Phân dạng và phương pháp giải hóa học 11 phần vô cơ

PHAN CfNG TRAO DOI ION TRONG DUNG DjCH C A C CHAT DIEN LI * PhSn tfng xay ra trong dung dich cdc chat dien li la phan ti'ng giffa cdc ion.. Viet phi/dng trinh c&c chat dien li manh va t

P /IJyfD *>6 XUAN HUNG

•— ^ Gi&o vifen c h u y S n l u y § n t h i OH-CD H6a

Pfian ddng&

p n i f o n g p h a p g i d k

HOA HOC^

D3nh cho hoc sinh lop 11 on tap va nang cao la nang lam bai

i THi; VIEW TINHBINH IHUAN

PHAN DANG VA PHUdNG PHAP GlAi HOA HQC 11 Vd Cd

D 6 X U A N H l / N G

, Chju trach nhi^m xud't ban

N G U Y E N T H | T H A N H HlTCfNG Bien lap : HAI A U

* ChS't di$n li Ih nhifng chat tan trong nurdc phan li ra ion

C6 hai loai: Chat di0n l i manh va chatdi^n li yeu

* DO diOn l i (a): Dp diOn l i (a) cua chat dipn l i la t i so giffa s6' phan tur phan l i

ra ion (n) va tong so phan tur hoa tan (no)

a = J L O ^ a ^ l

«() Neu bieu di^n diTdi dang phan trSm : 0% < a ^ 100%

u a = 0 : chat kh6ng di$n l i

u 0 < a < 1 : cha't di^n li yeu

u a = 1 : cha't diOn li manh

C6 hai l o a i : + Muoi axit: NaHCOj, K H S O 4

+ Muoi trung hoa : KCl, CaC03,

Phan dgng phi^ng phap giai H6a tipc 11 V6 CO - D5 XuSn Hang _ _ _ _ _ _ _

4 Hidroxit li^ng tinh

La hidroxit khi tan trong nifdc vita c6 the phan li nhiT axit vifa c6 the phan 11

nhuf bazd

Vi du : Zn(OH)2, A1(0H)3

III Si; DI5N LI CUA NLTdC pH CHAT CHI TH! AXIT - BAZd

1 Nvldc la cha't di$n li rat yg'u

H2O H * + OH"

* Tich so' ion cua nuTdc (kn^o) la h^ng so cl nhi$t do xdc dinh

k H 2 0 =[H^]-[OH'] = 1-010''^ ( [ H i = [0H-] = I.O.IQ-' (mol//) d 25"C)

* Moi trurdng axit la moi trifdng trong d6 :

[ H 1 > [ 0 H ' ] hay [ H ^ > 1,0.10"^M

* Moi triTcJng kiem 1^ m6i triTdng trong do :

[ H 1 < [ 0 H - ] hay [ H i < 1,0.1 Q-'M

* Moi trirdng trung tinh Ih moi triT&ng trong do: [H^] = [OH"] = 1,0.10"'M

2 Khai ni^m v l pH ChS't chi thj axit - bazof

[ H i = 1,0.10"''" (M)

Ve mat toan hoc : pH = - l g [ H l

+ Khi pH < 7 : moi triTdng axit

+ Khi pH = 7 : moi trifcfng trung tinh

+ Khi pH > 7 : moi tru-dng kiSm

* Thang pH thuTdng dilng c6 gid tri ttt" I -> 14

* Mau ciia hai cha't chi thi axit - bazd la quy tim va phenolphetalein

IV PHAN CfNG TRAO DOI ION TRONG DUNG DjCH C A C CHAT DIEN LI

* PhSn tfng xay ra trong dung dich cdc chat dien li la phan ti'ng giffa cdc ion

* Phan tfttg trao doi trong dung dich cac cha't dien li chi xay ra khi cac ion ke't

hdp dtfdc vdi nhau tao thinh it nhS't mot trong cdc cha't sau :

+ Cha't ket tua;

+ Chat dien li y6'u;

+ Chat khi;

K2SO4 + BaClz > 2KC1 + BaS04>t

PhiTdng trinh ion thu gon : Ba^* + SO^" > BaS04

NaOH + HCl > NaCl + H2O

PhiTdng trinh ion thu gon : H"" + OH" > H2O

K 2 C O 3 + 2HC1 > 2KC1 + C 0 2 t + H2O

B PHAN L O A I V A PHlTdNG P H A P G I A I C A C D A N G B A I T A P

Dang 1

- Viet phi/cfng trinh di#n li c a c chdt

- Tinh nong dp mol cua tCfng Ion

BAI TAP M A U V A BAI TAP NANG C A O

Bai 1 Viet phifdng trinh dien li cua nhiTng chat sau : a) Cac chat dien l i manh : NaCl, H N O 3 , KOH, Na2S04, Ba(N03)2, H2SO4,

Bai 2 Viet phi/dng trinh c&c chat dien li manh va tinh nong do mol cua tilfng ion

trong cac dung dich sau :

Phan dang va pniiono ph^p giai H6a hpc 11 VP cc - Bi XuSn Hung

a) 0,3 mol dung djch axit sunfuric vdi the tich 2 lit

b) 5,85g dung dich natri clorua vtJi the tich 200nil

c) Dung dich NaOH 0.25M

Bai 5 Hai hdp cha't X va Y khi tan vao nirdc moi chat di^n li ra hai loai ion vdi

nong dp mol nhiT sau :

- Tinh d$ di^n H a h^ng s6 di^n li

- Tinh (H*), (OHl pH cua dung djch

BAI TAP MAU

Bai 1 Tinh nong dp H \, pH ciia dung dich HCl 0.1 OM va dung dich NaOF

jPijilff 4$fi9 ¥^ phuong pWp 9i5i Hda hoc 11 VP CO - B5 Xuan Hung

Uhi I Dung dich axit axetic nong do 0,25M co pH = 2

g) TInh do dien li cua axit axetic trong dung dich tren

Neu hoa tan thtm 0,01 mol HCl vao 1 lit dung dich tren thi do dien l i cua

mit axetic tftng hay giam? GiU thich?

Giai

a) PhiTctng trinh di6n l i : CH3COOH ^ CHiCOO" + H*

Trong 1 lit dung dich c6 0,25 mol CH3COOH c6 pH = 2

=> [ H i = 10"''" = 10"^ = 0,01M

V|y troog 1 lit dung dich c6 0,01 mol CH3COOH phan li ra ion

Bo di^n li cua CH3COOH la: a = — x 100% = 4%

0,25 b) Khi them 0,01 mol HCl vao 1 lit dung dich tren thi nong do H"" tang len, do

d6 cSn bhng dien li chuydn dich sang trai, do do do diSn U giam

Bai 3 Mot dung dich c6 [ H ^ = 0,010M Tinh [OH^ va pH cua dung dich Moi

tri/cfng cua dung dich nay la axit, kiem hay trung tinh? Hay cho bie't mau cua

quy tim trong dung dich nay?

Gidi

[HI =0,010M => [0H-] = ' , =1,0.10-'^M

1,0.10"^

pH = - l g [ H l = - l g I 0 - ' = 2

Moi irirftng cija dung djch nay lii axil Quy tim doi sang milu do

Bai 4 Tinh pH cOa cac dung dich sau :

N6ng do OH" cua dung dich: [OH'] = 0,008.a = 0,008.0,8 = 0,0064M

=> [ H i = ^'"'^^ = l,5625.10-'2 =:> pH = - l g [ H l = 11,81

6,4.10 ^

d) CH3COOH -> CH3COO- + H^

0,004M 0,004M hay [H1 = 0,004M

=> Nong dp H* cua dung dich:

pH = 9,0 [ H i = lO ^" = lO-^'M =>[0H1 = = lO'^M

VI pH = 9,0 nen dung dich c6 moi tru'dng kiem => phenolphetalein doi sang m^u hong

Ma a = 0,43% = 0,0043 = y =:> x = 0,0043 = 4,3.10"^

^8,57.10-^-[NH3] 1-x 1-x 1-4,3.10"^

Phan dsino va phiiong phip giai H6a hpc 11 VP c o - D5 XuSn Hung

IH*] = = J O : ! ! = 0,23.10-'' = 2.3.10-'^

[ O H " ] 4,3 10"^

pH = - l g [ H l = -lg(2,3 10-'')= 11,64

Bai 7 Tinh nong dp mol ciSa cdc ion H* va O H ' trong dung djch NaN02 1,0M

Biet n^ng h^ng so phan li bazd cda NOj la Kh = 2 ,5.10'"

Giai

Phuang trinh di§n l i : NaNO: > Na* + N O j

I M I M Phan tfng thuy phan : N O j + H2O -> HNO2 + OH"

Bui 8 Cho dung djch X chua hon hpp gom CH3COOH 0,1M va CHjCOONa

0,lM Biet a 25"C cua CH3COOH la 1,75.10-^ va bo qua sy phan li cua nuac

Tinh pH cua dung djch X

'' Trich de thi tuyen sink Dgi hgc khoi B''

Giai

Phuang trinh dien li: CH.iCOONa CH3COO + Na^

0,1 0,1 Can bang: CH3COOH -> CH3COO +

Bai 9 Cho dung djch HCl c6 pH = 3 Ctin pha loang dung dich axit nay bhng

nurdc bao nhieu Ian dc thu diTtJc dung djch HCl c6 pH = 4?

Giai

Phtfdng irinh diOn l i : HCl > H* + Cl"

Goi V, la the lich dung djch HCl ban dau c6 pH = 3

pH = 3 IH*] = lO'^M mh [H^] = - J l => n^^ ^ = lO-^V, (mol)

Goi V2 la the lich dung djch HCl sau khi pha loang c6 pH = 4

n + pH = 4 => [H*] = lO-'^M ma [H*l = - j ^ - => n^+ = 10-^V2 (mol)

Khi pha loang dung djch so mol H* khong thay d o i : n + = n ^

=> pH = - I g l H * ] = -lg(3.71.10-' + 10-') = 2,33

Bai 11 Trpn 100 ml dung djch hon hrtp gom H2SO4 0,05M va HCl O.IM vdi 100

ml dung djch hon hdp gom NaOH 0.2M va Ba(OH)2 O.IM ihu diTcJc dung djch

X Tinh pH cua dung djch X

{Trich de thi tuyen sinh Dai hoc khoi B)

Phan d^ng phipng ph&p giii H6a hoc 11 VP co - D5 XuSn Hung

Gidi

Ta c6: n = 5.10'Wl; H H C I = 0,01 mol => 2 n + = 0,02 mol

H 2 S O ^ H

" B a ( O H )2 = 0.01 mol; HNaOH = 0,02 mol I n^^ = 0,04 mol

Phan ung trung h6a: H* + OH" -* H2O

0,02 0,02

n d„ = 0,04 - 0,02 = 0,02 mol

O H

=> [OH] = 0,02 : 0,2 = 0,1M => pOH = 1 ^ pH = 13

Bai 12 Trpn Ian V ml dung djch NaOH 0,01M vdi V ml dung dich HCl 0,03M

difcJc 2V ml dung dich Y Dung dich Y co pH la:

0,01V 0,01V

=^ = 0,03V - 0,01V = 0,02V (mol)

H

H^ 0,02 V 2V = 0,01 = 10"2 M =>pH = 2 ^ DapanC

Bai 13 Tron 100 ml dung djch c6 pH = 1 gom HCl va HNO3 vdi 100 ml dung

dich NaOH nong do a (mol/1) thu di/dc 200 ml dung dich co pH = 12 Gia Iri

cua a la: (biel trong moi dung djch [H* ][0H""] = 10"'^)

Dung djch sau phan tfng co pH = 12 (moi triTdng bazcJ) => sau phan \ing tren

OH' dir, H* het

I • Theo phiTdng irlnh phan tfog: n phaming = n 0,01 mol

Bai 14 Tron 250ml dung djch hon hdp HCl 0,08M va H2SO4 0,1M vdi 250ml

dung dich Ba(0H)2 aM thi thu du'dc m gam ke'l lua va 500ml dung dich co

pH =12 Tinh a va m

Gidi

Tacd: nH2S04 = 0,025 mol

"HCI - 0,02 mol nBa(0H)2 = 0'25a mol

Dung djch sau khi tron co pH = 12 (moi trifdng bazd)

=> Sau phan iJng OH" dif

H* + OH" ^ H2O

0,07 0,07 n,^„_ = (0,5a - 0,07) mol

Phan djinfl v i phuang pMp giii H6a hqc 11 VP cO - Dg Xuin Hung

Bai 2 Co hai dung dich sau :

a) CHjCOOH O.IOM (K, = 1,75.10"*) Tinh nong do mol cija ion H\

b) NH3 0,1 OM (Kh = 1,80 lO-') Tinh nong do mol cua ion OH"

a) Them tir tir lOOg dung dich H2SO4 98% v^o niTdc va dieu chinh de diTcJc 1 lit

dung dich A Tinh nong do mol cua ion H* trong dung dich A

b) Phai th6m v^o 1 lit dung dich A tren bao nhieu lit dung dich NaOH 1,8M de

= > n H 2 S 0 4 d ^ = ( l - 0 9 V ) mol

Sau phdn i?ng : Vjj = 1 + V p H = l =>[H1 = 10-'=0,1(M)

H2SO4 > 2H* + S O ^

(1-0,9V) (2-1,8 V)

= > [ H 1 = ^ - ^ = 0.1

1 +V Giai ra ta CO V = 1 (lit)

• pH= 13 => dung dich c6 tinh bazd

Phati djing va phuang phap glSi H6a hge 11 VP c o - D5 Xuan Hi/ng

a) Tinh pH cua dung dich chtfa l,46g HCl trong 400ml

b) Tinh pH cua dung djch tao thanh sau khi tron 100ml dung dich HCl 1,00M

vdi 400ml dung dich NaOH 0,375M

Vdj sau phan i?ng = 0,4 + 0,1 = 0,5 (lit)

PhiTcJng trmh phan tfng : H^ + OH" — - » H2O

0,1 mol 0,1 mol n^ - =0,15-0,1 = 0,05(mol)

"OH dU

[OH-] = - ^ = 0,l(M>

[Hi = h2:lI^=x(r^^.(Pi^-^ 0^110^^ = [§,

Bai 6 Tinh nong do [H*] va [OH"] trong dung dich CH3COOH 2M Neu sau do

them v.^o moi lit dung djch axit tren 0,2 mol muo'i CHjCOONa thi [H*] va [OH"] cua dung dich tang hay giam bao nhieu Ian Bic't hang so' phan 11 axit

la 2.10"'* va the tich dUng dich thay do'i khong dang ke

Gidi

Phircfng trinh dien l i : CH3COOH -> CH^COO" + H* (1)

Bandau: 2 0 0 (M) Can bang: 2 - x x x (M)

nen lam cho nong do CH3COO- trong dung djch tang len do do can bang d

phdn tfng ( i ) dich chuyen theo chieu tOf phai sang irai, nen can b^ng duftJc thanh lap

CH3COOH -> CH3COO- + H*

Bandau: 2 0 0 Canb^ng: ( 2 - y ) (0,2+ y) y

[OH1 = 10 -14 = 0,5.10"'" =5.10-" (M)

2.10 -4

So vdi dung dich CH3COOH ban diu:

[ 0 H 1 tang len = 5.10 - 3 r W e- 4 i ^ 4 f t - v 4 - t t I 1 gi^ni 31,64 Ian

l.:;aH).7'ViEN TINH BIN.H THUAN '

PhSn dgng va phuong phap giii H6a hgc 11 Vfl cO - B5 XuSn Hang

Bai 7

a) Tinh pH ciia dung dich A la hon hcJp gom HF 0,1M va NaF = 0,1M

b) Tinh pH cua 1 lit dung djch A d tren trong hai trUdng hcTp sau :

- Them 0,01 mol HCl vao;

- Them 0,01 mol NaOH vao

Bie't rang hang so axit (hhng so ion hoa) cua HF la = 6,8.10""*

M i 8 Tron ba dung dich H2SO4 0,05M; HNO3 0,1M va HCl 0,15M vdi nhffng

the tich bang nhau, thu dtfcfc dung dich A Lay 600ml dung djch A cho tac

dung vcti dung dich B gom NaOH 0,3M va KOH 0,15M Tinh the tich dung

dich B can dijng de sau khi tac dung vdi 600ml dung dich A thu difdc dung

0,03 mol 0,03 mol

=> I = 0.02 + 0.02 + 0.03 = 0.07 (mol) Goi the tich dung djch B can diing la V

HNaOH = 0,3.V (mol) nKOH = 0.l'5.V(mol) NaOH > Na* + OH"

0.3V (mol) 0,3V (mol) KOH > K* + OH"

The tich dung dich sau phan tfng : V j j = 0,6 + V

pH = 3 [ H i = 10-'= 0.001 (M)

[HI = ^ = "'Q^-Q''^^^ = 0.001 V = 0.154 lit

V 0.6 + V Vay the tich dung dich B la 0,154 lit

Bai 9 Trpn 200ml dung dich g6m HCl O.IM va H2SO4 0.05M vdi 300ml dung

dich Ba(0H)2 cd nong dp a mol// thu di/dc m gam ket tua va 500ml dung dich

I cd pH = 13 Tinh a va m Cho biet trong cac dung dich vdi dung moi la niTdc, tichso [ H l [ O H - ] = 1 0 - ^

19

Phan dgng va phuong ph^p giii H6a hpc 11 VP CO - 05 Xuan Hi/ng

20H-0,3a mol 20H-0,3a mol 0,6a mol

Khi trpn dung dich gom HCl va H2SO4 vdi dung dich Ba(0H)2 ta c6 cac

phu'dng trinh sau :

a) Dung dich CH3COOH O.IM c6 dp di^n li a = 1% Vifi't phUdng trinh dien li

CHiCOOH va tinh pH cua dung dich nhy

b) A Ih dung djch HCl 0.2M; B la dung dich H2SO4 O.IM Trpn cac the tlch b<^ng

Gidi

a) PhiTdng trinh dien li: CH3COOH - » CH3COO- +

BandSu: 0,1 0 0 Can bang: 0 1 - x x x -.100% = 1% =^ X = 10-' hay [H^ = IQ-' (M)

(M) (M)

a = 0,1

Bai 11 Trpn dung dich X chuTa NaOH 0,1M, Ba(0H)2 0,2M vdi dung dich Y

(HCl 0,2M; H2SO4 0,1M) theo ti Ip nao ve the tich de dung dich ihu diTpc c6 pH= 13?

Gidi

Taco: nB,(OH)2 = 0,2Vx molj

" N a O H = 0,lVx mol J ~ " ^ ' 0 H

-nH2S04 = 0,1VY mol T

"HCI - 0,2VY mol

Sau khi trpn dung dich c6 pH = 13 moi triTclng bazd => sau phan ifng giiTa axit va bazd thi OH" diT:

Phfln-djino va phuong ph^p gSi HdaJipc 11 VP co - D5 Xuan Hifng

Hkil2 Tron iOOmI dung^ljch g6m Ba(OH)2 O.IM va NaOH 0,1M vdi 400 ml

dung dich gom H2SO4 0/)375M va HCl 0,0125M thu di/dc dung djch X Gia

tri pH cua dung dlchX 1^:

B a i 13 Cho m gam hon hdp Mg va Al vio 250ml dung djch X chiJa hon help

axit HCl I M axit H2SO4 0.5M thu difdc 5,32 lit Hj (dktc) va dung dich Y

(coi the tich dung dich khong doi) Dung dich Y c6 pH la:

= 0.1 = 10"' M pH = 1

KifAwrfiinET

D a n a 3

- Phan ang trao ddi ion

- X a c dinh vol tro axit, bazd, trung tinti hay li/dng tinh

- NhOn bid't dung djch v a ion

BAI TAP M A U Bai 1 Viet phiTdng trinh phan tuf, phifdng trinh ion, phiTdng irinh ion thu gon ciia

cdc p h a n uTng (neu c6) xay ra trong dung dich giffa c a c c a p cha't sau :

a) FeCb + NaOH b) CUSO4 + Ba(N03)2 c) K2CO3 + NaCl d) NajS + HCl e) NazCOj + H2SO4 0 KCl + AgNOj

Gidi

a) FeCb + 2NaOH > Fe(OH )24' + 2NaCl Fe^* + 2Cr + 2Na* + 20H- > FeCOH).! + 2Na* + 2Cr

Fe^* + 2 0 H - ).Fe(0H)2i

b) CUSO4 + Ba(N03)2 > BaS04i + Cu(N0,)2

Cu^* + SO4" + Ba^* + 2NO3 > BaS04i + Cu'^ + 2NO3 Ba^* + SO4- > BaS044'

c) KzCOs + NaCl >• khong xay ra

d) Na2S + 2HC1 > 2NaCl + H2St 2Na* + S^- + 2H* + 2Cr > 2Na^ + 2Cr + H.St

S^- + 2H* j-HzSt

e) NazCOj + H2SO4 > 2Na2S04 + COjt + H2O 2Na* + C 0 | - + 2H* + S O ^ > 2Na" + SO^" + CO2T + H2O 2H* + C O | - • COzt + H2O

0 K C l + AgNOj >-AgCli + KN03 K* + Cr + Ag* + NO3 > AgCli + + NO3

Ag* + cr > AgCli

Bai 2 Chi dung mot thuoc thijr h\, hay trinh bay each nhan bicl

ba dung djch co cClng nong do mol sau : NaOH, H3PO4 va H2SO4

Gidi

~ Cho dung djch phenolphetalcin tifng giot Ian liTdt vao ba mau thi'r mau nao c6 mau hong h\g dich NaOH con lai la H3PO4 va H2SO4

- Lay ba dung dich vdi V b^ng nhau sau do them viio hai dung dich axit Ian

iiTdt vai giot phcnolphctalcin Do tiep V ml dung djch NaOH vao tiTng axit

Phan dgng phuong ph^p giai H6a hgc 11 V6 cO - D8 Xuan Htflig

them mot it dung djch NaOH ntJa neu thay dung djch c6 m^u hong Ih H3PO4,

con hii la dung djch H 2 S O 4 khong hiOn tiTcfng

B a i 3 Rau qua kho dU'cJc bao quan bhng khi SO2 thi/dng chtfa mot liTtJng nho

hdp cha't CO goc S O 3 " De xac dinh suT c6 mat cua cac ion SO3" trong rau

qua, mot hoc sinh ngam mot it qua dau trong niTdfc Sau mot thcli gian Ipc lay

dung dich roi cho tac dung vdi dung djch H2O2 (cha't oxi hoa), sau do cho tac

diing ticp vdi dung djch BaCl2 Viet cac phiTcfng trinh ion rilt gon da xay ra

Gidi

PhiTdng trinh ion rut gon :

S O ^ + H2O2 > SOJ- + H2O

Ba^* + S O 4 " > BaS04>l'

Bai 4 NhuTng hoa chat sau thi/clng di/dc dung trong cong viec noi trcJ : muoi an,

giam, bot nd (NH4HCO3), phen chua (KAI(S04)2.12H20), muoi iot (NaCl +

KI) Hay dilng cac phan iJng hoa hoc de phan biet chiing Viet phiTtfng Irinh

ion riit gon cua cac phan tfng

Giai

Cho cAc chat tren vao nxidc de dufcJc cac dung dich :

* Dung djch muoi an (NaCl)

Cho dung dich AgNOs vao muoi an -> hien ti/cfng A g C l i trang

* Phen chua (KAI(S04)2.12H2O)

Khi hoa tan phen chua v i o niTdc c6 ket tua keo trttng xusi't hien

PhiTcJng trinh ion rut gon:

A l ' * + 3H2O ^ A l ( 0 H ) 3 i + 3 H *

* M u o i iof ( N a C l + K I )

Cho chat oxi hoa H2O2 vao -> c6 hi<?n ti/cJng h sinh ra lam cho ho tinh bot c6

mau xanh

Phi/cJng trinh ion rial gon:

Bai 5 V i c t cdc phuTcfng trinh phan lit \k ion riit gon cua cac phan iJng (neu c6)

xay ra trong dung djch giiJa cdc cap chat sau :

a) Fe2(S04)3 + N a O H b) NH4CI + AgN03 c) NaF + H C l d) MgCl2 + K N O 3

e) FeS + H C l i") K O H + HCIO

Bai 6 Viet phiTdng trinh ion rut gon cua cac phiin tfug hoa hoc sau:

(1) (NH4)2S04 + BaCl2 (2) CUSO4 + Ba(N03)2 ^ (3) Na2S04 + BaCl2 -> (4) H2SO4 + BaS03 ->

(5) (NH4)2S04 + Ba(0H)2 -> (6) Fc2(S04)3 + Ba(N03)2 ^

GiaM

(1) (NH4)2S04+ BaCl2 ^ 2NH4CI + BaS044'

-> pt ion thu gon: Ba^"" + S04^' -» B a S 0 4 i

(2) CUSO4 + Ba(N03)2 ^ Cu(N03)2 + BaS04 i

-» pt ion thu gon: Ba^* + S04^" -> BaS04 i (3) Na2S04+ BaCl2 - * 2 N a C l + B a S 0 4 i -> pt ion thu gon: Ba^"^ + S04^" BaS04 i

(4) H2SO4 + BaS03 -> SO2 + H2O + BaS04 i

-> pt ion thu gon: 2 H * + S04^" + BaS03 ^ SO2 + H2O + BaS04 i

(5) (NH4)2S04 + Ba(OH)2 -> 2 N H , + B a S 0 4 i + 2H20 -> pt ion thu gon: 2NH4* + S04^"+ Ba'^+ 2 0 H - ^ 2NH3 + BaS04 i + 2H2O (6) Fe2(S04)3 + 3Ba(N03)2 -> 2Fc(N03)3 + 3BaS04 i

H6a hQC 11 V6 CO - DS XuSn Hung

Bai 7 Trong cac ion sau: CHjCOO", CO^", HCO^, H S O 4 , CP, N H 4 ,

AKHzO)^", S^', Q H 5 O " , K"" la axit, bazd, trung tinh hay lU3ng tinh? T a i sao?

A 1 ( H 2 0 ) ' V H2O - > H3O* + Al(OH)'^

* Cac ion la bazd : CHjCOO", C O ^ , S^", CfH^Q- v i chung c6 kha nang nhan

proton (theo Bronstet)

* Cac ion la irung tinh : C r , K"^ v l chung khong cho cung khong nhan proton

* Ion la imlng tinh : H C O J v i viTa cho, viTa nhan proton

H C O 3 + HjO^ -> CO2 + 2H2O HCO3 + H2O C 0 | - + HiO\

Bai 8 Viet phiTcJng trinh phan tuT, phU'cJng trinh ion rut gon cua ctic phan tfng sau:

c) BaC03 + 2HNO3 > Ba(N03)2 + CO.T + H2O

BaC03 + 2H* > Ba^* + C02t + H2O

d) CaHP04 + H2SO4 > CaSOA + H3PO4

e) FeCb + 3 K 0 H > F e ( 0 H ) 3 i + K C l

Fe^^ + 3 0 H - > F e ( 0 H ) 3 i

Bai 9

a) Theo dinh nghTa mdi cua Bronstet Cho quy tim vao cac dung djch sau se c6

mau gi? CHjCOONa, Ba(N03)2 NH4CI, K2CO3? Gifii thich?

b) D i / doan dung dich cho difdi day c6 gia tri p H Idn hOn hay nho hcfn 7? NazCOj, K C l C H 3 C O O K , NaHS04 Al2 (S04)3 Na2S, CfiHsONa?

Gidi

a) Theo dinh nghTa m d i cua Bronstet: Axit la cha't nhi/dng proton (H*), bazO Iti chat nhan proton

* Cho quy tim vao dung dich CHsCOONa -> quy tim hoa xanh

V i : CHjCOONa )• CHjCOO" + Na*

* Cho quy tim vao dung dich K2CO3

-V l : K2CO3 > IK" +

COJ-quy tim hoa do

quy tim hoa xanh

C O ^ + H 2 O -> H C O 3 + OH"

b) * Dung djch c6 p H = 7 : K C l

* Dung dich c6 p H < 7 : NaHS04, Al2(S04)3

* Dung djch c6 p H > 7 : C H 3 C O O K Na2C03, NiXjS, CfiHsONa

Bai 10 Chi dung quj' tim hay phan bi?t niim lo mat nhan sau: H C l , H2SO4, K C l ,

NaOH, BaCl2

Gidi

~ L a y m o i l o m o t i t d e l a m m l i u t h i i f

- Khi cho quj'tim vao tifng mSu thuf:

+ M a u lam quy tim hoa do la H C l va H2SO4

+ Mixu Ihm quy tim hoa xanh la NaOH

+ Hai mau khong Ic^m doi mau quy tim la K C l vii BaCb

- Cho mot trong hai mau lam quy tim hoa do vao hin liTtft hai dung djch m u o i :

+ Dung djch H C l khong tac dung difdc \6i hai mu6'i

+ Dung dich H2SO4 tao ket tua triCng vdi BaClj con vdi K C l thi khong hien

tircJng

BaCl2 + H2SO4 > BaS04>l + 2HC1

Phan dgng va phiiong ph^p oi5i H6a hpc 11 VP cO - D5 XuSn Hang

B A I T A P A P D g N G Bai 1 Viet phufdng trlnh ion rut gon cua cac phan iJng (neu c6) xay ra trong

dung djch giiJa cac c$p chaít sau :

e) khong xiiy ra 1) khong X i i y ra

g) Sn(0H)2 + 2 0 H - -> SnÔ" + 2H2O h) Cú* + H.O -> Cu(OH)^ + H ^

Bai 2 V i c t phÚcfng trinh dang phan tur ufng vdi phúdng trinh ion rut gon sau

a) Câ* + COJ~ > C a C O s i b) Pb^^ + SÔ" > PbSOai

a) The nao Ih muói trung h6a, muoi axit? Cho vi diị Axit pholphord H3PO3 la axit

hai lan axit, vay hdp chat Na2HP03 la muói axit hay muoi trung hoả

b) Vic't phuTdng trlnh ion rut gon cua cac phan iJng thuy phan cac muoi :

NaHCOj, NH4CI, H C O O N H 4 , K2SO4 Trong cac phan itng nay núdc dong vai

tro axit hay bazd?

Gidi

a)* M u o i trung hoa \h muói ma anion goc axit khong con hidro c6 kha nang

phan l i ra ion H"^ (hidro co ifnh axit)

NÚdc khong thuy phan nen H2O trung tinh

Bai 4 Cho bon lo di/ng bon dung djch : HCl, BaCb, K O H , Fe2(S04)3 Nhffng cap dung djch nko c6 the ph5n uTng vdi nhaủ V i saỏ Viét phifdng trinh hoa hoc cua cac phan lirng xay ra dúdi dang phan tuf va ion riit gon

Gidi

* Dung dich H C l phan tfug difdc vdi dung dich K O H HCl + K O H > K C l + H2O

H * + O H - > H2O

* Dung djch BaCb phan uTng diTdc vdi dung dich Fe2(S04)3

3 B a C l 2 + Fe2(S04)3 > 3BaS044 + 2FeCl3 Bâ* + SỖ > BaS044'

* Dung djch K O H phan uTng diTdc vdi dung djch Fe2(S04)3

6 K 0 H + Fe2(S04)3 > 3K2SO4 + 2Fe(OH)3>l'

Fê* + 3 0 H - > Fe(0H)3>l'

Bai 5

a) Lan liTc^t nhung giay qu>' tim v^o cAc dung djch muoi sau : NH4CI, KNO3, Na2S

thl giáy quy đ co mau gl? Giai thich ng^n gon vil viét phiTdng trinh phAn

tJng minh hoạ

(DH Buu chlnh Vien thon^ TP.HCM)

b) Trinh b^y phiTdng phdp h6a hoc nhan bi6't suf c6 m&t cua cac ion trong dung

dich chtfa h5n h(?p ba mu6'i: FeCb, CuCh, AICI3

PhSn djng va phuonq phap giai H6a hpc 11 VP cO - D8 Xuan Hung

Gidi

a) Nhung giS'y quy tim v^o Ian liTcft cac muo'i:

* NH4CI Ihm cho quy tim h6a hong

Vi dung djch NH4CI c6 moi triTdng axit, pH < 7

NH4C1 — > NH^ + cr

NH^ + H2O -> NH3 + H3O*

* Dung dich K N O 3 : quy tim khong doi mau

Vi dung dich KNO3 c6 moi triT^ng trung tinh, pH = 7

KNO3 >K^+ NOJ

Ion K*, NO3 khong c6 kha nang cho vtl nhan proton

* Dung dich Na2S : quy tim hoa xanh

Vi dung dich NajS c6 moi triTcfng kiem, pH > 7

NajS > 2Na* + S^"

S^- + H2O -> HS- + OH"

HS" + H2O-> H2S + OH"

b) Cho dung dich AgN03 v^o hon hcfp gom cac dung dich thay xua't hien ket tua

tring AgCl chiJng to c6 ion CI"

Ag^ + cr > AgCli

* Cho dung dich NH3 diT vao hon hcJp dung dich, ta thay xuat hien dung dieh

mau xanh tham va ke't tua -> chtfug to c6 ion Cu^""; cho dung dich NaOH du"

vao ket tua thu dtfdc thay xua't hien ke't tua nau do chiJng to c6 ion Fe^"",

sue khi CO2 dir vao dung djch con lai, ta tha'y xua't hien ke't tua keo trfng

A1(0H)3 chu-ng to c6 ion AI^^

FeCb + 3NH3 + 3H2O > Fe(OH)34' + 3NH4CI

(dung dich xanh tham)

A1(0H)3 + NaOH > NaA102 + 2H2O

NaA102 + CO2 + 2H2O > Al(0H)3>t + NaHC03

NaOH + CO2 > NaHC03

B a i 6

a) Cho a moi NO2 hap thu ho^n toan vao dung dich chiJa a moi NaOH Dung

dich thu diTdc c6 gii tri pH Idn hdn hay nho hdn 7? Tai sao?

b) Hoan thanh cac phU'ctng trinh sau vh cho biet cha't nao la axit, bazcJ?

C2H5NH2 + H2Q C6H5OH + H2O CH3COO- + H2O CH3O- + H2O

Gidi

a) Phifdngtrinh phan tfng :

2NO2 + 2NaOH > NaNQz + NaNOj + H2O NaN02 — ^ Na* + NO2 NO2 + H2O -> HNO2 + OH""

Do do NO2 la mot bazd p pH > 7

b) C2H5NH2 + H2O CzHjNH^ + OH- • bazd axit

CH3COO- + H2O ^ CH3COOH +

c) Ba(HC03)2 +? > BaC03 +? d) AlBr3 +? > A1(0H)3 +?

c) Ba(HC03)2 + Ba(0H)2 > 2BaC03i + 2H2O

Ba^* + HCO3 + OH" > BaC03i + H2O

d) AlBrj + 3NaOH > Al(OH)34' + 3NaBr

Al'* + 30H- > Al(0H)3i

e) K3PO4 + 3AgN03 > Ag3P04^ + 3KNO3

3Ag* + P 0 | - > Ag3P04i f) Ca(OH)2 + 2NaHC03 > Na2C03 + CaC03^ + 2H2O

Ca'* + 20H- + 2HCO3 > COJ- + CaC034< + 2H2O

Phan d?ng va phtfOng phap g\i\a hQC 11 V6 c d - D5 Xuan Hang

Bai 8 Cho mot it phenolphetalein vao dung djch amoniac loang chiJa a mol N H ,

dxidc dung dich A c6 mau H o i m^u cua dung dich bie'n ddi nhU' the nao trong

til'ng trUdng hdp

a) Them a mol H C l vi\ dung djch A

b) Them ^ mol AICI3 v^o dung djch A Viet cac phuTcfng trinh phan uTng xdy ra

(dang ion thu gon)? Giai thich?

(TS DH Van Lana, khoi B)

Do do dung djch A chuyen sang khong mau

V i NH4CI va AICI3 dcu la nhufng axit c6 pH < 7

Dang 4

- SU ton tqi dong thdi ion trong dung djch

- Bai t6p dUa vdo ptiUdng trinh Ion thu gon

BAI TAP MkU

B a i l

a) Trong dung djch A c6 cac ion K"", Mg^", Fe^* va CI" N e u c6 can dung dich

thu duTdc hon hop gom nhurng muoi n^o? Viet cong thtfc h6a hoc v^ ten cua

b) Can lay cdc muo'i tfng vdi cdc ion trSn :

Na2S04 va Cu(N03)2 ho^c hai muoi CUSO4 va NaNOj

Bai 2 Trong dung dich c6 the ton tai dong thcJi cac ion sau day dufc^c khong?

a) K.\ O H - va C r b) N a ^ Fe'*, CI" va SO^"

c) Khdng ton tai diTcJc \\ s\i tao thanh ke't tua BaS04

Ba^*+ SO^" )-BaS04>l' d) Kh6ng ton tai di/dc v i c6 sif tao thanh kd't tua AgCl trong dung dich va siji bpt khi

Ag^ + C r >AgCl4' 2H* + CO^- > COzt + H2O e) T 6 n tai dufdc cac ion tren trong mot dung dich

Bai 3 C6 ba ong nghiem, moi ong chtfa hai cation va hai anion (khong triJng lap giffa cdc 6ng nghiem) trong so cdc cation va anion sau :

N a \;, A g ^ Ba^^ M g ^ ^ A 1 ^ cr, Br" NO3 va SO^", PO^-, CO^"

Xic dinh cic cation va anion trong tuTng 6'ng nghiem

Gidi

Muon tao thanh trong dung dich thl cic cap cation va anion phai khong tao

thanh ke't tua, cha't khi, chat di?n l i yeu trong til'ng dung dich D o d6 cac ong nghi^ra Ian li/dt la :

Ong 1 g6m : N a ^ N H ^ , PO^", C 0 | "

6ng 2 g6m : A g ^ M g ^ NO3 S O ^

6ng 3 g6m : B a ^ A l ^ cr. Br"

Bai 4

a) M p t dung dich chtfa a mol Na*, b mol Ca^\ mol H C O i va d mol C r Lap

bieu thiJc li6n he giffa a, b, c, d va c6ng thuTc tinh t6ng khS'i luTcJng muoi trong

dung dich

^) K6't qu^ xic dinh nong dp mol ciia c^c ion trong mOt dung dich nhU" sau

Na* : 0,05; Ca^^ : 0.01; NO3 : 0,01; C r : 0,04 va HCO3 : 0,025

H6i ke't qua do dung hay sai? T a i sao?

PhSn d?ng va phuang phAp g\i\a hqc 11 Va cO - D5 Xuan Hung

Gidi

a) V i irong mgt dung djch Irung hoa vc dicn nen theo djnh luat biio totin dicn

tich thi tong dien tich dU'dng bang tdng dicn tich am

Nen ket qua phan tich sai

Bai 5 Hoa tan 4 gam CUSO4 vao mot liTcfng niTdc viTa du 250ml dung dich

a) Tinh nong do mol cua cac ion trong dung dich

b) Tinh the tich dung djch NaOH 0,25M du de lam ket tua het ion difdng trong

anion : C r (x mol) va SO4' (y mol) Tinh x va y, biet rang khi c6 can dung

dich thu du-dc 46,9 gam chaft ran khan

(TSDHQGTP.HCM,c1(/t2)

Gidi

Dung djch c6

Fe^^ :0,1 m o l Al''^ :0,2"mol

cr : X mol SO4" : y m o l Djnh luat biio toan dien tich :

Bai 7 Dung dich A chiJa cac ion : N a \, SO4" va CO]~

a) Dung dich tren diTcJc dicu che tuf hai muoi trung hoa nao?

b) Chia dung dich A l^m hai phan b^ng nhau :

- Phan 1 : tac dung \6i dung djch Ba(0H)2 duT dun ndng, thu di/dc 4,3g k c l tua

a) Dung dich A dMc dieu che tif hai m u o i :

Na2S04 va (NH4)2C03 hoSc Na2C03 va (NH4)2S04

b) Phan 1 : tac dung v d i B a(0H)2 dM

35

Phan dgng va phuong phAp giai H6a hpc 11 VP co - D5 Xuan Hiing

-0,02 mol (I)

Bai 8 Mot dung dich X c6 chura cdc ion Zn^^, Fe'* \i S0^~ Biet r^ng diing het

350ml dung dich NaOH 2M thi lam k6't tua het ion Zn^* va ion Fe^* trong

100ml dung dich X, neu do tiep 200ml dung dich NaOH thi mot chat ket tua

vCra tan het, con lai mpt chat ke't tua m^u nau do Tinh nong dp mol cua moi

muo'i trong dung djch X

So mol NaOH trong 200ml dung dich NaOH 2M

HNaOH = 2.0,2 = 0,4 (mol) => n _ = 0,4 mol

OH

Theo (3): 2a = 0,4 i=> a = 0,2 (mol)

The a = 0,2 vao (I) =>b = 0,l(mol) So' mol muo'i :

ZnS04 > Zn^^ + S04~

0,2 mol 0,2 mol

Fe2(S04)3 > 2Fe'* + 3S0^~

0,05 mol 0,1 mol Nong dp mol moi muoi trong dung dich X [ZnS04]= — = — - 2 M

V 0,1

[Fe2(S04)3]= ^ = 0,5M

Bai 9 Cho dung dich A chiJa cac ion AP^ Fe^*, SO4- va Br'

- Trpn Ian 100ml dung dich A vdi dung djch AgNOs d\i thu diTpc 75,2g ke't tua

- Trpn Ian 100ml dung dich A vdi dung djch KOH dU" thu diTpc m gam ke't tua

X, nung nong X den khoi li/png khong doi thu di/pc 16g chat ran Y

- Trpn Ian 100ml dung djch A vao dung dich BaClj diT thu du-pc 93,2g ke't tua a) Tinh nong dp mol moi ion trong dung dich A

b) Neu thoi mpt luTdng khi NH3 vao 100ml dung dich A Sau do Ipc, tach lay ket

tua Dem nung ke't tua den kho'i liTpng khong doi thi thu diTpc bao nhieu gam

Phan dgng phuong phip gi3i H6a hpc 11 VP c o - D5 XuSn Hung

a) 100ml dung dich A

Gidi

AP^:X mol Fe''+ : y mol

* Tron dung djch A vdi dung dich BaCh di/ '

Ba'* + SO^- > BaS04i

0,2 mol 0,2 mol Dem kct tua nung :

2Al(OH)3 A I 2 O 3 + 3H2O

0,2 mol 0,1 mol

2Fe(OH)3 Fe203 + 3H2O

0,2 mol 0,1 mol Khoi liTcJng A I 2 O 3 : m^i,^o.^ = 102.0,1 = 10,2 (g)

Khoi li/dng Fe203: mFe^Os = 160.0,1 = 16(g)

Khoi liTrtng cha't ntn : m = 10,2 + 16 = 26,2 (g)

Bai 10. Hoa tan hoiin toan 0,1022g mot muoi kim loai hoa trj (11) M C O 3 trong

200ml dung djch HCl 0,080M De trung hoa liWng HCl diTcan 5,64ml dung

djch NaOH 0,10M Xac dinh kim loai M

Gidi

PhuTdng trinh phan u^ng :

M C O 3 + 2HC1 > MCI2 + CO.t + H2O (1)

M = 60 = 197 => M = 137 (Bari) Vay kim loai M la Ba

BAITAPAPOgNG

Bai 1: Dung dich X c6 chiJa: 0,07 mol Na"^; 0,02 mol SO4'" va x mol OH'

Dung dich Y c6 chiJa CIO4"; NO3" va y mol H ^ Tong so mol C104' va NO, la

0,04 Tron X va Y diTdc 100 ml dung dich Z Tinh pH cua dung dich Z (bo qua sif dicn l i cua H2O)

39

PhSn djng va phuong ph^p giii H6a hpc 11 VP co - D5 XuSn Hung

Giai

- Ap dung dinh luat bao toan dien tich cho dung dich X ta diTdc:

X = 0,07 - 0,02.2 = 0,03 mol

- Ap dung dinh luat bao toan dien tich cho dung dich Y ta dxXdc: y = 0,04 mol

- Tron dung dich X va dung dich Y xay ra phan ilng:

+ OH" >H20

0,03 0,03

=> n^^ = 0,04-0,03 = 0,01 mol ^ [Hi = I O ' M => pH = 1

Bai 2: Hoa tan hoan toan 8,94 gam hon hdp gom Na, K va Ba vao niMc, thu

dMdc dung dich X va 2,688 lit khi H2 (dktc) Dung dich Y gom HCl va H2SO4,

ti le mol tu-Ong ij-ng la 4 : 1 Trung hoa dung djch X bdi dung dich Y, tdng

kho'i liTtJng cac muoi di/cfc tao ra la

A 13,70 gam B 18,46 gam C 12,78 gam D 14,62 gam

Gidi

Tac6: nH2 = 0,12 mol

Sddophanurng: H2O > OH" + - H 2

2 0,24 0,12 Goi nH2S04 = ^ '"ol -> HHCI = 4x mol -> = 6x mol

Phan u-ng trung hoa: + OH^ -> H2O

0,24 0,24 6x = 0,24 => X = 0,04 mol

=> nH2S04 = 0,04 mol; UHCI = 4.0,04 = 0,16 mol

Ta c6: Kho'i-lu'dng muoi = kho'i liTdng kim loai + kho'i liTpng go'c axit

-> Kho'i liTcJng muoi = 8,94 + 0,04.96 + 0,16.35,5 = 18,46g Dap an B

Bai 3: Cho dung dich chtira 0,1 mol (NH4)2C03 tac dung vdi dung djch chiJa 34,2

gam Ba(0H)2. Sau phan u-ng thu difdc m gam kct tua Tinh m

Gidi

Ta c6: n(NH4)2C03 = O-lmol => n^^^j- = 0,1 mol

, nBa(OH)2 = 0,2mol n^^2+ = ^,2 mol

Pu: Ba^^ + COj^- ^ BaCOj i

0,1 0,1

Vay: mi = 197.0,1 = 19,7 (gam)

Bai 4: Nho tCr tCr 0,25 lit dung dich NaOH 1,04M \ko dung dich gom 0,024 mol

FeCls; 0,016 mol Al2 (S04)3 vk 0,04 mol H2SO4 thu dUOc m gam ket tua Tinh m

Gidi

Taoo: UNaOH = 0,26 mol => n = 0,26 mol

OH

"FeCis = 0'024mol ^ Up 3^ = 0,024 mol

nAi2(S04).-, = 0,016mol n^^,^ = 0,032 mol

Do OH" du nen tiep tuc xay ra phan ung hoa tan ket tua A1(0H)3

A1{0H)3 + OH" -> AIO2" + 2H2O

Gidi

Gpi x M la nong do mol cua dung dich KOH:

Taco: nNaOH = 0,24 mol

" K O H = ^'•^^ "^o'

nHN03 = 0,4 m o

" H C I 0,2 mol

=> Y n = (0,3x + 0,24)^ OH" mol nHN03 = 0.4 mol

Tn + = 0,6

H+

mol

PhSn dgng vci phudng ph^p giSi H6a hpc 1 1 VP cO - D 5 Xufln Hi;ng w

Khi tron iSn hon hrfp 2 axit vil 2 bazcJ xay ra phan i^ng triing h6a:

Bai 6: Cho dung djch Ba(0H)2 den dU vao 50ml dung dich X c6 chiJa cac ion

NH4''; SO4'" ; NO," thl c6 11,65 gam k c l lua dmc tao ra va dun nong c6 4,48

lit khi bay ra (dktc) Tinh nong do mol moi muo'i trong dung djch X

= 1M

= 2 M

Bai 7: Dung djch A chiJa HCl I M va H2SO4 0,6M Cho 100ml dung djch B gom

KOH I M va NaOH 0,8M vao 100ml dung djch A, c6 ciin dung djch sau

phan u'ng thu diWc m(g) chift r^Cn Tinh m

Na^ : 0,08 mol

cr : 0,1 mol

• SO4- : 0,06 mol

Khi C O can dung djch HCl bay h d Vay kho'i lifdng chat ran thu difdc c6 giii

tri: m = m,„,i.,„ + m,„i.,n = 0,1.39 + 0,08.23 + 0,06.35,5 + 0,06.96 = 13,63 (g)

Dana 5 Bai t^p ap dung djnh lugt bao loan di^n tich

BAI TAP MAU VA BAI TAP AP Dl^NG

Bai 1 Mot dung djch chuTa 0,02 mol Cu^*, 0,03 mol K*, x mol CI" va y mol SO^"

Tong khoi lifdng ciic muo'i tan c6 trong dung dich la 5,435 gam Tim x va y

Gidi

Khi tron dung dich A \di dung dich B xay ra phan Ofng:

/^p dung djnh luat bao loan dien tich, ta c6:

Bai 2 Mot dung dich c6 chtfa cac ion: x mol 0,2 mol M g ^ \3 mol Cu^^

0,6 mol S04^", 0,4 mol NOf Co can dung dich nay thu du'rtc 116,8 gam hon

hcJp cac muo'i khan Tim M

^ai 3 Dung djch A c6 chiJa 5 ion: Mg^^ B a ' \\1 mol CI" va 0,2 mol NO3'

Them dan V lit dung dich NajCOj I M vao A den khi du^dc lifdng ket tua Idn nhat Tim V

Phan dgng vh phuong ph^p giSi H63 hoc 11 V6 cd - D5 XuSn Hung

Gidi

PhifcJng trinh ion rut gon:

Mg'* + CO^- > MgCOjl

Ba^*+ CO3- > BaCOji

Ca^* + CO3" >

CaCOjJ-Khi phan i?ng ke't thilc, cac ke't tua tach khoi dung dich, phan dung dich chiJa

Na"", cr va NO3" De trung hoa dien thi: n^^^^ = n^^ = 0,3 mol

=> V,,,,^co, = ^ ^ = °;^=0,15(l)=150ml I Na 2

Bai 4 Dung dich A chiJa cac ion COj^", SOj^", SO^^', 0,1 mol HCO3" va 0,3 mol

Na^ Them V lit dung dich Ba(0H)2 IM vao dung dich A thi thu diTdc Ming

ket tua Idn nhat Tim V

Giai

Nong do cac ion [Ba^^] = IM; [OH"] = 2M De thu di/cJc liTdng ket tua Idn

nhat, can 0,1 mol OH" de tac dung het vdi HCO3"

HCO3' +0H" ->C03^"+ H2O

Mat khac, can 0,3 mol OH' de trung hoa Na""

Vay tdng so mol OH' can la 0,1 + 0,3 = 0,4 mol => ny^joH,^ = 0,2 mol

The tich dung dich Ba(0H)2 la: V = ^ = 0,2 lit

I

Bai 5 Dung dich X chtfa cac ion: Fe'\, NH4\ Chia dung dich X

thanh hai phan bang nhau:

- Phan mot tac dung vdi liTcJng du" NaOH, dun nong thu di/dc 0,672 lit khi d

(dktc) va 1,07 gam ket tua

- Phan hai tac dung vdi liTdng du'dung dich BaCl2, thu du'dc 4,66 gam ke't tua

Co can dung djch X thu diTdc m gam muo'i khan (qua trinh c6 can chi cd nU'dc

bay hdi) Tinh m

Vay trong dung dich X cd: 0,02 mol Fe^* ; 0,06 mol NH4^ ; 0,04 mol S04^" va

B^i 6 Dung dich X cd chtfa c&c ion Ca^*, Af CI' De k^t tiia het ion Cr trong

100 ml dung dich X c^n dting 700 ml dung dich chtfa ion Ag* cd nong d6 1^

IM Co can dung dich X thu diTdc 35,55 gam muoi Tinh nong dp mol cac cation tiTdng tfng trong dung dich X

Gidi Gpi a, b lin li/dt Ih s6 mol ciia Ca^* va Al^*

B^i 7 Dung dich X chiJa cic ion: Ca^*, Na*, HCOJ v^ CI" , trong dd so mol cua

ion cr la 0,1 Cho 1/2 dung dich X ph^n i^ng vdi dung dich NaOH (du"), thu

diTdc 2 gam ket tiia Cho 1/2 dung dich X c6n lai phan iJng vdi dung dich

Ca(0H)2 (dir), thu di/dc 3 gam ket tua M^t khac, neu dun soi den can dung

dich X thi thu dtfdc m gam cha't r^n khan Tim m

Gidi

* 1/2 dung dich X tic dung vdi dung dich NaOH diT:

Ptf: HCOj + OH" ^ C03^' + H2O Ca 2+ C03^- ->

0,02 0,02 0,02 CaC03>l'

Phan dgng va phudng ph^p giai H6a hpc 11 VP ca - P5 XuSn Hung

2 Taco: iicco, = = 0.02 mol => = 0,02 mol

100

* 1/2 dung djch X tac dung vdi dung dich Ca(OH)2 diT:

PiJ: H C O 3 + OH" -> COj^" + H2O

Ca(0H)2 dir => COj^" hct theo pu" ta c6: n^^^,^^ = 0,03 mol

Ap dung djnh luat bao toan dicn tich cho dung djch X ta c6:

n , = n _ + n _ - 2n = 0,1 + 0,03.2 - 2.0,02.2 = 0,08 mol

Na CI HCO^ Ca*"

Khi CO can dung dich X xay ra phan tfug:

2HCO-3 — ^ COj^- + CO2 T + H2O

0,06 0,03

V|iy: sau khi c6 can trong m(g) cha't ran c6: Ca"*; Na*; CI"; CO^^'

=> m = 0,04.40 + 0,08.23 + 0,1.35,5 + 0,03.60 = 8,79 (g)

Bai 8 100ml dung djch X chiJa cac ion Ca^*: O.lmol; NO^: 0,05mol; Br":

0,15mol; HCO3 : 0,1 mol mot ion cua kim loai M Co can dung djch thu

difdc 29,Ig muoi khan Tim ion kim loai M va tinh nong do cua no trong

n

Trong so cac dap an da cho thl la dap an phii hdp va C = — = 1(M>

0,1

=> Dap an D

Bai 9 Cho 100ml dung dich A chiJa Na2S04 0,1M va NasCOj 0,2M tac

duni-vira du vdi 100ml dung dich B chiJa Ba(N03)2 va Pb(N03)2 0,05M tao kc'i

tia Tinh nong do mol ciia Ba(N03)2 va khoi liTdng chung cua cdc ket tiia?

46

Gidi

Theo D L B T D T cac ion S04~, C03~phan ilng vdi Ba^* va Pb^* theo ti le mol

1:1 Dien tich cac ion iren bhng nhau ve giii tri tuyct do'i Ncn ta c6:

^ n(SO^" + CO3") = ^ n(Ba'* + Pb'*)

D Dp dien l i va hang so' dien l i deu tang

C&u 2 Chpn phat bieu sai:

Trong ciic tieu phan NH4*, C03^-, S^', HS", Na*, FeCHjO)'*, H2O theo li

thuye't Bronsted

A Axit la cac tieu phan NH4*, Fe(H20)'*

B Bazd la cac tieu phan CO^^", S'~

C LirOng tinh la tieu phan HS"

D Trung tinh la cic tieu phan H2O, Na*

Cfiu 3 Phat bieu n^o sau day khong dung?

A Cdc dung dich NH4CI A1(N03)3, NaHS04 deu c6 pH < 7

B Cac dung dich NaHC03, KHS, NaHS04 deu c6 pH < 7

C NH4CI, AICI3 D NaHS04, Na2C03

Cfiu 5 Cho ba dung dich c6 cOng nong d6 mol//: NH3 (1); NaOH (2); Ba(0H)2

(3) pH ciia dung dich nay diTpc xe'p theo day:

A ( l ) < ( 2 ) < ( 3 ) B ( 3 ) < ( 2 ) < ( 1 )

C ( 2 ) < ( 3 ) < ( 1 ) D (2) < (1) < (2)

47

Phan djng vA pHuong ph^p giSl H6a hoc 11 VP cd - B 6 Xuan Hung

CSu 6 Nho tir tiif dung NaOH vao dung dich A I C I 3 cho ddn dir Hi^n Wdng quan

sdtdi/cJcia:

A Xua't hi$n ket tiia mau vSng

B Xua't hien ket tua keo tr^ng tang dan den cifc dai, sau d6 tan dung dich

trd nen trong suo't

C Ket tiia xuat hi^n roi tan ngay

D Khong hi^n ti/dng

Cfiu 7 Nh6 tilf tilf dung dich A I C I 3 v^o ong nghi^m duTng dung dich NaOH cho

den duT Hipn tufdng quan sdt difdc la:

A Xuaft hi0n ket tua m^u keo tr^ng

B Xuat hien ket tua keo tr^ng va tang dan den ciTc dai, sau do tan dung dich

trd nen trong suo't

C Ke't tua xua't hi?n roi tan ngay

D Xua't hien ket tiia xanh

Cfiu 8 Nho tilf tCf dung HCl v^o dung dich NaAlOz cho den di/ Hien tiTcfng quan

sdtdiTdc la:

A Xua't hi0n ke't tua mau keo tr^ng

B XuS't hi$n ke't tua keo tr^ng va t3ng dan de'n ctfc dai, sau d6 tan dung djch

trd nen trong suo't

C Ke't Ilia xua't hidn r6i tan ngay

D Khong hi^n tiTdng

Cfiu 9 Mot dung djch nvtdc cua natri cacbonat c6 pH > 7 1^ do:

A Natri cacbonat phan li hokn tohn

B S6' mol ion Na* nhieu hdn ion COa^"

C So mol COi^' nhieu hdn so mol niTdc

D Ion COi^~ tham gia ph^n iJng thiiy phan vdi niTdc

Cfiu 10 Cho cic dung djch N H 4 C I (1); CHjCOONa (2), NazCOj (3), NaHS04

(4), Cu(N03)2 (5), KCl (6), Ba(N03)2 (7), K 2 S (8)

Day cdc dung dich c6 pH < 7 1^:

A.(l),(2),(4),(5) B.(I),(4),(5)

C.(2),(4),(5),(7) C (2), (4), (6) (7)

Cfiu 11 Phdt bieu nao sau day kh6ng chinh xdc?

A Cdc dung djch N H 4 C I , CuCb, NaHS04 deu c6 pH < 7

B Cdc dung dich NaHC03, KHS NaHS04 d6u c6 pH < 7

C C&c dung dich NaCl, K N O 3 , H 2 O d^u c6 pH = 7

D Cic dung dich A1(N03)3 FeCU, NaHS04 deu c6 pH < 7

CSu 12 De nhan bie't drfdc dung dich dufng trong 4 Ip khac nhau la: KOH,

N H 4 C I , Na2S04, (NH4)2S04 ta chi can dOng mot trong 4 cha't:

A Dung dich AgN03 B Dung dich BaCb

C Dung dich NaOH D Dung dich Ba(OH)2

Cfiu 13 Co 4 muoi FeClj, CuCb, A I C I 3 , va ZnCh Neu them tit tir dung djch

NaOH cho den dir vao 4 muoi tren Sau do them tiep N H 3 dir thi so ket tiia

thu du'dc la:

A 1 B 2 C 3 D 4

Cfiu 14 Mot dung dich gom x mol Na'^' y mol N O 3 " , z mol H C O 3 " , t mol Ca^*

He thiJc lien he giffa X, y, z, t la:

A x + 2y = t + z B x + 2t = y + z

C. X + 2z = y + z D. X + 3y = t + 2

Cfiu 15 Dung dich NaOH 0 , i M , dung djch HCl 0,01M Vay pH cua hai dung

dich tren Ian liTdt la:

A I v a 2 B 13va2 C 2 v a l 3 D 0,1 va 0,01

Cfiu 16 Tron 100 ml NaOH 0,1M vdi dung djch HCl 0,01M Vay pH cua dung

dich sau khi trpn la:

A 7 B 12,69 C 13 D 2

Cfiu 17 De thu diTdc dung dich c6 pH = 7 thi ti le the tich dung dich NaOH 0,1M vaHC10,01Mcanla'ym:

A 1:10 B 1:1 C 1 0 : l D 2 : 5

Cfiu 18 Dung dich X ^ dung dich HCl, dung dich Y la dung dich NaOH Lay 10

ml dung dich X pha loang bkng nirdc thanh 1000 ml dung dich thi thu dirdc

dung dich HCl c6 pH = 2 De trung hoa 100 g dung dich Y can 150 ml dung

dich X Vay C% cua dung dich Y Ih:

A 2% B 3% C.5% D 6%

Cfiu 19 Phai pha loang dung dich KOH 0,00 I M vcti niTctc bao nhieu Ian de diTdc

dung dich c6 pH = 9

A 100 Ian B 110 Ian C 99 Ian D 80 Ian

Cfiu 20 De thu diTdc 1 lit dung dich HCl c6 pH = 5 tir dung dich HCl c6 pH = 3

thi the tich nufdcca't can diingia:

A 900 ml B 990 ml C 1000 ml D 110 ml

Cfiu 21 De thu dirdc 1 lit dung dich c6 pH = 4 sau khi trpn thi ti I9 the tich cua

dung dich H C I l Q - ' M vdi dung dich KOH 10'^M m:

A 1:2 B 11:9 C 9 : 1 1 D 2 : 15

Phfln dgnq vy phuong phAp giat H6a hgc 11 VP c o - 05 XuSn Hung

CSu 22 t h e tich dung dich KOH 0.001 M can d l pha thSnh 1.5 lit dung dich c6

pH = 9m: "

A 0,015 lit B 0,02 lit C 0,0015 lit D 0,15 lit

Cau 23 Can phai them v^o 1 lit dung dich H2SO4 IM bao nhieu lit dung dich

NaOH 1,8M thu di/dc dung dich c6 pH = 1

A 2 lit B 1,5 lit C 1 lit D 0,5 lit

CSu 24 Can phai them vao 1 lit dung dich H2SO4 IM bao nhieu lit dung dich

NaOH 1,8M de thu difdc dung dich c6 pH = 13

A 1,235 lit B 1,25 lit C 1 lit D 0,9 lit

Cflu 25 Tron 250 ml dung dich hSn hdp gom HCl 0,08M va H2SO4 0,0IM vdi

250 ml dung dich Ba(0H)2 a mol//, thu diTdc m gam ket tua va 500 ml dung

dich c6 pH = 12 Vay a CO gia tri la:

A 0,05M B.0,04M C 0,06M D 0,05M

cau 26 Tron 250 ml dung dich h6n hdp gom HCl 0,08 moVl vh H2SO4 0,01

mol// vdi 250 ml dung dich NaOH a mol//, diTdc 500 ml dung dich c6 pH = 12

Vay a c6 gii tri 1^:

A.0,12M B.0,13M C 0,14M D.0.15M

cau 27 Mpt dung dich A g6m h6n hdp 2 axit HCl v^ H2SO4. De trung h5a 10 ml

dung dich A cin dilng 40 ml dung dich NaOH 0,5M Mat khac, neu ISy 100 ml

dung djch A cho tic dung vdi mot IvTdng vifa du, roi c6 can dung djch thu difdc

13,2 gam mu6^i khan V$y nong dp mol// cua 2 axit trong h5n hdp la:

A.0,8Mva0.6M B.0,6va0,8M

C.O,5vaO,7M D.0,9val,5M

(Jfiu 28 Cho a mol khi NO2 sue v^o dung dich chtfa a mol KOH Vay dung dich

thu di/dc CO moi triT&ng l^:

A axit B bazd C trung tinh D Iur3ng tinh

CfiU 29 Axit CH3COOH 0,1M c6 hiing s6'di$n li = 10""" V$y pH cua dung

dich la:

A 1 B.2,1 C.2,88 D.2,78

Can 30 Biet hkng so phan li ciia ion NlitMa K» = lO''^-^^ Vay de thu dtfdc 250

ml dung dich c6 pH = 5 thi s6' gam NH4CI la:

(^fiu 32 Trpn 2 0 0 ml dung dich NaOH 0 , 1 M \di 3 0 0 ml dung dich CH3COOH

0,075M Biet hang so'dien Vay pH cua dung dich thu drfcJc Ih:

C&u 33- Dp tan trong nvtdc cua CaF2 d 25"C Ih 2,14.10-''M Vay tich so' tan ciia CaF21^:

A 3,9.10-" B 4,1.10-" C 2.14.10-" 0.3,5.10""

CfiU 34 Tich tan cua BaS04 5 25"C m IQ-'" Vay HQ tan cua BaS04 trong

dung dich H2SO4 0 , 1 M la (chap nhan H2SO4 dipn li hoan to^n)

A 1 0 - ' M B.10-'"M C I O - ' M D IQ-'M

HUdNG DAN GIAI

CfiU 1 Chpn C

TCfcdngthiJc: a = K C

Vdi K la h^ng so di#n li C la nong dp khi C tSng thi a giam

Cau 2 Chpn D H2O la cha't lU3ng tinh

V( du: CH3COO- + H2O < > CH,COOH + OH"

HSO4- + H2O < > H3O +

S04^-CSu 3 Cac phtfdng trlnh phan vlng:

NH4CI -> NH-4 + c r NH4% 2H2O NH4OH + H.,0*

Al(N03)-> Al'^HjO < = ^ Al(OH)^%H30*

d phdn iJng (1) nong do OH = a a , nho nha't 6 (3) la Idn nha't nen

p H ( l ) < p H ( 2 ) < p H ( 3 )

C a u 6 Cac phiTdng trlnh phan tfng:

3NaOH + AlCi., 3NaCl + Al(OH),, i

Khi NaOH dif: NaOH + Al(OH)3 - > NaAlOz + H2O

=> Chon B

C a u 7 LiTdng NaOH luon d\i so vdi AlCi, nen ke't tua tao ra tan ngay trong NaOH dir

Co the vie't phuTdng trinh tong cong

4 N a O H + AlCl., -> NaAIOa + 3NaCi + 2H2O

:=> Chon C

CSu 8 PhUcJng trinh phan iJng:

HCl + NaAlOj + H2O -> NaCl + Al(OH),, + H2O

Chii y: Cdc dung dich NaHC03, KHS dcu la muoi axit tuy nhidn trong dung dich

chung lai thuy phan tao ra moi trtfdng bazd

Z n ' * + 2 0 H " ^ Z n ( O H ) 2 i ' Zn(OH)2 + 2 0 H " Zn02^" + HjO

Khi cho NH3 vao:

Phfln djng va phuong phAp giai H6a hpc 11 VP cO - D5 Xuan Hmg

Khi (rung hoa

C,x, XVx = C,Y, xV,Y, = 0.15 X1 = 0,15 mol

"Ba(OHi2 = 0,25a => n^^_ =0,5a

Sau phan iJng: pH = 12 => [OH") = 0 , 0 I M Phan u-ng trung hoii: H^ + OH" - > HjO

Phan d?ng va phuong pMp g'tii H6a hpc 11 VP co - D5 Xuan Hang

4 m 53:5

S a u k h i d i ^ n l i 0,01 - x x x

x^

Theo dinh luat tac dung k h d i luTdng la c6: K^- = — —

U, U 1 X Thay sd la co: x ' + KaX - 0,01Ka = 0

x^+10-^-^'^x-0,01.10-«'-' = 0

= > [ H * ] = X = 2 , 0 2 1 0 - ' M

=> p H = 2,69

Vay chon B C§u 32 N o n g dp cac cha't sau k h i trpn:

^ 200.0,1 n n ^ x y r

^ - - = 2 0 0 ^ 3 0 0 = ' ' ^ ' ^

C c H c o o H = 0 0 4 5 M CH,c(> H 2 0 0 + 3 0 0

Phtfdng trinh phan lifng:

C H , C O O H + N a O H C H j C O O N a + H2O 0,045 0,04 thu diTdc g o m : C H 3 C O O H dirO,005M, CH,,COONa 0,04M

C H j C O O N a - > C H 3 C O O - + N a * 0,04 0,04

Phan dgng va phuong phap gi&i H6a hpc 11 V6 CO - P5 XuSn Hung

CH,COOH < » CHjCOO" + H*

TruOc khi di^n l i 0,005 0,04 0

Di$n li X

Sau khi dien li 0,005 - x 0,04 + x x

Thco dinh luat tac dung khoi liTcJng la c6: K, = ^ ' ^

0,0()5-x Gia sur X < < 0,005, khi do: 0,005 - x « 0,005 va 0.04 + x « 0,04

* Nh6ni nitd gom cac nguyen to: N (nild); P (photpho); As (Asen);

Sb (anlimon); Bi (Bitmut) -> (deu thuoc cac nguyen to p)

* Ldp electron ngoai cDng ns' np^

I NITCJ U=^2s*2p'

C T C T : N ^ N

Tinh chci't luki hoc :

1 Tinh oxi hoa : 3Mg + ' > Mg^N^

II AMONIAC VA MUOI AMONI

1 Amoniac (NH3)

* Tinh chat hoa hoc :

+ Tinh bazd yeu : NH., + H.O -> NH;; + OH"

Dung giay quy tim am de nhan biet khi amoniac -> quy tim h6a xanh

- Tiic dung vcfi dung dich muoi -> i hidroxit ciia cac kim loai

V i dii : AICI3 + 3 N H 3 + 3 H 2 O > A1(0H).,I + 3NH4CI

- Tiic dung vtJi axit -> muoi amoni

Phan djing va phumg phdp giii H6a hpc 11 V6 co - D8 Xuan Hung

2 N H 3 + 3CuO — ^ N2 + 3Cu + 3H2O

* Dieuche:

+ Trong phong thi nghiem :

2NH4CI + Ca(OH)2 CaCl2 + 2NH3T + 2H2O

+ Trong cong nghiep : long hdp tuT niW va hidro

N2 + 3H2 , ' 2 N H 3

p

2 MuG'i atnoni ( g o m cation N H 4 va anion goc axit)

* Tinh chat hoa hoc :

- Tac dung vdi dung djch kicm :

N H 4 C I + NaOH > NHjt + NaCl + H2O

NH^ + OH- > NHjt + H2O

- Phan uTng nhiet phan :

N H 4 C I , , , ^ NH3,u, + HCl,k,

NH4NO3 N2O + 2H2O

III AXIT NITRIC V A M U O I NITRAT

1 Axit nitric ( H N O 3 )

CTCT: H - O - N ^ ^

* Tinh chat ho a hoc :

+ Tinh axit: Lam quy tim h6a do, tac dung vdi oxit bazcf, bazd, muoi cua axit

yeu hdn tao ra muoi nitrat

+ Tinh oxi hoa :

- Tac dung vdi kim loai (trir Au va Pt)

Cu + 4HN03j.^. > Cu(N03)2 + 2NO2 t + 2H2O

Chu y : Fe va Al bj thu dong h o a trong dung dich HNO3 dac, nguoi

- Tac dung vdi phi kim :

S + 6HN03j.^, > H2SO4 + 6NO2T + 2H2O

- Tac dung vdi hdp cha't:

3H2S + 2HN03,,,,„^ > 3S + 2NO + 4H2O

* Dieu che :

+ Trong phong thi nghiem :

NaN03 + H2SO4 HNO3 + NaHS04

+ Trong cong nghiep (qua ba giai dotin)

NH3 -> NO -> NO2 - > HNO3

2 MuS'i n i t r a t (muoi cua axit nitric)

Deu de tan trong niTdc va la chat dien li manh

+ Phan iJng nhiet phan :

h0p -> dung dich mau xanh, khi NO thoat ra bj oxi hoa trong khong khi tao

NO2 mau nau do

3Cu + 8 H ^ + 2NO3 3Cu^^ + 2N0t + 4H2O

(dung dich mau xanh)

2 N O + O2 > 2NO2 (mau nau do)

IV PHOTPHO 1s2 2s2 2 p * 3 s ^ 3 p *

* Tinh chat hoa hoc:

+ Tinh oxi hoa : 2P + 3Ca CajPj (canxi photphua) + Tinhkhuf:

- Vdi oxi: 4P+302dhii<u) — ^ 2P,03

* San xudt: Trong cong nghiep, P diTdc san xua't bling each nung hon hdp

quang photphorit, cdt va than coc d 1200"C trong 16 di?n

Ca3(P04)2 + 3Si02 + 5 C SCaSiOj + 2P + SCO

Phan djing phuong phip gi5i H6a hpc 11 VP cd - Do XuSn Hung

* Tinh chat hoa hoc:

+ H3PO4 la axit ba nac, c6 do manh trung binh

+ Tac dung vdti dung dich kiem (tiiy theo lu'dng chat tac dung), ma tao ra muoi

trung hoa, muoi axit hoSc hon hdp muoi

+ Dung dich H3PO4 c6 nhiirng tinh cha't chung cua axit

+ Khac vdi axit HNO3, axit H3PO4 khong c6 tinh oxi hoa

* Dieu che :

+ Trong phong thi nghiem:

P + 5HNO3 (dac) H3PO4 + 5NO2 + H2O

+ Trong cong nghiep:

- Mu6'i photphat trung hoa : Na3P04, Ca3(P04 )2,

- Mu6'i hidrophotphat: Na2HP04, CaHP04,

- Muoi dihidrophotphat: NaH2P04, Ca(H2P04 )2,

* Phan tfng thuy phan : Na3P04 + H2O -> Na2HP04 + NaOH

* Nhan biet ion photphat (PO4")

DCing bac nitrat ^ ket tua raau vang

3Ag^ + PO4" > Ag3P04i (mau vang)

V I P H A N B O N H O A H Q C

+ phan dam nitrat: NaN03

+ ure:(NH2)2CO

2 Phan ISn : + supephotphat

+ phan Ian nung chay

- Xac djnh so oxi hoa cua nItcJ, photpho

- Viet phifcJng trinh dieu che cac chdt

BAI TAP M A U V A B A I TAP NANG CAO

Bai

1-a) N6u mot so hdp cha't trong do nitd va photpho c6 so oxi hoa -3, +3, +5

b) Hay diTa ra nhi^ng phan uTng da hoc c6 siT tham gia ciia ddn chat photpho, trong

d6 so oxi hoa cua photpho tang, giam

Gidi

a) MOt so' hdp cha't trong do nitd va photpho :

~3 - 3 - 3 -3 _ CO SO oxi hoa-3 : NH3, Mg.N^, PH3, Ca^P^

- CO so oxi hoa+3: N2O3, NaNOj, P2O3, H3PO3

- c6 sooxih6a+5: N2O5, HNO3, P^O,,

H3P04-b) Phan tfng trong do so oxi hoa ciia P tang :

a) Nguyen to nitd c6 so oxi hoa la bao nhieu trong cac hdp chat sau : NO, NO2,

NH3, N2O, NH4CI, N2O3, N2O5, Mg3N2

b) Hay cho biet so oxi hoa cua N va P trong cdc ph5n t^ v^ ion sau day: NH3,

N H ; , NO2, NO3, NH4HCO3, P2O3, PBrj. PO^-, KH2PO4. Zn3(P04)2

Gidi

a) NO, NO2, "NH3, N2O NH4CI N2O3, N2O5, Mg3N2

b) NH3, N H t , NO2, NO3, NH4HCO3. P,03, PBrj T O ^ , KH2PO4, Zn3(P04)2

^ai 3 Tir khong khi, nirdc, KCl, CaCOj Hay vie't cac phi^dng trinh phan ilng

can thiet de dieu che c^c chat sau : NH4CI, KNO3, NH4NO3, Ca(N03)2

63

'han dgng va phuong phip gi5i H6a hgc 11 V6 ca - D5 Xuan Hung

• CaCOj CaO + CO2

CaO + 2HNO3 > Ca(N03)2 + H2O

hay CaC03 + 2HNO3 > Ca(N03)2 + CO2T + H2O

Bai 4 Viet phifdng trmh phan tfng dieu che cac oxit nitcf: N2O, NO, NO2, N2O3,

3Cu + 8HNO3 — ^ 3Cu(N03)2 + 2N0 + 4H2O

hoac 4NH3 + 5O2 4N0 + 6H2O

*= NO2 nitd dioxit:

C U + 4HNO3 d^c m^ng > CU(N03)2 + 2N02 + 2H2O

* N2O3 dinitd trioxit (anhidrit nitd):

N2O3 di/dc dieu che bang cich tr6n NO vdi NO2 theo ti le the tich bang nhau

roi ha thap nhiet dp xuong dirdi-100"C

* N2O5 dinitcf penta oxit (anhidrit nitric):

Trong ph6ng thi nghi^m: N2O5 tao nen khi khiSr ntfdc ciia axit nitric dac,

loang bkng P2O5 trong binh kin

2HNO3 + P2O5 — > N2O5 + 2HPO3 (axit metaphotphoric)

hoac cho clo tdc dung vdi AgNGj (60"C):

2AgN03 + C I 2 N2O5 + 2AgCl + i o ^ Bai 5 Hoa tan C U 2 S trong H2SO4 dac nong diTtlc dung dich A va khi B B Ikm mat

mau nxidc brom, cho NH3 tac dung vdi dung dich A tdi du" Hoi c6 hien tu'dng gi

xay ra Viet cac phiTdng trinh phan tuf va ion dc giai thich hien tUdng tren

(HVCNBCVT) Gidi

CU2S + 6H2SO4 dac nong > 2CUSO4 + 5SO2T + 6H2O

Phtfcfng trinh ion :

CU2S + 12H^ + 4S0^- > 2Cu^\ 5S02t + 6H2O

K h i B l a S 0 2 S02 + Br2 + 2H20 > H2SO4 + 2HBr

Dung dich A la CUSO4

CUSO4 + 2NH3 + 2H2O > Cu(0H)2i + (NH4)2S04

p

NH3 + HCl > NH4CI (amoni clorua)

b) Sd do dieu che phan dam NH4NO3:

i Bai 7 Viet phuttng trinh phan iJng nhiet phan cac muoi sau :

(NH4)2C03, NH4NO3, (NH4)2S04, KNO3, Fe(N03)3, AgN03

Phan dang va phUOng phjp g\i\a hgc 11 Vfl co - B5 Xuan Hifng

a) Ngi/di la san xuat supcphotphat ddn va supepholphat kcp tijf qusing pirit va

apatit CO lhanh phan chinh la Ca3(P04)2. Viel cac phifdng trinh phan ifng xay

ra

b) Hay giai thich vi sao khi bon cac loai phan dam N H 4 N O 3 , (NH4)2S04 do chiia

cua dat tang len?

Ca3(P04)2 + 3H2SO4 > 2H3PO4 + 3CaS04>l'

Ca3(P04)2 + 4H3PO4 > 3Ca(H2P04)2

(supepholphat kep) b) Cac muoi NH4NO3, (NH4)2S04 deu de bi thiiy phan, c6 ion NHj c6 tinh axit

NH4NO3 > NH+ +

NO3-(NH4)2S04 > 2 N H ; + S O ^

NH^ + H 2 O - > NH3 + H3O*

hay NH+ > NH3 + H*

Vay khi bon phan dam NH4NO3 hay (NH4)2S04 lam tang H"" trong dat (nghia

la lam giam pH) do do do chua cua dat tSng len

66

D a n g 2

- Viet sd d o p l i a n (ing

- Bo tCic v a h o d n tlianii pini/oing trinh

BAI TAP IVlAU

IJai 1 Hoiin thiinh stJ do chuycn hoa sau va viet cac phu'dng trinh hoa hoc

a) Khi A dungdich A B khi A C

(5) J ; "

D + H2O

Biet rcHng A la hdp chat cua nild

(5) NH4NO3 -A N2O + 2H2O

b) (1) 4NO2 + O2 + 2H2O > 4HNO3

(2) 2 H N O 3 + CuO > Cu(N03)2 + H2O

(3) Cu(N03)2 + 2NaOH > Cu(0H)2 + 2NaN03

(4) Cu(OH): + 2 H N O 3 — > Cu(N03)2 + 2H2O

(5) Cu(N03)2 CuO + 2NO2 + - O 2

2 (6) CuO + Hj ^ > Cu + H2O

Phan d?ng va phuang phap giai H6a hqc 11 VP ca - 05 Xuan Hung

B a i 3 Cho quang cancopirit (CuFeS2) tac dung v d i dung dich H N O 3 vuTa du, thu

du'dc k h i A khong mau, sau do k h i nay bien thanh mau nau trong khong k h i

va dung dich B Chia dung dich B l a m hai phan :

- Phan I tac dung v d i khi NH3 dir

- Phan I I tac dung v d i dung dich BaClj cho ket tua mau trang Xac dinh k h i A

va cac cha't trong B

Vie't cac phufdng trinh hda hoc xay ra

Gidi

3CuFeS2 + 32HNO3 - » 3Cu(N03)2 + 3Fe(N03)3 + 1 7 N 0 + 6 H 2 S O 4 + IOH2O

* K h i A : N O

2 N 0 + O2 > 2NO2

* Dung-dich B : Cu(N03)2 Fe(N03)3, H 2 S O 4

- Phan I : Cu(N03)2 + 4NH3 > [Cu(NH3)4](N03)2 (tan)

Fe(N03)3 + 3NH3 + 3H20- > Fe(OH)34 + 3NH4NO3

H 2 S O 4 + 2NH3 > (NH4)2S04

- Phan I I : H2SO4 + BaClj > B a S 0 4 i + 2HC1

B a i 4 L a p cac phUdng trinh hoa hoc :

a) A g + HNO3 dac > N O j t + ? + ?

b) A g + HNO3 K.a„g > N O T + ? + ?

c) A l + HNO3 > N2OT + ? + ?

d) Z n + HNO3 > NH4NO3 + ? + ?

e) FeO + HNO3 > NOT + Fe(N03)3 +?

g) Fe304 + HNO3 > NOT + Fe(N03)3 + ?

g) 3Fe304 + 28HNO3 > 9Fe(N03)3 + NOT + M H j O

h) H2PO4 + O H - > H P O ^ + H2O i) HPO4" + > H2PO4

Bai 5 V i e t phiTdng Irinh phan uTng thifc hicn day bien hoa sau : a) Quang photphorit -> P(,r,ing) Ca3P2 PH3 P2O5 H3PO4 —

Phan supephotphat kep

2H3PO4 + Ca(OH)2 > Ca(H2p04)2 + 2H2O

b) A : P; B : Ca3P2; C : PH3; D : H3PO4 Ca3(P04)2 + 5C + 3Si02 ) 3CaSi03 + 2P + 5 C 0

(A) • 2P + 3Ca Ca3P2 (B)

Ca3P2 + 6HC1 > 3CaCl2 + 2PH3T (C)

PH3 + 2O2 H3PO4 (D)

c) Quang apatit: 3Ca3(P04)2.CaF2

3Ca3(P04)2.CaF2 + IOH2SO4 > l ( ) C a S 0 4 i + 6H3PO4 + 2HF H3PO4 + Ca(0H)2 > CaHP04 + 2H2O

2CaHP04 + Ca(OH)2 > Ca3(P04)2 + 2H2O Ca3(P04)2 + 3Si02 + 5C > 3CaSi03 + SCO + 2P

PhSn d^ng phuang ph^p giai Hoa hqc 11 Vfl CO - D 5 Xuan Hang

Fe304 ^ FC2O3 Gahi, (^"f^""" H - ^ ^ § 2 " ^ K,,HO

B i c l rang phan tii^ D gom C, H , O, N vdi ti Ic khoi lifting lu'cing u'ng la 3

: 7 vii trong phan tiV chi c6 hai ngiiycn li'r nit(J

Dat CTTQ cua D : C,H>0,N, Ta c6 :

x : y : z : l = — — : — = 0,25:1:0,25:0,5 = 1 : 4 : 1 : 2

12 1 16 14

: : > C T T Q : ( C H 4 0 N 2 ) „

V i D chi CO hai nguyen tuT niki ncn n = 1

=^CTPT cua D la CH4ON2 hay (NH2)2CO (iirc)

(1) : 3Na2C03 + 2FCCI3 + 3H2O > 2Fc(OH)3 + 6NaCl + 3CO2T

(A) (B) (G) (2) : 2Fc(OH)3 Fe203 + 3H2O

(3) : 2Fe203 + CO 2FC3O4 + CO2

B a i 7 Lap cac phiTiIng trinh hoa hoc sau :

a) H3PO4 + K2HPO4 > b) H3PO4 + Ca(0H)2 >

1 mol 1 mol 2 niol 3 mol

e) 2H3PO4 + Ca(OH)2 > Ca(H2P04)2 + 2H2O

A : Zn(0H)2 B : [Zn{NH3)4|(OH)2 C : Na:Zn02

(1) : Zn + Cl2 >ZnCl2 (2) : ZnCl2 + 2NH3 + 2 H 2 0 — ^ Z n ( 0 H ) 2 i + 2NH,Cl

b) Cho hon help gom FcS, CU2S vc'li ti Ic mol 1 : 1 lac dung vi'fi U N O , tiia dift^c

dung djch A va khi B A lao lhanh k c l liia Hang V('li BaCI;, dc lu)ng khoivj

7 i

Phan d?ng va phuang ph^p giai H6a hqc 11 VP co - D5 Xuan Hang

khi, B chuyen thanh khi mau niiu B, Cho dung djch A tac dung vdi dung

dich NH3 tao ra dung djch A, va kcl tiia A2 Nung A2 d nhict do cao difOc

chat ran A3 Vie't cac phifdng trinh phan iJng dang phiin ttir va dang ion

Gidi a) * Vdi dung dich NH3: chl tao ket liia Fc(0H)2 Vix A1(0H)3

FeCl2 + 2NH3 + 2H2O > Fe(0H)2^ + 2NH4CI

AICI3 + 3NH3 + 3H2O > Al(0H)3i + 3NH4CI

Cac hidroxit con lai deu tan trong NH3 diT vi tao thiinh hcfp chat phuTc tan

CuCb + 2NH3 + 2H2O > Cu(0H)2i + 2NH4CI

Cu(0H)2 + 4NH3 > lCu(NH3)4l(OH)2 phiJc tan

ZnCl2 + 2NH3 + 2H2O > Zn(0H)2i + 2NH4CI

Zn(OH)2 + 4NH3 > [Zn(NH3)4](OH)2 philc tan

* Vdi dung dich NaOH : c6 the dung NaOH de dieu che bon hidroxit tren,

rieng Zn(0H)2 va A1(0H)3 can dung NaOH vifa du

b) 3FeS + 3CU2S + 2 8 H N O 3 — > 3Fe(N03)3 + 6CUSO4 + 1 9 N 0 + I4H2O

Phufcfng trinh ion rut gon :

3FeS + 3CU2S + 28H^ + 19NO3 —^ 3Fc'" + 6Cu'^ + 19N0 + I4H2O

Ba'* + SOf > BaS04i

trong viec chuyen nitd lit khi quyen vao trong dal, cung cap nguon phan dam

cho cay co'i

BAI TAP AP DgNG

Bai 1 Viet sO do phan i?ng tht/c hicn chuoi bien hoa sau :

Ag3P04 < ^ Na3P04 ^ H3PO4 Ca3(P04)2 ^ (NH4)3P04 ^ (NH4)2HP04 ^ NH4H2PO4

Gidi

(1) 4HNO3 + Cu > Cu(N03)2 + 2NO2 + 2H2O (2) 2NO2 + 2NaOH > NaN03 + NaNOj + H2O (3) 2NaN03 2NaN02 + O

(4) 5O2 + 4P 2P2O5 (5) P2O5 + 3H2O > 2H3PO4

(6) H3PO4 + 3NaOH > Na3P04 + SH.Q

(7) Na3P04 + 3AgN03 > Ag3P04i + 3NaN03

(8) NH3 + H3PO4 > NH4H2PO4

(9) NH4H2PO4 + NH3 > (NH4)2HP04

(10) (NH4)2HP04 + NH3 > (NH4)3P04

(11) 2(NH4)3P04 + 3Ca (OH)2 > Ca3(P04)2 + 6NH3 + 6H2O

^^ai 2 Lap phiTOng trinh hoa hoc cua cac phan iJng oxi hoa khu" sau :

a) K N O 2 + Kl + H2SO4 > I2 + NO + K2SO4 + H2O

b) FeSj + HNO3 + HCl > FeCl3 + H2SO4 + NO + H2O

; c) Zn + HNO3 > Zn(N03)2 + N2O + NO + NH4NO3 + H.O

I d) AS2S3 + HNO3 + H2O > H3ASO4 + H2SO4 + NO e) P + NH4CIO4 > H3PO4 + N2 + CI2 + H2O

Phan dgng va phuong phAp giSi H6a hoc 11 V6 ca - D 5 Xuan Hang

B a i 3 Cho NO2 lac dung vdi dung djch K O H dir Sau do lay dung djch ihu di/dc

cho tac dung \6i Zn sinh ra hon hdp khi N H , va H2 V i c l cac phifdng trinh philn

iJng xay ra

„ N H , ^ A,„,„ N H , C - - i ^ D ^ E

+ N a O H H„^,„ ^ G

I 2H3PO4 + 3Ba(OH)2 > Ba3(P04)2 + 6H2O

g NH4NO2 N2 + 2H2O

75

AI2O3 + 2 N a O H > 2NaA102 + H.O

Itai 5 Cho sd do chuyen hoa sau :

+ d d H N 0 , ( l ) A t° A - " N H g t " ^ A + d d H C U 0 2 , A - ^ d d N a O H A ->-ddNH;,

+ d d H 2 S ( 2 ) ( 4 ) + A , , t "

A 3 A 5

V i e t phUdng Irinh hoa hoc cua cac phan iJng xay ra thco sd do chuyen hoa

tren Biet cac cha't tiT A | d e n A x la dong va cac hdp cha't cua dong

(TSDH, ct0 II - 2006) Giai

A , : Cu A 2 : Cu(N03)2 A3 : CuS A 4 : CuO

As : CU2O A f t : C u C b A 7 : CuCOH), A x : |Cu(NH3)4](OH)2

(1) 3 C u + 8 H N O 3 loang > 3Cu(N03)2 + 2 N O + 4H2O

+ 15N2O, + ( 1 0 - x ) H 2 O

h) K M n O ^ + PH3 + H2SO4 > K2SO4 + MnSO^ + H3PO4 + H2O

8 K M n 0 4 + 5PH3 + I2H2SO4 > 4K2SO4 + 8MnS04 + 5H3PO4 + I 2 H 2 O

B a i 7 a) V i e t hai phiTdng trinh phan tfng chiJng minh muoi nitrat dong vai trd oxi hoa trong m o i tri/cfng axit va moi trufcfng bazd

b) Vie't day du bay phiTdng trinh phan xing theo scf do sau :

* Trong moi IriTcJng bazd :

(7) F e C l 2 + 2AgN03 > Fe(N03)2 + 2AgCl4

Bai 8 Viet cac phiTdng trinh theo sd do sau (moi chiJ cai la mot chat):

Cu(N03)2 CuO + 2NO2 +

Ca(0H)2 + 2 H N O 3 > Ca(N03)2 + 2H2O

* Khi NH3 : dung quy tim am -> hoa xanh

* Ion NH4 : diJng dung djch kicm -> khi NH3 miii khai

* Ion N O 3 " : dijng vun dong va dung dich H 2 S O 4 loang -> khi NO khong mau hoa nau ngoai khong khi

* Ion PO4" : dung dung dich AgN03 ket tua mau vang Ag3P04

Bai 1 Trinh bay phiTdng trinh hoa hoc de nhan biet cac dung dich: NH3, Na2S04, N H 4 C I va (NH4)2S04 Viet phu-dng Irinh hoa hoc cua cac phan iJng

da diing

Giai

* Cho dung dich Ba(0H)2 Ian lU'tft vao bo'n mau ihuf tren

- Mau Na2S04 CO ket tua trang xuat hien

Na2S04 + Ba(0H)2 > BaS04i + 2NaOH

- Mau con lai la N H 3

Bai 2 Cho mot it chat chi thi phenolphetalein vao dung dich NH3 loang ta thu

diTdc dung djch A Hoi dung dich A c6 mau gi? Mau cua dung dich A bien

ddi nh\i the' nao trong cac thi nghiem sau :

a) Dun nong dung dich hoi lau

b) Them mot so moi HCi b^ng so moi NH3 c6 trong dung dich A

c) Them mot it NajCOj

d) Them A I C I 3 tdi dif

Gidi Dung dich NH3 c6 tinh bazrf yeu nen khi cho mot it cha't chi thi

phenolphetalein vao thi dung dich A c6 mau hong,

a) Khi dun nong dung dich A hoi lau thi mau hong nhat dan den khi mat hin