bồi dưỡng học sinh giỏi lịch sử 12

Hai la, vai tro ciia Hpi Vi?t Nam each mang Thanh nien doi voi su thanh lap Dang Cpng san Viet Nam: Sau khi tiep thu chii nghla Mac - Lenin thong qua cac bai giang ciia Nguyen Ai Quoc

LOI NOI DAU

Cac ban d6n§ nghidp va cac cm hoc sinh Lh&n men!

Hii^n nay Lrdn Lhi Lniong sach Lham khao mon Ljch sii c6 r^L nhi<iu Lai lidu vi6L v6

luydn Lhi dai hcpc, cao dSng nhimg iL Lhiy Lai lieu v\6l vc boi duong hoc sinh gioi Nhu

cAu SHU [Am Lai lidu dS hSl duong hoc sinh gioi cac mon hoc noi chung cung nhu m6n

Ljch sir noi ridng dang Lro ndn r^L cAn cho Lhay c6 giao va cac cm hoc sinh 6 cac

Lnrong THPT, nha la cac Lruong THDT chuyen

Tu Lhyc 16 nhu cdu do, chiing Loi manh dan bidn soan cuon " 5 0 1 DUONG H Q C

G I O I MON LICH &\J 12" v6i hy vong gop moL ph^n nho vao vide giai quycL nhu

c^u buc xuc dang daL ra va b6 sung vao kho Lai lieu sach Lham khao mon Ljch su dang

hidn hanh Day la nhirng v^n d6 c6 lidn quan den cac ki Lhi hoc sinh gioi qu6c gia mon

Ljch sii hang nam ciia B6 Giao due va Dao Lao

(Sach gom c6 ba phdn:

Phan 1: Huong dan lam bai Lhi hoc sinh gioi mon Ljch su

Chiing Loi d c cSp d6n bon v^n 66: ydu cAn on Lfip; muc d d kien Lhuc va ki nBng;

cAn Lnic d6 Lhi va moL s6 v^n de c^n luu y khi on L&p va lam bai Lhi hoc sinh gioi mon

Ljch su

Phan 2: Ljch su VidL Nam hidn dai

Trong phdn nay, chiing Loi chia ra moL so cac chuydn de Lhco Lien Lrinh phaL Lriin

ljch su dan L6c Lu nSm 1919 den nay M6i chuydn 66 chiing Loi khac sSu nhirng kien

c^n Lhi6L, c6 lidn quan den vide b6i duong hoc sinh gioi va Lhi hgc sinh gioi

Phan 3: Ljch su Lhi^ gioi hidn dai

Chiing Loi gioi Lhidu nh&ng ki6n Lhiic co ban, c6 dong ve ljch sii Lh<5 gioi Lhoi can

va hidn dai, do la nhung kien Lhiic phuc vu cho vide boi duong hoc sinh gioi LoL nh^L

Hi vong rang, cuon nay d6n voi quy Lhiy c6 giao va cac cm hoc sinh nhu la moL Lai

lidu nghidn ciiu, Lham khao, de \in luoL Lhao go nhung kho khSn, vuong mic Lrong qua

Lrinh boi duong hoc sinh gioi daL kcL qua LoL nh^L

Tuy da c6 nhieu c6 gang nghidn ciiu, song qua Lrinh bidn soan chac se khong

Lranh khoi nhOng Lhicu soL, riL mong nhSn dugc sir dong gop y kien cua cac ban dong

nghidp va cac cm hoc sinh Ain chSn Lhanh cam on!^

3 Npi dung on tap phai bam bam sat cac yeu cau ve kien thuc, ki nang 6 cac muc dp da dupe hpc trong chuong trinh nang cao va npi dung chuyen sau

I I M L / C D O C A N D A T V E K I E N T H L T C V A K I N A N G

1 Ve kien thuc: yeu cau hpc sinh phai nho, nam virng va hieu sau sic cac

kien thuc co ban ciia chuong trinh, sach giao khoa nang cao va npi dung cac chu de chuyen sau Do la nen tang co ban virng vang de tie'p can cac kien thuc sau sac hon

2 Ve kl nang: can chii trpng ki nang phan tich, tong hap, khai quat hoa kien thuc, ren luy^n kha nang van dung cac kien thuc vao giai quyet cac van de trong hpc tap va thyc tien, dac bi^t chii y ki nang viet, ki nang trinh bay mpt van de

3 Vi?c on tap thi hpc sinh gioi mon Ljch su phai dya tren co so phat trien nang luc tri tu^ ciia hpc sinh tu miic dp dan gian den phuc tap, tu thap den cao; npi dung bao ham cac muc dp khac nhau cua nhan thuc Tuy nhien, doi voi thi hpc sinh gioi khong chi dirng lai 6 vi^c cac kien thuc nhan biet, thong

hieu, van dung ma con chii y den viec danh gia cac kl nang cao han nhu kha nang so sanh, doi chieu, lap luan, the hi^n chinh kien ciia minh va van dyng kien thuc da hpc vao cupc song dang doi hoi

H I C A U T R U C B A I T H I M O N L I C H SU"

Doi voi de thi chpn hpc sinh gioi quoc gia mon Lich su gom 7 cau, thang diem 20, dugc phan bo nhu sau:

Cau 1 (2,5 diem): Phan ljch su Vi?t Nam. -il"' ' "^'^"^

Cau 2 (2,5 diem): Phan ljch su the gioi

Cau 3 (3 diem): Kien thuc ljch su Vi^t Nam, cau hoi yeu cau thi sinh phai biet tong hpp kien thuc

Cau 4 (3 diem): Kien thuc Hch su Viet Nam, tren co so trinh bay mpt sy ki?n hay mpt qua trinh ljch su Vi?t Nam, thi sinh biet de giai thich hi§n tupng lich

su do

3Si du&ng HSG L/ch Sit 12 - Ths Truvn^ Ngpc Thoi

Cau 5 (3 diem): Kie'n thuc Ijch sir Vi$t N a m , tren co so nhung sir ki#n hay

mot qua trinh Ijch su Vi?t N a m , thi sinh bie't the hi?n ki nang n h u lap bieu

bang, so do, so sanh

Cau 6 (3 diem): Kie'n thuc ijch sir Viet Nam, thi sinh bie't phan ti'ch, danh

gia, nhan xet mpt sir k i f n hay mpt qua trinh Ijch sir Vi^t Nam

Cau 7 (3 diem): Kien thuc Ijch su the'giai, thi sinh bie't phan tich, danh gia, nh^n

xet mpt sy ki?n ijch sir the'giai hoac kT nang nhu lap bieu bang, so do, so sanh

I V M Q T SO V A N DE C A N L l / U Y K H I O N T A P T H I H Q C S I N H G I O I

1 Bam sat kie'n thirc, kT nang trong chuong trinh nang cao va noi dung

chuyen sau Trong qua trinh on tap dua tren co so kien thirc ciia sach giao

khoa nang cao va kien thirc chuyen sau, can phai nam vCrng nhirng sir kien Ijch

sir CO ban nha't Ch^ng han, trong giai doan Ijch sir tir nam 1930 den nam 1945,

cac em can tap trung vao cac sir kien Ijch sir sau:

- Su thanh lap Dang Cpng san Viet N a m ngay 3 - 2 - 1930

- Phong trao each mang 1930 - 1931 voi dinh cao la X6 viet Nghe - Tinh

- Phong trao dan chii 1936 - 1939

- Phong trao giai phong dan tpc 1939 - 1945

Trong do, chii trpng den cac su kien dien ra trong nam 1930 va nam 1945

2 Bam sat cau true de thi de on tap

Cau true de thi hpc sinh gioi quoc gia co 7 cau n h u da neu, trong qua trinh

on tap, cac em can bam sat cau true do de cac em lam quen voi cac dang cau

hoi va t u xay d y n g dap an tra lai, qua do ren luy#n nang lyc t u hpc, t u kiem

tra danh gia ve von hieu bie't kien thirc Ijch sir eung n h u cac kT nang lam bai va

kT nang thue hanh

Vi du, dcthi tlwo can true cau 1: Hay neu nhirng chui/en bien trong tu tucmg dm

mtac cua Phan Boi Chau dan theki XX

V&i denay yen can hoc sinh phai trinh bay noi dung:

Dau the ki XX, phong trao giai phong dan tpc Viet N a m phat trien len mpt

buoc moi theo khuynh huong dan chii t u san, giai phong dan tpc gSn lien voi giai

phong xa hpi Dai bieu cho khuynh huong cun nuoe moi la Phan bpi Chau, Phan

Chau Trinh

Phan Bpi Chau (1867 -1940), sinh ra trong gia dinh co truyen thong nho hpc 6

N a m Dan - N g h ^ A n , dupe dao tao theo khuon mau Trung quan ai quoc, yeu nuoc

thuong dan sau sac, som tham gia chong Phap

Tir nam 1883 den 1901, ong huong theo ngpn co Can vtfcmg chong Phap: viet

Hich binh Tdy (1883), lap dpi Si tu Can vu'ffng (1885), nam 1900 ong do giai nguyen

CO "danh" de thuc hi^n chi nguyen cuu nuoc, nam 1901 m i m bao dpng cuop thanh

Mghe A n nhung bi 16

Nam 1902, ong bSt dau cupc hanh trinh tim nguoi cimg chi huong: ra BSc, vao

Nam tim dong chi , tie'p can t u tuong dan chii t u san qua tan van, tan thu , t u

tuong ciru nuoc cua ong b5t dau chuyen bien theo huong m o i Nam 1904, lap Duy tan hpi voi mue ticu: "Danh Phap, khoi phue Vi^t Nam, lap chinh phii doe lap, ngoai ra chua co chu nghia gi khac", dua Cuong De, con chau hoang tpc lam minh ehii 1905 -1909 thuc hien phong trao Dong d u

Nhirng hoat dong do danh dau su chuyen bien trong t u tuong cua Phan Bpi

Chau tir quan chu chuyen r/zt'sang quan chu lap hich: mupn danh nghTa hoang tpc

de tap hop luc lupng

Nam 1911, each mang Tan H p i Trung Quoc thang Ipi, ong huong ve Trung Quoc,1912 lap Viet Nam Quang phue hpi voi mue dich "Danh Phap, khoi phue Vi?t Nam, lap cpng hoa dan quoc" Tir do, ong doan tuy^t voi t u tuong quan chii, chuyen tir quan ehii lap hien sang cpng hoa t u san, day la buoc tien quan trpng trong qua trinh hoat dong cuii nuoc ciia Phan Bpi Chau

Nam 1917, Cach mang thang M u o i Nga thSng Ipi den voi ong n h u luong anh sang moi Tuy chua tro thanh nguoi cpng san nhung ong co cam tinh voi nuoc Nga X6 viet, dat niem tin vao sir thing Ipi ciia chii nghia cpng san, niem tin vao lanh ty Nguyen A i Quoc

N a m 1925, khi chua the thay doi dupe to chuc, phuong phap dau tranh thich hop voi su chuyen bien moi cua dat nuoc va thoi dai, ong bj Phap bat giam long tai Hue'

Vi du, dcthi theo cau true cau 2: Neu nhiem vii va tinh chat cua Cach mang thang Mmri Nga nam 1917

V&i denay yeu cau hoc sinh phai trhih bay noi dung:

Nuoc Nga truoc each mang la noi tap trung cac mau thuan ciia chii nghTa dequoc, la "nha tii cua cac dan tpc"

N h i ^ m vu each mang: lat do che'dp Nga Hoang, giai phong giai cap v6 san, nhan dan lao dpng Nga, dong thoi giai phong eac dan tpc thupc dja trong de quoc Nga

Doi voi nuoc Nga, do la mpt cupc each mang v6 san (lat do ach thong trj ciia giai cap t u san va phong kie'n, thiet lap nen chuyen chinh v6 san, dua cong nong len nam chinh quyen)

Doi voi cac dan tpc thupc dja trong dequoc Nga, do la mpt cupc each mgng

giai phong dan tpc •

i-BSi dijOng HSG L/ch Sit 12 - Ths Truang Ngpc Thai

Vi du, de thi theo cau true cau 3: Hay trinh bay su thanh lap Hoi Viet Nam Cdch

mqng Thanh nien nam 1925 Hoi Viet Nam Cdch mang Thanh nien c6 vai tro nhu the

ndo dot v&i su ra dai cua Dang Cong sdn Viet Nam?

Vai denay yeu cau hoc sinh phdi trinh bay hai noi dung:

Mot la, s\f ra dai ciia Hpi Vi?t Nam Cach mang Thanh nien nam 1925 nhu sau:

Sau khi ve den Quang Chau (Trung Quoc), Nguyen A i Quoc ma lop huah luy^n

dao tao can bp Phan Ion hoc vien la thanh nien, hoc sinh, tri thuc Viet Nam yeu

nuac Nguyen A i Quoc lua chon mot so thanh nien tich eye trong Tam tam xa de

to chiic thanh nhom Cpng san Doan (2 -1925)

Thang 6 - 1925, Nguyen Ai Quoc thanh lap Hpi Vi?t Nam Cach mang Thanh

nien nhSm to chuc va lanh dao quan chiing doan ket lai, kich li^t tranh dau de

danh do de quoc chii nghia Phap va tay sal, tu cini minh

Thong qua Bao Thanh nien la ca quan ngon luan trung uong ciia Hoi do

Nguyen Ai Quoc sang lap va pham Dumg Kdch menh duqc xuat ban nam 1927

Boo Thanh nien va sach Difcmg Kdch menh da trang bj li luan each mang cho can

bp ciia Hpi Vif t Nam Cach mang Thanh nien de tuyen truyen chii nghla Mac

-Lenin cho giai cap cong nhan va cac tang lop nhan dan Vi^t Nam

Hai la, vai tro ciia Hpi Vi?t Nam each mang Thanh nien doi voi su thanh lap

Dang Cpng san Viet Nam:

Sau khi tiep thu chii nghla Mac - Lenin thong qua cac bai giang ciia Nguyen

Ai Quoc tai cac lop huah luy?n cho Hpi Viet Nam Cach mang Thanh nien,

nhung thanh vien ciia Hpi Ian lupt dupe cu ve nuac theo chii truang "v6 sdn

hod" ciia Hpi nam 1928, nhieu can bp ciia Hpi da di sau vao cac nha may, xi

nghi?p, don dien cung lao dpng va song vai cong nhan de tuyen truyen, van

dpng each mang va tuyen truyen chii nghla Mac - Lenin

Trong nhung nam 1928 - 1929, chii nghia Mac - Lenin dupe truyen ba sau

rpng vao Vi?t Nam c6 tac dung thiic day phong trao cong nhan va phong trao

yeu nude phat trien manh me Mot yeu cau cap thiet ciia lich su dat ra la phai

thanh lap chinh dang ciia giai cap v6 san de lanh dao phong trao

Dap ung yeu cau do, a Vi^t Nam Ian lupt xuat hien ba to chuc cpng san vao

nam 1929 Nhung su hoat dpng rieng le ciia ba to chuc cpng san gay anh

huong khong tot den tien trinh each mang Can phai hpp nhat cac to chuc cpng

san thanh mpt Dang duy nhat, do la Dang Cpng san Vi?t Nam

Nhu vay, Hpi Vi^t Nam Cach mang Thanh nien vua dong vai tro truyen ba

chii nghla Mac - Lenin vao Vi#t Nam, vua tao dieu kif n thiic day phong trao

cong nhan va phong trao yeu nuoc 6 Vi?t Nam phat trien Do la ba yeu to can

thiet de di den thanh l$p Dang Cpng san Vi^t Nam (3 - 2- 1930)

Vi du, de thi theo cau true cau 4: Vi sao Dang Cong sdn Viet Nam ra doi ma ra mot buae ngoqt vo eiing quan trong trong lich su dan toe Viet Nam?

Vai denay yeu cau hoc sinh phdi trinh bay hai noi dung:

Dang ra doi da vach ra duong loli chien luoc cho each mang Duong 161 do la- Truoc lam each mang dan tpc dan chii roi sau tien thang len chii nghia xa

hpi bo qua giai doan phat trien che dp tu ban chii nghla Tie nay each mang

Vi?t Nam chain dut su khiing hoang ve duong 161 va c6 su lanh dao diing dan dedi den thang Ipi

Dang ra doi, xay dung dupe mpt lue lupng mai cho each mang ma chii yeu

la lien minh cong nong Dang ra doi de ra hai khau hieu chien lupc la: "Dpc lap dan tpc" va "Rupng dat dan eay" Hai khau hi^u nay dap ling dupe nguy^n vpng ciia da so nhan dan, nhat la nong dan Do do, loi cuon dupe dong dao nong dan di theo each mang, xay dyng dupe khoi lien minh cong nong, tao ra dupe mpt nhan to co ban nua, dam bao thSng Ipi cho each mang Vi?t Nam Dang ra dai vach ra dupe phuong phap each mang diing dSn Do la dung

phuang phap dau tranh each mang hang bao luc ciia quan chiing theo quan

diem ehii nghla Mac - Lenin Nho do ta biet xay dung va su dung hai luc lupng chinh trj, vu trang de tien hanh khoi nghla

Dang ra doi xay dung dupe ban dong minh mai Dang ra doi lam cho each m^ing Vi#t Nam tro thanh mpt bp phan khang khit ciia the gioi Nha vay, tir do den nay, ta da tranh thii dupe sy dong tinh va ling hp to Ion ciia cac lyc lupng each mang the gioi, tao nen sue manh tong hpp de chien thSng mpi ke thu

Vi nhi>ng le do Dang Cpng san Viet Nam ra doi da ma ra mpt buoc ngoat Ijch su vT dai cho each mang Vi^t Nam

Vi du, dethi theo cau true can 5: So sdnh chien thang Viet Bac thu - dong 1947 vd chien dich Bien giai thu - dong 195 dethd'y dugc buac tien cua ta trong khdng chien chongPhdp

Vai npi dung ciia cau hoi nay khong yeu cau hoc sinh trinh bay dien bien ciia chien djch Vi?t B3c thu - dong nam 1947 va chien djch Bien gioi thu - d6ng nam 1950, va tren co so npi dung ciia hai chien djch do phai so sanh de thay dupe buoc tien ciia ta trong cupc khang chien ehong Phap Cu the can l$p bang

so sanh nhu sau:

Tieu chi so sanh Chien dich Vi ?t Bac Chien djch Bien gioi

1) Chii dpng tan cong djch

Ta danh bai ciia tan c6ng len Vi^t BSc ciia djch

- Ta chii dpng tien cong dich

o

2) Quan djch bj loai khoi vung chien

6000 ten dich - 8.300 djch 6 bien giai

Vi?t - Trung^

Ta bao ve dugc V i f t Bac

3) Qiai phong da't

dai

4) Y nghia quan trpng

nha't ciia thing Igi

- Bao dupe Vi§t Bac, can

cu dau nao ciia khang chien

- Lam pha san am m u u

"danh nhanh, thSng nhanh"

t r u o n g chinh

N h u vay, so voi chien djch Viet Bac thu - dong nam 1947, chien dich Bien

gioi thu - dong nam 1950 the hien buoc tien ciia quan dan ta trong cuoc khang

chien chong Phap do la, tix cho djch chii dong tan cong ta, den cho ta chii dpng

tan cong djch T u cho lam pha san am m u u "danh nhanh, thang nhanh ciia

d j c h " den cho ta da gianh the'chii dpng tren chien t r u o n g chi'nh Bac Bp

Vi du, dethi theo cm true cau 6: Tren ca aa trinh bay nguyen nhan thang lai cm

cuoc khang chien chong thuc dan Phap xam luac, hay phan tich mot nguxjen nhan c6

tinh chat quyet dinh nha't

Truvc het yen cau hoc sinh trinh bay ngan gon cdc ngiiyen nhan thang lai cua cuoc

khang chien chong Phap:

N h d lanh dao sang suot ciia Dang, d u n g dau la Chii tjch H o Chi M i n h , vol

d u o n g 161 khang chien d i i n g d^n, sang tao Toan dan, toan quan doan ket,

dGng cam trong chien dau, trong lao dpng san xua't

N h o h$ thong chinh quyen dan chii nhan dan trong ca nuoc, c6 mat tran

dan tpc thong nha't dupe ciing co va m o rong, c6 lye l u p n g v u trang som dupe

xay d u n g va khong n g u n g Ion manh, co hau phuong rong Idn, v u n g chSc ve

mpi mat

N h o tinh than doan ke't ciia nhan dan ba nude Dong Duong chong ke thu chung

N h o CO su dong tinh, ling hp va giiip do ciia Trung Quo'e, Lien Xo va eiia

cae nuoc dan chii nhan dan khae, ciia nhan dan Phap va loai n g u o i tie'n bp

Sau do yeu can hoc sinh phan tich mot nguyen nhan quyet dinh nhat:

Trong cae nguyen nhan neu tren thi nguyen nhan ve sy lanh dao ciia Dang,

d u n g dau la Chii tjch H o Chi M i n h la nguyen nhan quye't d j n h nha't

Trong cupe khang chien chong thye dan Phap tro lai xam lupc nuoc ta,

Dang ta va Chii tjch H o Chi M i n h da de ra d u o n g loi khang chien toan dan,

toan di^n, lau dai va t u lye canh sinh D u o n g loi do dupe ap d u n g trong suot

tie'n tranh each mang t u nam 1946 den nam 1954 N h o co d u o n g loi do Dang ta

da doan ke't dupe m p t lye lupng each mang ciia dong dao quan chiing de thye

hi^n cupe khang chien toan dan va da tie'n hanh khang chien tren cae mat tran

kinh te, chinh trj, van hoa, quan sy Cijng nho co d u o n g loi do ma Dang ta lanh dao nhan dan ta chien dau lau dai, ben bi, Ian lupt danh bai tung am m u u ciia dich de tie'n len danh bai hoan toan cuoc chien tranh xam lupc ciia thye dan Phap co sy giiip sue ciia MT

Sy lanh dao cua Dang, d u n g dau la Chii tich H o Chi M i n h voi d u o n g 161 each mang d u n g dan da giiip cho toan Dang, toan quan va toan dan ta doan ke't mpt long, chien dau v i myc tieu doe lap dan tpc va chii nghla xa hpi Toan Dang, toan quan va toan dan ta chien dau voi tinh than "Tha hi sinh tat ca chu

nha't djnh kh6ng chju mat nuoc, nha't djnh khong chiu lam n6 \q" Voi tinh

than ay, cupe chien dau d i i lau dai, dya vao siic m i n h la chinh n h u n g ehiing ta

da gianh dupe th^ng Ipi cuoi cung, bupc thye dan Phap phai e6ng nhan doc l^p chii quyen, thong nha't va toan v^n lanh tho ciia ba nuoc D 6 n g D u o n g

Vi du, dethi theo cau true cau 7: Phan tich chu triamg dieu chinh chien lirac each

mang the giai ciia Quae teCong san tqi Dai hoi Ian thu VU (7 - 1935J Nguyen nhan

dan tai chu truang do

Vai denay yeu cau hoc sinh phai trinh bay noi dung:

Mot la, Chu truang dieu chinh chick luoc cdch mtnig thegiai:

Xae dinh ke thu nguy hiem truoc mil ciia nhan dan the gioi khong phai la

chii nghla de'quoc noi chung, ma la ehii nghTa phat xit

De ra nhi^m v u each mang the gioi la dau tranh chong ehii nghTa phat xit va

nguy CO chien tranh the'gioi do ehii nghla phat xit gay ra

Chii t r u o n g thanh lap mat tran nhan dan o cae nuoc, nham tap hpp rpng rai lye l u p n g dan ehii

Hai la, N g u y e n nhan dan toi ehii truong do:

Do sy xua't hien ciia chii nghla phat xit va nguy co chien tranh the'gioi

De giai quye't nhi>ng hau qua ciia cuoc khiing hoang kinh te'1929 - 1933, khi ehii nghla phat xit tam thoi thang the o mpt so nuoc Phong trao chong ehii nghla phat xit phat trien nhieu noi tren the'gioi

PhAn 2: L j C H SO VIET N A M HIEN D A I

C/iuy^n de I: VIET NAM TU NAM 1919 DEN NAM 1930

I CONG CUOC K H A I THAC THUOC DIA LAN T H l / H A I CUA T H l / C D A N PHAP

1 Th\rc dan Phap tien hanh k h a i thac Vi?t N a m ngay sau Chien tranh the

g i o i t h u nhat

• Qua trinh khai thac Idn thu hai:

Sau Chien tranh the gioi t h u nhat (1914 - 1918), de quoc Phap tuy la nude

t h i n g tran, nhung lai bj chien tranh tan pha nang ne, kinh te sa sut nghiem

trpng Them vao do, cuoc khiing hoang kinh te trong the gioi t u ban chu nghla

cang gay kho khan cho nen kinh tePhap

N h a m han gan vet thuong chien tranh, bij dap nhung thiet hai do chien

tranh gay ra, khoi phuc va ciing co dja vj trong thegiod t u ban chii nghla de

quoc Phap mot mat tang cuong boc lot nhan dan trong nuoc, mat khac day

manh khai thac boc lot thuoc dia Cuoc khai thac thupc dja Ian t h u hai ma thyc

dan Phap tien hanh 6 Dong D u o n g la nam trong y do do

De tien hanh khai thac thupc dja Ian t h u hai 6 Vi^t N a m , Phap tang cuong

dau t u von vao Vi^t N a m voi quy mo va toe dp nhanh gap nhieu Ian so v o i

trudc chien tranh Chi trong vong 6 nam (1924 - 1929) tong so von dau t u vao

Vi^t N a m tang gap 6 Ian so voi 20 nam truac chien tranh (1898 - 1918)

V o i so von do, Phap tap trung khai thac cac ITnh vuc sau:

Ve nong nghiep: thuc dan Phap day manh vi?c cuop da't, lap don dien, chu

yeu la don dien cao su Tinh den nam 1930, di$n tich don dien do chu nguoi

Phap nam gii> toi 1,2 trieu hec ta da't dai, bang 1/4 tong d i f n tich da't canh tac 6

Vi^t N a m Nhieu Cong ti Ian phuc vu cho vi^c khai thac cung Ian lupt ra dai:

Cong ti Da't do, Cong ti M i so Lanh, Cong ti trong cay nhi^t doi

Ve cong nghiep: thuc dan Phap day manh khai thac mo (chii yeu la mo

than) Nhieu Cong ti than m a i ra doi: Cong ti than Ha Long, Dong Dang, Cong

ti than Dong Trieu

Ngoai ra, t u ban Phap con mo them mpt so ca so cong nghiep khong c6 kha

nang canh tranh voi cong nghiep Phap, chu yeu la cong nghiep che'bien

Ve thuong nghiep: de nam chat hon thj truong Vi^t N a m va Dong Duong,

Phap ban hanh dao luat dong thuenang hang ngoai nhap nhat la hang Trung

Quoc va Nhat Ban

Ve giao thong van tai: Phap tang cuong dau t u m o them nhieu tuyen d u o n g nham phuc vu dac luc cho vifc chuyen cho nguyen vat li#u cung n h u l u u thong hang hoa trong npi dja va voi nuoc ngoai ^

* Diem mm trong chucmg trinh khai thac thuoc dia Idn thii hai:

Tap trung von nhieu nhat vao nong n g h i f p (chii yeu la don dien cao su) va khai thac mo (chu yeu la mo than)

' 'ill

Phap con dau t u von vao cong nghiep nhe va thuong nghiep

Lap ngan hang Dong D u o n g de nam quyen chi huy kinh te

Dat ra cac t h u thue'moi nhu: thue'rupu, thue'muoi, thue thuoc phien

Tuy vay, kinh te V i f t N a m ve co ban van khong c6 gi thay doi, Phap he't sue han chephat trien cong nghiep, nhat la cong nghi?p nang, nham cpt chat kinh

te Dong D u o n g 1$ thupc vao kinh te Phap va bien Dong D u o n g thanh thj truong dpc chie'm ciia Phap

2 Tac d p n g ciia cupc k h a i thac thupc dia Ian t h u hai ciia t h y c dan Phap

d o i v o i nen k i n h te va xa h p i Vi?t N a m

* Vekinh te

Qua trinh khai thac thupc dja ciia Phap o Viet N a m lam cho nen kinh te'Vi^t

N a m C O su chuyen bien theo huong t u ban Chinh su tham nhap ciia phuang

thuc san xuat t u ban chu nghla dan toi su tan ra dan cua nen kinh te'ty nhien,

ty cap, t y tiic 6 nong thon Nen kinh te'hang hoa, do do co dieu ki^n de phat trien

Tuy nhien, do muc dich ciia thuc dan Phap bien Viet N a m thanh thj truong cung u n g nguyen vat li^u va tieu thu hang hoa, nen tac d y n g ciia phuang thuc san xuat t u ban chii nghla d u nhap vao cung chi han che

Mat khac, Phap van tie'p tuc duy tri quan h# san xuat phong kien 6 Vi^t Nam, tie'p tyc su d y n g giai cap dja chii phong kien V i vay, Vi^t N a m khong con la nuoc dpc lap va khong the co nen kinh te'dan tpc phat trien binh thuong len t u ban chii nghla, ma tro thanh mpt nuoc thupc dja niia phong kien Hay noi tom lai, nen kinh te Viet N a m Iiic bay gio la nen kinh te dan xen ton tai phuong thuc san xuat t u ban chii nghla va phuong thuc san xuat phong kien

Va suy cho cung, do la nen kinh te nong nghiep lac hau, que quat 1? thupc vao nen kinh te'Phap

* Vexa hgi

D u d i tac dpng ciia cupc khai thac thupc dja Ian t h u hai ciia thyc dan Phap lam cho xa hpi V i ^ t N a m bj phan hoa sau sSc Ben cgnh n h u n g giai cap cu van con, gio day da xuat hi§n cac giai cap moi

a Doi voi giai cap cu:

Giai cap liia chit phon^ kick: tiep tuc bj phan hoa va chia ra hai bo phan, moi

bo phan c6 thai do chinh tri l<hac nhau triroc ke thij va trong cuoc da'u tranh

dan toe

Bo phan nho la dai dia chu, giau co ien nho dua vao Phap, chong iai each

mang, chung tro thanh dcTi tugng cua each mang

Bo phan Idn la trung nong va tieu dja chu, bi Phap chen cp, dung eham toi

quyen Igi, ncn it nhiou c6 tinh than chong dequoc, tham gia phong trao yeu

nuoc khi co dicu kiOn

Giai cap iwn^ dan: nuoc ta von d l la mot nuoc nong nghicp, nen nong dan

chiem 90% dan MV H o la nan nhan cua chinh saeh chiom doat ruong dat, chinh

sach suu thue, dja to, phu phcn, tap dich ducVi che'do phong kieh H o tie'p tuc

bj ban cung hoa va bj pha san trcn quy mo rong Ion

Do bj ap buc, hoc lot nang no boi thue dan va phong kieh nen nong dan Viet

N a m giau long yeu nuoc, co tinh than chong d e q u o c va phong kieh, la luc

lugng hang hai va dong dao nhat cua each mang

b Doi vcSi eae giai cap va tang lop moi:

Giai Clip tir siiii: giai cap tu san Viet Nam ra doi vao nhung nam dau sau khi

Chien tranh the gioi tint nhat ket thiie Trong qua trinh phat frien, giai cap l u

san Viet N a m phan hoa thanh hai bg phan: Mot bg phan la tu san mai ban co

quyen Igi gdn voi dequoc, nen cau ket chat che ve chinh Irj voi chung Mot bg

phan khac la tu san dan toe co khuynh hucVng kinh doanh doc lap, phat trien

kinh te dan toe, nen it nhieu co tinh than dan toe, dan chu chong d e q u o c va

phong kieh, nhung lap truong cua hg khong kien dinh, de dang thoa hiep, eai

iuong khi dequoc manh

TrtJiy l&p tic'ii tie siiii: ra doi eimg Ihoi gian vcji giai cap t u san Tang lop tieu

tir san eiing bi d e q u o c bae dai, khinh re, doi song bap benh, gap nhieu kho

khan, de bj x6 day vao eon duong pha san va that nghiep Tang lop tieu tu san

nhay ben v()i tinh hinh chinh trj, co tinh than each mang, hang hai dau tranh va

la mgt luc lugng quan (rgng cua each mang dan toe, dan chu 6 nuoc ta

Giai cap coii;^ iiliait: ra doi trong euge khai thae thuge dia Ian t h u nha't va

ngay eang phat trien xe scYlugng va chat lugng trong euge khai thae thuge dja

Ian thiV hai cua thue dan Phap: tir 14 van (1914) Ien den 22 van (1929) Cong

nhan Vi^t N a m cung chiu nhieu tang ap buc, boe lot nen cugc song cua hg v6

CLing khon kho

Ngoai nhung dac diem cua giai cap cong nhan quoc te^ giai cap cong nhan

Viet N a m con eo nhung dac diem rieng:

n

Bi ap buc boe lot nang ne nhat, nen eo tinh than each mang cao nhat

Co quan he t u nhien gSn bo voi giai cap nong dan

Ke thua truyen thong yeu nuoc, anh himg bat khuat cua dan toe

Dac biet, vua Ion len, giai cap cong nhan Viet N a m da tie'p thu ngay chu nghla Mac - Lenin, anh huong Cach mang thang M u o i Nga va phong trao each mang thegioi sau chien tranh

Giai cap cong nhan Viet N a m voi hoan canh ra doi va phat trien, eiing v o i nhiing dac diem cua minh, la giai cap yeu nuoc, each mang, eiing voi giai cap nong dan tro thanh hai luc lugng chinh cua each mang, trong do giai cap cong nhan Viet N a m nSm lay nggn eo lanh dao each mang giai phong dan tgc va giai phong giai cap

3 Thai dp chinh tri va kha nang each mang cua cac giai cap trong xa hpi Vi^t Nam sau chien tranh

Moi giai cap va tang lop xa hgi co dja vj va quyen Igi khac nhau, nen co thai

do chinh t n khac nhau trong euge dau tranh dan tgc va dau tranh giai cap Giai cap dja chu phong kieh: mgt bg phan Ion cau ket voi thue dan Phap de huong dac quyen, dac Igi, tro thanh doi tugng eiia each mang Bg phan nho (dja chii vua va nho) co tinh than yeu nuoc se tham gia phong trao da'u tranh chong Phap khi co dieu kien

Giai cap t u san: t u san mai ban, quyen Igi gSn lien voi d e q u o c v i vay thai

dg chinh trj cua hg la phan dgng, la ke thii cua each mang; con t u san dan tgc it nhieu co tinh than dan tgc, dan chu chong de quoc va phong kien, nhung khong kien dinh, de thoa hiep, eai luong

Tang lop tieu t u san: eo tinh than yeu nuoc, tinh than chong de quoc, phong

kieh cao, hang hai tham gia each mang va la lyc lugng quan trgng trong each

mang dan tgc, dan chu 6 nuoc ta

Giai cap nong dan: la giai cap bj ap biic, boc lot n|ing ne nen hg giau long yeu nuoc, la luc lugng dong dao nhat cua each mang Vi?t N a m

Giai cap cong nhan: la giai cap yeu nuoc, each mang, la life l u g n g lanh dao

each mang Viet N a m

II P H O N G T R A O D A N T Q C D A N C H U 6 V I E T N A M T l / N A M 1919 D E N

N A M 1925

1 Tac dpng cua tinh hinh the giai va trong nuoc doi v6i each mang Vi?t Nam trong nhung nam 1919 -1925

a Tinh hinh the giai:

N a m 1917, each mang v6 san Nga thanh cong, Ian dau tien trong Ijch su nhan loai, nhan dan lao dgng Nga lat do hoan toan ach thong trj cua giai cap

BSidu&n^ H5G L/ch Su 12 - The Trirmi^ Nr^oc Thai

boc Ipt (phong kien va t u san) dua cong nhan va nong dan len 4ia vj nam

chi'nh quyen xay d u n g che'dg moi - che'dp xa hgi chii nghla D u o i anh huong

cua Cach mang thang M u o i Nga, phong trao giai phong dan tpc 6 cac nuoc

thupc dja va phong trao cong nhan o cac nuoc de'quo'c phat trien manh me va

gan bo mat thiet v o i nhau trong cupc dau tranh chong chii nghia de quoc

T u nam 1918 - 1923, do hau qua cua Chien tranh the gioi t h u nhat va tac

dpng ciia Cach mang thang M u o i , a cac nuoc t u ban cao trao each mang v6 san

biing len manh me Giai cap v6 san buoc len vu dai chinh tri, t u trong cao trao

each mang cac dang cpng san dupe thanh lap 6 nhieu nuoc n h u a Due, Ao,

Hunggari, Ba Lan, Phan Lan, Achentina Su ra dai ciia cac dang cpng san dat ra

yeu cau phai eo mot to ehuc quoc te de tap hpp luc l u p n g va chii dao theo mpt

duong 161 d u n g d i n Thang 3 - 1919, Quoc teCpng san dupe thanh lap ra sue

giiip do phong trao each mang v6 san va phong trao giai phong dan tpc tren

the gioi phat trien

Dae bi?t la su thanh lap Dang Cpng san Phap (1920) voi nhOng dong gop

ciia Nguyen A i Quoc tao ra nhirng thuan Ipi cho each mang Vi?t N a m

N a m 1921, Dang Cpng san Trung Quoc thanh lap va phong trao each mang

Trung Quoc phat trien trong thap nien 20 tao dieu k i ^ n thuan Ipi cho nhOng

nguoi Vi^t N a m d u n g chan va gay d u n g phong trao each mang trong nuoc

NhCrng chuyen bien m o i ciia tinh hinh the gioi c6 anh h u o n g Ion den sy

phat trien phong trao giai phong dan tpc Vi?t N a m

Cac trao l u u t u tuong tien bp ben ngoai dupe truyen ba vao V i f t N a m Cy

the, chu nghla Mae - Lenin dupe truyen ba vao Vi?t N a m thong qua tai l i f u ciia

Dang Cpng san Phap, Dang Cpng san Trung Quoc, dae bi?t la hoat dpng cua

Nguyen Ai Quoc 6 nude ngoai T u tuong dan chii t u san dupe truyen ba vao

nuoc ta, nhat la t u tuong Tam dan ciia Ton Trung Son

h Tinh hinh trong nuac:

Do chuong trinh khai thac thupc dja lan t h u hai ciia thuc dan Phap, xa hpi

Viet N a m c6 su phan hoa sau sac Ben canh nhung giai cap cu van eon ton tai,

eae giai cap m o i ra doi, phan hoa Nhirng giai cap m o i do la co so vat chat de

tiep thu t u tuong m o i vao nude ta (tu tuong t u san va t u tuong v6 san) cpng

vdi su tac dpng ciia each mang the gioi da lam cho phong trao yeu nude Vi?t N a m

mang mau sac mdi ma nhiing phong trao yeu nude trude kia khong he cd dupe

2 M p t so hoat d p n g yeu nuoc trong n h u n g nam 1919 - 1925

a Hoat dong cua Phan Boi Chau

Phan Bpi Chau chii truong bao dpng vu trang danh duoi Phap, xay dung mpt

che dp chinh trj m d i d Vi§t Nam Nam 1904, Phan Bpi Chau thanh lap hpi Duy tan

La ngudi to chiic phong trao Dong du, dua thanh thieu nien sang Nhat hpc tap de

chuan bi luc luong chong Phap Thang 3 - 1909, Phan Boi Chau bj tryc xuat khdi nude Nhat Thang 6 -1912, ong thanh lap Vi^t N a m Quang phyc hpi

Phan Bpi Chau la ngudi v u o n len lien tuc de dat muc tieu giai phdng dan tpc nhung tat ca deu bj that bai Sau thdi gian hoat dpng d Nhat Ban va Trung Quoc khong thanh, Phan Bpi Chau bj bpn quan phi^t Trung Quoc bat giam t u nam 1913, den nam 1917 m d i dupe tha t u do

D u d i anh h u d n g ciia Cach mang thang M u d i va su ra d d i ciia nude Nga

Xo viet da bat dau den v d i ong n h u mpt anh sang m d i Cam tinh v d i nude Nga

Xo viet, cudi nam 1920, Phan Bpi Chau djch ra chii Han cudn Dieu tra chan tuong Nga La Tu ciia mpt tac gia Nhat Ban, viet Truyen Pham Hong Thdi, ngpi ca

tinh than yeu nude, hi sinh anh dung ciia ngudi thanh nien hp Pham

Thang 6 - 1925, trong khi chua the thay ddi dupe to chuc, thay d d i phuong lupc dau tranh thich hpp v d i bien chuyen m d i ciia dat nude va thdi dai thi

Phan Bpi Chau bj thuc dan Phap hit tai Thupng H a i (Trung Quoc) dua ve

nude, bj ket an tu roi dua ve an t r i d Hue T u dd t r d d i , Phan Bpi Chau khong the tien theo nhjp song dau tranh mdi ciia dan tpc

b Su chuyen bien trong tu tuong cm nuoc cua Phan Bgi Chau

Dau the k i XX, phong trao giai phong dan tpc Viet N a m phat trien len mpt bude m d i theo k h u y n h h u d n g dan chii t u san, giai phdng dan tpc gan lien v d i giai phdng xa hpi Dai bieu cho khuynh hudng eiiu nude m d i la Phan Bpi Chau, Phan Chau Trinh

Phan Bpi Chau (1867 -1940), sinh ra trong gia dinh cd truyen thong nho hpc

d N a m Dan - Nghe A n , dupe dao tao theo khudn mau "Trung quan di quoc",

yeu nude thuong dan sau sac, sdm tham gia chong Phap

T u nam 1883 den 1901 ong hudng theo ngpn cd Can vuang chong Phap: viet Hich binh Tdy (1883), lap dpi Si tie Can vuang (1885), nam 1900, ong do giai nguyen, cd "danh" de thuc hi^n chi nguy^n ciiu nude, nam 1901 m u u bao dpng

cudp thanh N g h ^ A n nhung bj Ip

N a m 1902, ong hk dau cupc hanh trinh t i m ngudi ciing chi hudng: ra Bae, vao N a m t i m dong chi , tiep can t u tudng dan chii t u san qua tan van, tan thu , t u tudng cuu nude ciia ong bat dau chuyen bien theo h u d n g m d i

N a m 1904, ong lap Duy tan hpi vdi muc tieu: "Danh Phap, khdi phyc Vi?t Nam, lap chinh phii dpe lap, ngoai ra chua cd ehii nghla gi khae", dua Cudng

De, con chau hoang tpc lam m i n h chii N a m 1905 - 1909 ong thuc hi?n phong trao Dong d u ' - I'

3Si di/Chi^ HSG Ljch SCr 12 - The TrL/an^ Ngpc Thai

Nhirng boat dpng do danh dau su chuyen bien trong tu tuong ciia Phan Bpi

Chau tu qnCm chii clini/cn chO'sang quan chii lap hien: muan danh nghla hoang

toe de tap hop luc lupng

Nam 1911, each mang Tan Hoi Trung Quoc thang ipi, ong hudng ve Trung

Quoc ,1912 lap Vict Nam Qiiang phiic hoi voi myc dich "Danh Phap, khoi phuc

Viet Nam, lap cong hba dan quoc" T u do ong doan tuy^t voi tu tuong quan chii,

chuyen tu quan clu'i lap hien sang cong hoa lit adn , day la buoc tie'n quan trpng

trong qua trinh hoat dpng cuu nude cua Phan Bpi Chau

Nam 1917, Cach mang thang Mudi Nga thSng Ipi den voi ong nhu luong

anh sang mdi Tuy chua trd thanh ngudi cong san nhung ong c6 cam tinh voi

nude Nga X6 viet, dat niem tin vao su thang Ipi ciia chii nghla cong san, niem

tin vao lanh tu Nguyen Ai Qud'c

Nam 1925, khi chua the thay ddi dupe to chuc, phuong phap dau tranh

thich hpp vdi su chuyen bien mdi ciia dat nude va thdi dai, ong bj Phap bat

giam long tai Hue

c Hoat dong cua Phan Chau Trinh

Phan Chau Trinh la lanh tu ciia phong trao cai each dan chii Ong chii

truong phe phan che'dp thupe dia, vua quan, ho hao cai each xa hpi; nang cao

dan tri, dan quyen, tie'n tdi cuu nude Phan Chau Trinh da di kh^p tinh Quang

Nam va den cac tinh Trung Ki de van dpng cai each Cupc van dpng duy tan

ciia Phan Chau Trinh dien ra dudi nhieii hinh thuc phong phii

Phong trao Duy tan dang phat trien ngay cang sau rpng thi bj thuc dan

Phap dan ap di> dpi nam 1908, Phan Chau Trinh bj an tu ba nam d Con Dao

Nam 1911, thuc dan Phap dua ong sang Phap Suot 14 nam song d trung tam

chau A u , Phan Chau Trinh van giu dudng Id'i cai each, keu gpi dan quyen, dan

sinh, dan khi

Vao dau nam 1922, Phan Chau Trinh den Mae-xay Nhan djp vua Khai

Djnh sang du cupc trien lam thupe dja khuye'eh truong cai gpi la "cong lao

khai hoa" ciia Phap, Phan Chau Trinh viet Thai die'u thw vaeh ra 7 tpi dang

chem ciia Khai Djnh Phan Chau Trinh con to chuc dien thuyet len an che'dp

quan chii va quan truong d Viet Nam, tie'p tuc ho hao "Khai dan tri, chan dan

khi, hqu dan khi"

Thang 6 - 1925, Phan Chau Trinh ve nirdc Mac du sue khde da yeu ong van

tie'p tuc hoat dpng, da pha che'dp quan chii, de cao dan quyen Nhieu tang Idp

nhan dan, nha't la thanh nien rat men mo va hudng ling hoat dpng ciia Phan

Chau Trinh

d Hoat dong cua tu san va tie'u tu san

Ngay tu khi mdi ra ddi, tu san Vi^t Nam da to chuc cupc tay chay tu san Hoa Kieu (1919) d mot so tinh va thanh phd'nhu Sai Gdn, H a Npi, Hai Phong, Nam D i n h d Ha Npi ed cupc van dpng ngudi Vi?t Nam chi mua hang cua ngudi Vict Nam

Nam 1923, dai chii va tu san Vi?t Nam dau tranh chong tu ban Phap dpc quyen cang Sai Gdn, dpc quyen xua't cang liia gao Nam Ki

Ngoai ra, giai cap tu san da diing bao chi de benh vuc quyen Ipi cho minh trong phong trao chdng dpc quyen

Mpt so tu san va dia chii Idn d Nam K i (Bui Quang Chieu, Nguyen Phan

Long.) da tap hpp nhau lai thanh mpt to chuc cd ten la Dang Lap hien (1923)

C o quan ngon luan ciia Dang lap hien la to Dien dan Dong Duong va Tieng doi

An Nam Khi dupe thuc dan Phap nhupng bp cho it quyen Ipi (chu cho tham

gia Hpi dong Quan hat Nam Ki), hp da thda hiep vdi chiing

Sau chie'n tranh, cac tang Idp tie'u tu san tri thuc (gom sinh vien truong Cao dSng Ha Npi, hpe sinh va cac giao vien cac trudng, vien chuc, nha van, nha bao v v ) sdi ndi dau tranh ddi quyen tu do dan chii

Giiia nhCrng nam 20, cd nhieu thanh nien yeu nude sang Quang Chau (Trung

Quoc) tim dudng cuu nude Nam 1923, hp thanh lap to chuc Tam tam xa

Mpt so to chuc chinh trj nhu Viet Nam nghia doan Hoi Phuc Vict, Dang Thanh nien ra ddi vdi nhieu hoat dpng phong phii sdi dpng (mit tinh, bieu tinh, bai

khoa V V ) Nhieu to bao tie'n bp Ian lupt ra ddi Bao tieng Phap ed cac to

Chuong re An Nam Ire, Ngudi nha que; bao tieng Viet cd td Huu thanh, Tieng dan, Dong Phap then bao, thuc nghiep dan bao Hp lap ra nhijng nha xua't ban tien bp nhu Nam dong thuxa (Ha Npi), Cuang hoc thuxa (Sai Gdn), Quan tai lung thu (Hue)

Trong phong trao yeu nude dan chii cong khai hoi do ed mpt so su kifn ndi bat la cupc dau tranh ddi nha cam quyen Phap tha Phan Bpi Chau (1925), cac cupc truy dieu, de tang Phan Chau Trinh (1926) Rieng d Sai Gdn, dam tang Phan Chau Trinh da thu hiit khoang 14 van ngudi tham du

e Cac cuoc dau tranh ciia cong nhan

Nhirng nam dau sau chien tranh, cac cupc dau tranh ciia cong nhan tuy con

le te va tu phat nhung da ndi len y thuc giai cap dang phat trien nhanh chdng lam CO sd cho eac td chuc va phong trao chinh trj cao hon ve sau Ngay tu n5m

1920, cong nhan Sai Gon - C h p Ldn da thanh lap cong hpi (bi mat) do Ton Due Thang diing dau

Cac cupc dau tranh ciia cong nhan va thiiy thii Phap tren eac tau Phap ghe

; nhu-jcacrupe^aii^tranh ciia

17 vao cang Hai Phong (1919) va S ^ ' f ^ f y ( | 9 ^ ^ j ^ ^ ? p * | f ^ ^

cong nhan va thuy thvi Trung Quoc tai cac cang Ion Huang Cang, Ao Mon,

Thirgng Hai (1921) da gop phan c6 vu, dgng vien cong nhan Vi?t Nam hang

hai da'u tranh

Nam 1922, cong nhan va vien chuc cac so cong thuong cua t u nhan a Bac Ki

doi chu t u ban nguoi Phap phai cho hp nghi ngay chu nhat c6 tra luong Cung

nSm do con c6 cupc bai cong cua cong nhan cac nha may d^t, rugu, xay xat gao

d Nam Djnh, Ha Npi, Hai Duong v.v

Thang 8 - 1925, thg may xuong Ba Son tai cang Sai Gon khong chju sua

chiia chien ham Mi-so-le cua Phap truoc khi chien ham nay cha linh sang tham

gia dan ap phong trao da'u tranh each mang cua nhan dan va thuy thii Trung

Quoc Cupc bai cong no ra voi yeu sach doi tang luong 20% va phai de cho

thang Igi danh da'u buoc tien moi ciia phong trao cong nhan Vi^t Nam

4 Nhan dinh ve phong trao dau tranh trong nhimg nam 1919 -1925

a Phong trao giai cua cap tu sdn dan toe

Doi mpt so' quyen Igi ve kinh te: giai cap tu san dan tgc nhan da lam Sn

thuan muon vuon len gianh lay vj tri kha hon trong kinh te Vi?t Nam sau

chien tranh

Doi cac quyen tu do dan chu: cung voi hoat dpng kinh te^ giai cap tu san

dan tpc da dung bao chi de benh vuc quyen Igi ciia minh Mpt so' tu san va dja

chii Ion Nam Ki dai bieu la Bui Quang Chieu, Nguyen Phan Long dung ra to

chuc Dang Lap hieh de tap hgp luc lugng, roi dua ra mpt so khau hi^u: Doi t\ do,

dan chu de tranh thii su ung hp ciia quan chiing, lam ap luc doi voi Phap

Cac phong trao cua giai cap tu san dan tpc the hi^n rinh chat: da'u tranh theo

khuynh huong dan chii t u san, cac hoat dpng cua hp mang tinh chat cai luong,

thoa hi^p

b Phong trao cua cac tang lap tie'u tu sdn 1

Cho'ng cuong quyen, ap buc, doi cac quyen ty do, dan chii

Cac tang lop tie'u t u san da the hif n long yeu nuoc cua minh bang nhieu

each Ngoai vi^c tham gia vao cac phong trao yeu nuoc, dan chu cong khai liic

bay gio, hp da tap hpp nhau lai trong nhirng to chuc yeu nuoc moi, tien hanh

da'u tranh c6 to chuc

Nhieu to chuc chi'nh trj yeu nuoc ciia tri thuc Nha van, Nha bao, Nha giao,

hpc sinh, sinh vien da ra doi nhu; Tan Vi?t Thanh nien Doan (1923) Vift Nam

Nghia Doan (1925) Hpi Phuc Vi^t (1925) Dang Thanh nien (1926)

Cac to chuc da cho ra doi nhCrng to bao tien bp, nhu Chuong re An Nam tre,

Nguai nha que lap ra nhiing nha xua't ban tien bp, nhu Cuang hoc thu xa

i»

(Sai Gon), Nam Dong thie xa (Ha Npi) Hp dung sach bao lam phuong ti?n truyen

ba tu tuong yeu nuoc, tien bp, neu quan diem lap truong chinh trj ciia minh

Trong cao trao yeu nuoc luc bay gio c6 ba su kien tieu bieu nhat: vu Pham Hong Thai muu sat toan quyen Mec-lanh, vu doi tha Phan Bpi Chau va vy de tang Phan Chu Trinh

Thang 6 - 1924, toan quyen Dong Duong la Mec-lanh sang Nhat va Trung

Hoa, am muu ca'u ke't voi chinh quyen phan dpng hai nuoc nay de pha hogi

each mang Viet Nam Tarn Tam xa giao cho Pham Hong Thai nhi^m vu tru khu ten thyc dan dau so Cupc muu sat khong thanh, nhung hanh dpng ciia Pham Hong Thai da gay tie'ng vang Ion 6 trong va ngoai nuoc, gio'ng nhu

"canh chim bao hieu mua xuan" vua c6 tac dung c6 vu, vua thiic day phong

trao yeu nuoc

Phan Bpi Chau la nha yeu nuoc, hoat dpng each mang tu dau the'ki XX Sau

Chien tranh the'gioi thii nhat, Phan Bpi Chau tie'p tuc hoat dpng 6 Trung Quoc

Giua nam 1925, ong bj thuc dan Phap bat o Thupng Hai va bi mat dua ve nuoc giam 6 Hoa L6 (Ha Npi) voi am muu sat hai eu Nhan dan ea nuoc da'u tranh

bupc thyc dan Phap dua ey ra xet xii cong khai, tha bong va giam long 6 Hue

cho den khi mat (1940)

Cung hoat dpng voi Phan Bpi Chau, dau the'ki XX c6 Phan Chau Trinh Khi

v v chong thue'o Nam Ki xay ra (1908) Phan Chau Trinh bj bat va bj day di Con

Dao ba nam Den ngay 24 - 3 - 1926, eu Phan Chau Trinh qua doi sau mpt thoi gian 6'm nang tai Sai Gon 14 van nguoi da xuong dua cy ve noi an nghi cuo'i

cung Sau dam tang, khap Bac Trung, Nam deu to ehiie le truy di^u

Nhin chung, Phong trao da'u tranh ciia giai cap tu san dan tpc tuy the hi^n long yeu nuoc nhung mang tinh chat thoa hifp, cai luong va ngay xa roi di den cho doi lap voi quan chiing Tie'ng noi va hoat dpng ciia tieu tu san manh

me hon nhieu, ehiia dyng nhieu yeu to tien bp, dupe quan chiing ling hp, song

Cling khong the dua cupc da'u tranh den thang Ipi, do thie'u duong 161 chinh trj diingdan

c Nhung mat tich cue va han checua phong trao

- Phong trao cua giai cap tie sdn dan tpc:

Ti'eh cue: giai cap t u san dan tpc Vi^t Nam da c6 co gang trong vi^e da'u

tranh chong su canh tranh, ehen ep ciia t u san nuoc ngoai

Han che: cac hoat dpng ciia hp chi mang tinh chat cai luong, gioi han trong

khuon kho ciia che dp thye dan, phuc vu quyen Ipi ciia cac tang lop tren va nhanh chong bj phong trao quan chiing vupt qua

19

- Phong trao cua tang lap tieu tu sdn:

Tich cue: c6 t a c d u n g thuc tinh long yeu nuoc, truyen ba t u tuong t u do dan

chu trong nhan dan, truyen ba nhung t u tuong each mang m o i

Han che: ho ehua to chuc thanh chinh dang nen dau tranh mang tinh chat

xoc noi, a'u t n

5, Giai quyet van de dan tQC, dan chu trong nhung nam 20 ciia the ki XX

a Hoan canh lich s u

* Trong nucfc:

N a m 1858, thuc dan Phap xam luge nuoc ta, van de giai phong dan tgc

dugc dat ra cho toan the dan toe Nhieu cuoc dau tranh chong thuc dan Phap

cuoi ciing bj that bai

Den nam 1858, thuc dan Phap chinh thuc dat ach thong trj do ho nuoc ta,

van de dan toe lai tro nen cap thie't Luc nay cac phong trao dau tranh giai

phong dan toe do giai cap phong kien lanh dao ma tieu bieu la phong trao Can

v u o n g cung bj that bai N h i e m vu gii>a nuoc va giai phong dan toe chua dugc

giai quyet Cho nen, m u o n cuu nuoc, muon giai phong dan toe, khong the lam

n h u cij, phai c6 con d u o n g ciiu nuoc moi

* The giai:

Su thanh cong cua cuoc cai each M i n h Trj 6 Nhat Ban nam 1868 da c6 tac

dpng manh me vao cac bac sT phu yeu nuoc 6 Viet N a m

Cuoc van dong D u y tan 6 Trung Quoc dau the ki XX da true tiep Ian truyen

vao cac the he yeu nuoc Viet N a m

h Phuong huanggidi quyet van dedan toe trong nhung nutn 20 cuu the hi XX.*

Dai di?n la hai bac sT phu yeu nuoc Phan Boi Chau va Phan Chau Trinh

Phan Boi Chau chii truong giuong cao ngon c6 dan toe, truoc het phai tap

trung cho van de giai phong dan toe, sau do se lam nhiem v u dan chii Bien

phap giai quyet van de dan toe cua Phan Boi Chau la dua vao Nhat de danh

Phap, dong thoi thuc h i f n cai each duy tan theo guong Nhat

Phan Chau Trinh thi neu cao nhiem vu danh phong kien, thuc hien dan

sinh, dan chu, sau do moi danh Phap, giai phong dan toe

Phan Boi Chau xem van de dan toe la dieu kien de xay d u n g nen dan chii,

con Phan Chau Trinh thi xem dan chii la tien de de thuc hien nhiem vu dan tgc

Con d u o n g giai phong dan toe ciia Phan Boi Chau va Phan Chau Trinh cuoi

ciang cijng bj that bai, lam cho each mang Viet N a m " d u o n g n h u nam trong

dem toi, khong c6 d u o n g ra"

6 Dac diem cua p h o n g trao yeu nuoc dau the k i XX

Phong trao chju su tac dgng ciia cuoc khai thac thuoc dja Ian t h u nhat cua

thuc dan Phap Cupc khai thac nay lam cho co cau kinh te^ xa hoi Vi^t N a m eo

20

Cty TNHH MTV DWH Khang Vi^t

nhieu bien chuyen Xa hoi Viet N a m hinh thanh n h u n g giai cap va tang lop

m o i n h u t u san dan toe, tieu t u san, cong nhan Nhieu sT phu yeu nuoc 6 Vi?t

N a m cung c6 n h u n g chuyen bien ve t u tuong

Su tac dong ciia cac trao luu t u tuong ben ngoai, tieu bieu la Nhat Ban va Trung Quoc, lam cho each mang Viet N a m c6 n h u n g net moi, khac truoc, do la phong trao chuyen t u k h u y n h huong phong kien sang k h u y n h h u o n g dan chii

t u san

D o n g luc cua phong trao: khong chi c6 nong dan ma con eo cac luc lugng moi tham gia n h u t u san, tieu t u san, cong nhan, sT phu yeu nuoc, binh linh nguoi Viet trong quan doi Phap

H i n h thuc dau tranh: ben canh cac cuoc dau tranh via trang, con xua't hien cac hinh thuc dau tranh chinh trj, ngoai giao, cai each xa hoi

Quy mo phong trao rong Ion, thu hut dugc nhieu tang lop nhan dan tham gia

M u c tieu dau tranh nh^m danh duoi thuc dan Phap de gianh doc lap dan tgc va thuc hien dan sinh, dan chu

bj tha't bai Tat ca da h u n due trong long Nguyen A i Quoc long yeu nuoc non nang va quyet tarn ra d i t i m d u o n g cuu nuoc, cuu dan

Qua nhieu nam bon ba 6 hai ngoai de tim d u o n g cuu nuoc, cuu dan Dau tien N g u o i den nuoc Phap roi di cac nuoc A, Phi, M i Latinh Den nam 1917, khi Cach mang thang M u o i Nga thang Igi, N g u o i t u Luan Don (Anh) ve Pari (Phap) de nghien cuu, hgc tap Cach mang thang M u o i Nga

Ngay 18 - 6 - 1919, thay mat nhung nguoi Viet N a m yeu nuoc tai Phap,

N g u o i giri den H o i nghj Vecxai Ban i/cn sdch cua nhan dan An Nam Ban yeu

sach doi Chinh phii Phap va cac nuoc dong m i n h thua nhan cac quyen t u do, dan chu va quyen binh dang ciia nhan dan A n N a m

Thang 7 - 1920, N g u y e n A i Quoc dgc ban Sa thdo Ian Ihu nhat luan citang ve

van dedan toe thuoc dia cua V I Lenin dang tren bao Nhan dao ciia Dang Xa hgi

Phap Luan cuong ciia Lenin da giiip Nguyen Ai Quoc kh^ng d j n h muon cuu nuoc va giai phong dan tgc la phai di theo con d u o n g each mang vd san

I Thang 12 - 1920, N g u y e n A i Quoc tham d u Dai hgi dai bieu toan quoc ciia

b a n g xa hoi Phap tai thanh pho Tua N g u o i da d u n g ve phia da so dgi bieu bo

3St duOn^ HSG L/ch Si} 12 - Tha Truofig Ngpc Thai

phieu tan thanh gia nhap Quoc teCpng san va thanh lap Dang Cong san Phap

Den day Nguyen Quoc Quoc da the hi^n hanh dpng cua minh la quye't tarn di

theo con duang each mang v6 san Sau do, Nguyen Ai Quoc cang ti'ch cue ho^t

dpng va tie'p tuc hoc tap, nghien cuu If luan ve con duong each mang thuoe dja

de truyen ba vao Vi?t Nam

* Nhan dinh ve con duong tim chan l i ciia Nguyen A i Quoc

Cac bac tien boi ma tieu bieu la Phan Boi Chau da chon con duong cihi

nuac do la di sang phuong Dong chii yeu la Nhat, vi a do da tung dien ra cupc

cai each Minh Trj 1868 lam cho Nhat thoat khoi so phan mot nuoc thuoe dja; vi

Nhat da danh bai de quoc Nga trong cupe chien tranh Nga - Nhat (1904 -1905)

va Nhat eon la nuoc "dong van dong chiing" vai Vift Nam Doi tupng ciia

Phan Bpi Chau gap go la nhung chinh khach Nhat de xin hp giiip Viet Nam

danh Phap Phuong phap ciia cu la van dong, to chue giai cap, cung cac tang

lop tren de huy dpng luc lupng da'u tranh bao dong

Con Nguyen Ai Quoc lua chpn huong di sang phuong Tay, noi dupe m?nh

danh eo tu tuong tu do, binh dang bac ai, c6 khoa hoc ki thuat, eo nen van

minh phat trien Cach di ciia Nguyen Ai Quoc la di vao tat ca cac giai cap, tang

lop, di vao phong trao quan chiing giac ngp, doan ket hp dung len dau tranh

gianh doe lap that su, bang sue manh ciia minh la chinh Nguoi luon de cao

hpc tap, nghien ciiu li luan va kinh nghi^m each mang moi nhat ciia thoi dai de

tren eo so do bat gap chan li Cach mang thang Muoi Nga Day la con duong

cuu nuoc duy nhat diing dan doi voi dan toe ta, cCing nhu doi vol cac dan tpc

thupc dja va phu thupc khac, vi no phu hop voi su phat trien cua Ijeh su

2 Hoat dpng ciia Nguyen A i Quoc ve vi^c chuan bi ve chinh tri, tu tuong va

to chuc cho s\ ra doi chinh dang v6 san o Vi?t Nam

Sau khi tie'p nhan chii nghla Mac - Lenin, tim ra con duong ciru nuoc diing

dan, Nguyen Ai Quoc tich cue hoat dpng nhSm truyen ba chii nghla Mac

-Lenin vao trong nuoc Qua trinh nay trai qua cac thai ki sau :

* Thai ki a Phap (1920 - 1923)

Nguyen Ai Quoc tich cue hoat dpng trong phong trao cong nhan Phap,

tranh thii su ling hp ciia giai cap cong nhan Phap doi voi Vif t Nam

Nguoi tham gia Hpi "Nhirng nguoi yeu nuoc tai Phap" van dpng kieu bao

ling hp da'u tranh giai phong dan tpc

Nguoi cung mpt so nha yeu nuoc d cac thupc dja Phap, sang lap hpi "Lien

hi?p cac dan tpc thupc dja" (1921) de gay tinh doan ket giua each m^ng Vi?t

Nam voi each mang the gioi

CtyTNHHMTVC>)r/H Khang Vi^

Nguoi tham gia xay dung bao "Le Pa-ria" "Nguoi ciing kho" vao nam 1922 Nguoi con vie't nhieu bai dang tren bdo "Nhan dao", "Doi song cong nhan"

Tieu bieu nhat la cuon Ban an chedo thuc dan Phap

Nhirng sach bao do Nguoi viet, mpt mat to cao tpi ac ciia bpn de quoc, nhat

la de quoc Phap 6 Dong Duong; mat khae khich 1^ long yeu nuoc cho dong bao, tuyen truyen chii nghla Mae - Lenin van dpng quan chiing da'u tranh

* Thai ki a Lien Xo (1923 - 1924)

Giua 1923, Nguyen A i Quoc bi m|t roi Phap sang Lien X6 du hpi nghj Quoc

te nong dan (10-1923) Sau do, Nguoi o Lien X6 mpt thoi gian ngan de hoat dpng trong Quoc te Cpng san, hpc tap them ve ly luan ciia chii nghla Mac - Lenin va thuc tien ve Cach mang thang Muoi Nga

Trong thoi gian nay, Nguoi vie't nhieu bai dang tren bao " Su that" Co quan

ngon luan ciia Dang Cpng san Lien X6, "Thu tin quoc te*' ca quan ngon luan

ciia Quoc te Cpng san

Thang 7 -1924, Nguoi du Dai hpi V ciia Quoc teCpng san va dpe tham luan tai Dai hpi, trinh bay quan diem ciia minh ve vi tri chien lupc eiia each mang thupc dja, moi quan h$ giiia phong trao cong nhan 6 cac nuoc de quoc voi phong trao each mang d cac nuoc thupc dja, ve vai tro va sue mgnh to Ion ciia giai cap nong dan o cac nuoc thupc dja

NhCrng hoat dpng ciia Nguyen Ai Quoc trong thai gian nay chii yeu tren m|t

t r ^ tu tuong - chinh trj nham truyen ba chii nghla Mae - Lenin vao nuoc ta ' •

* Thai ki d Trung Quoc (1924 - 1927)

Thang 11 - 1924, Nguyen Ai Quoc tu Lien X6 ve Quang Chau (Trung Quoc)

de tap hop nhCrng nguoi yeu nuoc o Vi^t Nam, truyen ba, giao due cho hp chii nghla Mac - Lenin

Dau tien Nguoi tim hieu va cai to Tam Tarn xa thanh Hpi Vi#t Nam Cach mang Thanh nien (6-1925) Nguoi sang lap bao "Thanh nien" (1925) Cung voi nhieu nha each mang cac nuoc, Nguoi tham gia sang lap "Hpi lien hi?p cac dan tpc bi ap biic 6 A Dong" de gay tinh doan ket giua each mang cac nuoc trong khu vuc

Tai Quang Chau (Trung Quoc), Nguoi da mo nhieu lop huan luy^n va da dao tao dupe 75 can bp cho each mang Vi?t Nam Nhung bai giang ciia Nguoi

sau nay tap hop lai trong cuon Dif&ng kdch menh dupe xuat ban 6 Trung Quoc

vao nam 1927

Nhung hoat dpng ciia Nguyen Ai Quoc da eo tac dung quye't djnh trong viee chuan bj ve chinh trj, tu tuong va to chue cho vi?c thanh l^p chinh dang :^.„.cua giai cap v6 san a Vi^t Nam

BSidLfdn^ H5G Lich eCr 12 - The TrLrong Ngpc Thai

3 Qua trinh chuyen bien ciia Nguyen Ai Quoc tir mpt chien si yeu nuoc tro

thanh mpt chien si cpng san

- TiV mot chiC'it s7 I/I'H nuvc:

Nguyen A i Quoc sinh ra va Ion len trong mot gia dinh nha nho ngheo, yeu

nuoc, tren que Huong giau truyen thong each mang Lon len trong hoan canh

nuoc mat nha tan, lai dugc chung kien cac cupc da'u tranh cua cac bac tien boi

bj that bai Tat ca da hun due trong long Nguyen A i Quoc long yeu nuoc nong

nan va quye't tam ra di tim d u o n g cuu nuoc, cuu dan

Qua nhieu nam bon ba 6 hai ngoai de tim duong cuu nuoc, cuu dan Dau

tien N g u o i den nuoc Phap roi di cac nuoc A, Phi, MT Latinh Den nam 1917,

khi Cach mang thang M u o i Nga thang Igi, N g u o i tir Luan Don (Anh) ve Pari

(Phap) de nghien cuu, hoc tap Cach mang thang M u o i Nga

Roi den ngay 18 - 6 - 1919, thay mat nhung nguoi Viet N a m yeu nuoc tai

Phap, N g u o i g u i den H o i nghi Vecxai Biiu yen sack cm nhan dan An Nam Ban

yeu sach doi Chinh phu Phap va cac nuoc dong minh thira nhan cac quyen t u

do, dan chu va quyen binh dang ciia nhan dan A n N a m

N h u vay, t u nam 1911 den dau 1920, la thoi ki Nguyen A i Quoc tro thanh

chien sT yeu nuoc

- Tra thanh mot chien si con^ san: qua trinh chuyen t u chien sT yeu nuoc tro

thanh chien sT cong dugc danh da'u b^ng thoi ki Nguyen A i Quoc den voi chii

nghia Mac - Lenin, tim ra con duong ciiu nuoc dung d i n , do la con duong

each mang v6 san Nguyen A i Quoc quye't tam dua each mang Viet N a m d i

theo con d u o n g nay Dieu do dugc the hien:

Thang 7 nam 1920, Nguyen A i Quoc doc ban So thdo Ian thu nhat luan citang

vevan dc dan toe thuoc dia ciia V I Lenin dang tren bao Nhan dqo ciia Dang Xa

hgi Phap Luan cuong cua Lenin da giup Nguyen A i Quoc khSng djnh muon

ciiu nuoc va giai phong dan toe la phai di theo eon d u o n g each mang v6 san

Thang 12 - 1920, Nguyen A i Quoc tham dir Dai hgi dai bieu toan quoc ciia

Dang Xa hgi Phap tai thanh phoTua N g u o i da d u n g ve phia da so dai bieu bo

phieu tan thanh gia nhap Quoc te'Cgng san va thanh lap Dang Cong san Phap

Den day Nguyen A i Quoc da the hien hanh dong ciia m i n h la quye't tam di

theo eon d u o n g each mang v6 san Sau do, Nguyen A i Quoc eang tich cue hoat

dgng va tiep tuc hgc tap, nghien ciiu li luan ve con d u o n g each mang thuoc dja

de truyen ba vao Viet N a m

Tir nam 1921 den nam 1923, Nguyen A i Quoc tiep tuc hoat dgng 6 Phap

N g u o i cung voi mot so nguoi yeu nuoc ciia Angieri, Maroe, T u y n i d i lap ra Hp;

Hen /ij'tT cac dan tgc thuoc dja 6 Pari de doan ket cac li,rc lugng each mane

Cty TNHH MTV PWI Khang Vift

chong chii nghla thuc dan Co quan ngon luan ciia H g i la bao N^itai cun^ kho

do N g u o i lam chu nhiem kiem chii biit Nguoi con vie't nhieu bai cho cac bao

Nhan dao (ciia Dang Cong san I'hap), dai son^ con^ nhan va dac biet la cuon Ban an chedo thuc dan Phap Cac sach bao ncSi tren dugc bi mat chuyen ve Viet Nam

da gop phan thiic day phong trao dan tgc trong nuoc phat trien manh me hon

Tir nam 1923 den 1924, Nguyen A i Quoc hoat dgng 6 Lien X6 Tai day,

Ngutri d u Hoi n<^hi Quoc te'Non^ dan (thang 10 - 1923) va duge bau vao Ban

Chap hanh H g i N g u o i 6 lai Lien X6, viia nghien ciiu, hgc tap, vie't bai cho bao

Sif that ciia Dang Cong san Lien X6, tap chi Thw tin Quoc tecita Quoc te'Cgng

san Tai Dai hgi Quoc te'Cgng san Ian thir V (1924), Nguyen A i Quoc trinh bay

lap truong quan diem cua minh ve vj tri chien luge ciia each mang cac nuoc thuge dja, ve moi quan he giua phong trao cong nhan 6 cac nuoc de'quoe voi phong trao each mang 6 cac nuoc thuge dja

Tir nam 1924 den 1925, Nguyen A i Quoc hoat dgng 6 Quang Chau (Trung

Quoc) de true tiep dao tao can bg, xay d u n g to chiic each mang, truyen ba l i luan each mang giai phong dan tgc vao Viet N a m Thang 6 - 1925, tai Quang

Chau (Trung Quoc) Nguyen A i Quoc nhom hgp nhung thanh nien yeu nuoc

Vi^t N a m trong to ehiic Tam tam xa roi di den thanh lap H g i Vi^t N a m Cach mang Thanh nien de truyen ba chii nghla Mac - Lenin ve trong nuoc

N h u vay, Nguyen A i Quoc tim ra con duong ciiu nuoc dung dan, den cho

huong dan nhan dan ta thuc hien con duong each mang v6 san theo quan diem ciia ehii nghia Mae - Lenin Do chinh la thc7i ki Nguyen A i Quoc tro thanh chien sT cong san

4 N h i r n g cong hien cua Nguyen A i Quoc doi v o i each mang Vi?t Nam trong thai gian tii 1911 den 1930

Den voi chu nghla Mac - Lenin, tim ra con d u o n g ciiu nuoc dung din (ket

hgp dgc lap dan tgc voi chii nghia xa hgi, gan each mang Viet N a m voi each mang thc'gioi)

Chuan bi ve chinh trj t u tuong va to chue cho si^ thanh lap Dang Cgng san Vi^t N a m ngay 3 -2 - 1930

Chii tri H g i nghj hgp nhat ba to chiie cgng san de thanh lap Dang Cgng san Viet N a m

Viet va thong qua Cuong linh trj dau tien ciia Dang Xac djnh d u o n g 161 dung cho euge da'u tranh giai phong dan tgc, duoi su lanh dao ciia Dang

* Con^ hien to Ian nhat tron^; qua trinh hoat dou;^ cm N^^uyen Ai Quoc dcS la deh

voi chii nghia Mac - Lenin, tim ra con duong eiru nuoc diing dan - con duong , each mang v6 san

BSi dLf&ng HSG Ljch Su 12 - The Tnrong Ngpc Thai

Sau m p t thoi gian bon ba 6 hai ngoai, N g u a i vua khao sat thuc tien each

mang cac nuoc vua d i t i m con d u o n g c u u nuoc cho dan t Q C V i ? t N a m Den

thang 7 - 1920, N g u y e n A i Quoc doc so thao L u a n cuang ciia Lenin ve van de

dan toe va thuoc dia Den day N g u o i da t i m ra con d u o n g c u u nuoc d u n g dan

cho dan toe V i ^ t N a m , do la eon d u o n g each mang v 6 san N g u o i quye't tarn

d u a each m a n g Viet N a m d i theo con d u o n g nay N g u o i khang djnh: " M u o n

cuu nude, m u o n giai phong dan tpc, khong c6 con d u o n g nao khae eon d u o n g

each mang v 6 san" i

T u viec t i m ra con d u o n g c u u nuoc d u n g dan va xac d j n h each m a n g Viet

N a m phai d i theo con d u o n g each mang v 6 san de roi N g u y e n A i Quoc tiep

tyc hoat d o n g truyen ba eon d u o n g nay vao Vi?t N a m , tren co so do chuan bi

ve t u t u o n g chinh t n va to chuc cho su thanh lap Dang, roi tien den thanh lap

Dang Cong san Viet N a m de lanh dao each mang Viet N a m d i d u n g quy d^o

ciia eupc each mang v 6 san

N h u vay, vi^c t i m ra eon d u o n g each mang d u n g dan no eo tac d u n g quye't

d j n h doi v o i thang \q'i eiia each mang V i ^ t N a m C h i n h v i the^ day la eong hien

Ion nhat ciia N g u y e n A i Quoc doi v o i dan toe V i ? t N a m trong qua t r i n h hoat

d p n g cuu nuoc ciia m i n h ,

6 Nhung npi dung co ban cua tac pham Dudttg kdch menh ciia Nguyen A i Quoc

Cach mang la su nghiep cua quan chiing gom sT, nong, cong, t h u a n g trong

do eong - nong la goe each mang con hpc tro, nha buon nho, dien chii nho la

bau ban cua eong - nong

Cach m a n g phai co dang theo chii nghla Mae - Lenin lanh dao Dang co

vung m o i thanh eong, cQng n h u n g u o i cam lai co v i m g thuyen m o i chay

Cach mang cua m o i nuoc la mot bp phan cua each m a n g quoc te Can phai

doan ket va tranh thii su g i i i p do ciia giai cap v 6 san va cac dan toe bj ap bue

tren the gioi, song truoe he't phai dua vao sue manh cua chinh m i n h

Cach m a n g giai phong dan toe la m p t bp phan ciia each m a n g thai dgi

-each mang v 6 san Cach mang dan tpc phai gan lien v o i giai phong nhan dan

lao dpng, giai phong giai cap eong nhan D o la su nghiep to Ion, lau dai Chi co

giai p h o n g giai cap v 6 san m o i giai phong dupe dan tpc Ca hai eupc each

mang nay la sy nghiep ciia chii nghla epng san va each m a n g the gioi

Sach neu ro m p i n g u o i phai dong tam, hif p luc, phai co to ehiic va p h u o n g

phap da'u tranh d i i n g de d a n h d o giai cap thong t r i c h i i k h o n g phai la am sat

ca nhan

Tac pham Ducmg kdch mcnh da v u trang l i luan each mang cho can bp ciia

H p i ^ i ( f t N a m Cach m^rig Thanh nien tuyen truyen vao giai cap cong nhan va

Cty TNHH MTV PWH Khan^ Vi^

cac tang l o p nhan dan Vi^t N a m , chuan bj kT ve t u t u o n g va to chiic cho vi#c

thanh lap Dang Cong san Viet N a m

IV SV" C H U Y E N H O A C U A P H O N G T R A O YEU N l / O C 6 V I E T N A M

T R O N G N H i ^ N G N A M C U O I T H E K Y X I X D A U T H E K i XX

N a m 1858, thuc dan Phap tan eong Da N3ng, m o dau eupc xam lupc nuoc

ta, trieu d i n h nha N g u y e n to ra bat luc truoc su xam lupc ciia thuc dan Phap, nhung nhan dan ta van kien tri da'u tranh anh dung, cho'ng xam lupc Nhieu sT phu yeu nuoc da nhan thiic ro, muon bao v^ To quoc phai danh ca "Trieu Ian Tay" Cupe da'u tranh ciia nhan dan ta 6 niia cuoi the k i XIX, tieu bieu la phong trao Can v u o n g c h i i n g to rang: y thiie doe lap dan tpc trong nhan dan la bat di?t n h u n g cuoi cung bj that bai do che'dp phong kien tro nen loi thoi V i f e ling hp mot ong vua, d u la ong vua yeu nuoc cung k h o n g the tap hpp dupe dong dao quan ehiing nhan dan chong Phap

Vao dau the k i XX, sau k h i binh d j n h xong ve quan su, thuc dan Phap tien hanh khai thae thupe dja nuoc ta, cupe khai thae nay da lam cho xa h p i Vi^t

N a m C O n h i i n g bie'n doi sau sac: ben canh cac giai cap cii n h u dja ehii phong

kien va nong dan van eon, gio day da xua't hi^n cac giai cap va tang lop m o i nhu t u san dan tpc, tieu t u san va eong nhan Su ehuyen bien sau sac ve k i n h te^ xa hpi da tao nen mpt tinh the m o i trong eupc da'u tranh giai phong dan tpc

Vi vay, each mang Viet N a m dau the'ki XX phai bao ham hai npi d u n g dan tpc

va dan chii, tiie la phai danh de'quoe, phong kien tay sai de giai p h o n g dan tpc, giai phong giai cap Yeu eau ciia ljch su Viet N a m dau the k i XX bao ham npi dung sau sac hon, bao t r u m hon cuoi the'ki XIX

H o n nii'a, vao dau the'ki XX, cupe each mang t u san 6 cac nuoc p h u o n g Tay phat trien manh me dan den su h i n h thanh chii nghla t u ban, roi chii nghla de quoc C u n g v o i s u phat trien do, phong trao da'u tranh ciia giai cap cong nhan

va nhan dan cac nuoc thupe dja phat trien manh me

NhCrng dieu kien trong nuoc va su tac dpng ciia the gioi lam xua't h i ^ n trao liru m o i trong vi^e xac d j n h con d u o n g ciiu nuoc khae con d u o n g phong kien truoc do N h i e u sT p h u yeu nuoc khong eon g i u o n g cao ngpn co quan chii ma

h u o n g ve cai each dan chii T u y nhien, tren con d u o n g c u u nuoc nay cung xua't hi?n nhieu m a u sMc, k h u y n h h u o n g khae nhau Con d u o n g eiiu nuoc ciia Phan Bpi Chau chii yeu lay p h u o n g thiic bao dpng vu trang de gianh dpc lap

Vi^c xac d j n h con d u o n g eiiu nuoc ciia Phan Bpi Chau co nhieu diem m o i , Hen bp h o n con d u o n g ciiu nuoc phong kien truoe do Phan nao phu hpp voi yeu cau m o i ciia t h o i d ^ i Song, con d u o n g eiiu nuoc eiia Phan Bpi Chau cung

bpc Ip nhieu non yeu, nhirpc diem v i , tu tuong dan chu tir san den dau the ki

XX khong con la t u tuong tien bo, khi he tu tuang v6 san da phat trien

Con d u o n g ciiu nuoc ciia Phan Chau Trinh chu yeu la dua vao Phap de

thuc hien dan chu, thuc hien cai each Con duong cuu nuoc ciia Phan Chau

Trinh khong the thuc hien dupe trong che'dp thuoc dja nira phong kien nhu

Vi?t N a m v i , bon thuc dan Phap phai duy tri, nuoi d u o n g bpn vua quan phong

kien de lam tay sai trong vi^c dan ap, boc lot nhan dan ta

Ngoai con duong cuu nuoc cua Phan Bpi Chau va Phan Chau Trinh con c6

cae cupe dau tranh co tinh chat t u phat cua nong dan va cac dan toe it nguoi,

tieu bieu la cuoc khoi nghTa nong dan Yen The Roi phong trao dau tranh cua

giai cap t u san dan toe va cua tang lop tieu t u san

N h i n chung cac phong trao yeu nuoc theo khuynh huong phong kien cung

nhu dan chu t u san da to ra bat luc, khong the dua cupe dau tranh giai phong

dan toe, giai phong giai cap den thang Ipi Cupe khung hoang ve con duong

cuu nuoc ngay cang tram trpng, lam cho each mang Vi?t N a m " d u o n g nhu

nam trong dem toi, khong c6 duong ra" Do la su khung hoang ve duong loi

chu khong phai khung hoang ve phong trao yeu nuoc, nhung do khiing hoang

ve duong loi nen phong trao yeu nuoc theo do ma tha't bai

Truoc su khung hoang ve con duong cuu nuoc n h u vay, Nguyen A i Quoc

quyet djnh ra di tim duong cuu nuoc, cuu dan Truoc khi buoc chan xuong tau

ngay 5 - 6 - 1 9 1 1 , Nguyen A i Quoc da chuan bj cho minh nhCrng tien de t u

tuong xem xet cac con duong ciiu nude de Kra chpn huong d i va dich toi cho

minh mot each d u n g d5n

Sau nhieu nam bon ba 6 hai ngoai, thang 7 - 1920, Nguyen A i Quoc da t i m

den chii nghTa Mac - Lenin, tim ra eon duong cuu nuoc dung d<1n, do la con

duong each mang v6 san N g u o i khcing dinh: " M u o n cuu nude, muon giai

phong dan toe, khong c6 con duong nao khac, con duong each mang v6 san"

Khi da xac djnh dupe con duong eiiu nuac dung dan, Nguyen A i Quo'c ra sue

hoat dpng de dua vao Viet N a m nh^m lanh dao each mang V i f t N a m d i theo

eon duong each mang v6 san

Su lua chpn con duong cuu nuoc cua Nguyen A i Quoc da tao ra nhung tien

de, nhi>ng nhan to moi dua cupe dau tranh giai phong dan tpc vao quy dao

each mang vo san De truyen ba ehii nghTa Mae - Lenin vao V i f t Nam, dua con

d u o n g each mang vo san vao nuoc ta, Nguyen A i Quoc da thanh lap H p i Viet

N a m Cach mang Thanh nien, viet tac pham Dubn'g kdch menh Thong qua H p i

Vi?t N a m Cach mang Thanh nien va Diimt;^ kdch menh, chu nghTa Mae - Lenin

Ian lupt dupe truyen ba vao Viet Nam

jChi chu nghTa Mac - Lenin dupe truyen ba sau rpng vao Viet N a m , nhat la tir nam 1928 tro d i , lam cho phong trao cong nhan va phong trao yeu nuoc phat trien manh me, yeu cau phai c6 chinh dang cua giai cap vo san lanh dao

1954, danh bai hoan toan chu nghTa thuc dan eu tren da't nude ta; trai qua

21 nam khang chie'n chd'ng MT xam lupc vdi dai thang Xuan nam 1975 da danh cho "MT cut, nguy nhao", thu non song ve mot moi, dua ca nude tien len xay dyng chu nghTa xa hpi

T u khi xac djnh dupe eon d u d n g cuu nude dung dan Dang ta da lanh dao nhan dan ta dau tranh theo con dudng each mang dd va da gianh dupe th^ng Ipi hoan toan

N h u vay, qua trinh ehuyen hda t u phong trao yeu nude theo khuynh hudng phong kien, roi khuynh hudng dan chu t u san va eud'i cung la khuynh hudng

vo san la qua trinh dau tranh lau dai, gian khd cua nhan dan ta Day la qua trinh ehuyen hda hpp quy luat va xu hudng phat trien cua thdi dai nen chung

ta da gianh thang Ipi

V V A I TRO CUA N G U Y E N A I QUOC TRONG VIEC CHUYEN LAP TRLfONG

G I A I P H O N G D A N T O C T H E O H l J O N G V O S A N V A T R O N G VIEC

C H U A N BI T H A N H LAP D A N G

a Vai tro cua Nguyen Ai Quo'c trong viec ehuyen lap trudng

Nhi>ng nam hai m u o i cua the ki XX, phong trao yeu nude d Viet N a m lam vao tinh trang khung hoang dudng 16'i chinh trj va vai trd lanh dao mot each

sau sic Giua luc dd, Nguyen A i Quoc - nguoi cpng san Viet N a m dau tien

xuat hien va trd thanh vj lanh tu d budc ngoat cua ljch sir, tuyen ba eon d u d n g

C l h i nude m d i de giai phdng dan tpc: con d u d n g each mang vo san

Sau Cach mang thang M u d i Nga nam 1917, tren t h e g i d i da hinh thanh hai con dudng phat trien xa hpi: chu nghTa t u ban va chu nghTa xa hpi, trong do Van de dpc lap dan tpc gan lien vdi chu nghTa xa hpi dang dat ra cho cac nude

29

thuQC dja can phai giai quye't Trong tinh hinh do, m o i dan tpc phai lya chgn

cho m i n h con d u a n g phat trien phii hop voi thoi dai va dieu ki^n lich sir rieng

ciia m i n h O Viet N a m , sir lua chon con d u o n g dien ra suot thap k i 20 cua the

ki nay Do la qua trinh kiem nghiem Hen tuc ciia thuc te'khach quan doi v o i cac

xu huong, dang phai chinh trj de t i m kiem mpt con d u o n g d u n g nha't Nguyen

A i Quoc bang thien tai va linh cam nhay ben chinh trj ciia m i n h da nhan thuc

day d u xu the cua thai dai va yeu cau cua Hch sir dan tpc, v u a t qua tam nhirt

cua nhi>ng nguoi yeu nuoc d u a n g thoi ve van de dan tpc Van de dan tpc

khong chi c6 doc lap dan tpc, ma ca giai phong dan tpc va giai phong giai cap

D o do, N g u o i khong chpn kieu Cach mang MT (1776), cung khong theo kieu

each mang dan chii t u san Phap (1789) ma chpn con d u a n g Cach mang thang

M u o i Nga (1917) - each mang v6 san

De thuc hien viec lira chpn con d u o n g each mang do, N g u y e n A i Quoc phai

trai qua mpt cupc hanh trinh tim d u o n g cuu nuoc day gian kho N a m 1911,

N g u o i quye't d i n h sang p h u o n g Tay tim d u o n g cuu nuoc, day la moc quan

trpng danh da'u su lira chpn dau tien ciia N g u o i Trong khi nhirng nguoi ciing

thai di phuong Dong, sang Nhat Ban, Trung Quoc thi Nguyen A i Quoc re loi khac,

buac quye't dinh nay la ket qua ciia qua trinh chuan bj ve nhan thuc t u tuang

Con d u o n g sang p h u o n g Tay, voi nhung boat dpng thuc tien va l i luan

phong phii da tao ra n h u n g nhan to m o i dua Nguyen A i Quoc tie'p can chan li

ciia thoi dai de c6 su lira chpn con d u o n g ciiu nuoc diing dan Qua m u o i nam

boat dpng (1911 - 1920) Nguyen A i Quoc da den nhieu nuoc khac nhau tren

cac luc dja A, Phi, M i Latinh va t u bie'n m i n h thanh n g u o i v6 san Trong qua

trinh do, Nguyen A i Quoc da riit ra dupe ket luan sau sac rang: a dau bpn de

quoc va thuc dan cung tan bao, doc ac, 6 dau nguoi lao dpng cung bi ap biic,

boo Ipt nang ne N h i r n g nhan thuc moi me nay cang nung na'u suy nghT giai

phong dan tpc va m o uoc quyen song ciia nhung nguoi ciing kho ma N g u o i da

tran tro trudc luc xua't duong, cang thoi thuc N g u o i quye't tarn t i m con d u a n g

giai phong dan tpc

Giira nam 1917, Nguyen A i Quoc tro lai nuoc Phap, N g u o i lao vao hogt

dpng chinh trj va nghien cuu each mang t u san Phap N h u n g v a i k i n h nghiem

rut ra tir quan sat va boat dpng thuc tien, Nguyen A i Quoc tha'y giai cap t u san

khong con la giai cap tien bp ciia thoi dai Do do, N g u o i khong d i theo Cach

mang MT, Cach mang Phap ma phai t i m con d u o n g each mang khac Day la

quye't d j n h quan trpng trong qua trinh lira chpn con d u o n g ciru nuoc ciia

Nguyen Ai Quoc

•in

Cuol nam 1917, Cach mang thang M u o i Nga thanh cong, Chien tranh the giai thir nhat sap ket thiic, Nguyen A i Quoc ban hoan chao don Cach mang thang M u o i Nga, mac dau luc do N g u o i chua hieu gi ve cupc each mang nay Thang 6 - 1919, cac nuoc de quo'c thang tran hpp H p i ngbi Vecxai, nhan danh la n g u o i A n N a m yeu nuoc, Nguyen A i Quoc giri den H p i nghj ban yeu sach doi cac quyen t u do dan chii, binh dang va dan tpc tir quye't cho nhan dan

ta Mac dau khong dupe bpn de'quoc, nhat la de'quoc Phap chap nhan n h i m g ban yeu sach da lam chan dpng the gioi va vang d p i ve nuoc tao ra buac chuyen trong phong trao giai phong dan tpc

Thang 7 - 1920, N g u y e n A i Quoc dupe dpc so thao Luan cuong ciia Lenin

ve van de dan tpc va thupc dja dang tren bao Sir that Den day Nguyen A i Quo'c da t i m ra con d u a n g each mang d u n g dan cho dan tpc V i f t N a m , do la

con d u o n g each mang v6 san Roi thang 12 - 1920, N g u y e n A i Quoc tham du

Dgi hpi ciia Dang Xa hpi Phap hpp 6 thanh pho Tua, bo phieu tan thanh Quoc

te Cong san va gia nhap Dang Cpng san Phap N h i r n g sir kien do chung to rang, den nam 1920, N g u y e n A i Quoc ket thiic chan d u a n g t i m p h u o n g cuu nuoc, qua trinh lira chpn con d u o n g cuu nuoc diing dan

N h u vay, qua trinh t i m kiem con d u a n g ciiu nuoc ciia N g u y e n Ai Quo'c la

qua trinh hoc tap, khao sat, nghien cuu, kiem nghiem l i luan va thuc tien day

gian kho, phiic tap Nguyen Ai Quoc da ket hop dupe hai yeu to dan tpc va thai d?i de chpn con d u o n g cuu nuoc thich hpp vai sir phat trien ciia Ijch sir dan tpc

Do la con d u o n g each mang v6 san, con duang theo chii nghla Mac - Lenin

b Vai tro cua Nguyen Ai Quoc doi vai qua trinh van dong chuan hi thanh lap Dang Cgng san Viet Nam

Sau thoi gian dai ra di t i m d u a n g ciiu nuoc, den nam 1920, N g u y e n A i

Quoc da den v a i chii nghia Mac - Lenin va t i m ra con d u a n g cuu nuoc diing d^n cho each mang V i f t N a m , do la con d u o n g each mang v6 san

K h i t i m den chu nghia Mac - Lenin, t i m ra con d u o n g ciiu nuoc diing dan,

Nguyen Ai Quoc tie'p tyc boat dpng de truyen ba chu nghia Mac - Lenin ve Vi^t N a m Qua trinh boat dpng do la:

N a m 1921, cung v o i mpt so nguoi yeu nuoc ciia Angieri, Maroc, T u y n i d i

Nguyen A i Quoc lap ra Hp; lien hiep cac dan tpc thupc dja 6 Pari de doan ket

cac lyc l u p n g each mang chong chii nghia thuc dan Co quan ngon luan cua

H p i la bao Ngieai cung kho do N g u o i lam chu nhi^m kiem chu biit N g u o i con Viet nhieu bai cho cac bao Nhan dqo (cua Dang Cong san Phap), Dai song cong

nhan (cua Tong Lien doan Lao dpng Phap) va dac biet la cuon Ban an chedo

31

thtiT dan Phdf) Cac sach bao noi tren dvtgc bi mat chuyen ve Vi^t N a m da gop

phan thiic day phong trao dan toe trong nuoc phat trien manh me hon

Thang 6 - 1923, Nguyen A i Quoc bi mat roi nuoc Phap sang Lien X6 d y Hoi

n^^lii Quoc tc'NCnt;^ dan (thang 10 - 1923) va dupe bau vao Ban Chap hanh H p i

N g u o i a lai Lien X6, vua nghien ciiu, hpc tap, vic't bai cho bao Su that ciia Dang

Cpng san Lien X6, tap chi Thu tin Quoc tccua Quoc t e C p n g san Tai Dai hpi

Quoc t e C p n g san Ian t h u V (1924), Nguyen A i Quoc trinh bay lap t r u o n g quan

diem ciia m i n h ve vj tri chien lupc ciia each mang cac nuoc thuoc dja, ve moi

quan h^ giua phong trao cong nhan 6 cac nuoc de quoc voi phong trao each

mang 6 cac nuoc thuoc dja

Ngay 11 - 11 - 1924, Nguyen A i Quoc den Quang Chau (Trung Quoc) de

true tie'p dao tao can bp, xay d u n g to chuc each mang, truyen ba l i luan each

mang giai phong dan toe vao Viet N a m

Thang 6 - 1925, tai Quang Chau (Trung Quoc) Nguyen A i Quoc nhom hpp

nhirng thanh nien yeu nucVc Vi^t N a m trong to chiic Tam tam xa roi d i den

thanh lap H o i Viet N a m Cach mang Thanh nien de truyen ba chii nghia Mac

-Lenin ve trong nuoc

NhOng boat d p n g ciia Nguyen A i Quoc t u nam 1920 den nam 1925 c6 tac

d u n g chuan bj ve t u t u o n g ehinh trj va to chuc cho sy thanh l|p Dang Cpng

san V i Q t N a m ( 3 - 2 - 1930)

Chii nghia Mae - Lenin dupe truyen ba rpng rai vao Vi^t N a m lam cho

phong trao cong nhan va phong trao ycu nuoc phat trien manh me, doi hoi

phai CO ehinh dang eua giai cap vo san lanh dao Dap u n g yeu eau khach quan

Ijch su do 6 Viet N a m Ian Urpt xuat hien ba to chuc cong san; Dong D u o n g

Cpng san dang A n N a m Cong san dang va Dong D u o n g Cong san lien doan

N h u n g su boat d p n g rieng re eua ba to ehiie cpng san gay anh h u o n g khong

tot den tien trinh phat trien ciia each mang Vi^t N a m

Truoe tinh hinh do, Nguyen A i Quoc lien roi khoi Xiem sang T r u n g Quoc

de thong nha't cac to chuc cpng san

Voi chuc trach la phai vien ciia Quoc te'Cpng san c6 quyen quyet d j n h mpi

van de lien quan toi phong trao each mang 6 Dong D u o n g Nguyen A i Quoc

trieu tap dai bieu eiia Dong D u o n g Cong san dang den Ciru Long de ban vi^e

thong nha't Dang

T u ngay 6 - 1 den 7 - 2 - 1930, H p i nghj hpp nha't Dang hpp 6 C u u Long

( H u o n g Cang) do N g u y e n A i Quoc chvi t r i H p i nghj nha't t r i h p p nha't ba to

chuc cpng san thanh mpt dan^ duy nha't lay ten la Dang Cpng san^yi^t N a m

32

i^uy iivnn iviir tii lyiiaiiif

V I P H O N G T R A O D A N TQC D A N C H U 6 V l f T N A M TU" 1925 D E N

N A M 1930

1 Sv va boat dpng cua cac to chuc Hpi V i f t Nam Cach mang Thanh

nien T a n V i f t each mang dang va Vi?t Nam Quoc dan dang

a) Hqi Vi^t Nam Cach mang Thanh nien

Sau k h i ve den Quang Chau (Trung Quoc), Nguyen A i Quoc m o lop huan luyen dao t^io can bp Phan Ion hpc vien la thanh nien, hpc sinh, t r i thuc Vi?t

N a m yeu nuoc N g u y e n A i Quoc lua chpn m p t so thanh nien tich eye trong Tam tam xa de to chuc thanh n h o m Cpng san Doan (2 -1925)

Thang 6 -1925, N g u y e n A i Quoc thanh lap H p i V i f t N a m Cach mang Thanh nien nham to chuc va lanh dao quan chiing doan ket lai, kich liet tranh da'u de danh do d e q u o c chii nghia Phap va tay sai de t u cuu m i n h

Thong qua Bao Thanh nien la co quan ngon luan trung u o n g ciia H p i do Nguyen A i Quoc sang lap va pham Duong Kdch menh dupe xuat ban nam 1927

Bao Thanh nien va sach Duong Kdch menh da trang bj l i luan each mang cho

can bp ciia H p i V i f t N a m Cach mang Thanh nien de tuyen truyen giai cap cong nhan va cac tang lop nhan dan Vi?t N a m

Tir cuoi nam 1928, sau k h i c6 chii t r u o n g " v 6 san hoa", nhieu can bp ciia Hpi da d i sau vao cac nha may, xi n g h i f p, don dien ciing lao d p n g va song v o i cong nhan de tuyen truyen va van dpng each mang Phong trao quan chiing phat trien m a n h me

b) Dang Tan Vi^t Ngay 14 - 7 - 1925, m p t so t i i ehinh t r i cu 6 T r u n g K i cung m p t n h o m sinh

vien T r u o n g Cao d i n g 6 H a N p i lap ra H p i Phuc Vi?t (1925) sau do doi thanh

H p i H u n g N a m Thang 7 - 1926, H p i d o i ten thanh Vi^t N a m each m a n g dang va den thang

7 -1927, lai doi ten la Vi^t N a m each mang dong chi hpi H p i da nhieu Ian ban

de h p p nha't v o i H p i V i f t N a m Cach mang Thanh nien song khong thanh

Den 14 - 7 - 1928, H p i hpp Dai hpi t ^ i Hue^ quyet d j n h d o i ten thanh Dang Tan V i f t

Dang Tan Viet chii t r u o n g lanh dao quan chiing 6 trong nuoc va lien lac v o i cac dan tpc b j ap buc tren the'gioi de danh do dequo'c chii nghia nham thiet , lap mpt xa hpi b i n h dSng va bac ai Dang tap hpp n h i i n g t r i thuc nho va thanh nien tieu t u san yeu nuoc Dja ban hoat dpng chii yeu 6 T r u n g K i

Dang Tan Vi?t ra d o i va hoat d p n g trong dieu k i f n H p i Vi?t N a m Cach j

mang Thanh nien phat trien manh nen tu t u o n g each m^ng ciia N g u y e n A i

3 , ^

Quoc va duong 161 cua Hpi c6 anh huang cuon hiit nhieu dang vien tre, tien

tien aia Dang Tan Vi§t

Mpt so' dang vien tien tien da chuyen sang Hpi Vi?t Nam Cach mang Thanh

nien So dang vien tien tien con lai thi tich cue chuan bi de tien tai thanh lap

mpt chinh dang theo tu tuong each m^ng ciia Nguyen Ai Quoc, cua hpc thuyet

Mac - Lenin

c) Vift Nam Quoc dan dang i

Vi?t Nam Quoc dan dang duQ^c thanh lap ngay 25 -12 -1927 Hat nhan dau

tien ciia Dang la Nam dong thu xa, mpt nha xuat ban tien bp do Ph^m Tuah

Tai lap ra dau nam 1927

Vi^t Nam Quoc dan dang do Nguyen Thai Hpc, Pho Due Chinh sang lap

la mpt chinh dang theo khuynh hudng each m^ing dan chii tu san, dai bleu cho

tu san dan tpc Vi^t Nam

Liic moi thanh lap Dang chua c6 myc dich ton chi ro r|t ma chi neu chung

chung la: "Truoc lam dan tpc each mang, sau lam the gioi each mang"

Ve sau, myc dich ciia Dang la doan ket lye lupng de:

- Day manh each mang dan tpc

- Xay dyng nen dan chu true tiep

- Giiip do cac dan tpc bj ap buc

Ban chuong trinh hanh dpng ctia Dang cong bo nam 1929 da neu nguyen

tac ciia Dang la: "Tu do - Binh dang - Bdc ai"

Chuong trinh boat dpng cua Dang chia thanh 4 thoi ki euol cung la bat hpp tac

v6i Chinh phii Phap va trieu dinh nha Nguyen, c6 dpng bai cong, danh duoi

gi$c Phap, danh do ngoi vua, thie't lap dan quyen

Vift Nam Quoc dan dang chu truong tien hanh "each mang bang sat va

mau", chu trpng lay lye lupng chii luc

To chuc CO so cua Dang trong quan chiing rat it Dja ban hoat dpng cua Dang

chi bo h§p trong mpt so'dja phuong 6 Bac Ki con 6 Trung Ki khong dang ke

* So sanh ba to chuc yeu nuoc each mang: Hpi Vi?t Nam Cach m^ng

Hpi Vi?t Nam Cach mang Thanh nien

Dang Tan Vi?t Vift Nam quoc

dan dang Thoi gian

hoat dpng

Tu thang 6 - 1925

denthang7-1929

Tu thang 7 - 1927 den cuoi nam

1929

Tir thang 12 - 1927 den dau 1930 Lanh d^o Nguyen Ai Quo'c Tang lop tri thue

tu san: Dgng Thai

Nguyin Thai hpc, Pham Tuan Tai,

Mai, Ton Quang Phi?t

Nguyen Khac Nhu, Pho Due Chinh Lyc lupng Cong nhan, tri thiic,

thanh nien yeu nuoc

Nhieu tang lop gom tieu tu san, hoc sinh, sinh vien

Tu san, tieu tu san, dja ehu, cong chuc, binh linh nguai Vi?t

Nhiem vu Truyen ba chu nghia

Mac - Lenin, dao tao can bp lam each mang

Danh duoi thye dan Phap nhung chua CO duong loi ro ret

Danh duoi de quoc, xoa bo ngoi vua, thie't lap dan quyen

Xu huong Lam each mang dan

chii, lam each mang v6 san

Phan hoa theo hai huang

Di theo con duong

tu an nhung bj be tac, tan ra

* Cac dieu ki#n dan toi vi?c thanh l?p Vi?t Nam Quoc dan dang va nhung non yeu aia to chuc do ve chinh trj, tu tirong, to chuc va phuong thuc ho^t dpng

- Dim kien thanh lap:

Sau Chien tranh the gioi thu nha't, tu tuong each mang tu san tiep tyc dpi vao Vi^t Nam, tieu bieu la anh huong chii nghia Tam dan eiia Ton Trung Son

Anh huong cua chuong trinh khai thac thupc dja Ian thii hai, giai cap tu san

ra doi va ngay cang phat trien

Phong trao yeu nuoc theo khuynh huong dan ehii tu san nhung nam 1919

-1925 phat trien manh me

- Nhieng non yeu: '

Ve chinh tri, tu tuong quoc: Lay chii nghia Tam dan ciia Ton Trung Son, mpt trao luu dan chii tu san thjnh hanh 6 Trung Quoc lam nen tang chinh trj, tu tuong;

nhung nhiing nguyen tac, chinh sach eo tinh each mang da bj Ipai bo (Khau hi^u Binh quan dja quyen, chinh sach Lien Nga, lien Cpng phu trp cong nong)

Ton chi, myc dich: Con chung chung, khong ro rang (nhSm danh duoi giSc Phap, danh do ngoi vua, sau cung thie't lap dan quyen)

Ve to chuc:

Day la dang each mang theo khuynh huong dan chii tu san, tieu bieu cho

bp phan tu san dan tpc do Nguyen Thai Hpc, Pham Tuan Tai, Nguyen Kh^c Nhu va Pho Due Chinh sang l^p, chii truong xay dyng thanh 4 cap tir trung uong: Tong bp, Ki bp, Tinh bp den Chi bp eo so nhung chua bao gi6 tr6 thanh h? tho'ng trong ca nuoc

35

Thanh phan dang vien trong V i f t N a m quo'c dan dang phuc tap, ke't nap

hoc sinh, sinh vien, cong chuc, t u san dan tpc, phti nong, than hao dia chu va

ca mot so binh h'nh nguoi Viet trong quan dpi Phap

La m p t dang hoat dpng bi mat n h u n g to chuc long leo, k i luat thieu nghiem

m i n h , ke't nap dang vien bua bai, thyc dan Phap Ipi d u n g so ho nay dua tay

chan vao dang, theo doi nam bat m p i hoat dong cua dang va cha d j p ra tay

dan ap

Phuong thiic hoat dong: Chu truong bao dong v u trang, it chii y den tuyen

truyen van dpng quan chiing Khong c6 co quan ngon luan hoac tai l i ^ u van

kien chinh thuc de giai thich ton chi, muc dich Khong c6 l i luan lam co so cho

d u o n g loi va p h u o n g phap da'u tranh nen hoat dgng thien ve quan sy, nang ve

am sat ca nhan

* N g u y e n n h a n chung dan den qua t r i n h chuyen hoa ciia H p i V i ^ t N a m

Cach mang T h a n h nien, s u phan hoa cua Tan Vi#t, sy that bai cua V i ^ t N a m

Quoc dan dang

T u nua sau nhiing nam 20 cua the ki XX 6 Vi^t N a m dien ra mot thuc te'ljch su:

Qua trinh truyen ba chu nghla Mac - Lenin va n h i i n g quan diem cua

N g u y e n A i Quoc ve d u a n g 161 each mang tren lap t r u o n g v6 san a Vi^t N a m

do H o i Vi^t N a m Cach mang Thanh nien tie'n hanh N h u n g chinh su phat trien

do lai vug-t qua tam lanh dao cua H g i De dap u n g yeu cau thuc tien each

mang Vi^t N a m liic nay, H p i Vi?t N a m Cach mang Thanh nien da chuyen hoa

thanh hai to chuc Cong san: D o n g D u o n g Cong san dang (6 -1929) va A n N a m

Cpng san dang (8 -1929)

Cung chju anh h u o n g ngay cang sau sac ciia con d u o n g each mang v6 san,

nen Tan Viet each mang dang ciing co su phan hoa: M o t bp phan tien tie'n ciia

Tan Viet da gia nhap vao H p i Vi^t N a m Cach mang Thanh nien; m o t bp phan

con lai sau nay tie'n den thanh lap Dong D u o n g cpng san lien doan

To chuc Viet N a m Quoc dan dang theo xu h u o n g each mang dan chii t u

san D u o n g loi each mang khong dap u n g yeu cau cua dan tpc, do vay Vi^t

N a m quo'c dan dang khong xay d y n g dupe co so cua m i n h trong cae giai cap

CO ban, khong dupe quan chung ling hp Do la nguyen nhan dan den su that

bai cua khoi nghTa Yen Bai do Viet Nam quo'c dan dang khoi xuong va lanh dao

Khoi nghia Yen Bai that bai keo theo su tan ra cua Viet N a m quoc dan dang

T u thuc t e d o , ta co the n i t ra nguyen nhan chung dan den su chuyen hoa

ciia H p i Vi?t N a m Cach mang Thanh nien, su phan hoa ciia Tan Vi$t va su that

bai roi tan ra ciia Vi^t N a m quo'c dan dang la: qua trinh truyen ba chii nghla

Mac - Lenin vao Vi?t N a m , cung la qua trinh tuyen truyen n h i i n g quan diem

1A

Ciia Nguyen A i Quo'c ve con d u o n g giai phong dan tpc tren lap t r u o n g v6 san

o Vi?t N a m Con d u o n g each mang tren lap t r u o n g v6 san dap u n g dupe yeu cau co ban cua dan tpc va ciia nhan dan Vi^t N a m V i vay, con d u o n g each mang v6 san, cac to chuc each mang tren lap t r u o n g v6 san dupe quan chiing nhan dan hau thuan ngay cang chiem u u the'va da g i u vai tro chii dao trong phong trao each mang Vi?t N a m

2 Phong trao dau tranh ciia giai cap cong nhan trong n h i i n g nam 1925 - 1929

E)|c d i e m va y nghia ciia no d o i v o i vi^c thanh lap D a n g Cpng san V i ^ t N a m

*Dien bien: ^

Trong hai nam 1926 -1927, da no ra 27 eupe da'u tranh eiia cong nhan

Cuoi nam 1928, sau k h i co chii t r u o n g "v6 san hod", nhieu can bp H p i Vi^t

N a m Cach mang Thanh nien d i vao cae nha may, ham mo, don dien, ciing sinh hoat va lao dong voi cong nhan de tuyen truyen van dpng each mang, nang cao y thuc chinh trj eho giai cap cong nhan Phong trao cong nhan phat trien mgnh, tro thanh nong cot ciia phong trao dan tpc trong ca nuoc

Trong hai nam 1928 - 1929 da eo toi 40 eupc da'u tranh ciia cong nhan no ra t^i cae trung tam k i n h t e - chinh trj Do la bai cong ciia cong nhan mo than Mao Khe, nha may nuoc La-ruy Sai Gon, don dien Lpe N i n h , nha may cua Ben Thiiy, nha may xi mang Hai Phong, nha may in Pooc-tay Sai Gon, don dien cao

su Cam Tiem, hang dau Nha Be, nha may to N a m D j n h v.v

Cae eupe bai cong do khong chi giai han trong mot pham v i mot xuong, mot dia phuong, mpt nganh ma da bat dau co su lien ke't thanh phong trao chung

Cung v o i cac eupc bai cong ciia cong nhan, cac eupe da'u tranh ciia nong dan, tieu thuong, tieu chii, hoc sinh ciing da dien ra a mpt so n o i

* Dac diem:

Phong trao no ra lien tue, rpng khap ' ^ Nhieu nha may, xi nghi^p thanh lap dupe Cong hpi do

Cae eupc da'u tranh da co su phoi hop kha chat ehe va eo su lanh dao ciia

H p i Vi^t N a m Cach mang Thanh nien

Khau hieu da'u tranh t u doi quyen Ipi kinh te chuyen sang doi ca quyen Ipi chinh trj

*Y nghia:

Phong trao cong nhan phat trien manh me co anh h u o n g rpng Ion trong toan quoc va thuc su t r o thanh mpt luc lupng chinh trj dpc lap, co sue thu hut cae lue l u p n g xa hpi khae

Su phat trien ciia phong trao cong nhan da thiic day nhanh chong viee hinh thanh cac to ehiie cons san: D o n g D u o n g Cpng san dang; A n N a m Cpng san

dang va D o n g D u o n g Cong san lien doan de den dau nam 1930 thanh lap

Dang Cpng san Vi^t N a m

3 Qua t r i n h p h a n hoa t u H p i V i ^ t N a m Cach m?ng T h a n h n i e n den sy thanh

lap D a n g C p n g skn Vi?t N a m

H p i Vi^t N a m Cach mang Thanh nien dupe thanh lap t u thang 6 - 1925, t^i

Quang Chau - T r u n g Quoc, do Nguyen A i Quoc sang lap

N a m 1928, H p i thyc hien chii truong "v6 san hoa", dua can bp ve nuoc hoat

dpng trong phong trao cong nhan nham truyen ba chu nghla Mac - Lenin cho hp

Khi phong trao cong nhan phat trien manh me, yeu cau phai c6 chinh dang cua

giai cap v6 san lanh dao Vai tro ciia H p i Vi^t N a m khong con phia hpp nCra

T u do, H p i Viet N a m Cach mang Thanh nien phan hoa n h u sau:

+ M p t so thanh vien ciia H p i 6 B3c K i tien toi thanh l$p D o n g D u o n g Cpng

san dang ( 6 - 1 9 2 9 )

+ M p t so thanh vien ciia H p i 6 N a m K i va Quang Chau - T r u n g Quoc tieh

toi thanh lap A n N a m Cpng san dang (8 - 1929)

Den nam 1930, ca hai to chuc Dong D u o n g Cpng san dang A n N a m Cpng

san cung v o i D o n g D u o n g Cpng san lien doan h p p nha't lai thanh Dang Cpng

san Vi^t N a m

4. H o a n canh lich su, qua t r i n h thanh l^p va y nghia l}ch s u ciia s v xuat h i ^ n

cac to chuc cpng san n a m 1929

a Hoan canh lich sik

Cuoi nam 1928 dau nam 1929, chii nghia Mac - Lenin dupe truyen ba sau rpng

vao V i f t N a m , tao dieu ki^n cho phong trao cong nhan phat trien manh me

Vai tro lanh dao ciia H p i Vipt N a m Cach mang Thanh nien khong con phu

h p p nua, can c6 chinh dang v6 san lanh dao de dua phong trao phat trien

h Qua trinh thanh lap

Cuoi thang 3 - 1929, v o i su nhay cam ve chinh trj, mpt so'hpi vien tien tieh

ciia H p i Vi^t N a m Cach mang Thanh nien 6 Bac K i hpp tai so nha 5D pho H a m

Long (Ha N p i ) lap ra Chi bp cpng san dau tien 6 Vi^t N a m gom c6 7 dang vien

Chi bp m o rpng cupc van dpng de thanh lap mpt dang cpng san nham thay the

cho H p i Vipt N a m Cach mang Thanh nien

Tir ngay 1 den ngay 9 - 5 - 1929, Dai hpi Ian thii nha't ciia H p i Vipt N a m

Cach mang Thanh nien hpp tai H u o n g Cang Tai Dai hpi, doan dai bieu Bac K i

d|t van de thanh lap ngay Dang Cpng san de thay the H p i Vipt N a m Cach mang

Thanh nien, song khong dupe dai hpi chap nhan nen da bo dai hpi ve nuoc

Ngay 1 7 - 6 - 1929 dai bieu cac to chiic co so cpng san 6 mien BSc hpp dai

hpi tai nha so 312 pho K h a m Thien, Ha N p i , quye't d j n h thanh lap Dong Duong

Cong san dang, thong qua Tuyen ngon, Dieu 1$ ciia Dang, ra bao Bua Hem lam co

quan ngon luan va cu ra Ban Chap hanh Trung u o n g ciia Dang

Khoang thang 8 -1929, cac can bp lanh dao tien tieh trong Tong bp va K i bp

H p i Vipt N a m Cach mang Thanh nien 6 N a m K i cung da quye't d j n h l^p An

t^am Cong san dang

M p t so dang vien tien tieh ciia Dang Tan Vipt cung tieh cvre van dpng lap cac chi bp cpng san va xiic tien vipe ehuan bi lap Dang Cpng san Thang 9 -

1929, nhirng n g u o i cpng san trong Tan Vipt tuyen bo thanh lap Dong Ducmg

Cong san lien doan

c Y nghia

Dap ung yeu cau khach quan ciia each mang giai phong dan tpc 6 Vipt Nam

C h u n g to sy Ion manh va kha nang each mang ciia phong trao cong nhan

La su ehuan bi true tie'p cho sy thanh lap Dang Cpng san Vipt N a m

5, D a n g C p n g san V i p t N a m thanh l?p

a Nguyen nhan dan tai Hoi nghj thanh lap Dang Cpng san Vi?t Nam

N a m 1929, do tac dpng ciia chii nghia Mac - Lenin, phong trao cong nhan phat trien manh, y thue giai cap, y thue chinh trj ngay cang ro rpt C i i n g v o i cac phong trao dau tranh yeu nuoc khae, ke't thanh m p t Ian song each mang dan tpc, dan chii manh me, trong do giai cap cong nhan da thyc sy tro thanh lye lupng tien phong Thyc tien do doi hoi cap thie't sy lanh dao thong nha't, chat che ciia mpt chinh dang ciia giai cap v6 san

Trong k h i do, d Vipt N a m da xuat hipn ba to chuc cpng san, ba to chuc nay lai nay sinh mau thuan, n h u tranh gianh dang vien, tranh gianh quan chiing, tranh gianh anh huong, tham chi con bai xich Ian nhau lam cho quan chiing khong bie't theo sy lanh dao ciia to chuc nao Tinh hinh ngay cang keo dai, cang bat Ipi cho each mang

Truoc tinh hinh ay, dupe sy uy nhipm ciia Quoc te cpng san, N g u y e n A i Quoc da trieu tap H p i nghj gom cac dai bieu ciia cac to chuc cpng san de ban vipe hpp nha't thanh mpt Dang, tai C u u Long, canh H u o n g Cang (Trung Quoc)

t u ngay 6 - 1 den ngay 7 - 2 -1930

Sang lap ra Dang Cpng san Vipt N a m la cong lao to Ion ciia Nguyen A i Quo'e d o l voi dan tpc va giai cap

b Ngi dung Hpi nghj thanh lap Dang

N g u y e n A i Quoc da phe phan nhCrng quan diem sai lam ciia moi to chuc cpng san rieng re va neu ro ehuong trinh ciia H p i nghi

i H p i nghj da thao luan va nha't t r i thong nha't cac to chuc cpng san thanh mpt Dang d u y nha't la'y ten la Dang Cpng san Vipt N a m , thong qua chinh cuong

39

v3n tat, sach luge vSn tat ciia Dang do Nguyen Ai Quo'c soan thao Do la

cuong ITnh each mang dau tien eua Dang

Nhan djp Dang ra doi, Nguyen Ai Quoe ra loi keu gpi eong nhan, nong dan,

binh linh, thanh nien, hgc sinh, anh chj em bj ap biic boc Ipt

Hpi nghj hp-p nhat cac to chue epng san Vi^t Nam mang tarn voc Ijch sir ciia

mpt dai hoi thanh lap Dang

c Ynghia thanh lap Dang

Dang Cong san Viet Nam ra dai la ke't qua tat yeu eua cupc dau tranh dan

tpe va giai cap ciia nhan dan Vi^t Nam Dang la san pham ciia sy ke't hop chu

nghla Mac - Lenin voi phong trao eong nhan va phong trao yeu nuoc Viet

Nam trong thoi dai moi

Vi^c thanh lap Dang la mpt bude ngoat vT dai trong Ijch su Vi^t Nam Tu

day, each mang giai phong dan tpe eua nhan dan Vi?t Nam da dat duoi sy

lanh dao duy nhat eua Dang Cong san Vi^t Nam, mpt Dang theo hpc thuyet

Mac - Lenin va tu tuong Ho Chi Minh, c6 duang 161 each mang khoa hpc sang

tao CO to chuc chat che, c6 dpi ngij can bp dang vien kien trung nguy^n suot doi hi

sinh cho li tuong eua Dang, la mpt nhan to' thang Ipi eiia each mang

Dang ra dai la su chuan bj tat yeu dau tien c6 tfnh quye't dmh cho nhiing

buae phat trien nhay vpt moi trong Ijch su dan tpe Vi^t Nam

6 Npi dung Chinh cuong vin tit, Sach lug^c vSn tat ciia Dang Cpng san Vif t

Nam Tinh dung dan va sang t^o cua Cuong linh chinh tr\

a Npi dung:

Tai Hpi nghj thanh lap Dang Cpng san Vift Nam (6 - 1 - 1930), cac dai bieu

da thao luan va th6ng qua Chinh cuong van tat, Sach lupc van tat ciia Dang do

Nguyen Ai Quo'c soan thao Do la cuong ITnh each mang dau tien ciia Dang

Cuong ITnh xac djnh duang 161 chie'n lupc each mang Dang la tien hanh

cupc "tu san dan quyen each mang va tho dja each mang de di toi xa hpi epng san"

Nhifm vu ciia each mang la danh do de'quoe Phap, bpn phong kien va tu

san phan each mang lam cho nuoc Vi^t Nam dupe doc lap tu do; lap chinh phu

eong nong binh; to chue quan dpi c6ng n6ng, tjch thu he't san nghifp Idn cua

de'quoe, tjch thu rupng dat cua de quo'c va bpn phan each mang chia cho dan

cay ngheo, tien hanh each mang rupng dat v.v HI!

Lye lupng each mang la eong nong, tieu tu san, tri thuc Con phii nong,

trung tieu dja ehii va tu ban thl Ipi dung hoae trung lap, dong thoi phai lien lac

voi cac dan tpe bj ap bue va v6 san the'gioi

Dang Cpng san Viet Nam, dpi tien phong ciia giai cap v6 san se giu vai tro

lanh d?o each m^ng , , i l

Cuang link chinh tri dau tien ciia Dang Cong san Viet Nam do Ngui/en Ai Quoc soan thao tuy con vdn tSt song day la mpt citcmg linh giai phong dan toe sang tao, sam kei hap dung dan vevah dedan toe va giai cap Doc lap va tu do la tu tuong chit yeu cua cuang ITnh nay

b Tinh dung dan, sang tao:

Tinh dung din the hi?n: nhirng npi dung eua Cuong ITnh rat diing vai cac

quan diem ciia chu nghTa Mae - Lenin va thyc tien Viet Nam Ngay tu dau Dang ta da tha'u su6't con dudng phat trien tat yeu ciia each mang Vif t Nam,

do la eon duang ke't hop va giuong cao ngpn eo doc lap dan tpe va chii nghTa

xa hpi Chinh vi vay, duong loi nay da dua each mang Viet Nam di tu th3ng ipi nay den thang Ipi khac va thang Ipi hoan toan

Tinh sang tao the hi^n: nhirng quan diem ciia ehii nghTa Mae - Lenin dupe Nguyen Ai Quo'c van dung sang tao vao hoan canh Vi^t Nam, vi nhu Cuong ITnh ke't hop diing d i n van de dan tpe va giai cap, trong do doe lap dan tpe la

tu tuong ehii yeu Ve lye lupng each mang, Cuong ITnh da the hi^n dupe van

de doan ke't dan tpe rpng rai de danh duoi ke thu Dieu nay rat diing vai hoan canh mpt nuoc thupe dja nhu Viet Nam

Chinh cuong vin tit, sach lupc vin tat la cuong ITnh chinh trj dau tien ciia Dang Tuy con vin tat nhung no la Cuong ITnh each mang giai phong dan tpe

diing dan va sang tao, nhuan nhuyen ve quan diem giai cap, tha'm dupm tinh dan tpe va nhan van Doe lap ty do la tu tuong cot loi ciia cuong ITnh nay *

7 Dang Cpng san V i f t Nam ra doi la san pham lich su cupc dau tranh yeu

nuoc ciia nhan dan Vi^t Nam trong ba thap nien dau the k i XX Dang Cpng san Vi^t Nam ra doi la ke't qua tat yeu ciia cupc dau tranh dan tpe va giai ca'p ciia nhan dan Viet Nam trong ba thap nien dau the'ki XX

Trong ba thap nien dau the'ki XX, thuc dan Phap tien hanh khai thac thupc dja Ian thii hai 6 Viet Nam, ciing voi qua trlnh khai thac ciia thyc dan Phap lam xua't hien nhOng mau thuan trong xa hpi Viet Nam, mau than eo ban nhat

do la, mau thuan giOa toan the dan tpe Viet Nam voi thyc dan Phap va mau thuan giOa giai cap n6ng dan Vi^t Nam vai bpn dja ehii phong kien tay sai De giai quye't cac mau thuan do, nhan dan ta da dung len chong thyc dan Phap va phong kien tay sai Cupc dau tranh dien ra manh me, quye't li^t trong ba thap nien dau the'ki XX do la:

Thu nhat, phong trao dau tranh dan tpe theo khuynh hudng dan ehii tu san,

do giai cap tu san dan tpe va tang lop tieu tu san khoi xuong va lanh dao Phong trao nay the hi^n tinh than yeu nuae, y thiic dan tpe eiia giai cap tu san

va tang lop tieu tu san Dae bi^t la cac phong trao dau tranh do tang lop tieu tu

san khai xuong va lanh dao da loi keo dugc dong dao cac tang lop nhan dan

tham gia Nhung cuoi cung cac phong trao da'u tranh theo khuynh huong dan

chii tu san trong nhung nam 1919 - 1925 deu bi that bai do bi khiing hoang ve

duong 161 each mang Chinh tu trong phong trao nay dat ra yeu cau cap thiet

cho each mang Viet Nam muon da'u tranh gianh thang loi phai c6 chinh dang

cua giai cap v6 san voi duong 16'i each mang dung dan sang tao

Thii hai, phong trao da'u tranh giai cap, do chinh la cac cupc da'u tranh cua

giai cap cong nhan Vi?t Nam trong nhung nam 1919 - 1929 Trong nhung nam

1919 - 1925, phong trao da'u tranh cua cong nhan Vi^t Nam chu yeu doi cac

quyen Ipi ve kinh te'nen con mang tinh tu phat Sang nhCrng nam 1926 - 1929,

do chu nghla Mac - Lenin dupe truyen ba sau rpng vao Vipt Nam nen phong

trao da chuyen sang da'u tranh tu giac Khi phong trao da'u tranh ciia cong

nhan ngay cang phat trien, no dat ra yeu cau phai c6 chinh dang cua giai cap

v6 san lanh dao de tie'p tuc dua phong trao tie'n len Vi vay, phong trao cong

nhan chinh la co so xa hpi va dieu kipn co ban de dan den sy thanh lap Dang

Cpng san Vipt Nam .jt,

Nhu vay, phong trao da'u tranh yeu nuoc cua nhan dan ta trong ba thap

nien dau the ki XX, do la phong trao dan tpc theo khuynh huong dan chii tu

san va phong trao cong nhan Hai phong trao nay la co so xa hpi va dieu kipn

quyet dinh de dan den su thanh lap Dang Cpng san Vipt Nam

8 Dang Cpng san Vipt Nam ra doi mo ra mpt buoc ngoat v6 cung quan trpng

trong Ijch su dan tpc Vipt Nam Vai tro cua Nguyen A i Quoc trong Hpi nghj

thanh lap Dang

Dang ra doi da vach ra duong 161 chien lupc cho each mgng Duong 161 do

la: Truoc lam each mang dan tpc dan chu roi sau tie'n thang len chii nghla xa

hpi bo qua giai doan phat trien che dp tu ban chii nghla Tu nay each mang

Vipt Nam eha'm dut su khiing hoang ve duong 161 va co sy lanh dao dung dan

de di den thang Ipi

Dang ra doi, xay dung dupe mpt lue lupng moi cho each mang ma chii yeu

la lien minh e6ng nong Dang ra doi de ra hai khau hipu chien lupc la: "Dpc lap

dan tpc" va "Rupng dat dan cay" Hai khau hipu nay dap ung dupe nguypn vpng

cua da so'nhan dan, nha't la n6ng dan Do do, 16i eu6'n dupe d6ng dao n6ng dan

di theo each mang, xay dung dupe khol lien minh e6ng n6ng, t^o ra dupe mpt

nhan toco ban nua, dam bao thSng Ipi cho each mang Vipt Nam

Dang ra doi vach ra dupe phuong phap each mang dung dan Do la dung

phuong phap da'u tranh each mang bang bao lue ciia quan chiing theo quan

diem chu nghla Mac - Lenin Nho do ta bie't xay dyng va sir dyng hai lye lupng chinh trj, vu trang de tie'n hanh khoi nghla

Dang ra doi xay dyng dupe ban dong minh moi Dang ra doi lam cho each mang Vipt Nam tro thanh mpt bp phan khang kbit ciia thegioi Nho vay, tir do (Jen nay, ta da tranh thu dupe sy dong tinh va iing hp to Ion ciia cac lye lupng caeh mang the giai, tao nen sire manh tong hpp de chien thang mpi ke thu

Vi nhirng le do Dang Cpng san Vipt Nam ra doi da mo ra mpt buoc ngoat Ijeh sir vT dai cho each mang Viet Nam

* Vai tro eiia Nguyen Ai Quoc:

Trye tie'p to chire va chu tri Hpi nghj thanh lap Dang Cpng san Vipt Nam t^i

Huong Cang - Trung Qu6'e vao ngay 3 - 2 -1930

Phe phan nhirng hanh dpng thie'u thong nha't ciia cac to chiirc cpng san trong nuoc trong vipe tranh gianh quyen lanh dao, tranh gianh quan ehiing, tranh gianh dang vien

D|t ra yeu cau cap thiet phai hpp nha't cac to ehue cpng san de di den thanh l^p Dang Cpng san Vipt Nam

Viet va th6ng qua Chinh cuong van tat, Saeh lupc v3n tat, Dieu Ip vMn tat

Do chinh la Cuong ITnh chinh trj dau tien cua Dang da vach ra nhiing net co ban ve duong 161 chien lupc va saeh lupc cho each mang Vipt Nam

De ra ke'hoaeh de cac to chiic cpng san ve nuoc xiic tie'n vipe hpp nha't, roi

di den thanh lap Dang Cpng san Vipt Nam

cAu H6I ON TAP

Cau 1 Trinh bay npi dung cupc khai thae thupc dia Ian thu hai ciia thye dan

Phap 6 D6ng Duong va phan tich anh huong ciia no d61 voi sy phan hoa giai cap trong xa hpi Vipt Nam tir nam 1919 den nam 1929

Cau 2 Phan tieh thai dp chinh trj va kha nang each mang cua cac giai cap va

tang lop o Vipt Nam sau Chien tranh thegioi thir nha't Van de nay da dupe de

ra trong Cuong llnh ehinh tri dau tien eiia Dang Cpng san Vipt Nam (3 - 2 - 1930) nhu thenao?

Cau 3 Lap bang so sanh cupc khai thae thupc dia Ian nha't (1897 - 1914) voi

cupc khai thae Ian thu hai 1919 - 1929) eiia thye dan Phap 6 Vipt Nam ve hoan canh Ijeh sir, mye dieh, npi dung, hp qua va tac dpng den kinh te^ xa hpi Vipt Nam

Cau 4 Trinh bay nhirng tien de dan den phong trao each mang giai phong

dan tpc Vipt Nam sau Chien tranh thegioi thir nha't Sy vuon len va trien vpng cua cac khuynh huong each mang lue do ?

43

Cdu 5 Tit cupc khai thac thuoc dja Ian t h i i nha't va Ian t h u hai cua thuc dan

Phap 6 D o n g D u o n g Hay neu nhan xet ciia anh (chi) ve sy tac dpng cua no do!

vdi kinh te'va d o i song xa hoi 6 Vi|t N a m

Cau 6. Neu mpt bien chuyen Ion nha't trong cuoc khai thac thupc dja cua thuc

dan Phap 6 D o n g D u o n g Tac d u n g cua bien chuyen do do v o i su nghi^p giai

phong dan tpc a nuoc ta

Cau 7. A n h (chj) hay giai thich vi sao ngoai hai giai cap cong nhan va nong

dan, cac giai cap, tang lop khac o Viet N a m cCing c6 the van dong, loi cuon ho

tham gia each mang

Cau 8. NhOng cuoc van dong cuu nuoc cua cac bac tien boi da de lai nhung

bai hpc kinh nghiem gi? Nguyen A i Quoc tiep thu nhirng bai hpc do n h u the

nao trong qua trinh t i m d u o n g cuu nuoc ciia m i n h

Cdu 9. Chu t r u o n g cuu nuoc ciia Nguyen A i Quoc c6 nhirng diem gi go'ng va

khac voi cac bac tien boi

Cdu 10. Hay chon loc va trinh bay 3 dong gop to Ion nha't ciia lanh tu Nguyen

A i Quoc trong 20 nam dau cua the'ki XX L i giai su lua chpn do?

Cdu 11. Hoan canh ra doi, t u tuong chieh luge, sach luge each mang giai phong

dan tgc va y nghla eiia tac pham Dumg kach menh cua Nguyen A i Quoc

Cdu 12. Chu nghla Mac - Lenin dugc truyen ba vao Viet N a m bang eon

d u o n g boat dong ciia to chiic each mang nao? Hoat dong ciia to chue each

mang do dien ra n h u thenao?

Cdu 13. Su chuyen hoa eiia to ehiic H g i Viet N a m Cach mang thanh nien Tan

Vi^t Cach mang dang va Viet N a m Quoc dan dang dien ra n h u the nao?

Cdu 14. Qua trinh chuyen t u t u phat sang t u giac eiia phong trao cong nhan

Vi^t N a m trong nhirng nam 1919 - 1929 dien ra n h u the nao? Yeu to nao giir

vai tro eo ban nha't cho su chuyen hoa do

Cdu 15. V i sao hoat dong cua H g i V i f t N a m Cach mang thanh nien va Tan

Vi^t Cach mang dang da eo tac dung thiic day phong trao cong nhan phat trien

tir t y phat sang t u giac

Cdu 16. Lap bang so sanh ve cac to ehirc chinh tr| ciia giai cap v6 san, tieu t u

Ten to chiic T h a i gian

thanh lap

Qua trinh hoat dpng Xu huong Ket qua

Cdu 17. T r i n h bay n h i i n g co'ng hie'n ciia Nguyen A i Quoc doi v o i ijch sir dan tpc ta tir nam 1911 den nam 1945 Phan tich mpt cong hien ma anh (chi) cho rang noi bat nha't

Cdu 18. T r i n h bay nhirng mat tich cue va han che ciia cac phong trao dau tranh yeu nuoc va dan chu cong khai nhirng nam 1919 -1925

Cdu 19- Lap bang so sanh ba to chuc yeu nude each mang ( H g i Vi?t N a m Cach mang Thanh nien Dang Tan Vi?t va V i f t N a m Quo'c dan dang) theo yeu cau sau day:

H p i V N C M T N Tan Vi^t C M dang V N Q D dang

Thai gian hoat dong

Thai gian hoat dong Lanh dao

Lye lugng

Lye lugng

Lye lugng

N h i f m v u

Xu huong

Cdu 20. Qua Hch sir Viet N a m tir 1858 den truac 1930, hay ehung m i n h :

- Sy khung hoang ve d u o n g loi cuu nuoc ciia cac bac tien boi

- Cong lao ciia Nguyen Ai Quoc trong vi^e tim ra con duong cuu nuoc diing dan

Cdu 21. Phan tich nhirng cong lao to Ion cua N g u y e n A i Quoc doi v o i sy chuan bj tien toi thanh lap Dang Cong san Vi^t N a m nam 1930

Cdu 22. T r i n h bay va phan tich ba yeu to dan den sy thanh l?p Dang Cgng san Vi?t N a m

Cdu 23. Qua trinh dau tranh giai cap va dau tranh dan tgc dan den su thanh lap Dang Cong san Vi^t N a m dien ra n h u the nao?

Cdu 24. Phan tich nhirng u u diem noi bat ciia C y o n g ITnh chinh t n dau tien

"luge dong chi N g u y e n Ai Quoc trinh bay tai H g i nghj thanh lap Dang

Cdu 25. T r i n h bay va phan tich ngi dung eo ban eiia C y o n g llnh chinh trj dau tien ciia Dang do dong chi Nguyen Ai Quoc khoi thao N h i ? m v u cua each

"lang Vi^t N a m neu trong Cuong llnh da dugc ap d y n g n h u the nao trong thai kicach mang 1930-1945?

Cdu 26 Yi sao noi rang Dang Cong san V i f t N a m ra d o i m o ra mot budc

•^goat v6 ciing quan trgng trong Hch sir dan tpc Vi^t Nam? Vai tro ciia Nguyen Quoc doi v o i H p i nghj thanh lap Dang

Chuy§n de 2: V I E T N A M T I T N A M 1 9 3 0 D ^ N N A M 1 9 4 5

I PHONG TRAO CACH MANG 1930 - 1931

1 Tac dpng cua tinh hinh the gjoi den Vif t Nam sau Chien tranh the gjoi thu nhat

Sau Chien tranh the gioi thu nhat, cac nuoc de quo'c thang tran da ciing

nhau phan chia lai the gioi, thiet lap mpt trat tv hoa binh, an ninh men

Hau qua cua chien tranh, khiing hoang kinh te 6 cac nuoc tu ban chu nghia

va anh huong cua cupc each mang thang Muoi Nga (thang 11 -1917)

Giai cap cong nhan cac nuoc da thanh lap nhimg to chuc rieng cua minh

Cac dang cpng san 6 cac nuoc tu ban chii nghia, cac nuoc thupc dja va nira

thupc dja Ian lupt ra doi

Quoc teCpng san (Quoc te thu ba) dupe thanh lap 6 Matxcova (thang 3

-1919) dam nhan su menh tap hpp va lanh dao phong trao each mang v6 san va

phong trao giai phong dan tpc 6 cac nuoc tren the gioi

Cac dieu ki^n khach quan do cua the gioi da tac dpng Ion den su phat trien

cua phong trao giai phong dan tpc Vi^t Nam

2 Thyc trang kinh te - xa hpi Vi?t Nam trong nhung nam khung hoang kinh

te the giai 1929-1933

- Thuc trang kinh te:

Tu nam 1930, kinh te Viet Nam buoc vao thoi ki suy thoai La mpt nuoc

nong nghiep Liia gao bj syt gia Rupng dat bo hoang nam 1930 la 200.000ha,

nam 1933 la SOO.OOOha

San xuat cong nghiep bi suy giam Nam 1929 tong gia trj san lupng khai

khoang cua Dong Duong la 18 tri^u dong, nam 1933 chi con 10 tri^u dong

Trong thuong nghiep, xuat nhap khau dinh don Hang hoa khan hiem, gia ca

dat do

H^u qua cua cupc khiing hoang kinh te o Vi^t Nam rat nang ne so vai cac

thupc dja khac ciia Phap ciing nhu so vdi cac nuoc trong khu vyc

- Thuc trang xa hoi:

Nhieu cong nhan bj sa thai Cupc song ciia thp thuyen ngay cang kho khan

Nong dan phai chiu canh thue'cao, vay np nang lai, nong pham lam ra phai

ban ha gia Rupng dat bj dia chii nguoi Phap va nguoi Vi^t chiem doat Hp bj

ban cung hoa

Cac tang lop nhan dan lao dpng khac nhu tieu thuong, tieu chii, vien chuc,

tri thuc nho va mpt so tu san dan tpc cung khong tranh khoi tac dpng xau

ciia khiing hoang kinh te Cac nghe thii cong bj pha san, nha buon nho phai

dong cira, vien chuc bj sa thai, hpc sinh ra truong khong c6 vi?c Mpt so dong

tu san dan tpc cung gap nhieu kho khan trong kinh doanh

Mau thuan xa hpi ngay cang sau s3c, trong do c6 hai mau thuan ca ban la mau thuan giira dan tpc Vi^t Nam voi thuc dan Phap va mau thuan giiia nong dan voi dia chii phong kien, trong do chii yeu la mau thuan giCra dan tpc Vi$t Nam voi thuc dan Phap va tay sai phan dpng

3 Phong trao each mang 1930 -1931

a Nguyen nhan bung no:

* Vekinh te:

Do bj dequoc va phong kien ap biic boc lot nang ne, them vao do tu 1929 -1933, the gioi lai dien ra cupc khiing hoang kinh te ciia chii nghia tu ban, lam cho dai song ciia nhan dan ta von da khon kho cang them khon kho Mau thuan xa hpi cang gay gat, khien cho nhan dan ta nhan thay chi con mpt con duong viing len dau tranh chong ach ap biie boc Ipt ciia thye dan, phong kien, thoat khoi cupc dai trau ngua

* Ve chink tri:

Dau nam 1930, cupc khoi nghia Yen Bai oia Vi?t Nam Quoc dan dang biing

no va that bai Loi dung co hpi nay bpn de quoc tien hanh khiing bo trang doi voi each mang Hang nghin nguoi bj bat, tra tan, tu day Tmh hinh do lam cho khong khi chinh trj d Dong Duong von da cang thang lai cang them cang thing

* Dang Cong san Viet Nam ra dai:

Cung vao dau nam 1930, Dang Cpng san Vi#t Nam ra dai, de ta hai khau hi?u chien lupc: "Dpc lap dan tpc"va "Rupng dat dan cay" Hai khau hi§u nay

da dap ling nguy^n vpng dai da so nhan dan, nhat la nong dan Dang da kjp thai lanh dao nhan dan ta dau tranh chong dequoc Phap va phong kien tay sai gianh dpc lap, tu do

Tu ba nguyen nhan ay dan toi su biing no phong trao each mang 1930

-1931 6 nuoc ta Trong ba nguyen nhan tren, Dang ra doi va lanh dao la nguyen nhan ca ban nhat, quye't dinh sy bung no phong trao

b Dien bien cua phong trao:

IV- Trong bol eanh ciia eupe khiing hoang kinh te va phong trao each mang dang cao, ngay sau khi ra doi Dang Cpng san Vi^t Nam ra dai kjp thai lanh dgo phong trao dau tranh ciia quan chiing cong - nong khSp ea nuoc

Trong thang 2 - 1930, no ra cupc dau tranh ciia cong nhan, nong dan va cac tang lop lao dpng khac Tieu bieu la cupc bai cong ciia cong nhan don dien cao

su Phii Rieng, Dau Tieng

• Thang 3 va 4 - 1930, dien ra cupc dau tranh ciia cong nhan nha may spi Nam Djnh, nha may diem Ben Thuy

M y c tieu dau tranh la doi cai t h i f n doi song Cong nhan doi tang luong,

giam gio lam N o n g dan doi giam suu, giam thue Ben canh do, cung xuat hi^n

nhCrng khau hieu chinh t r i

Thang 5, tren pham v i ca nuoc bung no nhieu cupc dau tranh nhan ngay

Quo'c te'lao dong 1-5

Tir thang 6 den thang 8 nam 1930, ca nuoc c6 121 cupc dau tranh, trong do

cong nhan c6 22 cupc, nong dan c6 95 cupc, cac tang lop khac c6 4 cupc

Cac cupc dau tranh nay danh dau buoc ngoat ciia phong trao each mang

Lan dau tien, cong nhan Viet N a m bleu tinh ki ni?m ngay Quo'c te lao dpng,

dau tranh doi quyen Ipi cho nhan dan lao dpng trong nuoc va the hi^n tinh

doan ket each mang voi nhan dan lao dpng the gioi

Sang thang 9, phong trao dau tranh dang cao, nha't la 6 hai tinh Ngh$ A n va

Ha Tinh N h i i n g cupc bieu tinh ciia nong dan (c6 vu trang t u ve) voi hang

nghin nguoi tham gia keo den huy^n Ij, tinh Ij doi giam suu, giam thue a cac

huyen N a m Dan, Thanh Chuong, Dien Chau, A n h Son, N g h i Lpc, H u n g

Nguyen, Do L u o n g (Nghe An), Can Lpc, Thach Ha, Cam Xuyen, K i A n h (Ha

Tinh) Cac cupc dau tranh nay dupe cong nhan Vinh - Ben Thuy h u o n g ung

He thong chinh quyen thue dan, phong kien bj te li^t, tan ra 6 nhieu huy^n,

xa Nhieu ten tri h u y f n, l i truong bo tron hoac dau thang

Trong tinh hinh do, nhieu cap uy Dang d thon xa lanh dao nhan dan d u n g

ra lam ehii van m f n h ciia minh, t u quan li doi song chinh trj, kinh ie, van hoa,

xa hpi 6 dia phuang, lam chue nang ciia chinh quyen, ma trong Ijch sii gpi la

X6 viet N g h ^ - Tinh

c Su ra doi va hoat dgng cua Xd viei Nghe - Tinh

Tai Nghe A n , X6 viet ra doi ngay sau cac cupc bieu tinh t u thang 9 - 1930 6

cac xa huyen Thanh Chuong, N a m Dan, mot phan huy^n A n h Son, N g h i Lpc,

H u n g Nguyen, Dien Chau 6 Ha Tinh, X6 viet hinh thanh 6 cac xa thupc

huy^n Can Lpc, N g h i Xuan, H u o n g Khe vao cuoi n3m 1930, dau nam 1931

Cac x6 viet da to chiic, lanh dao quan chiing lam cae vi^c sau day:

Ve chinh trj, quan ehiing dupe t u do tham gia hoat dpng trong cac doan the

each mang, t u do hoi hop Cae dpi t u v^ do va toa an nhan dan dupe thanh lap

Ve'kinh te, thi hanh cae bien phap tjch thu rupng dat cong, tien liia cong chia

cho dan cay ngheo; bai bo thue than, thue'ehp, thue'do, thue'muoi, xoa no cho

nguoi ngheo, chii trpng d3p de phong lut, tu sua cau cong, d u o n g giao thong;

thanh lap cac hinh thiic to chiic san xuat de nong dan giiip do nhau

Vevan hod - xa hoi, xoa bo cac te nan xa hpi cu n h u me tin, d i doan, te rupu

j-he, CO bac, trpm cap Trat t u tri an dupe g i u virng Tinh than doan ket, giiip

nhau trong nhan dan dupe xay dung

X6 viel Nghe - Tinh la dinh cao ciia phong trao each mang 1930 -1931 va la nguSn co'vH mqnh me quan chiing nhan dan trong ca nuac

d Ynghia lich sivd bai hoc kinh nghiem ciia phong trao each mang 1930 -1931

Phong trao khang d j n h d u o n g 16'i diing dan ciia Dang, quyen lanh dao ciia giai cap cong nhan doi voi each mang cac nuoc 6 Dong Duong

T u phong trao, kho'i lien minh cong - nong hinh thanh, cong nhan va nong dan da doan ket voi nhau trong dau tranh each mang

Phong trao each mang 1930 -1931 dupe danh gia cao trong phong trao epng san va cong nhan quo'c te Quo'c te Cpng san da cong nhan Dang Cpng san Dong D u o n g la bp phan doe lap true thupc Quo'c teCpng san

Phong trao each mang 1930 - 1931 da de lai cho Dang ta nhieu bai hpe kinh nghi?m quy bau:

+ Bai hpe ve cong tae t u tuong trong Dang va trong quan chiing each mang + Bai hpe ve xay dung khoi lien minh cong nong va mat tran dan tpc thong nha't + Bai hpe ve vai tro to ehiie va lanh dao quan chiing ciia Dang

+ Bai hpe ve sii d u n g bao luc each mang de gianh chinh quyen va xay d y n g chinh quyen theo hinh thiic X6 viet

e Phong trao each mang 1930 -1931 la cugc dien tap dau tien chuan bj cho Cdch mang thang Tdm 1945

Phong trao each mang 1930 - 1931 chi dien ra trong mpt t h d i gian n g i n

nhung CO y nghla Jich sii to ion:

N o khang d j n h d u o n g 16'i diing dan ciia Dang, quyen lanh dao ciia giai cap cong nhan doi voi each mang cac nuoc 6 Dong Duong

T u phong trao, kho'i lien minh cong - nong hinh thanh, cong nhan va nong dan da doan ket voi nhau trong dau tranh each mang

Phong trao the hien sue manh ciia cong - nong d u d i su lanh dao ciia Dang Phong trao each mang 1930 -1931 dupe danh gia cao trong p h o n g trao cpng

!J va cong nhan quo'c te Quo'c t e C p n g san da cong nhan D a n g Cpng san 'ng D u o n g la bp phan doc lap true thupe Quo'c te'Cpng san

Phong trao each mang 1930 - 1931 da de lai cho Dang ta nhieu bai hpe kinh

•^ghifm quy bau ve cong tac t u tuong, ve xay d u n g khoi lien m i n h cong nong mat tran dan tpc thong nha't, ve to chiic va lanh dao quan chiing dau tranh

* ^hinh VI vqy, phong trao cdch mang 1930 - 1931 Id cuoc dien tap dau tien chuan bi W> Cdch mang thang Tdm 1945

3 Npi dung co ban cua Luan cuong chinh tri thang 10 - 1930 ciia E)ing Cpng

skn Dong Duong, l / u diem va h?n che cua Lu^n cuong So sanh npi dung

Cuong linh chinh tri dau tien cua DAng voi Lu^n cuong chinh t i i nam 1930

a Nqi dung

Luan cucmg xac djnh nhihig van de chien lugrc va sach lugfc aia each mang

Dong Duong Cach mang Dong Duong liic dau la C U Q C each mang tu san dan

quyen, sau d6 se tiep tyc phat trien, bo qua thoi ki tu ban ehii nghia, tien thiuig

len eon duong xa hpi, ehu nghia

Hai nhi^m vy chien lupc cua each mang la danh phong kien va danh de

quo'e, CO quan h^ khang khit voi nhau

Dpng lure each mang la giai cap v6 san va nong dan

Lanh dgo each m^ng la giai cap v6 san voi dpi tien phong aia no la Dang

Cpng san

Lu^n cuong chinh trj ciing neu ro hinh thue va phucmg phap dau tranh, ve

moi quan h$ giua each m^ng Vi$t Nam va each mang the gioi

b iXu diem va han che

- LTM diem:

Lu^n cuong xac djnh dupe nhi^m vu chien luge, sach lupe cua each mgng

Dong Duong V^ch ra eon duong dau tranh giai phong giai cap va dan tpc

Thay dupe nhan to quyet djnh mpi thang Ipi cua each mang Dong Duong la

vai tro lanh dao cua Dang Biet dat each mang Vi^t Nam trong moi quan h^ voi

each mgng the gioi

- Han che:

Lu^n cuong con c6 nhung m^t hgn ehe^ nhu chua neu dupe mau thuan chu

yeu cua xa hpi Dong Duong, khong dua ngpn eo dan tpc len hang dau ma

n$ng ve dau tranh giai cap va each mang rupng dat

Danh gia khong diing kha nang each mang eiia tang lop tieu tu san dan tpc,

kha nSng loi keo mpt bp phan trung, tieu d\a chii tham gia m|t tr$n dan tpc

thong nhat ehong de quoc va lay

sai-c So sdnh Luan cuong voi Cuong linh

mau thuan giua toan the dan

tpc Vi#t Nam voi de quoc

Xa hpi Dong Duong gom hai mau thuan, mau thuan dan toe va giai cap, trong do mau thuan giai cap la co b i n

Phap xam lupc va mau thuan giua nhan dan lao dpng, chii yeu la nong dan voi dia chii phong ki&h, trong do mau

thuan CO ban nhat la mau

thuan giira dan tpc Vi^t Nam voi thye dan Phap

Tinh chat each

Ke thii ciia each m^ng

Xac djnh de quoc Phap, vua quan phong kien va tu san phan each mang, da xac dinh

ke thii ro rang khong phai la toan bp phong kien va tu san

Xac djnh de quoc va phong kien, khong phan bi^t giai cap phong kien co bp ph§n tien

bp, khong de c|p den giai cap tusanm^iban

Lyelupng each mgng

Giai cap eong nhan, nong dan

la dpng lye, la go'c eiia each mgng can phai lien minh voi giai cap tieu tu san, tu san dan tpc, trung tieu dja chii

Chi gom cong nhan, nong dan khong de c|p den eac giai cap khae: tu san dan tpc, tieu tu san, trung nong va dia chii

Vai tro lanh dao eiia Dang

Giai cap eong nhan thong qua dpi tien phong la Dang Cpng san Vi?t Nam

Chi khae la Dang Cpng san Dong Duong, trong khi do 6 Lao va Campuehia chua co giai eong nhan

Qua bang so sanh ehiing ta thay, Luan cuong chinh tri tiep thu nhung van

de CO ban eiia van kif n thanh lap Dang va bo sung them phuong phap each

m^ng, song hai van de nhi?m vy va lye lupng eiia each mgng tu san dan quyen con h?n che: dat nhi^m vy ehong phong kien len tren chorig de quoic va khong thay kha nang each mang eiia cac tang lop khae trong xa hpi Vi^t Nam Nhimg h?n che nay phai trai qua mpt qua trinh dau tranh trong thye tien mdi khie phyc dupe

51

4 Nhan xet ve quy mo, tinh chat va hinh thuc dau tranh ciia phong trao each

mang 1930 -1931

Ngay t u khi Dang Cpng san Viet N a m ra doi da phat dpng quan chiing dau

tranh chong thuc dan, phong kien de doi doc lap dan tpc va rupng da't dan cay

Thuc hi^n myc tieu do, phong trao da dien ra vdi quy mo rpng khap, mang

tinh chat each mang tri^t de va su d y n g hinh thuc dau tranh quyet li^t

Tinh quy mo rong khap:

Phong trao da phat trien tren quy mo ca nuoc, keo dai suo't gan hai nam (tu

dau nam 1930 den cuoi nam 1931)

Phong trao da thu hut dupe sy tham gia dong dao cac tang lop nhan dan,

chu ye'u la quan chiing cong nong, voi hang tram cupc dau tranh Ion nho, tieu

bieu la cupc dau tranh ciia 5.000 cong nhan va nong dan V i n h - Ben Thiiy vao

ngay 1 - 5 -1930, cupc bieu tinh cua ban 2 van nong dan Thanh C h u o n g ngay

1 - 9 - 1930 va cupc bieu tinh tuan hanh ciia 6 v ^ n nong dan liuy?n H u n g

Nguyen ngay 12 - 9 -1930

Tinh each mang triet de:

Phong trao da nham vao hai ke thu ca ban ciia nhan dan ta la bpn de quoc

va phong kien tay sai

Tai mpt so nai thupc hai tinh Nghe A n va Ha Tinh, truoc sue manh dau

tranh ciia quan chiing, h$ thong chinh quyen djch bj tan ra tirng mang, bpn

quan lai va cuong hao bo tron, chinh quyen cong nong binh thanh lap d u a i

hinh thuc X6 viet

Sit dung hinh thue dau tranh qui/el Hit:

Phong trao su d u n g hinh thuc dau tranh t u thap den cao, tit m i t tinh, bieu

tinh den dot h u y ^ n duong, pha nha lao, ket hpp bieu tinh thj uy vai boat dpng

nira v u trang de tie'n cong djch

Trong thang 9 va thang 10 -1930 phong trao da sir d u n g hinh thuc v i i trang

khoi nghla cuop chinh quyen djch thanh lap chinh quyen each mang

Nhtf vqy, phong trao each mang 1930 - 1931 ma dinh cao la Xd viel Nghe Tinh la

phong trao each mang rong Ian dau tien cua quan chiing cong ndng a nieoe ta do '

Dang lanh dqo Tinh quy mo rong l&n, tinh chat each mang triet deva hinh thiee dau

tranh quyel Hit cua phong trao da chung minh buac phat trien nhay vgt ve chat cua

cuge dau tranh gidi phong dan toe a nuac ta mot khi c6 Dang lanh dqo

5 S I / P H y C H O I P H O N G T R A O C A C H M A N G 1932 -1935

a Cuoc dau tranh phuc hoi phong trao

Khi phong trao each mang 1930 - 1931 13ng xuong, thyc dan Phap van tiep

tyc thi hanh chinh sach khiing bo'va mj dan

52

Cty TNHH MTV DWH Khang Yift

Hang van ngudi bj bat bo, tii day Cac trai giam va nha tu chat nich tu chinh trj n h u nha tu Hoa L6 (Ha Npi), Kham Lon (Sai Gon), nha tu Con Dao, Kon Turn, Lao Bao, Son La

T u nam 1931 den giiia nam 1932, hau het cac liy vien Ban Chap hanh Trung uang Dang, X u liy B^c K i , Trung K i , N a m K i bj b3t

Cling vai vi?c khiing bo^ thuc dan Phap diing nhiing thii doan m j dan, lua bit loi keo cac tang lop quan lai, dja chii, t u san, t r i thuc, me hoac nhan dan Ve chinh trj, chiing cho tang so dai di?n nguai Vi^t vao ca quan lap phap cap k i ;

ve kinh te^ chiing cho ngudi ban x i i dupe tham gia dau thau mpt so'cong trinh thiiy Ipi, cau d u o n g ; ve giao due, chiing cho to chue lai T r u a n g Cao dSng Dong

D u o n g va T r u o n g Luat de thu hiit con em tang lap tren; Ipi d y n g cac giao phai

de chia re phong trao nhan dan

Trong hoan canh do, nhii-ng nguoi cpng san van kien euang dau tranh phii hpp v o i dieu kien ciia minh NhOng dang vien trong t i i cuong t r i bao v$ lap truong, quan diem each mang ciia Dang, tong ket bai hpe kinh nghi^m ehi dao phong trao, to chue vupt ngye, nhi>ng dang vien khong bj bat thi t i m each gay

d y n g lai to chiic Dang va quan chiing

M p t so dang vien dang boat dpng 6 Trung Quoc va Thai Lan tro ve nuoc hogt dpng

N a m 1932, Le H o n g Phong va mpt so dong ehi 6 trong nuac va ngoai nuoc nhan chi thj Quoc te Cpng san to ehiic Ban lanh dao Trung uong eiia Dang Thang 6 - 1932, Ban lanh dao Trung uong thao ra chuong trinh hanh dpng ciia Dang Chuong trinh hanh dpng neu chii truong dau tranh doi cac quyen

t y do dan chii cho nhan dan lao dpng, tha tu chinh trj, bai bo cac thii thue bat cong. C l i n g c o v a phat trien cae doan the each mang ciia quan chiing

D y a vao chuong trinh hanh dpng, phong trao dau tranh ciia quan chiing dupe nhen nhom tro lai voi cae to chiie n h u H p i cay, H p i cay, H p i hieu hi, H p i dpc sach bao v.v

Nhieu cupc dau tranh ciia cong nhan da no ra: nam 1932 c6 230 cupc, nam

1933 CO 244 cupc, tap trung 6 cae tinh Quang N a m , Quang Ngai, Sai Gon, Gia

Djnh N o n g dan eac tinh Gia Djnh, Long Xuyen, Tra Vinh, Khanh Hoa, N i n h Thuan, Binh Thuan, Cao B3ng, Lang Son lien tiep c6 cac cupc dau tranh

Trong thoi ki nay, mpt so hinh thiic dau tranh khae xuat hi?n n h u van dpng bau cu, boat dpng tren linh vyc bao ehi N a m 1935, dai bieu cho nhung nguoi lao dpng da triing cii vao H p i dong thanh pho Sai Gon M p t so dang vien boat

j d 9 n g hptp phap da sii d y n g bao chi cong khai dau tranh chong nhirng quan

BSI due>n^ H5G Lfch Si} 12 - Tha Truong Ngpc Thai

d i e m chinh t r j , trie't hpc, van hpc, ngh^ thuat t u san, tuyen t r u y e n chii nghia

Mac-Lenin va d u o n g loi chu t r u a n g ciia Dang

Den cuo'i n a m 1933, cac to chuc Dang dan dan dupe phuc hoi va cung c6'

Dau n a m 1934, Ban lanh dao H a i ngoai dupe thanh lap do Le H o n g Phong

d u n g dau C u o i n a m 1934 dau n a m 1935, cac x u l i y Bac K i , T r u n g K i , N a m K i

dupe lap lai

D a u n a m 1935, cac to chuc Dang va p h o n g trao dupe phuc hoi

b Nqi dung va y nghia cua Dai hqi dai him toan quoc Idn thUnhat cua Dang

- Ngi dung:

Tir ngay 27 den ngay 31 - 3 - 1935, Dai hpi dai bieu toan quoc Ian t h u nhat

ciia Dang hpp tai M a Cao (Trung Quoc) Tham d y dai hpi c6 13 dai bieu thay

mat cho h o n 500 dang vien thupc cac dang bp trong nuoc va nuoc ngoai

Sau k h i danh gia t i n h hinh, Dai hpi xac djnh ba n h i ^ m v y cua D a n g trong

thai gian truoe mat la: cung c o s y phat trien Dang; tranh t h i i quan c h i i n g rpng

rai; cho'ng chien tranh de quoc

D a i hpi t h o n g qua N g h j quyet chinh t r i , Dieu 1? Dang, cac nghj quyet ve

v ^ n d p n g cong nhan, nong dan, binh linh, p h u n u ; ve cong tac trong cac dan

tpc thieu so', ve d p i t y v^ va c u u te do

D a i hpi bau ra Ban chap hanh T r u n g u o n g g o m 13 n g u o i va bau Le H o n g

Phong lam Tong Bi t h u ciia Dang N g u y e n A i Quoc dupe c i i l a m dai di?n ciia

Dang ben canh Quoc te Cong san

- y nghia:

Dai hpi dai bieu toan quoc Ian t h u nhat eiia Dang danh dau mo'c quan

trpng: Dang da khoi phuc dupe h f thong to chuc t u T r u n g u a n g den dja

p h u o n g , t u t r o n g nuae deh ngoai nuoc, da khoi phyc dupe cac to chuc quan

chiing ciia Dang

c Vai trd lanh dao cua Dang trong phong trao each ntang 1930 - 1935

- Thai kt cao trao: Dang la nguoi phat dong va lanh dao phong trao:

Phong trao dupe sy chi dao thong nhat ciia Dang no ra tir Bac chi N a m , a ca

cong nhan, n o n g dan va cac tang lop lao dpng khac, trong do giai cap cong

nhan la lye l u p n g d i dau

M u e tieu d a u tranh: K h o n g chi d o i quyen Ipi cho cong nhan, n o n g dan, cac

tang lap khac ma con to ro dau h i ^ u doan ket v a i v6 san the giai Tieu bieu la

cupe bieu tinh ngay 1-5-1930

D u o i sy lanh dao ciia Dang, cao trao dau tranh da n h a m vao hai ke t h u

chinh ciia dan tpc la de quoc Phap va bpn phong kien

H i n h thurc dau tranh: Ket h p p dau tranh c h i n h t r j v 6 i via trang, trong do dau tjanh c h i n h t r i la chii yeu

- Thai ki thodi trao:

T u y b i thue dan Phap dan ap k h i i n g bo da man, p h o n g trao tarn l i n g xuong, cac ca so dang b i pha va, song sue song ciia D a n g k h o n g the b i tieu di^t Vai tro lanh dao ciia Dang van dupe g i u vCrng va l u o n d i dau trong ehong Idiiing bo', tuyen t r u y e n giae ngp, gay d y n g lai ca so ciia Dang va quan chiing

Dau tranh d t r o n g t u ciia cac dang vien cpng san

Gay d y n g lai co so va p h o n g trao quan chiing ^I^Vi • Lpi d u n g cac dien dan cong khai de tuyen t r u y e n co d p n g quan c h i i n g theo cac khau hieu ciia Dang

Thanh lap Ban lanh dao ciia Dang va ra chuong t r i n h hanh d p n g de phat dpng quan c h i i n g dau tranh

II P H O N G T R A O D A N C H U 1936 - 1939

1 T i n h h i n h k i n h te - xa h p i a V i | t N a m trong n h u n g n a m 1936 - 1 9 3 9

* Tinh hinh kinh te:

Sau cupc k h i i n g hoan k i n h te the giai 1929 - 1933, chinh quyen thyc dan Phap a D o n g D u o n g tap t r u n g dau t u , khai thac thupc dja de b u dap sy thieu hyt cho k i n h te " c h i n h quoc"

Ve nong nghiep, c h i n h sach ciia Nha nuoc thyc dan tao m p i dieu k i ^ n cho

t u ban Phap chiem doat r u p n g dat ciia nong dan, l a m cho 2/3 n o n g dan k h o n g c6 rupng hoac chi co it rupng ' ' "

Ve cong nghi?p, nganh khai thac m o dupe day m a n h Tong san l u p n g khai

no n a m 1939 la 29,5 trieu dong ' >

Ve t h u o n g nghi?p, nha nuoc thyc dan doc quyen ban thuoe phi?n, r u p u , nuoi, t h u dupe l p i n h u a n rat cao Hang xuat khau chii yeu la khoang san, 6ng san N h a p cang may moc thie't bj va hang cong n g h i f p tieu d u n g

N h i n chung, n h u n g n a m 1936 - 1939 la thoi k i phyc hoi va phat trien nen rth te 6 Vi?t N a m , n h u n g chi tap trung vao m p t so nganh dap l i n g co n h u cau llie'n tranh N e n k i n h te Vi^t N a m van lac hau va 1? thupc k i n h te Phap •< I

'Tinh hinhxdhoi: • ^ ^ ' t - ' '

D a i song cac tang lop nhan dan van gap nhieu kho khan do chinh sach tSng hue ciia nha nuoc thyc dan, phong kien

So' cong nhan tha't nghiep con nhieu Ngay ca n h i h i g n g u o i co viec lam,

nuc l u o n g van k h o n g hang thoi k i k h i i n g hoang

N o n g dan k h o n g d i i rupng cay H p con chiu m i i c dja to cao va nhieu t h u

ko^n hoc Ipt khac ciia dja chii cuong hao, n h u n g h u tyc c u o i cheo, d i n h dam

55

T u san dan tpc c6 it von nen chi lap dupe nhOng cong ti nho, phai chiu thue

cao, bj tu ban Phap chen ep

Nhieu nguai trong gioi tieu tu san tri thiic that nghiep Cong chuc nhan

dupe muc luong tha'p Cac tang Idp lao dpng khac phai chju thue khoa nang

ne, sinh boat dat do

Doi song da so nhan dan kho khan, cue kho Chfnh vi the hp hang hai tham

gia phong trao dau tranh doi tu do, com ao duoi su lanh dao ciia Dang Cpng

san Dong Duong

2 Hpi nghi Trung uong Dang thang 7 -1936

a) Hodn earth:

* The gioi:

Cupc khiing hoang kinh te the gioi 1929 - 1933 da gay nen hau qua nghiem

trpng, nhat la cac nuoc tu ban chu nghla phat trien Tai cac nuoc tu ban chii

nghla, kinh te suy syp, mau thuan xa hpi gay gat Mot so' nuoc da giai quyet

khung hoang bang con duong phat xit hoa che dp C h u nghla phat xit Due,

Italia, Nhat Ban da tro thanh nguy co de dpa nen hoa binh va an ninh the gioi

Truoc tinh hinh do, Dai hpi Quoc te Cpng san Ian thu VII hpp 6 Matxcova

(7 - 1935) da xac dinh ke thu nguy hiem, truoc mat ciia nhan dan the gioi la

chu nghla phat xit D ? i hpi chvi truong thanh lap Mat tran nhan dan chong chu

nghla phat xit '

Thue hi?n chu truong cua Quoc te Cpng san, nhieu nuoc thanh lap Mat tran

nhan dan O Phap, dau nam 1936, Mat tran nhan dan Phap gianh thang Ipi

trong cupc tuyen cu va len nSm chinh quyen Chinh phii ciia Mat tran nhan

dan Phap da ban hanh chinh sach tien bp doi voi cac nuoc thupc dja nhu tha ty

do til chinh trj, thanh lap liy ban dieu tra tinh hinh thupc dja, thi hanh mpt so

cai each xa hpi cho nhan dan lao dpng

* Trong nuoc:

Do chinh sach ve tu do dan chu cua Chinh phii Mat tran nhan dan Phap ma

6 Viet Nam mpt so tu chinh tri dupe tha tu do va hp tim each boat dpng tro lai

Do cupc khiing hoang kinh te^ thue dan Phap lai tiep tyc chinh sach boc lot,

khiing bo va dan ap nhan dan Viet Nam lam cho nhan dan Viet Nam bj ban

cung kho'n kho

Liic nay Dang ta va lye lupng each mang da phue hoi, each mang c6 them

dieu ki^n dechuyen sang thoi ki dau tranh moi

Truoc nhOng bien doi ciia tinh hinh the gioi va trong nuoc, thang 7 - 1936,

Hpi nghj Ban Chap hanh Trung uong Dang Cpng san Dong Duong do Le

Hong Phong chii tri hpp 6 Thupng Hai (Trung Quoc) Hpi nghj dua theo Nghj

quyet dai hpi Ian thu VII ciia Quoc teCpng san, can cii vao tinh hinh cu the o Vi?t Nam de dinh ra duong 161 va phuong phap dau tranh Hpi nghi xac dinh:

b) Ngi dung Hoi nghi:

Hpi nghi xac djnh nhi?m vu chien lupc ciia each mang tu san dan quyen Dong Duong la eho'ng de'quo'c va phong kien; nhi^m vy true tiep, truoc mat la dau tranh chong che dp phan dpng thupc dia, chong phat xit, chong nguy co chien tranh, doi tu do, dan sinh, dan chii, com ao va hoa binh

Phuong phap dau tranh la ket hpp cac hinh thue cong khai va bi mat, hpp phap va bat hpp phap

Hpi nghi chii truong thanh lap Mat tran thong nhat nhan dan phan de Dong Duong

Dang Cpng san Dong Duong keu gpi cac dang phai chinh trj, cac to chuc quan chiing va nhan dan Dong Duong hanh dpng, dau tranh cho dan chii

Phong dau tranh quan chiing Ian rpng trong ca nuoc :, Tiep do, Hpi nghj Trung uong cac nam 1937 va 1938 bo sung va phat trien

npi dung co ban ciia Nghj quyet hpi nghj Trung uong thang 7 - 1936 Tai Hpi nghj Ban Chap hanh Trung uong thang 3 -1938, Mat tran thong nhat nhan dan

phan de'Dong Duong doi thanh Mat tran thong nhat dan chu Dong Duong, gpi tit la Mat tran dan chu Dong Duong

3 Nhtrng phong trao dau tranh tieu bleu

a) Phong trao Dong Duong dai hoi ,i v

Dupe tin Quoc hpi Phap cir phai doan sang dieu tra tinh hinh Dong Duong, Dang chii truong phat dpng va to chuc cac tang lop nhan dan hpp hpi thao, ra ban nguyen vpng de giii toi phai doan Dang cung keu gpi cac dang phai chinh trj, cac to chuc quan chiing cung tham gia

Truoc su Ian rpng ciia phong trao, bpn phan dpng thupc dja dan ap va chia

re quan chiing Ngay 15-9-1936, chiing ra l^nh giai tan Uy ban hanh dpng, cam hpi hpp, tjch thu cac bao co dpng cho Dong Duong Dai hpi

Phong trao Dong Duong Dai hpi nhanh chong bj dan ap nhung cung dgt dupe myc dieh ciia minh Dong dao quan chiing giae mp, doan ket dau tranh doi quyen song Dang Cpng san Dong Duong thu dupe mpt so'kinh nghiem ve phat dpng va lanh dao phong trao dau tranh cong khai, hpp phap

b) Phong trao dau tranh doi tu do, dan sinh, dan chu

Sdu thang ciwi nam 1936 co 361 cupe dau tranh, trong do co 236 cupc dau

tranh eiia cong nhan Tieu bieu la cupc bai cong ngay 23-11 ciia cong nhan Hon Gai, Cam Pha, Mong Duong doi tang luong 25% Ngay nay tro thanh ngay hpi truyen thong ciia cong nhan mo

Nam 1937 c6 400 cupc bai cong ciia cong nhan Tieu bieu la C U Q C dau tranh

ciia cong nhan xe lua Nam Dong Duong ngay 9-7-1937 va mo than Vang Danh

ngay 28-9-1937 15 cupc dau tranh ciia nong dan doi giam to, giam tuc Tieu

thuong 6 Ha Npi, Hai Phong, cac thanh pho va thj xa khac bai thi, doi giam

thue chp, thue hang

Trong thang 1 va 2-1937 con c6 nhirng cupc mft tinh va bieu tinh Ion cua

nhan dan ca nuac nham bieu duong luc lupng khi Goda - phai vien ciia Chinh

phu Phap sang dieu tra tinh hinh Dong Duong va Brevie sang nhan chuc toan

quyen Dong Duong

Trong thang 3 va thang 7, Trung uong Dang Cong san Dong Duong hpp de

ban ve cong tac quan chiing Dang quyet djnh lap Cong hpi thay Cong hpi do,

Doan thanh nien phan de thay Doan thanh nien cpng san, Hpi cuu te binh dan

thay Hpi ciiu te do v.v 6 nong thon, lap Hpi cay, Hpi cay, Hpi hieu hi v.v

Nhung hinh thiic to chuc linh hoat, hoat dpng cong khai, nua cong khai da tap

hpp rpng rai cac tang lop nhan dan tham gia

Nam 1938, c6 131 cupc bai cong ciia cong nhan Tuy so lupng cupc dau tranh

giam so voi nam truoc, nhung chat lupng cao hon bieu hi^n a trinh dp giac

ngp ciia quan chiing, khau hi^u dau tranh, su phan pho'i dau tranh giiia cac dia

phuong

Cuol nam 1938 d Nam Ki xay ra nan doi Nong dan nhieu nai bieu tinh

Dien hinh la cupc bieu tinh ciia hon 1000 nong dan Ca Mau thang 10-1938

Phong trao dau tranh ciia tieu thuong, hpc sinh dang cao

Dac bift la cupc dau tranh ngay 1-5-1938 Lan dau tien, trong ngay Quoc te

Lao dpng, nhieu cupc to chuc mit tinh dupe cong khai 6 Ha Npi, Sai Gon va

nhieu noi khac, da thu hiit dong dao quan chiing tham gia

Nam 1939, phong trao dau tranh trong 3 thang dau nam bj giam siit Tu

thang tu phong trao len dan va dat toi dinh cao vao thang 6 Phong trao tap

trung 6 nhiing trung tam cong nghi^p Ion nhu Ha Npi, Hai Phong, Sai Gon,

Chp Lon

c) Dau tranh nghj trudng

Dau tranh 6 nghj truong la mot ITnh vyc dau tranh mdi me ciia Dang Cpng

san Dong Duong

Trong cupc bau cu vao Vi?n Dan bieu Trung Ki thang 8-1937, Dang van

dpng nhiing nguoi Hen bp trong hang ngii tri thiic ra ling cii Dang sii dung

bao chi de tuyen truyen va van dpng cu tri bo phieu cho nhii'ng nguoi nay Ke't

qua la ha'u het cac ling cii vien do Dang van dpng ra ling cii da triing cir

Trong ki hpp ciia Vien Dan bieu thang 9-1938, cac nghj vien dan bieu da bac

j,5 dupe du an thue than va thue dien tho ciia chinh phii thupc dia

jsjam 1938, trong cupc tranh cii vao Vi^n Dan bieu Bac Ki, 15 ling cu vien

cia M^t tr?" 'i^n chii da triing cu Mat tran dan chii con gianh thang Ipi trong jipi dong kinh te li tai Dong Duong - co quan "dan cii" cao nhat 6 Dong Duong

jsjam 1939, dien ra cupc tuyen cii vao Hpi dong Quan hat Nam Ki Trong cUpc tuyen cu nay Mat tran dan chii bj that bai do nh&ng thii doan tham dpc dia bpn phan dpng thupc dia, do npi bp mat tran dan chii y kien thong nhat

Bang Cong san Dong Duong quyei dinh tham gia dau tranh cong khai a nghj irticfng nham muc dich ma rang luc lugng cua Mat tran dan chii va vqch tran chinh sdch phan dong cua bon thue dan va tay sai, henh vuc quyen Igi cua nhan dan

d) Dau tranh tren linh vuc bdo chi

Day Cling la ITnh vuc dau tranh moi me ciia Dang Nhi>ng nguoi Cpng san rim mpi each xuat ban bao Tu nam 1937, bao chi cong khai ciia Dang phat

trien nhanh chong

Cac bao ciia Dang tuyen truyen, gioi thi^u ve chii nghla Mac - Lenin, Dang Cpng

san E>6ng Duong, Lien X6, Quoc te'Cpng san Mat tran nhan dan Phap v.v

Bao chi each mang tro thanh miii xung kich trong nhi>ng phong trao lon ciia cupc van dong dan chii, dan sinh ki 1936 - 1939 nhu Dong Duong Dai Hpi,

"don" Go-da va Bre-vi-e, nhijng cupc bau cii va dau tranh nghj truong v.v

Trong thoi gian nay, nhieu sach chinh tri - li luan dupe xuat ban cong khai

ho^c dua tu Phap ve Nhieu tac pham hi?n thue phe phan ra doi nhu Buac duong Cling ciia Nguyen Cong Hoan; Tdt den Leu chong ciia Ngo Tat To; Giong

to, So do ciia Vii Trpng Phung; tha each mang ciia To Huu; kich c6 tac pham Kim tien ciia vj Huyen Dae, Dai co Luu ciia Tran HCru Trang

Cuoi nam 1937, Dang phat dpng phon trao truyen ba chu Quoc ngu nham giup quan chiing lao dpng dpc sach bao, nang cao sy hieu biet ve chinh trj va each mang

Cuoc dau tranh cua Dang tren linh vuc bdo chi trong nhimg nam 1936-1939 da

^hu dugc kel qua to lan, truac hel vevan hoa - tu tuang Dong dao cac tang lap nhan '^n dugc giac mg vecon duong each mang cua Dang " ' ''•

e Daii tranh chong bgn tcrroikit

Trong nhung nam 1936 -1939, Dang Cpng san Dong Duong khong chi dau

tranh chong bpn phan dpng Phap ma con chong bpn tay sai ciia chiing, cac

<*ing phai chinh trj, nhu Dang Lap hien (ciia dja chii va tu san) Dang Dong

t>Uorng dan chii (ciia tri thiic than Phap) Phuc quoc Dong minh hpi (ciia Cuong

I Mi v.v Nhung doi thii nguy hiem nhat la bpn tarolkit Chiing mang chieu bai

each mang de pha hoai each mang, lua bjt quan chving, chia re hang ngu con,

nhan va Mat tran dan tpc thong nhat, pha hoai nhiing to ehuc va hogt dorij

cua Dang Cpng san Chiing dua ra khau l^nh khong phu hop, dan phong tra,,

den that bai Chung ho hao "lam each mang v6 san" de doi lap vol chu truorip

"chohg phat xit chong chien tranh", lap "Doan thanh nien cong san" thay cho

"Doan thanh nien dan chii", lap "Hgi cuu te" thay cho "Hoi Cuxi te'binh dan" v.v

Dang Cpng san Dong D u o n g da dau tranh kien quye't voi bpn toro'tkit Cupc

dau tranh do da giup quan chiing nhan ro bp mat that cua bpn tarotkit, kip thoj

ngan chan am m u u pha hoai cua chung

4 Ket qua va y nghia va bai hpc k i n h n g h i ^ m cua p h o n g trao

* Kei qua:

Cupc van dpng dan chu 1936 -1939 la mpt phong trao quan chung rpng Ion,

CO to chuc, d u a i su lanh dao cua Dang Cpng san Dong D u o n g

Bang sue manh doan ket cua quan chung, da bupc chinh quyen ciia thuc

dan phai nhuong bp mpt so'yeu sach cu the, truoc mat ve dan sinh, dan chii

Qua phong trao, quan chiing dupe giae mpt ve chinh trj, da tham gia MSt

tran dan tpc thong nhat, tro thanh luc lupng chinh trj hung hau cua each mang;

can bp dupe tap hop thanh dpi ngu dong dao va truong thanh

* Y nghia:

Cupc van dpng dan chu 1936 - 1939 la mpt phong trao quan chiing rpng Ion,

CO to chuc, d u a i su lanh dao ciia Dang Cpng san Dong Duong

Bang sue manh doan ket ciia quan chiing, da bupc chinh quyen ciia thuc

dan phai nhuong bp mpt so'yeu sach cu the, truoc mat ve dan sinh, dan chii

Qua phong trao, quan chiing dupe giae mpt ve chinh trj, da tham gia Mat

tran dan tpc thong nhat, tro thanh luc lupng chinh trj hung hau ciia each mang

can bp duoc tap hop thanh dpi ngii dong dao va truong thanh

* Bai hoc kinh nghiem:

Trong qua trinh dau tranh, Dang Cpng san Dong D u o n g tich liiy dupe

nhieu bai hpe kinh nghiem:

Bai hpe ve xay d u n g Mat tran thong nhat

Bai hpe ve to chuc, lanh dao quan chiing dau tranh cong khai, hpp phap

Bai hpe ve dau tranh t u tuong trong npi bp Dang va voi dang phai chinh trj

phan dpng

Dong thoi Dang thay dupe nhirng han che ciia minh trong cong tac mat

tran, van de dan tpc

Co the noi, phong trao dan chii 1936 - 1939 n h u cupc dien tap, chuan b| cho

cupc Tong khoi nghia thang Tam sau nay

iiong trao each mang 1936 - 1939 la cupc dien tap Ian thu hai chuan bj cho

each mang thang Tam 1945

jsjeii n h u phong trao each mang 1930 -1931 da tao ra nhiing nhan to'ca ban

^am bao cho t h i n g Ipi Cach mang thang Tam thi phong trao 1936 - 1939 lai tiep boi bo va phat trien nhung nhan to do len mpt buoc moi cao hon Thong qua phong trao nay Dang da dupe truong thanh them ve t u tuong

to chuc Nen tang t u tuong ciia Dang la chii nghia Mae - Lenin cang ngay cang them tham nhuan trong t u tuong, hanh dpng ciia cac dang vien cpng san

Sn sau, toa rpng trong cac tang lop nhan dan Dang da xay d u n g va phat tri^'n dupe mpt dpi ngu can bp c6 nang luc va giau kinh nghiem, dong thoi phat trien them cae to chuc eo so, tang cuong mol day lien he voi quan chiing Qua phong trao, nghe thuat chi dao chien lupc each mang ciia Dang, trinh dp giae ngp ciia dang vien va uy tin ciia Dang nang len mpt buoc ro ret

Cung v o i su truong thanh ciia Dang, luc lupng each mang cung Ion manh khong ngung Qua thuc tien dau tranh Dang da xay d u n g mpt dpi quan chinh

trj hiing hau gom hang trieu nguoi a ca thanh thj va nong thon, tap hpp trong

mpt mat tran dan tpc thong nhat rpng rai Cung qua dau tranh ma quan chiing each mang dupe toi luy^n va t h u thach day dan

Phong trao each mang 1936 -1939 con de lai nhieu bai hpe kinh n g h i f m quy gia cho giai doan each mang sau Do la bai hpe ve to chuc, tap hop quan chiing dau tranh; Bai hpe ve su dung hinh thuc va phuong phap dau tranh phong phii

Phong trao each mang 1936 -1939 da chuan bj nhiiTig dieu kien can thie't de

dua Dang va quan chiing each mang buoc vao thoi ki dau tranh true tiep gianh

chinh quyen V i vay, day la cupc dien tap Ian t h u hai chuan bj cho Cach mang

Ve n h i ^ m v u chinh trj: Chong bpn phan dpng thupe dja va tay sai doi cac luyen ty do, dan chu, com ao, hoa binh

Ve hinh thuc to chuc quan chiing: Tap hpp quan chiing trong Mat tran, da loi

^ lye lupng chinh trj ciia quan chiing hang trieu nguoi dung ve phia each mang

I Ve cong tac Mat tran: Truoc tien thanh lap Mat tran nhan dan thong nhat

de'Dong D u o n g den 3 - 1938 doi thanh Mat tran dan chii Dong D u o n g

phu hpp voi mue tieu dau tranh

7 So sanh t h a i k i each mging nam 1930 - 1931 v a i thai k i nam 1936 - 1939

phong kien tay sal ciia Phap

Khong phai la thyc da^

Phap noi chung ma la bpj^

phan dpng thupc dja va tay

sai cua chiing

N h i ? m v y Chong de quoc Phap de

gianh dpc lap dan tpc, chong phong kien de gianh rupng dat cho dan cay

Chong phat xit, chong chie'ji tranh, chong bpn phan dprig

va tay sai ciia chiing de doj

t u do, dan chu, com ao, hoa binh

M a t tran Chi thanh lap H p i phan

de nhimg chua hoat dpng

M a t tran thong nhat nhan dan phan de Dong Duong, sau doi thanh Mat tr$n Dan chii Dong D u o n g

Ket qua dat dupe The hi$n vai tro lanh dao

ciia Dang Thuc hi?n lien

m i n h cong nong

La cupc dien tap dau tien cho Cach mang thang Tarn nam 1945

Tap hpp dupe mpt luc lupng chinh trj ciia quan chiing dong dao Su dyng nhieu hinh thiic dau tranh phong phii

La cupc dien tap Ian t h u hai cho Cach mang thang Tarn

N h ^ n xet So voi thoi ki 1930 - 1931, chii truong sach lupc, chie'n

lupc va hinh thiic dau tranh trong thoi k i 1936 - 1939 c6 net khac nhau Dac bi?t la su thanh lap Mat t r ^ n nhan dan de doan ket cac lyc lupng dan chii, chong Phap doi cac quyen t y do, dan chii, com ao, hoa binh

8 Phong trao dan chu 1936 - 1939 thu hut dupe dupe dong dko cic tang W

nhan dan tham gia va su dyng hinh thue dau tranh phong phu

* Phong trao thu hut dugc dong dao cac tang lap nhan dan: i

Sau thang cuol nam 1936, c6 361 cupc dau tranh, trong do c6 236 cupc

tranh ciia cong nhan Tieu bieu la cupc bai cong ngay 2 3 - 1 1 ciia cong nh^

H o n Gai, Cam Pha, M o n g Duong doi tang luong 25%

62

N 3 m 1937, c6 400 cupc bai cong ciia cong nhan Tieu bieu la cupc dau tranh ciia cong nhan xe lua N a m Dong D u o n g ngay 9 - 7 - 1937 va mo than Vang Danh ngay 28 - 9 - 1937 15 cupc dau tranh ciia nong dan doi giam to, giam tuc Tieu thuong 6 Ha N p i , Hai Phong, cac thanh pho va thj xa khac bai thj, doi giam thue'chp, thue hang

N a m 1938, c6 131 cupc bai cong ciia cong nhan Tuy so l u p n g cupc dau tranh giam so v o i nam truoc, nhung chat lupng cao hon bieu h i f n 6 trinh dp giac ngp ciia quan chiing, khau hi^u dau tranh, su lien ket dau tranh giiia cac dja phuong

Dgc bi?t la cupc dau tranh ngay 1 - 5 - 1938 Lan dau tien, trong ngay Quoc

te Lao dpng, nhieu cupc to chiic mit tinh dupe cong khai 6 Ha N p i , Sai Gon va

nhieu noi khac, da thu hiit dong dao quan chiing tham gia

N a m 1939, phong trao dau tranh trong 3 thang dau nam bi giam siit Tir thang 4 phong trao len dan va dat toi dinh cao vao thang 6 Phong trao tap trung 6 nhung trung tam cong nghi^p Ion n h u Ha N p i , H a i Phong, Sai Gon, Chp Lon

* Sit dung hinh thiec dau tranh phong phu:

L p i d y n g kha nMng dau tranh cong khai, hpp phap, ban cong khai, ban hpp

phap nen phong trao dan chii 1936 - 1939 sii d y n g nhieu hinh thiic dau tranh

phong phii:

Van dpng, to chiic quan chiing hpi hpp, thao ra ban "dan n g u y ^ n " gui den phai doan ciia Phap sang dieu tra tinh hinh Dong D u o n g

Bai cong, bai thj, bai khoa ciia cong nhan va cac tang lop lao dpng khac

M i t tinh, bieu tinh doi cac quyen dan sinh, dan chii

Dau tranh tren llnh v y c nghi truong, ITnh vuc bao chi

III P H O N G T R A O G I A I P H O N G D A N T Q C 1939 -1945

11 T i n h h i n h chinh trj, k i n h te - xa h p i nude ta trong n h u n g nam 1939 -1945

a Tinh hinh chinh trj:

Ngay 1 - 9 - 1939, Chien tranh the gioi t h i i hai bung no Ngay 3 - 9 -1939,

Phap va A n h tuyen chien v o i Diic Sau khi tham chien, Chinh phii Phap thyc hi^n chinh sach thii djch doi voi cac lyc lupng tien bp trong nuoc va phong

trao each mang 6 cac thupc dja

Thang 6 - 1940, Phap dau hang Due 6 Dong Duong, chinh quyen m o i ciia

Phap thyc hi?n mpt logt chinh sach v o vet sue nguoi, sue ciia eiia Vi^t N a m doc vao cupc chien tranh

Cuol thang 9 - 1940, quan Nhat v u p t bien gioi Vi?t - Trung vao mien B^c

Vi?t Nam Quan Phap nhanh chong dau hang Phat xit Nhat g i i i nguyen bp

63

may thong trj ciia thuc dan Phap, dung no deboc Ipt kinh tephuc vu cho nhu

cau chien tranh va dan ap phong trao each mang Viet N a m bj dat d u a i ach

thong trj ciia Nhat - Phap

6 Viet N a m liic nay khong chi c6 nhirng dang phai than Phap ma ca nhung

dang phai than Nhat, n h u Dai Viet, Phuc Quoc

Thang 6 - 1 9 4 1 , Due tan cong Lien X6 Cuoc chien dau ciia nhan dan Lien X6

trong cuoc chien tranh v$ quoc da c6 vu manh me phong trao each mang Vi?t Nam

b Tinh hinh chinh tri, kinh te- xa hoi:

* Kinh te:

Thyc dan Phap thi hanh chinh sach "Kinh te chi huy" Chiing tang muc thue

cia, dat them muc thue moi dong thoi lam sa thai bot cong nhan, vien chue,

giam tien luong, tang gio lam Chung kiem soat gat gao san xuat va phan

pho'i, an djnh gia ca

Khi Nhat va Dong Duong, Phap buoc phai de cho Nhat su d u n g phuong

ti^n giao thong kiem soat he thong duang sk va cac tau bien Nhat con bat

chinh quyen thuc dan Phap hMng nam nop cho chiing khoan tien Ion

Quan Nhat eon cuap rupng dat ciia nong dan, bMt nong dan nho lua, ngo de

trong day, thau dau phuc v u cho nhu cau chien tranh

Nhat yeu cau chinh quyen thuc dan Phap xua't cang cac nguyen lieu, chien

luge sang Nhat v o i gia re so voi gia ciia thi truong t h e g i d i n h u than, sat, cao

su, xi mang v.v

M o t so cong ti ciia Nhat dau t u vao n h i i n g nganh phuc v u cho nhu cau

quan su n h u khai thac manggan, sat 6 Thai Nguyen, phot phat 6 Lao Cai, crom

6 Thanh Hoa

*Xahgi:

Chinh sach vo vet boc lot ciia Phap - Nhat da day nhan dan ta toi cho ciing cue

Hau qua la cuoi nam 1944 den nam 1945 eo toi 2 tri^u dong bao ta ehet doi

Tat ca cac giai cap, tang lop xa hoi 6 nuoc ta, t r u bpn tay sai de quoc, dai dja

chu t u san mai ban, deu bi anh huong boi chinh sach boc lot ciia Phap - Nhat

Cong nhan bj boc Ipt nang nem phai lam viec t u 10 den 12 gio/ngay, tien

luang giam, gia ca sinh hoat dat do

N o n g dan phai chju suu cao, thue nang, phai d i linh, d i phu, bi euong buc

nho Ilia trong day, thau dau

Tieu t u san tri thuc, vien chue mat vi^e lam hoac bj giam luong; tieu thuong

ban e'hang, nhieu tieu chii phai ngung san xuat

T u san dan tpc vira bj chinh sach "Kinh techi huy" lam cho pha san, vita hi

thi?t hai ve sue mua eiia nhan dan giam siit

64

Oin chii vun va nho bj thiet hai va bj pha san v i chien tranh, do phai npp thoc ta, chju thuc cao

l^hfmg him chuyen do ciia tinh hinh thegidi va trong nude dat ra cho Dang ta phai

nam bat kjp thai tmh hinh c6 ddnh gia chinh xac, dera duang lot dau tranh phii hap

2 N h u n g chuyen bien cua tinh h i n h the g i o i trong n h i i t i g nam dau cuQC Chien tranh the g i o i t h u hai H g i nghj T r u n g u o n g Dang thang 11 -1939

a Nhihtg chuyen bien cua tinh hinh the giai

Ngay 1 - 9 - 1939, Chien tranh the gioi t h u hai biing no Ngay 3 - 9 - 1939, phap tuyen chien v o i Due Sau khi tham chien, Chinh phii Phap thi^c h i f n chinh sach thu dich doi voi cac luc lupng tien bp trong nuoc va phong trao

each mang a cac thupe dja

Thang 6 - 1940, Phap dau hang Due 6 Dong Duong, chinh quyen m a i ciia Phap thyc hien mot loat chinh sach v a vet sue nguai, sue eiia ciia Vi^t N a m doc vao ciipe chien tranh

Thang 6 - 1941, Due tan cong Lien X6 Cuoc chien dau ciia nhan dan Lien X6 trong eupc chien tranh v? quoc da eo via manh me phong trao each mang Vi^t N a m

N h t i n g bien chuyen do ciia tinh hinh the gioi va trong nuoc dat ra cho Dang

ta phai nam b i t kip thai tinh hinh c6 danh gia chinh xac, de ra duong 161 dau

tranh phix hop

b Hoi nghi Trung uang Dang thang 11 -1939

Thnng 11 -1939, H p i nghi Ban Chap hanh Trung uang Dang trieu tap tai Ba Diem (Hoe M o n - Gia Djnh) do Tong bi t h u Nguyen Van C u chii t r i Sau khi phan tich tinh chat eiia eupc Chien tranh the gioi t h u hai, nhan dinh ve tinh hinh the giai va Dong Duong, H p i nghi xac dinh muc tieu chien lupc trudc mat ciia each mang Dong D u o n g la danh do de quoc va tay sai, giai phong cac

dm tpc Don g D u o n g , lam cho Don g D u o n g hoan toan dpe lap

L H p i nghj chii truong tarn gac khau hi^u each mang rupng dat va de ra khau hi^u tjeh thu rupng dat ciia dequoe va dja chii phan bpi quyen Ipi ciia dan tpc, chong to cao, lai nang Khau hi#u lap chinh quyen X6 viet cong, nong, binh

,i4upc thay the bSng khau hi?u lap chinh quyen dan chii epng hoa

li' Ve phuong phap each mang, chuyen t u dau tranh doi dan sinh, dan chii sang dau tranh danh do chinh quyen ciia de quoc va tay sai; t u hoat dpng hpp phap, nua hpp phap sang ho?t dpng bi mat, bat hpp phap , j, ;

Dang chii chuang thanh lap Mat tran thong nhat dan tpc phan de Dong Duong thay cho M a t tran dan chii Dong Duong

Nghi quyet Hoi nghi Trung uang Dang Ian thdng 11 — 1939 "ddnh dau buac

chuyen huang quan trgng vechi dqo chien luge", thehien su nhqy ben vechinh tri vd

nang luc sang tqo cua Dang

3 Van de nhi?m v\ va Ivrc lug^ng each mang duqrc giai quyet trong Cuong

Ilnh chinh tri dau tien ciia Dang, trong Luan cuoiig chinh tri thang 10 - 1930

va trong Hpi nghj Trung uo«g Dang thang 11 -1939

* Van denhi^m vu each mang:

- Trong Cuang Itnh chinh tri dau tien cua Dang:

Nguyen A i Quoc chii trucmg dat nhi^m vy giai phong dan toe len tren

nhi?m vy giai phong giai cap Cuong llnh neu ro: Nhi?m vu ciia each mang

Vi?t Nam la danh do de quoc Phap, bpn phong kien va phan each mang lam

cho nuoc Vi?t Nam dpc lap, tu do

- Trong Luan cuang chinh tri thdng 10 -1930:

Xac djnh nhi^m vy danh phong kien truoc danh de quoc sau Luan cucmg

neu ro: Nhi^m vy ciia each mang la danh do phong kien va danh do de quoc,

hai nhi?m vy nay c6 quan h$ voi nhau

- Trong Hoi nghi Trung ucmg Dang thdng 11- 1939:

Truoc nhirng bien doi ciia tinh hinh the' gioi va trong nuoc, nhat la khi

Chien tranh the giai Ian thii hai bung no, thuc dan Phap tang cuang dan ap,

boc Ipt nhan dan Dong Duong, roi sau do, Nhat nhay vao Dong Duong cau

ket voi Phap dan ap, boc Ipt nhan dan ta Tmh hinh do Dang ta trif u tap Hpi

nghj thang 11 - 1939, chii truong giuong cao ngpn ca giai phong dan tpc, d|t

rthi^m vy giai phong dan tpc len hang dau va cap thie't

Nhu v^y, so voi Cuong llnh chinh trj dau tien ciia Dang va chii tnrang ciia Hpi

nghj Trung uang Dang thang 11 - 1939, thi Luan cuong chinh trj thang 10 - 1030

con han che do la: chua neu dupe mau thuan chii yeu eiia xa hpi Dong Duong,

khong dua ngpn ca dan tpc len hang dau ma nang ve dau tranh giai cap va

each mang rupng dat

* Van de luc lugng each mang:

- Trong Cucmg llnh chinh tri dau tien cua Dang:

Xac djnh luc lupng each mang la cong nhan, nong dan, tieu tu san, tri thuc

Doi voi phii nong, trung tieu dja chii va tu ban thi Ipi dung hoae trung lap,

dong thai phai lien h? vai cac dan tpc bj ap biie va v6 san the gioi

- Trong Luan cucmg chinh tri thdng 10 -1930:

Xac djnh lye lupng each mang la giai cap v6 san va nong dan

66

- Trong Hpi nghi Trung uang Dang thdng 11 - 1939:

Xac dinh luc lupng each mang la toan the dan tpc Vi^t Nam Hpi nghj chii truong thanh lap M|it tran thong nhat dan tpc Phan de Dong Duong de tap hpp mpi lupng ciia dan tpc vao nhi^m vu chii yeu la chong chien tranh de quoc va ach thong tri phat xit thupe dia r Nhu vay, ve luc lupng each mang, so voi Cuang llnh chinh tri dau tien ciia

Dang va chii truong ciia Hpi nghj Trung uang thang 11 - 1939, thi Luan cuong cung mSc sai lam do la: danh gia khong diing kha nang each mang ciia tang

\cfp tieu tu san, kha nang chong dequoc va phong kien 6 miic dp nhat dinh ciia giai cap tu san dan tpc, kha nang loi keo mot bp phan trung, tieu dja chii tham gia mat tran dan tpc thong nhat chong dequoc va tay sai

4 Nguyen nhan, dien bien, nguyen nhan that bai, y nghia lich su ciia Khoi

nghia Bhc Son, Khoi nghia Nam K i va Binh bien Do Luong

* Cuoc khai nghia Bac San (27-9- 1940) -Nguyen nhan:

Ngay 22 - 9 - 1940, quan Nhat vupt qua bien gioi Vi^t - Trung, danh chiem Lang Son, nem bom Hai Phong, do bp len Do San

6 Lang Son, quan Phap bj ton that nang ne So Ion quan Phap dau hang, so con l^i riit chay ve Thai Nguyen qua duong Bae San

- Dien bien:

Dem ngay 27 - 9 - 1940, nhan dan Bae Son duoi sy lanh dao ciia Dang bp dja phuong da noi day danh quan Phap, chiem don Mo Nhai Ngyy quyen 6 Bac Son tan ra Nhan dan lam chii chau Ij va cac viing Ian can Dpi du kich BMc Son dupe thanh lap

Tuy Phap va Nhat mau thuan vai nhau, nhung deu hoang sp truoc lyc lupng each mang, da nhanh chong cau ket lai May hom sau Nhat tha tu binh Phap va cho quan Phap tro lai dong cac don bo't 6 Lang Son Thye dan Phap tien hanh khiing bo phong trao each mang Bac San Chiing dot pha lang ban, don lang, tap trung dan, bat giet nhung nguoi tham gia khoi nghia

- y nghia vd bai hoc kinh nghiem cua khai nghia Bdc San:

No ma dau cho phong trao dau tranh giai phong dan tpc sau khi c6 chii truong ehuyen huong dau tranh eiia Dang

Khai nghia BSc San giiip Dang ta nit ra nhirng bai hpc quy bau ve khoi nghia vii trang, chpn thai co, quyet tam gianh thSng Ipi

* CMOCkhai nghia Nam Ki(23-ll-1940)

- Nguyen nhan:

Thang 11 - 1940, xay ra cupc xung dpt giiia thye dan Phap va Xiem (Thai

Lan) Chinh quyen thye dan Phap bit thanh nien Vi?t Nam va Cao Mien di

67

lam bia do dan Nhan dan N a m K i va binh linh dau tranh khong dua linh ra

m|t tran

Trong boi canh do, X u uy N a m Ki chuan bj phat dong nhan dan khai nghia

va cu dai bieu ra Bac xin chi thj cua Trung uong

.-,Dien bien:

Cupc khoi nghia no ra vao dem rang sang 23 - 11 - 1940 K h o i nghia biing

no t u mien Dong den mien Tay N a m Bp; Bien Hoa, Gia D i n h , Chp Lan, Tan

A n , Ben Tre, Tra Vinh, Can Tho, Soc Trang, Bac Lieu, Rach Gia, \ Tho, Vinh

Long Chinh quyen each mang da thanh lap 6 nhieu noi T u trong khoi nghia,

lan dau tien xuat h i ^ n c6 do sao vang

Do ke hoach bj Ip, thuc dan Phap da kjp thoi doi pho Chung cho may bay

nem bom tan sat nhan dan nhirng vung noi day, bat nhieu ngudi

Luc lupng nghia quan con lai phai riit ve Dong Thap va U M i n h de cung co

lyc lupng

- y nghia:

Cupc khoi nghia N a m K i chung to tinh than yeu nuoc ciia cac tang lop

nhan dan V i ^ t N a m , san sang d u n g len chie'u dau chong quan thu

* Cmc binh bien Do Luffng (13-1- 941)

- Nguyen nhan:

Trong khi thyc dan Phap khiing bo du dpi nhCrng nguoi tham gia khoi

nghia N a m K i , tai mien Trung nhirng binh linh nguoi Viet trong quan dpi

Phap da lam binh bien, chong lai vi^c Phap dua binh linh nguoi V i ^ t sang Lao

danh nhau v o i quan Thai Lan

- Dien bien:

Ngay 13 - 1 -1941, binh linh don Chp Rang (Ngh^ A n ) d u o i su chi huy aia

D p i Cung (Nguyen Van Cung) da noi day Toi hom do, hp da danh chiem don

Do L u o n g roi len 6 to tien ve Vinh de phoi hpp vdi binh linh 6 day chiem

thanh N h u n g ke hogch khong thuc hi^n dupe Quan Phap da kjp thoi doi pho

Horn sau, loan bp binh linh tham gia noi day bi bat Ngay 11 - 2 - 1941, D p i

Cung bj sa vao tay giac

Ngay 24 - 4 - 1941, thyc dan Phap x u ban Dpi Cung cung 10 dong chi ciia

ong Nhieu nguoi khac bj ket an kho sai dua di day

- Y nghia: The hi^n tinh than yeu nuoc va y thuc dan tpc cua binh linh nguoi

Vi^t trong quan dpi Phap

- Nguyen nhan that bqi:

Cupc khoi nghia Bac Son, N a m K i va cupc binh bien Do L u a n g cuol cung bj

that bai, do thuc dan Phap luc do con m^nh, khoi nghia no ra chua chin muoi,

chua d u n g thoi co

68

Cty TNHH MTVP^'H Khang Vift

- Y nghia cua ba su kien tren:

N o i len long yeu nuoc nong nan, the hi§n tinh than dau tranh bat khuat v i (Jpc lap t v do ciia dan tpc ta

Giang mot don chi t u vao thuc Phap, canh cao nghiem khac phat xit Nhat vua m o i dat chan len dat nuoc ta "Do la nhCrng tien sung bao hi^u ciia cupc khoi nghia toan quoc"

De Igi cho each mang nhieu bai hpc kinh nghiem qui gia, nhat bai hpc ve

thoi CO khoi nghia Rieng khoi nghia Bac Son de lai cho each mang dpi du kich

Bac Son, khoi nghia N a m K i de lai cho each mang la co do sao vang nam canh, sau nay tro thanh Quoc ki - mpt bieu tupng thieng lieng ciia dat nuoc

N h u vay, trong thoi gian 3 thang, 3 cupc noi day noi tie'p no ra a 3 mien dat nuoc, do nhieu tang lop nhan dan va binh linh tham gia da neu cao tinh than bat khuat ciia dan tpc Cac cupc noi day da that bai v i dieu k i f n chua chin uoi, nhung "Do la nhiing tien siing bao hieu cho cupc khoi nghia toan quoc,

la buoc dau dau tranh bang vu luc ciia cac dan tpc Dong Duong"

T i n h h i n h the g i o i , trong nuoc n h u n g nam 1940 - 1941 H p i n g h i lan t h u 8

an Chap hanh T r u n g u o n g (5 - 1941) Tarn quan trpng ciia H p i n g h i T r u n g

t, van m?nh cac dan tpc Dong Duong nguy vong hon bao gio het

Nhan dan Dong D u o n g ngay cang each mang hoa, nhieu cupc dau tranh da

- ra, tieu bieu la cupc khoi nghia Bac Son (9 -1940) N a m K i (11 -1940) va cupc inh bien Do L u o n g (1 -1941)

Truoc tinh hinh the gioi va trong nuoc ngay cang khan truong, ngay 28 - 1 -1941 guyen A i Quoc ve nuoc va trieu tap H p i nghi Trung uong Dang lan t h u VIII, ipp tir ngay 10 den 19 - 5 - 1941 t^i PSc Bo (Cao Bang) chu truong d?t n h i ^ m

V giai phong dan tpc len tren het '

b Hgi nghi Idn thu 8 Ban Chap hanh Trung uong (5 - 1941)

Ngay 28 - 1 - 1941, Nguyen A i Quo'c ve nuoc true tiep lanh dao each mang

Sau mQt thai gian chuan bj, N g u o i trieu tap va chu tri H o i nghi T r u n g u o n g

Ian t h u 8 tai Pac Bo (Ha Quang - Cao Bang) t u ngay 10 den 19 - 5 - 1941 Nghj

quyet H p i nghi neu ro:

N h i e m v u chu yeu truoc mat ciia each mang la giai phong dan tpc

Tam gac khau hi^u each mang ruong da't, neu khau hieu giam to, giam tue,

chia lai rupng dat cong, tien toi thue hien nguoi cay c6 ruong

Chu t r u o n g thanh lap Chinh phu nhan dan Thay ten cac H p i Phan de

thanh H p i C u u quoc, thanh lap Vi?t N a m doc lap dong m i n h gpi tat la Viet

M i n h thay cho M a t tran thong nhat dan toe phan de'Dong D u o n g va giiip do

vi^c lap mat tran 6 cac nude Lao, Campuchia

Xae d j n h h i n h thai cupe khoi nghla o nuoc ta la d i t u k h o i nghTa t u n g phan

tien len tong khoi nghla va ket luan: chuan bj khoi nghla v u trang la nhi^m vu

trung tam cua toan Dang, toan dan trong giai doan hi^n tai

Chinh thuc dupe bau ra Ban Chap hanh T r u n g u o n g m o i , bau T r u o n g

Chinh lam Tong Bi t h u

H p i nghj Ian t h u 8 cua Ban Chap hanh T r u n g u o n g D a n g da hoan chinh

chu t r u o n g chuyen h u o n g dau tranh dupe de ra t u hpi nghj T r u n g u o n g Ian

t h u 6 (11 - 1939), nham giai quyet mue tieu so 1 cua each mang la doe lap dan

tpc va de ra nhieu ehti t r u o n g sang tao thue hi|n mue tieu ay

H p i nghj T r u n g Ian t h u 8 c6 y nghla Ijch su to Ion - da hoan chinh vi^c

chuyen h u o n g chi dao chien lupc each mang eiia Dang de ra t u H p i nghj Trung

u o n g Ian t h i i 6 (11 - 1939) Kien quyet giuong cao hon nixa ngpn c6 giai phong

dan tpc, dat nhi^m v u giai phong dan tpc len hang dau va cap thiet hon bao

gio het Giai quyet diing d i n moi quan h f gii>a hai nhi?m v y chien lupc chohg

de quo'c va phong kien De ra phuong phap each mang cu the: tich cue chuain

bj lyc l u p n g de khoi nghla v u trang gianh chinh quyen, d i t u khoi nghla t i m g

phan tien len Tong khoi nghla

c Tam quan trgng cua Hgi nghi Trung uong Idn thii 8

Dpng vien toan Dang, toan dan tich cue chuan bj tien toi Cach mang thang Tam

V o i chu t r u o n g eiia H p i nghj Mat tran Viet M i n h ra d o i , qua do Dang xay

d u n g dupe khoi doan ket toan dan viing chac Tiep do luc l u p n g v u trang Ian

lupt ra d o i , can c u dia each mang thanh lap, phong trao dau tranh phat trien

manh me chuan bi tien toi Tong khoi nghla trong toan quoc

Cty TNHH MTVP'/V' < Kh.ing

6, Chii truong chuyen huong chi dao chien lupc cua Dang tvr Hpi nghi Trung ifong thang 11 - 1939 den Hpi nghi Trung uong 8 (5 - 1941) V a i tro cua Ho Chi M i n h trong vi^c hoan chinh chii truong chuyen huong chi dao chien Iif^^c cua Dang va chuan bi tien toi khoi nghia vii trang gianh chinh quyen

a Chu truong chuyen huong chi dao chien luge:

Truoc nhijng bien chuyen eiia tinh hinh the gioi va trong nuoc, thang 11 -1939, Dang hpp H p i nghj T r u n g u o n g Ian t h u 6, de ra ehii truong: t »v'tf

H p i nghj xae d i n h muc tieu chien lupc truoc mat ciia each mang Dong Duong la danh do de quo'c va tay sai, giai phong cac dan tpc D o n g Duong, lam cho Dong D u o n g hoan toan doe lap

H p i nghi chii t r u o n g tam gac khau hieu each mang ruong da't va de ra khau hi?u tjch thu rupng da't cua de'quoc va dja chu phan bpi quyen Ipi cua dan tpc, cho'ng to cao, lai nang Khau hieu lap chinh quyen X6 viet cong, nong, binh dupe thay the'bang khau hi^u lap chinh quyen dan chii cong hoa • '' ''

Ve p h u o n g phap each mang, chuyen t u dau tranh doi dan sinh, dan chii sang da'u tranh danh do chinh quyen ciia de'quoc va tay sai; t u boat dpng hpp phap, niia hpp phap sang hoat dpng bi mat, bat hpp phap

Dang ehii chuong thanh lap Mat tran thong nhat dan tpc phan de Dong Duong thay cho Mat tran dan chii Dong D u o n g

Nghi quyei Hoi nghi Trung uong Dang Ian thang 11- 1939 "danh dau buac chuyen hu&ng quan trgng vechi dao chien luge", the hien su nhqy ben ve chinh tri va nang luc sang tqo cua Dang

Ngay 2 8 - 1 - 1941, Nguyen A i Quoc ve nude tryc tiep lanh dao each m^ng

Sau mpt thdi gian chuan bj, N g u o i tri^u tap va ehii trj H p i nghi T r u n g u o n g Ian t h u 8 tai Pie Bd (Ha Quang - Cao Bang) t u ngay 10 den 19 - 5 -1941 Nghj quyet H p i nghj neu ro:

N h i f m v u chii yeu trude mSt ciia each mang la giai phdng dan tpc

Tam gac khau hieu each mang rupng da't, neu khau hi^u giam to, giam tiic, chia lai rupng da't cong, tien tdi thuc hien nguoi cay cd rupng

Chii truong thanh lap Chinh phii nhan dan Thay ten cac H p i Phan de thanh H p i C i i u quo'c, thanh lap Viet N a m doe lap dong m i n h gpi tat la Vi^t

M i n h thay cho M a t tran thong nhat dan tpc phan de'Dong D u o n g va giiip d o vi^c lap mat tran d cac nude Lao, Campuchia

Xae d j n h hinh thai cupe khdi nghTa d nude ta la d i t u khdi nghla t u n g phan

Hen len tong khdi nghTa va ket luan: chuan bj khdi nghTa v u trang la nhi?m vy

trung tam ciia toan Dang, toan dan trong giai dogn hi?n tai

Chinh thuc duoc bau ra Ban Chap hanh T r u n g irang m o i , bau T r u o n g

Chinh lam Tong Bi t h u

Hoi nghi Ian thu 8 cua Ban Chap hanh Trung uvng Dang da hocin chinh chu

truang chuyen hif&ng dau tranh dugc dim tit hoi nghi Trung imng Ian thie 6 - 11

1939, nhhm gidi quyei muc tieu sol cua each mqng la doc lap dan toe va dera nhieu

chu trucmg sang tqo thuc hien muc tieu ay

b Vai trd cua Ho Chi Minh:

Sau 30 nam bon ba 6 hai ngoai, den ngay 28 - 1 - 1941 N g u y e n Ai Quoc ve

nuoc true tiep lanh dao each mang N g u o i da to chuc va chii tri H p i nghi

T r u n g u o n g Ian t h u 8 tai P5c P6 (Cao B^ng) t u ngay 10 den 1 9 - 5 - 1 9 4 1

Tai H o i nghj nay, N g u y e n A i Quoc da chu t r u o n g hoan chinh chuyen

h u o n g chi dao chien luge dugc de ra trong H g i nghj T r u n g u o n g Ian t h u 6

(11-1939) H g i nghi dat van de giai phong dan tgc len hang dau va cap thiet hon

bao gio he't

Quyet d i n h thanh lap M a t tran Viet M i n h de chuan bj tien tdi Tong khoi

nghia gianh chinh quyen trong toan quoc

Quyet d j n h xiic tien cong tac chuan bi khoi nghia v u trang Coi do la n h i f m

v u trung tam ciia Dang trong giai doan hi^n tai

N h u vay, den H g i nghi T r u n g uong Dang Ian t h u 8 da chuan b j xong vc

d u o n g loi de tien toi Tong khoi nghia gianh chinh quyen trong Cach mang

thang Tam 1945 N g u y e n A i Quoc - H o Chi M i n h la n g u o i true tiep chii t r i va

quyet d j n h nhOng van de co ban cua hgi nghj

Sau H g i nghj T r u n g u o n g Ian t h u 8 (5 - 1941), N g u e n A i Quoc - H o Chi

M i n h tiep tuc chuan bj de tien tdi Tong khoi nghia thang Tam 1945

Ra chi thj thanh lap Dgi Vi^t N a m tuyen truyen giai phong quan (22 12

-1944) To chuc xay d u n g can c u dja each mang, ban dau la can c u Cao BSng,

den thang 6 - 1945, thanh lap Khu giai phong Vi?t B3c N a m 1942, N g u o i d i

T r u n g Quoc lien tiep tranh thii s u ung hg cua cac luc l u g n g d o n g m i n h

7, Cong cupc chuan b i k h o i nghia aia Dang t u sau H g i nghi Trung uong 8 (5 -1941)

* Xay dung luc lugng chinh tri:

M g t trong nhi>ng nhi^m v y cap bach cua Dang la van dgng quan chiing

tham gia Vi^t M i n h Cao Bang la noi thi diem cugc van dgng xay d u n g cac Hoi

ci'fu quoc trong mat tran Vi^t M i n h Den nam 1942, khap cac chau a Cao B5ng

deu CO hgi cuu quoc, trong do c6 ba chau "hoan toan" Tiep do, U y ban Vi?t

M i n h tinh Cao Bang va U y ban V i f t M i n h lam thoi lien tinh Cao - Bac - L?ng

dugc thanh lap

Cty TNHHMn-PVV'i Kh.in.^i ViSt_

O nhieu tinh mien Bac, mgt so tinh mien Trung, 6 Ha N g i , H a i Phong hau

he't cac Hoi phdn ^e'chuyen thanh Hoi Cuu quoc dong thoi nhieu hgi cuu quoc

oidi dugc thanh lap

Trong k h i chu trgng tdi cong nhan va nong dan Dang con tranh thu tap hgp rgng rai cac tang Idp khac n h u sinh vien, hgc sinh, t r i thuc, t u san dan tgc vao

mat tran cuu nude N a m 1943, Dang dua ra ban Decimng Van hod Viet Nam , v$n dgng thanh lap Hoi van hod citu quoc Viet Nam va Dang dan chu Viet Nam

d u n g trong M a t tran Viet M i n h Dang cung tang cudng cong tac van dgng binh linh n g u d i Viet trong quan dgi Phap, n h i i n g ngoai kieu d D o n g D u o n g chdng phat xit

* Xay dung luc lugng vu trang:

Cling v d i viec xay d u n g luc l u g n g chinh t r j , cong tac xay d u n g luc l u g n g v u trang each mang dugc Dang dac biet coi trgng

Sau cugc khoi nghia Bac Son that bai, mgt bg phan luc l u g n g khdi nghia v u trang chuyen sang xay d u n g thanh nhirng dgi d u kich hoat d g n g d n h i i n g c u dja BMc Son - V i i N h a i

Budc sang nam 1941, nhirng dgi d u kich Bac Son Idn manh len va thong

nhat lai thanh Trung dgi cuu quoc quan / (14 - 2 - 1941) C u u quoc quan phat

dgng chien tranh d u kich trong 8 thang (tir thang 7 - 1941 den thang 2 - 1942)

de doi p h d v d i s u vay quet ciia dich, sau do phan tan thanh nhieu b g phan de chan chinh luc l u g n g , gay d u n g co so chinh trj trong quan chiing tai cac tinh

Thai N g u y e n , Tuyen Quang, Lang Son Ngay 15 - 9 -1941, Trung doi citu quoc II

ra d o i

* Xay dieng can cu dja:

Cong tac xay d u n g can c u dja each mang cung dugc Dang quan tam V i i n g

B5c Son - V i i N h a i dugc xay d u n g thanh can cu dia each mang

N a m 1941, sau k h i ve nude, N g u y e n A i Quoc chgn Cao Bang de xay d y n g can c u dja dua tren co sd luc lugng chinh trj dugc to chuc va phat trien D o la hai trung tam can c u dja dua tren co sd luc l u g n g chinh t r i dugc to chuc va phat trien D o la hai trung tam can cu dia dau tien cua each mang nude ta .« ' T u dau n a m 1943, cugc chien tranh the gidi chuyen bien cd Igi cho each mang H o n g quan Lien X6 chuyen sang phan cong quan Due, s u that bai cua chii nghia phat xit da rd rang T i n h hinh do doi hoi Dang ta day manh h o n nira cong tac chuan b i cho cugc khdi nghia gianh chinh quyen

T u ngay 25 den 28 - 2 -1943, Ban T h u d n g v u T r u n g u o n g Dang hgp d Vong (Dong A n h - Phiic Yen) H g i nghj da vach ra mgt keho^ch cy the ve cong

i^c chuan b j toan d i ^ n cho cugc khdi nghia vu trang

T^i cac tinh v u n g niii phi'a Bac cong cupc chuan bi khoi nghia dien ra khan

truang O can c u Bac San - V u Nhai, C u u quoc quan hoat dpng manh, tuyen

truyen v u trang, gay d u n g co so chinh trj, m a rgng khu can cu Trong qua

trinh do, Trung doi cuu quae III ra d o i (25 - 2 -1944) O can c u Cao Bang, nhung

dpi t u ve v u trang, doi d u kich dugc thanh lap N a m 1943, Ban Vi?t M i n h lien

tinh Cao - Bac - Lang lap ra 19 ban "xung phong Nam tien" de lien lac v o i can cu

d|a Bac Son - V i i N h a i va phat trien luc luong xuong cac tinh mien xuoi

Ngay 7 - 5 - 1944, Tong bq> Viet M i n h ra chi thj cho cac cap "Siea soqn khai

nghia" va keu goi nhan dan "S^m vu khi duoi thii chung"

Ngay 22 - 12 - 1944, theo chu tich H o Chi M i n h , Doi Viet Nam tuyen truyen

giai phong quan dugc thanh lap. Sau k h i ra doi, dpi da danh thang lien tiep d hai

tran 6 Phay Khat va Na N g a n (Cao Bang) Can cu Cao - Bac - Lang du<?c cung

a Hoan canh lich sic:

* Tinh hinh thegi&i:

Dau nam 1945, H o n g quan Lien X6 tien danh Beclin, sao huy^t cuol ciing

cua phat xit Due M o t loat nuoc D o n g A u dupe giai phong

O mat tran chau A - Thai Binh Duong, quan Dong minh giang cho Nhat nhung

don nang ne

* Tinh hinh trong nuac:

L y c l u p n g Phap theo phai D o Gon rao rie't hoat dpng, cho thoi co phan cong

quan Nhat, mau thuan Nhat - Phap tro nen gay gat

Truoc tinh hinh do, quan Nhat ra tay truoc Vao luc 20 gio ngay 9 - 3 -1945,

Nhat dao chinh Phap Quan Phap chong cy yeu 6t m p t vai nai roi mau chong

dau hang

Dang liic Nhat dao chinh Phap, Ban T h u o n g v u T r u n g u o n g Dang hpp tgi

lang D i n h Bang (Tir Son - Bac Ninh), ngay 12 - 3 - 1945, Ban T h u o n g v y T r u n g

u o n g Dang ra chi thj "Nhat - Phap ban nhau va hanh dgng cua chung ta"

H p i nghj chii t r u o n g phat dpng "cao trao khdng Nhat cim nuac manh me lam

tien decho cuoc tong khai nghia"

b Dien bien khai nghia tieng phan:

O khu can c u dja Cao - Bac - Lang, Viet N a m tuyen truyen giai phong quan

va Cuu quoc quan phoi hpp voi luc l u p n g chinh tri cua quan chung giai phong hang loat, chau, huyen Tai nhCrng noi nay, chinh quyen nhan dan dupe thanh l^p, cac hpi cuu quoc dupe ciing co va phat trien

CJ Bac K i , truoc thuc te nan doi da dien ra tram trpng do chinh sach cuop

boc ciia Phap - Nhat, Dang de ra khau hi?u "Phd kho thoc giai quyet nan doi"

Khau hieu da dap u n g nguy^n vpng cap bach nhat cua nong dan, nen tao thanh phong trao dau tranh manh me chua tirng co

Dong thoi v o i phong trao nay, Ian song khoi nghTa tirng phan dang len manh me Vi^t M i n h lanh dao quan chiing noi day 6 Hiep Hoa (Bac Giang), Tien D u (BSc N i n h ) , Ban-Yen N h a n ( H u n g Yen)

Ci Quang Ngai, tu chinh trj 6 nha lao Ba To noi day, thanh lap chinh quyen each mang, to chuc dot kich Ba To

Hang nghin dang vien, can bp each mang bj giam trong cac nha t i i NghTa

Lp, Son La, Hoa L 6 (Ha N p i ) , Buon M a Thupt, H p i A n (Quang Nam) da dau tranh doi t u do hoac noi day pha nha giam, v u p t nguc ra ngoai hoat dpng

2 Hoan canh lich su, dien bien, y nghia lich su, nguyen nhan thang Igi va bai hpc kinh nghif m ciia Cach m^ng thang Tam nam 1945

Ngay 9 - 8 - 1945, H o n g quan Lien X6 tieu di^t dpi quan Quan D o n g ciia Nhat 6 D o n g Bac T r u n g Q u o c

Ngay 14 - 8 - 1945, H p i dong tol cao chien tranh va npi cac Nhat hpp thong qua quyet d j n h dau hang D o n g m i n h khong dieu kien Trua ngay 15 - 8 - 1945, Nhat hoang chinh thirc tuyen bo'dau hang tren dai phat thanh ciia Nhat

Quan Nhat d Dong D u o n g r^u ra Chinh phii Tran Trpng K i m d i n g tay sai cua Nhat hoang mang Dieu ki^n khach quan co Ipi cho Tong khoi nghia da den ^' • Ngay tir ngay 13 - 8 - 1945, khi nhan dupe nhii'ng thong tin ve Nhat dau

hang, T r u n g u o n g Dang va Tong bp Vi^t M i n h lap tuc thanh lap Uy ban khai

nghia toan quoc 23 gio ciing ngay U y ban khoi nghia toan quoc ban bo "Quan

ienh sol" chinh thiic phap lenh Tong khoi nghia trong ca nuac

Tir ngay 14 den ngay 15 - 8 - 1945, Hoi nghi toan quoc cua Dang hpp 6 Tan

Trao (Tuyen Quang), quyet d j n h phat dpng Tong khoi nghia trong ca nuoc, gianh chinh quyen truoc khi quan Dong m i n h vao D o n g D u o n g ; quyet d j n h nhirng van de quan trpng ve chinh sach doi npi, doi ngoai sau k h i gianh dupe chinh quyen

BSidirSng HSG Lich Sir 12 - Ths TrLrong N^oc Thai

Tie'p do, t u ngay 16 den ngay 17 - 8 - 1945, Dai hoi quoc dan dirge tri?u tap 6

Tan Trao Dai hoi tan thanh Tong khoi nghia ciia Dang thong qua 10 chinh

sach cua Viet M i n h , c u ra Ui/ ban dan toe gidi phong Viet Nam d o dong chi H o

Chi M i n h lam Chu tich Dai hoi quyet d m h lay la c6 do sao vang nam each lam

Quoc k i , bai hat tien quan ca lam Quoc ca/A J '' ''

b Dim bien: ; •|^:i'o:>••i^•>i.^;l''':^^:VT:')••'h:;>>;i;^;' M;);;!?:.,:;;,*;

Den giij-a thang 8 - 1945, khi the each mang sue soi trong ca nuoe Ttr ngay

14 - 8, mpt so cap bo Dang va to chuc Viet M i n h tuy ehua nhan dugc lenh tong

khoi nghia do thong tin lien lac kho khan, nhung da can c u vao tinh hinh cu

the cua dia phuong va van dung chi thj "Nhqt-Phdp ban nhau va hank dong cua

chiing ta" da phat dong nhan dan khoi nghia 6 nhieu xa, huyen thuoc cac tinh diau

tho song Hong, Thanh Hoa, Ngh§ An, Ha Tinh, Thua Thien - Hue^ Khanh Hoa

Chieu 16 - 8 - 1945 theo lenh cua Uy ban khoi nghia, mot d o n v j giai phong

quan d o V 6 Nguyen Giap chi huy, xuat phat t u Tan Trao tien ve thj xa Thai

Nguyen

Ngay 18 - 8 - 1945, nhan dan Bac Giang, H a i Duong, Ha Tinh, Quang N a m

gianh dugc chinh quyen o tinh Ij

*dHaN6i:

Chieu 1 7 - 8 quan chung noi, ngoai thanh to chuc m i t tinh 6 Nha hat Lon,

sau do xep thanh dpi ngCi, d i t u Nha hat Lon qua cac trung tarn, ho vang cac

khau h i ^ u : :"Ung ho Viet Minh", "Dd ddo bit nhin", "Viet Nam doc lap" U y ban

khoi nghia quyet d j n h khoi nghia gianh chinh quyen vao ngay 19 - 8 -1945

Ngay 18 - 8, ca do sao vang xuat hi?n tren cac thanh pho'chinh cua Ha N o i

Ngay 1 9 - 8 , hang chuc van nhan dan noi ngoai thanh xuo'ng d u d n g bieu

duong luc lugng Quan chung each mang c6 su ho trg ciia cac dpi t u v? chien

dau, Ian lugt chiem cac co quan dau nao ciia djch: Phu Kham sai Bac Bg, So

Canh sat Trung uong So Buu dien So Bao an binh Toi 19 - 8, cugc khoi nghia

gianh chinh quyen 6 Ha N o i thang Igi

*dHue:

Ngay 20 - 8, U y ban khoi nghia tinh dugc thanh lap U y ban quyet d j n h

gianh chinh quyen vao ngay 23 - 8 Hang chuc van nhan dan noi, ngoai thanh

keo ve thj uy chiem cac cong so, chinh quyen ve tay nhan dan Chieu 30 - 8,

truoc cugc m i t tinh lon co hang van quan chiing tham gia, vua Bao Dai tuyen

bo thoai v j

* Tqi Sai Gdn: ' ' '

X u uy N a m K i quyet djnh khoi nghia 6 Sai Gon va cac tinh vao ngay 25 - 8

Sang 25 - 8, cac d o n vj "Xung phong cong doan:", Thanh nien tien phong" cong

flhan, nong dan cac tinh Gia Dinh, Bien Hoa, Thii Dau Mgt, M I Tho keo ve thanh pho' Quan ehiing chiem So mat tham So Canh sat, N h a ga, Buu di^n, fjha may di?n va gianh chinh quyen

Khoi nghia thang Igi 6 ba thanh pho lon da tac dgng quyet dinh den cac dia jyhu'ong trong ca nuoe Nhieu noi t u r u n g niii, nong thon t u thanh thi noi tie'p 0hau khoi nghia Dong N a i Thugng va Ha Tien la n h i i n g dia p h u o n g gianh

i n h quyen m u g n nhat vao ngay 28 - 8

^ Nhu vqy, trit may thi xa do luc luang cua Trung Hoa Dan quoc Tieang Gidi Thqch tay sai chiem dong tie truac (Mong cdi, Hd Giang, Lao Cai, Lai Chdu, Vtnh Yen), tong khai nghia gianh dugc thang Igi trcn ca nuac trong vdng nua thdng, tie

14 den ngay 28 - 8-1945

}' c Y nghia lich su:

Cach mang thang Tam "ma ra mot biwc ngoqt Ian trong lich sit dan tgc ta" N o

pha tan xieng xich no le cua thuc dan Phap hon 80 nam, ach thong tri ciia

at xit Nhat gan 5 nam, lat nhao ngai vang phong kien n g u t n ngot chuc the

a nuoe ta, lap nen nude V i f t N a m Dan chu Cgng hoa - Nha nude do nhan

lao dgng lam chii

I, Thang Igi ciia Cach mang thang Tam danh dau buoc phat trien nhay vgt

"cua each mang Vi?t N a m , m o dau k i nguyen m o i cua dan tgc: k i nguyen doe l^p, t u do; k i nguyen nhan dan lao dgng nam quyen, lam ehii dat nuoe, lam ehii vgn m^nh dan tgc; k i nguyen giai phong dan tgc gan lien voi giai phong xa hgi

Thang Igi ciia Cach mang thang Tam da gop phan chien thang ehii nghia phat xit trong Chien tranh the gioi t h u hai, da chgc thiing khau ye'u nhat trong h? thong thugc dia eiia ehii nghia de'quoc, gop phan lam suy ye'u chiing, co v u mgnh me cac dan tgc thugc dja dau tranh t u giai phong, "co anh huong tryc tie'p va rat to lon den hai dan tgc ban la M i e n va Lao"

d Nguyen nhan thang Iqti:

- Nguyen nhan khdch quan:

, Chien thang Dong m i n h trong cugc chien tranh chong bgn phat xit, dac bi^t chien thang phat xit Due va bgn quan phi^n Nhat Ban ciia H o n g quan Lien

Xo da CO vCi tinh than, ciing co niem tin cho nhan dan ta trong s u nghi^p dau

tranh giai phong dan tgc, tao thoi co de nhan dan ta d u n g len Tong khoi nghia

- Nguyen nhan chu quan: ('("

Dan tgc ta von co truyen thong yeu nuoe nong nan, t u n g trai qua nhung

piQc da'u tranh kien cuong, bat khuat cho doe lap t u do V i vay, khi Dang

ing san Dong D u o n g va MSt tran Vi$t M i n h phat cao co eiiu nuoe thi toan dan nhat te d u n g len eiiu nuoe, cuu nha

.'C,'.^'':::^;'; 77

Cach mang thang Tam do Dang Cpng san Dong Duong va Ho C h i Minh

lanh dao, da de ra duong loi chien luoc, chu truong chi dao chien lug-c va sach

lu<7c diing din d y a tren co so li luan Mac - Lenin duoc van dyng sang t^io vao

hoan canh Viet Nam

De gianh thing Igi Cach mang thang Tarn, Dang ta co qua trinh chuain bj

trong suot 15 nam, qua cac phong trao each mang 1930 -1931, 1936 - 1939 thoai

trao each mang nam 1932 - 1935, da due riit nhiing bai hoc kinh nghi^m thanh

cong va that bai, dac bi^t la qua trinh xay dung luc lugng chinh tn, luc lugng

vu trang, can cu dja trong thoi ki van dong giai phong dan tgc 1939 -1945

Trong nhi>ng ngay khoi nghia, toan Dang, toan dan nhat tri, dong long,

khong so hi sinh, gian kho, quyet tam gianh dpc lap tu do Cac cap bp Dang va

chop thoi C O phat dong quan chiing noi day gianh chinh quyen

quan chiing noi day gianh chinh quyen

Trong cac nguyen nhan tren phai thay rang, nguyen nhan chii quan dong

vai tro quyet djnh, nguyen nhan khach quan chi co tac dung dua Cach mang

thang Tam nhanh chong gianh dupe thang Ipi va it do mau Trong cac nguyen

nhan chii quan do thi nguyen nhan ve vai tro lanh dao cua Dang va ciia Ho

C h i Minh la nguyen nhan quyet djnh nhat

Dang va Ho C h i Minh da de ra duong 161 each mang diing dSn, sang tao

phu hap vai dieu kien lich s u Viet Nam trong cupe da'u tranh giai phong dan

tpc va giai phong giai cap, ket hpp giira dpe lap dan tpc va chu nghia xa hpi

Voi duong 161 each mang do Dang ta va Ho C h i Minh lanh dao nhan dan ta

dau tranh trong 15 nam, qua cae Ian dien tap (1930 1931) (1936 1939) (1939

-1945) Dae bi?t, khi Nh^t dao chinh Phap (9 - 3 - 1945), Dang ta va Ho Chi

Minh phat dong cao trao khang Nhat euu nuac, lam tien de cho tong khoi

nghia Va khi thoi co xuat hifn Dang ta va Ho C h i Minh da nhanh chong chop

thoi co phat dong tong khoi nghia gianh chinh quyen trong toan quoc, dua

Cach mang thang Tam den thang Ipi cu6i ciing

e Bai hgc kinh nghiem:

Bai hoc ve van dung sang tao chii nghia Mac - Lenin vao thyc tien Vi^t

Nam, nam bat dupe tinh hinh the giai va each mang trong nuoc de thay doi

chu truang chii dao chien lupe cho phu hpp

Bai hpc ve vi^c giai quyet diing dan giua nhi^m vy dan tpc va dan chii, de

cao van de dan tpc, dat nhi?m vy giai phong dan tpc len hang dau

Bai hpc ve tap hpp, to chiie doan ket lye lupng each mang trong Mat tran

dan tpc th6'ng nhat rpng rai, tren co so lien minh cong n6ng, tao nen sue manh

toan dan, phan hoa va e6 lap cao dp ke thii roi tien len danh bgi chiing

78

Bai hoc ve sy linh hoat ket hpp dau tranh chinh trj voi da'u tranh via trang, ket hpp voi chien tranh du kich, da'u tranh chinh tri va khoi nghia tung phan, Idioi nghia 6 nong thon va thanh thj tien toi Tong khoi nghia

Bai hpc ve vi?c ket hpp giiia da'u tranh va xay dyng de ngay eang v&ng manh ve to chiic, tu tuong chinh trj

3, Nuoc V i ? t Nam D a n chii Cpng hoa ra doi Npi dung co ban ciia Tuyen ngon

\f>QC lap ngay 2 - 9 -1945

Ngay 25 - 8 -1945, Chii tieh Ho C h i Minh eung vai Trung uong Dang va U y lan dan tpc giai phong Vi^t Nam tu Tan Trao ve den Ha Npi

Theo de nghj ciia Ho C h i Minh, Uy ban dan tpc giai phong Vi^t N a m cai to

thanh Chinh phu lam thai nuac Vict Nam Dan chu Cong hoa Trong nhimg ngay Ijch sii nay Ho C h i Minh soan thao ban Tuj/Sn ngon Doc lap, chuan bj cho mpi

mg vi^c Chinh phii lam thai ra mat quoc dan

Ngay 2 - 9 -1945, tai quang truang Ba Dinh (Ha Npi) truoc cupc mit tinh Ion ciia hang chuc van nhan dan thii d6 va cac viing lan can, C h u tjch Ho C h i

Minh thay mat Chinh phii lam thoi dpc ban Tui/en ngon Doc lap, trjnh trpng tuyen b6'vai quoc dan va the gioi: Nuac Viet Nam Dan chu Cong hoa thanh lap

Noi dung cua ban Tuyen ngon Dpc lap:

Khang djnh quyen thieng lieng bat kha xam pham ciia cac dan tpc: "Tat ca mpi nguoi deu sinh ra co quyen binh dSng, tao hoa cho hp co quyen dupe song, dupe ty do va muu eau hanh phiic"

KhSng djnh quyen ty do, dpc lap ciia dan tpc ta tren hai phuong di^n: phap

li va thyc tien: "Nuoc Vi^t Nam co quyen dupe huong ty do dpe lap, va s y th^t

da tro thanh mpt nuoc ty do dpc lap"

Khang djnh thanh qua ciia Cach mang thang Tam, ban Tuyen ng6n neu ro:

"Phap chay, Nhat hang, vua Bao Dai thoai vi Dan ta danh do cae xieng xich thyc dan gan 100 nam nay de xay dyng nen nuoc Vi^t Nam dpc lap Dan ta danh

do che dp quan chii may muoi the ki ma lap nen che dp dan chii cpng hoa"

Cuol ban tuyen ng6n Ho C h i Minh thay mat nhan dan Vi?t Nam khSng djnh y chi sat da ciia nhan dan Vi^t Nam quyet giii viJng nen ty do dpc lap vua gianh dupe: "Toan the dan tpc Vi^t Nam quyet dem tat ca tinh than va lye lupng, tinh mang va ciia cai de giir vihig quyen ty do dpc lap ay"

Ngay 2 - 9 -1945, mai mai di vao lich sir Vi^t Nam la mpt trong nhCing ngay hpi lan nha't, ve vang nhat ciia dan tpc

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