c6 dong dien mot chi6u di qua chat dien li nong chay hoac dung dich chat dien li
- Phan ling hoa hoc or cac dien cUc trong binh dien phan:
* 6 catot (cue - ) : Xay ra sU khir:
M " " + ne hoac 2 H , 0 + 2e
A : Khoi lugng mol cua chat thu dugc 6 dien cue
n: 56' electron ma nguyen tu hoac ion da nhan
I : Cuong do dong dien (A) , r t: Thoi gian dien phan (s)
F: Hang so Faraday (F = 96500 C/ mol)
- Tinh s6' mol electron trao d6i: n trao ddi = It/ F (mol)
Trang 4Phdn locii va pluMni^ phc'ip f-idi BT H6a hoc 12 -Cu Thanh Toan
V Sir AN M O N K I M L O A I
1 S u an mon hoa hoc va su an mon dien hoa i
-Giong nhau: D^u c6 ban chat la phan ung oxi hoa - khir
-Khdc nhau:
* Trong an mon hoa hoc khdng hinh thanh dong dien
* Trong an mon dien hoa c6 hinh thanh dong electron (cac electron dirac di
chuyen thanh dong, tir cue am d6n cue duong => tao pin difin hoa)
2 Cac dieu kien xay ra an mon dien hoa hoc
- Cac difin cue phai khae nhau ban chat
- Cac didn cue phai tid'p xiic true tiep hoac gian tiS'p vdi nhau qua day dSn
- Cac dien cue cung tiep xuc vdri dung dich chat dien l i
Chu y; Thie'u 1 trong 3 dieu kifen tren se khdng xay ra an mon dien hoa hoc, ma se
xay ra an mon hoa hoc
3 Chong an mon kim loai
- Bi6n phap bao \t be mat: scm, trang, ma, b6i diu m5, phii chat deo, \tn hi
mat kim loai
- Bidn phap bao vt ditn hoa: Diing kim loai c6 tfnh khir manh hom d^ bio vfi
(anot hi sinh)
V I P H U O N G P H A P D I E U C H E K I M L O A I
1 Phuofng phap thuy luyen (phuong phap udt)
* Ca sff: Dung nhOng dung dich thich hop, nhu dung djch H 2 S O 4 , NaOH,
NaCN, de hoa tan k i m loai hoac hop chat ciia kim loai va tach ra khoi phan khong
tan CO trong quang
Sau do cac ion kim loai trong dung djch duoc khir bang kim loai c6 tinh khir
manh hem
* Phant vi dp dung: Duoc diing de' dieu che nhOng kim loai c6 tinh khir yS'u nhu
Cu, Hg, Au,
* Thi du: Di6u che bac tir quang chira bac sunfua:
Ag.S + 4NaCN > 2Na[Ag(CN)2] + Na,S
2Na[Ag(CN)2] + Zn > 2Ag + Na.[Zn(CN)4]
2 Phuong phap nhiet luyen
* Ca sa: Khir nhUng ion kim loai trong cac hop chat thucmg la exit kim loai o
nhiet do cao bang cac chat khu manh nhu C, CO, H , hoac A l , k i m loai ki^m, kim
loai kiem th6
* Phqm vi dp dung: Uhg dung r6ng rai trong cong nghiep de di^u che' nhffng
kim loai c6 d6 hoat dong trung binh n h u Z n , Fe, Sn, Pb, Cr,
V6i kim loai kern hoat dong nhu A g , Hg thi chi cin dot chay quang cung da thu
duoc kim loai ma khdng phai khiJr bang cac tac nhan khac
HgS + O > Hg + SO, " " ' Ag,S + O, — ^ 2Ag + SO,
C r A + 2A1 '" > 2Cr + AUOj ZnO + C Zn + CO
Chu v; Khi CO nong chi khir duoc cac ion kim loai trong cac oxit diing sau kem trong day dien hoa, thi du FeO, PbO, CuO,
3 Phuomg phap dien phan
* Casa: Dung dong didn m6t chieu de khir cac ion kim loai r,
* Phqm vi dp dung: Co the diSu che duoc hdu het cac k i m loai
- Dieu che' k i m loai c6 tinh khir manh nhu L i , Na, K, A l , bang each dien phan nhung hop chat (mud'i, baza, oxit) nong chay ciia chiing
- Dieu che' kim loai c6 tinh khir trung binh va kim loai c6 tinh khir yeu nhu Zn,
C u , bang each dien phan dung djch mu6'i cua chiing
*r/(/c/M -2NaCl > 2 N a + Q,
2 A I 3 O 3 ^n"^.^""i" ) 4 A I + 3 0 ,
2CUSO4 + 2 H , 0 2Cu + 2H,S04 + O^ ^
B P H U C M ( 5 P H A P GJAO C-Ac 'D:^Na BAO T ^ P
Dang 1 : Bai tap kim loai tac dung vol dung djch muo'i, axit va phi kim
1 Kh6'i luong la kem giam khi ngam la kem vao dung dich (gia thie't khi k i m loai thoat ra bam he't vao la kem, kem chi bi oxi hoa boi ion k i m loai)
Trang 5Phan loai va phirati}> phi'ip i^iai BT Hoa hoc 12 - Cu Thanh Toan
Zn + CUSO4 > Cu 4^ + ZnS04
X x(mol)
Am = 64x - 65x < 0 => kh6'i lirong l a kem giam
Dap an dung la D
2 Cho a gam h6n hop bot cac kim loai Ni va Cu vao dung djch A g N O , dir, khuS'y
k l m6t thofi gian cho den khi phan ling k^'t thiic, thu duoc 54 gam kim loai
Mat khac, cung cho a gam h6n hop bot cac kim loai tren vao dung djch CUSO4
du, khua'y kT cho den khi phan ling ket thuc, thu duoc kim loai c6 khoi luong
bang (a + 0,5) gam Gia trj cua a la
A 13,5 g B 15,5 g C 18,6 g D 20,4 g
Hu&ng dan gidi Goi X, y \&n luot la s6' mol N i , Cu trong h6n hgfp Ta c6: a = 59x + 64y
* PTPU" xay ra khi cho N i , Cu + AgNO^Cdd, du):
Ni + 2AgNO., > 2Ag>l +Ni(N03)
* PTPU" xay ra khi cho N i , Cu + CuS04(dd, dir):
Ni + CUSO4 > Cui + NiS04
Vay a = 59 0,1 + 64.0,15 = 15,5 Dap an diing la B
3 Hai la kim loai ciing chat, c6 khoi luong bang nhau: Mot duoc ngam vao dung
dich Cd(N0,)2; mot duoc ngam vao dung djch PbCNO,), Khi phan ling, kim loai
diu bj oxi hoa thanh ion kim loai 2+ Sau mot thai gian, la'y cac la kim loai ra
khoi dung djch thi tha'y kh6'i luong la kim loai duoc ngam trong mu6'i cadimi
tang them 0,47%; con khoi luong la kim loai kia tang them 1,42% Gia thiet rang,
trong hai phan ung tren khoi luong kim loai tham gia phan ufng la nhu nhau
Kim loai da diing la
A Z n B.Fe C Cu D M g
Hu&ng dan gidi
Kl hifiu kim loai do la M , s6' mol M phan ume la x: khA'i lirnmfr M h;in rtaH la m tn\
4 Nhiing mot thanh sdt nang 100 gam vao 100 ml dung djch h6n hop g6m
Cu(N03)2 0,2M va A g N O j 0,2M Sau mot thdi gian lay thanh kim loai ra, rua
sach lam kh6 can duoc 101,72 gam (gia thiet cac kim loai tao thanh deu bam het vao thanh sdt) Khoi luong sat da phan ung la
A 1,40 gam B 0,84 gam C 2,16 gam D 1,72 gam
Hu&ng dan gidi
Theo bai ra: ncu(N03)2 = 0,1 0,2 = 0,02 (mol);
mp, = (0,01 + 0,015) 56 = 1,40 (gam)
Dap an diing la A
5 De khir ion Cu"* trong dung djch CUSO4 c6 the diing kim loai
A Ba B K C Fe D Na
Huong dan gidi
De khCr ion Cu-* trong dung djch CUSO4 c6 the dung kim loai Fe:
Trang 6Phdn loai va phuang phdp gidi BT Hoa hoc 12 - CM TIU ! an
Fe + C U S O 4 > Cu + FeS04
Dap an dung la C
6 khu ion Fe'* trong dung dich thanh ion Fe'* c6 ths' diing m6t lugng du
A kim loai Cu B kim loai Ba
C kim loai Ag D kim loai Mg
Hu&ng ddn gidi
D6' khii ion Fe'* trong dung dich thanh ion Fe"* c6 the dung m6t luong dir
kim loai Cu: Cu + 2Fe'* > Cu"* + 2Fe-*
Dap an dung la A
7 Cho day cac kim loai: Cu, N i , Zn, Mg, Ba, Ag S6' kim loai trong day phan ting
ducfc vdi dung djch FeCl, la
8 Cho h6n hop gom Fe va M g vao dung dich AgN03, khi cac phan ling xay ra
hoan toan thu duoc dung dich X (g6m hai muoi) va chat rSn Y (gom hai kim
loai) Hai mu6'i trong X la
A M g ( N 0 3 ) 2 v a Fe(N03)2 B Fe(N03)3va M g ( N 0 3 ) 2
C Fe(N03)3 va AgNOj D AgN03 va M g ( N 0 3 ) 2
Huong ddn gidi
- Y gom hai kim loai => Hai kim loai la Ag, Fe du
- X gom hai mu6'i => Hai mu6'i la MgCNOj)! va FeCNOj),
(Vi Fe con du nen AgNO, het, khong the sinh ra FeCNO,),)
Dap an dung la A
9 Cho 2,8 gam b6t sat vao 200 ml dung dich gdm AgNO3 0 , l M va
C U ( N O 3 ) 2 0,5M; khi cac phan ling xay ra hoan toan thu duoc m gam cha't ran
Thii tu phan iJng:
Fe + 2AgN03 ^ Fe(N03)2 + 2Ag 4- 7;;
0,01 ^ 0 , 0 2 0,02 , ,< •
Fe + Cu(N03)2 - > C u 4 + Fe(N03)2 ; > I
(0,05-0,01)-^ 0,04 ^ 0 , 0 4 '
Vay m - m^g + = 0,02.108 + 0,04.64 = 4,72 g Dap an dung la D
10 Cho m gam b6t sat vao dung dich h6n hcfp gom 0,15 mol CuS04va 0,2 mol HCl Sau khi cac phan ling xay ra hoan toan, thu duoc 0,725m gam h6n hop kim loai Gia tri cua m la
nFe(N03)3 -0,15.1 =0,15(mol);nc„(NO3 )2 =0,15.1 =0,15(mol)
Thirtutrong day dian hoa: Al^+ /A^Fe^* /Fe;Cu^^ /Cu;Fe^^ /Fe^^ V
Trang 7Phan loai vaphifcfn^phiip fiidi />/ //oti hoc 12 -Cii ' h.i / )/;
2A1 + SFe^"" ^ 3Fe i +2A\^^
0,05 0,075 ^ 0,075(mol)
Vay m = mcu+ mp, =0,15.64+ 0,075.56 = 13,80(g) » a p an dung la C
12 Cho a mol bot kem vao dung djch c6 hoa tan b mol Fe(NO,), Tim dieu kien
lien he giOa a va b de sau khi ket thiic phan ung khong c6 kim loai
Ban ddu: a b (mol)
Phan ung: a 2a (mol)
Do do b > 2a thi Zn phan ling het (bj tan het) va Fe'^^ Fe^^ (dd)
Dap an diing la C
13 Cho h6n hop kim loiii Mg, Zn, Fe vao dung dich chiia AgNO, va CuCNO,), Sau khi
phan ling xay ra hoiin toan thu duoc dung dich X g6m 3 muoi va chat rSn Y gom ba kim
loai Ba mudi trong X la
A Mg(N03)3, Fe(N03),, AgNO., B Mg(N03)„ Zn(NO.,)„ Cu(N03),
C Mg(N03),, Zn(N03),, Fe(NO,,), D Mg(NO.,):, Zn(NO,,)., Fe(NO,)
Hu&ng ddn gidi
Thu" tir cac kim loai nay trong day dien hoa:
Mg2+ /Mg;Zn2^ / Z n ; Fe^^ /FeiCu^^ /Cu;(Fe-'^ /Fe2+);Ag^ / A g
=> Kha nang phan ling ciia cac kim loai: Mg > Zn > Fe > Cu > A g
Do do 3 kim loai sau phan ling la: Ag;Cu;Fe
Vi Fe con du nen:
+ Mg, Zn phan ling het => c6 mu6'i Mg(N03)2 '^"(^^^.Oi
+ Mu6'i Cu(N03)2;AgNO, het => khong c6 cac mu6'iCu(N03)2 ,AgN03
trong dung dich sau phan umg
+ Kh6ng tao ra muoi Fe(N03)^ ma tao ra mu6'i Fe(NO,)2 '
vay 3 mu6'i trong X la Mg(N03)2 ;Zn(N03)2 ;Fe(N03)2 •
'' ' ' Dap an dung la D
Cty TNHH MTV DVVH Khang Viet
14 Cho 29,8 gam h6n hcrp bot gom Zn va Fe vao 600ml dung djch CUSO4 0,5M
Sau khi cac phan ling xay ra hoan toan, thu dugc dung dich X va 30,4 gam h6n hop kim loai Ph^n tram vd khdi lucmg ciia Fe trong h6n hop ban ddu la
A 43,63%' B 56,37% C 64,42% D 37,58%
Huong ddn gidi ,
Theobaira: ncu,so4 =0'60,5 = 0,3(mol)
V i khdi luong hdn hop kim loai sau phan ling lodi hon khdi luong hdn hop tru6c phan ling (30,4g > 29,8g) => Fe da phan ling mot phdn Do do, CUSO4 da phan
ling het, hdn hop kim loai sau phan ling gdm Cu va Fe dir , ^
Goi X , y, z Idn lirot la sd mol Zn, Fe phan ling, Fe con du
56.(y + z).100% 56.(0,1 + 0,2) 100%
vay: %mp, = — ^ - '- = — — = 56,37%
29,8 29,8
Dap an dung la B
15 Cho a mol A l vao dung dich chiia b mol Fe"* va c mol Cvr* Ket thiic phan ling
thu duoc dung djch chiia 2 loai ion kim loai Ket lufln nao sau day la diing?
Hu&ng ddn gidi
V i dung dich thu dugc chiia 2 ion kim loai (Al'* sinh ra va Fe""^ con du)
=> Cu-' het (Cu-* phan ling trudc Fe*); A l het (vi Fe"* con du)
PTPlT: 2A1 + 3Cu2^ > 3Cu I +2A1^+ j , , , , ( D , hu>'A
Trang 8Phdii locii vu pliif<yiii> plu'ip i^idi BT Hoa hoc 12 — Cu Thanh Toan
- V i A l phan utig vijfa du hoac con dir b phan utig (1) n6n:
16 Cho m gam h6n hop bot X gom Fe, Cu vao 600ml dung djch A g N O , I M Sau
khi ket thiic phan iJng thu duoc dung djch Y g6m 3 muoi (kh6ng chiia AgNOj)
CO khdi luong giam 50 gam so v6i ban dSu Gia tri ciJa m la
A 64,8 B 14,8 C 17,6 D 114,8
>; Hu&ng ddn gidi
Theobaira: nAgN03 =0>6(mol)
- V i dung djch sau phan ling thu duoc 3 muoi => Fe, Cu phan ung het
- Trong dung djch sau phan irng khdng c6 AgNOj => A g N O j da phan ting het
So 66 phan ling:
Fe,Cu + A g N O j ^ Fe (NO3 \u (NO3 \(NO3 )3 + A g i
Ta c6: m + m ddAgN03 ""^Ag"^ """"^ddsau
17 Ngam h6n hop 3 kirn loai Fe, Cu, A g trong luong du dung djch cha't X, khua'y
ky cho den khi phan iJng ket thiic thi cha't rSn thu duoc chi c6 A g va c6 khdi
lugng bang khdi luong ciJa no trong hdn hop dSu Vay X la
18 Cho m gam bot sat tac dung vdi 175 gam dung djch AgN03 34%, sau phan ling
thu duoc dung djch X chi chiia 2 mudi sat va 4,5m gam cha't ran Ndng d6 ciJa
Fe(N03)3 trong dung dich X la
A 7,60% B 12,36% C 8,31% D 9 , 8 1 %
Hu&ng ddn gidi
Theo bai ra: n AgN03 = " J ^ ^ = 0,35(mol)
V i dung djch X khdng con AgNOj => AgNO, het
=> n^g - nAgN03 = 0,35(mol)=>mAg = 0,35.108 = 37,8 (gam)
=> 37,8 = 4,5m =:>m = 8,4(gam)=>np^ = 8,4/56 = 0,15(mol)
Goi X, y \k\t la sd mol Fe(N03)2 va Fe(N03)3
Ta c6: 2x + 3y = 0,35 (bao toan electron)
X + y = 0,15 (bao toan nguyen td sat)
Giai ra ta duoc: x = 0,1; y = 0,05
vay C , , , o ) = " ' " ^ • ^ ^ ^ • ' " ' ^ ^ - 8 , 3 1 % D a p a n d a n g l a C
• ^ Fe(N03)3 175 + 8,4-37,8
Chu V Khdi luong phdn dung dicll sau phan ling:
•"dd = ""ddAgNOj + "Ipe - "lAg4
19 Cho m, gam A l vao 100ml dung dich gdm Cu(N03)2 0,3M va A g N O , 0,3M
Sau khi cac phan ung xay ra hoan toan thi thu duoc mj gam chat ran X Neu cho
mj gam X tac dung vdi luong du dung djch HCl thi thu duoc 0,336 lit khi (o
dktc) Gia trj ciJa m, va m^ Mn luot la
A 0 , 5 4 v a 5 , 1 6 B I,08va5,43 C.8,10va5,43 D I,08va5,16
Hu&ng ddn gidi
Theo bai ra: ncu(N03)2 " ^ ' ' -^'^ " 0,03mol;
"AgNOj = 0,1.0,3 = 0,03mol;nH2 =0,336/22,4 = 0,015mol
Trang 92A1 + 6HCI -> 2 A I C I 3 + 3H2 t
0,01 < - 0,015
Vay:m, =(0,01 + 0,02 + 0,0l).27 = l,08(g) „ ^ ,
m2 = m c u + m A j , =0,03.64+0,03.108=5,16(g) Dap an diing la D
20 Day nao sau day chi gom cac chat vira tac dung duoc vdi dung djch HCl, vira
tac dung duofc vorj dung djch AgNO,?
A Hg,Na,Ca B A l , Fe, CuO C Fe, Ni, Sn D Zn, Cu, Mg
Huong ddn gidi Day gom cac chat vira tac dung v6i dung djch HCl, vira tac dung v6i dung dich
AgNO, la Fe, Ni, Sn
21 Nhung mot la kim loai M (chi c6 hoa trj hai trong hop chat) c6 khoi lirong 50
gam vao 200ml dung dich AgNO, I M cho den khi phan iJng xay ra hoan toan
Loc dung djch, dem c6 can thu duoc 18,8 gam muoi khan Kim loai M la
A Mg B Cu C Fe D Zn
Huong ddn gidi Theobai ra: n^^j^^^ =0,2.1 =0,2 (mol)
M + 2AgN03 ^ M ( N 0 3 ) 2 + ^Ag
4-0,1 <-0,2 ^ 4-0,1
Gia sir M la kim loai Zn (kim loai c6 phan tiJr khoi Idn nha't => c6 s6' mol nho
nhat) thi n^, = 50/65 = 0,77mol >0,1 => Kim loai M con du, AgNOj phan linghet
T h e o P T H H = > n ^ N O ^ ) ^ = 0 , l ( m o l )
=>MM(NO3)2 = ' 8,8/0,1 = 188 M M = 188 - 62.2 = 64(Cu)
Vay M la kim loai Cu Dap an diing la B
22 Cho h6n hop gom 0,02 mol Fe vii 0,01 mol Cu vao dung djch chiia 0,065 mol
AgNO,, sau cac phan ung hoan toan thu duoc 200 ml dung djch X N6ng do cua
Fe(N03), trong dung djch.X la
A 0 , 0 5 M '£pa;075r^», C 0,025M D.O.IOM
Cty TNHH MTV~DWH Khang Viet Hu&ng ddn gidi
Trat tir day didn hoa: Fe'V Fe; Cu'V Cu ; Fe'7 Fe'^; AgV Ag
nen trinh tir cac phan ling xay ra nhu sau:
Fe + 2AgNO, -> Fe(N03)2 + 2 A g i '
0,02 0,04 -> 0,02 (mol) ' '
Cu + 2AgN03 Cu(N03)2 + 2Ag i
0,01 -> 0,02 S6' mol AgNO., con lai 0,065 - (0,04 + 0,02) = 0,005 (mol)
Fe(N03), + AgNO, -> Fe(N03)3 + A g i
0,02 0,005 (banddu) 0,005 <- 0,005 ^ 0,005 (mol)
vay nong do Fe(N03)3 trong dung djch X:
CFe(N03), = ^ = 0'025 (M)
Dap an dung la C
23 Hoa tan h6n hop chiJa dong thai 0,15 mol m6i kim loai Fe va Cu trong 675ml
dung djch A g N O j l M , khoi luong chat rSn thu duoc khi ke't thiic phan dng la
A 75,3 B.64,8 C 70,2 D 72,9
Hu&ng ddn gidi
Theo bai ra: nAgN03 =0,675(mol)
Thiitutrong day dien hoa: Fe^+/Fe; Cu^^/Cu; Fe^+/Fe^+; A g + / A g
vay m,i„ = m^gi = 0,675 108 = 72,9 (gam) Dap an dung la D
24 Cho 1,76 gam h6n hop bot X gom Cu, Fe c6 ti 16 mol tuong ling la 1: 2 vao
100ml dung djch AgNO, I M , khua'y k l d^ cac phan urng xay ra hoan toan Khd'i
luong Ag thu duoc la
A 6,48 gam B 8,56 gam C 10,8 gam D 8,64 gam
Hu&ng ddn gidi
Theo bai ra: nAgN03 =^'1 ( ' " ° ' ) Goi X la s6' mol Cu => s6' mol Fe 1^ 2x fH'J VI^N Tl'.MH «iNH THl.'ANJ
——— ^ — — :L
Trang 10Ta c6: 64x + 56 2x = 1,76 => x = 0,01 (mol)
Vi thiJ tu trong day di6n hoa: Fe-'/Fe; Cu'VCu; Fe-*/Fe'"; A g V A g
Nen thii tix phan ung xay ra:
Fe + 2 A g " Fe-" +2Ag>l
0 , 0 2 ^ 0 , 0 4 - ^ 0 , 0 2 ^ 0 , 0 4 ' '\h
Cu + 2 A g " C u - " + 2 A g i , 0,01 ->0,02 0,02
Fe-" + A g " ^ Fe'* + A g i 0,02 -> 0,02 ^ 0,02
=> n + = 0,04 + 0,02 + 0,02 = 0,08 < 0,1 => A g " con du
= n ^ + (Pu) = 0,08 (mol)
=> m^g = 0,08 108 = 8,64 (gam) Dap an dung la D
25 Hoa tan 5,4 gam b6t A l vao 150 m l dung dich h6n hop Fe(N03)3 I M va
Cu(N03)2 JM- Sau khi phan ihig xay ra hoan loan thu duoc m (gam) chat ran
" Gia tri cua m la
* A 13,80 B 10,95 C 15,20 D 13,20
Hu&ng dan gidi
Theobaira: n ^ , =0,2mol; np^ =0,15mol
Vay m = 0,15.64+ 0,075.56 = 13,80(g) Dap an dung la A
26 Hoa tan 1,57 gam h6n hop b6t kim loai gom A l , Zn vao 100 ml dung djch h6n
hop A g N O , 0,1M va Cu(N03)2 0,3M Sau khi phan ling xay ra hoan toan thu
diroc chat ran X va dung dich Y chi chiJa hai mudi Ngam X trong dung djch
H2SO4 loang kh6ng tha'y c6 khi thoat ra Cho dung dich NH3 dir vao Y thi thu
dugc bao nhieu gam ket tua?
A 1,96 gam B 2,74 gam C 1,56 gam D 0,78 gam
Hu&ng dan gidi
[ Theobaira: n^gNOj =0,1.0,1 =0,01 mol
Cty TNHH MTV DVVH Khang Via
=> X chura A g va Cu ( A l , Zn deu het)
Do do, A l va Zn phan ung vijfa dii vori A g N O , va Cu(N03)2 , ;j
Qua trinh cho - nhan electron:
A l Al-''+ + 3e
X - > X -> 3x(mol)
Zn -> Zn^^ + 2e
y -> y ^ 2y (mol) Ag"^ + le -> A g i 0,01 - > 0 , 0 1 Cu^+ + 2e ^ Cu i 0,03 -> 0,06
27 Cho m gam bdt sat vao dung dich chiia 0,2 mol A g N O j va 0,1 mol Cu(N03)2,
khua'y deu den khi cac phan ling xay ra hoan toan thu dugc 19,44 gam chat ran
Gia tri ciia m la ^^
A 5,6 B.5,04 C.3,36 D 8,4
Hu&ngddngidi ^ ,1 i
Gia siJr AgN03 phan lifng het thi tao ra 0,2 mol A g m^g = 0,2.108 = 21,6(g) > 19,44(g)
Trang 11Plum loai vci phifcmij phop i^icii BT Hoa hoc 12 - Cu Thanh Toan
=> AgNOj con du, C u ( N 0 3 ) 2 chua phan irng, Fe phan iJng het:
Fe + 3AgNOj (dif) ^ Fe (NO3 )^ + 3Ag i
m/56 3m/56(mol)
Taco: —.108 = 19,44 =:>m=3,36(g) Dap an diing la C
56
Chu y: Fe + 2AgNO, -> Fe (NO3 )^ + 2Ag i
Fe(NO,)2 + AgNO, ->• Fe(NO,), + Ag i
=> Fe + 3AgNO, (du) Fe (NO, )^ + 3Ag i
28 Cho 10,7 gam h6n hcrp kim loai g6m Mg, A l , Fe (c6 d 16 mol 1: 1: 1) vao dung
djch chiia 0,75 mol AgNO, den khi cac phan li-ng xay ra hoan toan thu duoc bao
nhieu gam chat rSn?
A 59,6 B 32,6 C 81 D 75,6
Huong dan gidi
So mol moi kim loai Mg, A l , Fe la x
29 Cho 16,2 gam kim loai M c6 hoa tri n tac dung vdi 0,15 mol O, Chat ran thu
duorc sau phan urng dem hoa tan vao dung djch HCl du tha'y thoat ra 13,44 lit H ,
16,2.n^
^ e (cho) = (mol)
m
O, + 4e > 0,15 0,15 4 (mol)
20"-2H" + 2e >
2.13,44 13,44
>Ie(nhan) =0,15.4 +
22,4 2.13,44 22,4
18 Loai
27 (Al) Thoa man
Dap an dung la B
(n = 1, M = 9 (Be)=> loai vi Be hoa tn n = 2)
(n =2, M = 18 kh6ng c6 kim loai nao thoa man)
Vay M la A l
30 Cho hiin hop gom 0,15 mol Mg va 0,1 mol A l vao dung djch chira dong thdi 0,2 mol A^ NO, va 0,25 mol Cu(N03)2, sau phan ihig hoan toan thu duoc dung dich
X Cho NaOH du vao dung djch X thi khoi lirong ket tiia tao ra la
A 21,4 gam B 18,4 gam C 8,4 gam D 13,6 gam
Trang 12=> Dungdjch Xco: 0,15 mol MgCNO,),; O.lmolAl(N03)3 ;
0,25-0,05-0,15 = 0,05mol Cu(N03)2 (du)
31 Ngam m6t vSt bang dong c6 kh6'i luong 10 gam trong 250 gam dung dich
AgNOj 4% Khi la'y vat ra thi khoi lirgng AgNO, trong dung djch giam 17%
a) Viet phiromg trinh hoa hoc cua phan ling va cho biet vai tro cac chat tham gia
phan urng
b) Xac dinh kh6'i luong cua vat sau phan ung
Huong ddn gidi
a) PTHH: Cu + 2AgN03 > CU(N03)2 + 2Ag i
Chat khu chat oxi hoa
b) Kh6'i luong AgNOj c6 trong dung dich ban ddu: m^gN03 - ^^^'^ = 10(g)
100 S6'mol AgNO, tham gia phan ling = = 0,01mol
32 Cho h6n horp gdm 1,2 mol Mg va x mol Zn vao dung djch chiia 2 mol Cu""^ va
10.536 mol Ag"^ den khi cac phan ling xay ra hoan toan, thu dugc m6t dung dich
chua ba ion kim loai Trong cac gia trj sau day, gia tri nao ciia x thoa man trucmg
Dung djch thu duoc chura 3 ion kim loai '
i=> 3 ion do phai la Mg"* , Zn"* va Cu"* (du)
Vi Cu"* con du => Mg va Zn phan xing het
Cac qua trinh phan ling xay ra:
A 6,40 B 5,76 C 3,84 D 5,12
Hu&ng ddn gidi Cdch 1:
Theo bai ra: "AgNOj = 0,4.0,2 = 0,08(mol)
= 5,85/65 = 0,09(mol)
VI 2nz„ >nAgN03 (20,09>0,08) =>Zn con du sau khi cac phan ling xay ra
hoan toan
Cu + 2AgN03 ^ Cu(N03)2 + 2Ag i
=> X (ran): Ag, Cu (chua phan ting) , ,;
Y (dung djch): AgNOj (chua phan ling), CU(N03)2
Zn + 2AgN03 -> Zn (NO3)^ + 2Ag i , : :
Zn + Cu(N03)2-> Cu >l+Zn(N03)2
=> Z (ran): Ag, Cu, Zn (du)
Vay thuc chat ciia thi nghiem tran la: ; - i JiJ
23
Trang 13Zn + 2AgNOj ^ Zn (NO, \ 2Ag i
= > m = 6,4(gam) Dap an diing la Ạ
34 Cho 6,4 gam bot Cu vao V ml dung dich AgNOa 0,2M, sau m6t then gian phan
ling thu duoc 7,92 gam h6n hop r i n X va dung dich Ỵ Loc tach X, r6i them
10,35 gam bot Pb vao Y, sau mot thori gian phan ling thu duoc 10,44 gam h6n
hop rdn Z va dung dich Ạ Loc tach Z, r6i them 5,85 gam b6t iZn vao A, sau khi
phan ling xay ra hoan toan thu duoc 10,28 gam chat xkn B va dung dich chi chiJa
mot chat tan Gia tri ciia V la
Ạ 200 B 400 C 600 D 150
Dap an dung la B
Dang 2: Bal tap tinh chat vat If cua kim loai
L Cho cac kim loai: Cu, Ag, Fe, A l , Aụ Day cdc kim loai duoc xd'p theo chieu
giam đn do dSn dien la
Ạ A l , Fe, Cu, Ag, Aụ B Ag, Cu, Au, A l , Fẹ
C Au, Ag, Cu, Fe, A l D Ag, Cu, Fe, A l , Aụ
Hu&ng dan gidi
D6 dSn dien giam dan theo Ag > Cu > Au > A l > Fẹ
Dap an dung la B
Chu V Ag dSn difin t6't nhát, r6i d^'n Cụ
2 Tinh dSn dien ctia kim loai phu thu6c vao
Ạ do dac kbit cua kim loaị B mat d6 electron tu dọ
C kieu mang tinh the kim loaị D mat do ion kim loaị
D6 ciJng: Cs < Cu < Fe < W < Cr Dap an dung la B
Chu y; Kim loai cumg nhát la crom (Cr);
Kim loai mem nhát la cac kim loai kiem
Dang 3: Bai tap ve pin dien hoa
L Trong pin difen hoa Zn - Cu, qua trinh khir trong pin la
Phan ii-ng khiJr Cu"": Cu"" + 2e > Cụ
Phan ling oxi hoa Zn: Zn > Zn"" + 2ẹ
r Dap an dung la D
2 Cho m6t pin difn hoa duoc tao boi cac cap oxi hoa - khir Fe""/ Fe va Ag"/ Ag
Phan ling xay ra d cue am ciia pin dien hoa (o didu kien chudn) la
Ạ Fe > F e - " + 2 e B Fe"" + 2e > Fẹ
B Ag" + le > Ag D Ag > Ag" + lẹ
Hu&ng đn gidi
Pin Fe - Ag: Cue am la Fe, cue duong la Ag ^ , ,
Cue am xay ra qua trinh: Fe > Fe"" + 2e
Dap an diing la Ạ
3 Mot pin didn hoa c6 didn cue Zn nhung trong dung djch ZnS04 va dien cue Cu
nhung trong dung dich CuSỘ Sau m6t thori gian pin do phong didn thi khoi luong
Trang 14Phdn loai ra pliironi; jilu'ip t^liii /IT 116a hoc 12 -Cu Thanh Toan
A ca hai dien circ Zn va Cu dfiu giam
B dien cue Zn tang con khd'i luomg dien eirc Cu giam
C dien circ Zn giam con khoi lucmg dien cue Cu tang
D ca hai didn cue Zn va Cu d^u tang
Huong dan gidi
Sod6ciiapin: 0 Zn / ZnS04 // CUSO4/ Cu @
Phan ling xay ra khi pin phong dien:
Zn + Cu-* (dd) > Cui + Zn-' (dd)
Suy ra, khd'i luong la Zn ngay cang giam (Zn > Z n ' * (dd) + 2e), kh6'i lucmg
la Cu cang tang (Cu'^dd) + 2e > Cu i)
Dap an dung la C
4. Khi pin didn hoa Zn - Cu phong di6n thi ndng do
A cua Cu"* giam, ciia Zn"* tang B ciia Cu'"^ giam, ciia Zn'* giam
C ciia Cu-* tang, ciia Zn"* tang D ciia Cu"* tang, ciia Zn"* giam
Huong ddn gidi
Phan ling xay ra khi pin Zn - Cu phong dien:
Zn + Cu-* > Cu + Zn-*
=> n6ng d6 Cu"* giam, n6ng d6 ciia Zn"* tang Dap an diing la A
5. Trong qua trinh hoat dong ciia pin didn hoa Zn - Cu thi
A kh6'i luong ciia dien cue Cu giam
B kh6'i luong ciia didn cue Zn tang
C ndng do ciia ion Cu'* trong dung djch tang
D ndng d6 ciia ion Zn"* trong dung dich tang
Huong ddn gidi
Phan ling hoa hoc xay ra: Zn + Cu^"^ ^ Cu i + Zn^"^
Suy ra: + Kh6'i luong cue Zn giam
+ Khdi luong cue Cu tang
+ Nong d6 ion Cu"* giam
+ Nong do ion Zn'* tang
Dap an dung la D
6. Sua't dien d6ng (Ej,J cua pin didn hoa khong phu thuoc vao
A ban chat ciia kim loai lam dien cue
B ndng do ciia cae dung dich mudi
C nhiet d6
D khdi luong cae dien cue *
Huong ddn gidi
Sua't dien d6ng E^,,, phu thuoc vao:
B a n chat cae kim loai lam dien cue ! , ' > ,
Ndng d6 cua cac ion k i m loai (dung djch mudi) ,•
- N h i e t d d
Khong phu thu6c vao khoi lugfng cae dien cue Dap an diing la D
7 Cho E°z„ 2* /7.„ = - 0,76V; E\+ /p, = - 0,13V , /
Phat bieu diing la: •
A Khi hinh thanh pin dien hoa, anot la cue Zn
B Sua't dien d6ng chuc4n ciia pin dien hoa Zn - Pb bang 0,89V
C Phan ling xay ra khi pin dien hoa Zn - Pb phong dien (d dieu kien chuan):
Pb + Zn-* > Zn + Pb'*
D Trong pin dien hoa Zn - Pb, nd'u sii dung cdu mudi la dung dich NH4NO3
Khi pin hoat d6ng thi ion NO 3 di ehuye'n ve phia cue Pb
Huong ddn gidi
Pin dien hoa Zn - Pb
Phan umg xay ra trong pin:
-Zn + Pb-* > Pb + -Zn-*
- V i E°z„ 2+ ^„ < E°pb 2+ => Zn CO tinh khii manh hon Pb => Zn la cue am
(anot), Pb la cue duong (catot)
^ pin(Zn-Pb) — Pb-* /Pb ^ Zn /Zn
= -0,13 - ( - 0 , 7 6 ) = 0,63V
- d cue Pb (cue duong, catot): Pb"* + 2e > ?hi
Do dd, ion NH4 se di chuyen ve phia cue Pb de trung hoa dien tich
Dap an dung la A
8. Trong qua trinh pin dien hoa Zn - A g hoat dong ta nhan tha'y
(cho biet E°z„ 2+ ^ = - 0,76V; E ^ * = "t" 0,80V, cSu mudi la dung djch KNO3)
A khdi luong ciia dien cue A g giam
B ndng do ciia ion Zn"* tang
C ion K* di chuyen v^ phia anot
D. sua't dien d6ng chudn cua pin bang 0,80 - 0,76 = 0,04V
Hu&ng ddn gidi ,
Phan umg xay ra khi pin dien hoa Zn - Ag hoat d6ng:
Zn + 2Ag* > Zn-* + 2 A g i
Trang 15Ph.'in Ji'.ii V,) n!i II', /»/;<//' /!,':i lifi ' 2 - C /< 1 luinli I pan
Ta thay:
- Kh6'i lircmg dien cue A g tang (khoi luong dien cue Z n giam)
- Nong do ion Zn-''tang (nong do ion Ag"^ giam)
- Trong pin Z n - A g thi anot la A g , catot la Z n
d anot (cue Zn): Z n ^ Zn"* + 2e ' '
d catot (cue A g ) : Ag*^ + le > A g i
Do do 6 catot thieu dien tich duong (do Ag* bj dien phan) ndn K* {cAu mu6'i) di
chuy^n do (chii khong anot)
- Suat dien dong chudn E ^ , , , z „ ^g, = E^g + /^g " E°z„ /z,,
E V z „ - A g , = 0,8 - ( - 0 , 7 6 ) = 1 , 5 6 ( V )
Dap an dung la B
9 Vai tro ciia cau muoi trong pin dien hoa, la
A cung cap them ion cho cac dung dich mudi
B can bang dien tich trong cac dung djch
C lam chat xiic tac cho phan iJng oxi hoa - khii xay ra k h i pin boat ddng
D con ducmg d i chuyen ciia cac electron tir cue am sang cue duong
Huong dan gidi
Vai tro ciia cau muoi trong pin dien hoa: Can bang dien tich trong cac dung dich
- V I Epi„ lu6n duong => loai phuong an A va D
- VI Cr C O tinh khij manh hon Sn ndn:
" ^ (Cr - Sn) - S.I ASii ^ Cr /Cr
= E''s„2+,s„ - ( - 0 , 7 4 )
= E°s,.2^s„ + 0 , 7 4 ( V )
•, - Vi Sn diing tru6c H trong day dien hoa nen E^s,, ^+ ys, < 0
Do do EV-S,) < 0,74V => E°,a-s,) = 0,60V Dap an diing la C
11 Co mot hoc sinh viet kf hieu ciia pin va tinh sua't dien ddng chu^n tuong ling
ciia pin nhu sau:
Xet cac pin:
* Pin sai (dch viet ki hieu:
- Pin A g - Cu (ma phai la pin Cu - A g )
- Pin A g - Z n (ma phai la pin Z n - A g )
* Pin CO gid tri sua't dien dong chuan E" sai:
- Pin Z n - A g : E",,,, = E ^ , + „^ - E\„ 2+ ^„
= 0,8 - (-0,76) = 1,56V
Vay chi C O 1 pin c6 k i hieu dung va E°p|„ dung
(Pin Z n - Cu: E°pi„ = + 1,1OV) Dap an diing la A
12 Cho mot pin dien hoa duoc tao bdi cap oxi hoa - khir Fe^*/ Fe va N i ' * / N i Phan
ling xay ra or cue am ciia pin diSn hoa ( 6 difiu kien chu^n) la
A Fe ^ Fe2+ + 2e B N i ^ N i ^ * + 2e
C Fe^* + 2e - > Fe f ^ ' D N i ^ * + 2e N i
; c.y Huong ddn gidi
Ca'u t a o p i n : ( - ) F e / F e 2 + / / N i ^ + / N i ( + )
Phan utig xay ra of cue am (anot): Fe > Fe^*" + 2e
Phan lirng xay ra 6 cue duong (catot): N i ^ ^ + 2e > N i Phan ling tdng eong: Fe + Ni^"^ ^•Fe^^'+Ni
Dap an dung la A
Chu v; Trong pin dien hoa: I
- d cue am (anot): Xay ra o x i hoa
- d cue duong (catot): Xay ra su khir '
13 M d t pin dien hoa gdm dien cue la s d day bac nhiing vao dung dich A g N O j va dien cue kia la mot sgi day platin nhiing vao dung dich chiia ddng thdi Fe(N03)3
va Fe(N03)2 Phan ung xay ra d dien cue duong ciia pin dien ( d dieu kidn chu^n)
la (cho E " ^ =+0,8;E° ,+ =+0,77V)
A g + / A g Fe-'+/Fe2+ , j
A Fe2+ - > Fe-^* + le B Fe-''^ + le - > Fe^* [ ' ^ :
C A g * + le - > A g D A g ^ Ag"" + l e • ' '