DICTIONARY OF NURSING Part 3 ppsx

a drug which reduces inflamma-tion, used in asthma, gastro-intestinal disease and in adrenocortical insufficiencycorticotrophin corticotrophin /kɔtikəυ|trəυfin/ noun same Corynebacterium

convolution /kɒnvə|luʃ(ə)n/ noun a twisted

shape 쑗 the convolutions of the surface of the

cer-ebrum

convulsion

convulsion /kən|vlʃən/ noun the rapid

invol-untary contracting and relaxing of the muscles in

several parts of the body 쑗 The child had

convul-sions 쒁 fit (NOTE: Often used in the plural.)

Cooley’s anaemia

Cooley’s anaemia /kuliz ə|nimiə/ noun

same as thalassaemia [Described 1927 After

Thomas Benton Cooley (1871–1945), Professor

of Paediatrics at Wayne College of Medicine,

Detroit, USA.]

Coombs’ test

Coombs’ test /kumz test/ noun a test for

antibodies in red blood cells, used as a test for

erythroblastosis fetalis and other haemolytic

syn-dromes [Described 1945 After Robin Royston

Amos Coombs (1921–2006), Quick Professor of

Biology, and Fellow of Corpus Christi College,

Cambridge, UK]

coordination

coordination /kəυ|ɔdi|neiʃ(ə)n/ noun 1. the

combining of two or more things as an effective

unit, or the way things combine effectively 쑗

requires coordination between nursing staff and

doctors 2. the ability to use two or more parts of

the body at the same time to carry out a movement

or task 쑗 The patient showed lack of coordination

between eyes and hands.

COPD

pulmo-nary disease

coping mechanism

coping mechanism /kəυpiŋ mekəniz(ə)m/

noun a method of dealing with situations which

cause psychological stress

copper

copper /kɒpə/ noun a metallic trace element

copr-copr- /kɒpr/ prefix faeces

coprolith

coprolith /kɒprəliθ/ noun a lump of hard

fae-ces in the bowel

coracoid process /kɒrəkɔid prəυses/ noun

a projecting part on the shoulder blade

cord

body like a thread

cordectomy

cordectomy /kɔ|dektəmi/ noun a surgical

operation to remove a vocal cord (NOTE: The

usually on a foot, where something such as a tight

shoe has rubbed or pressed on the skin Also

called heloma

cornea

cornea /kɔniə/ noun a transparent part of thefront of the eyeball See illustration atEYE in Sup-plement (NOTE: The plural is corneae For other

terms referring to the cornea, see words

begin-ning with kerat-, kerato-.)

sur-corneal reflex /kɔniəl rifleks/ noun a reflexfrom touching or hitting the cornea which makesthe eyelid close

corneal transplant

corneal transplant /kɔniəl trnsplɑnt/

noun same as corneal graft

coronal plane /kɒrən(ə)l plein/ noun a plane

at right angles to the median plane, dividing thebody into dorsal and ventral halves See illustra-tion atANATOMICAL TERMS in Supplementcoronal suture

coronal suture /kɒrən(ə)l sutʃə/ noun ahorizontal joint across the top of the skullbetween the parietal and frontal bonescoronary

coronary /kɒrən(ə)ri/ noun same as coronary

thrombosis (informal ) 쐽 adjective referring toany structure shaped like a crown, but especially

to the arteries which supply blood to the heartmuscles

coronary artery

coronary artery /kɒrən(ə)ri ɑtəri/ noun

one of the two arteries which supply blood to theheart muscles

coronary artery bypass graft

coronary artery bypass graft /kɒrən(ə)ri

ɑtəri baipɑs rɑft/, coronary artery

bypass /kɒrən(ə)ri ɑtəri baipɑs/ noun asurgical operation to treat angina by graftingpieces of vein around the diseased part of a coro-nary artery

coronary care unit

coronary care unit /kɒrən(ə)ri keə junit/

noun the section of a hospital caring for peoplewho have heart disorders or who have had heartsurgery Abbreviation CCU

coronary heart disease

coronary heart disease /kɒrən(ə)ri hɑt

di|ziz/ noun any disease affecting the coronaryarteries, which can lead to strain on the heart or aheart attack Abbreviation CHD

coronary sinus

coronary sinus /kɒrən(ə)ri sainəs/ noun avein which takes most of the venous blood fromthe heart muscles to the right atrium

coronary thrombosis

coronary thrombosis /kɒrən(ə)ri θrɒm|

bəυsis/ noun a blood clot which blocks the

cor-67 counselling

onary arteries, leading to a heart attack Also

called coronary

coronavirus

coronavirus /kə|rəυnə|vairəs/ noun a type of

virus which has been identified in people who

have the common cold

coroner

coroner /kɒrənə/ noun a public official, either

a doctor or a lawyer, who investigates sudden or

violent deaths

coronoid process

coronoid process /kɒrənɔid prəυses/ noun

a projecting piece of bone on the ulna

corpus /kɔpəs/ noun any mass of tissue

corpus callosum

corpus callosum /kɔpəs kə|ləυsəm/ noun

the thick band of nerve fibres that connects the

two hemispheres of the brain and allows them to

communicate See illustration atBRAIN in

Sup-plement (NOTE: The plural is corpora callosa.)

corpus cavernosum

corpus cavernosum /kɔpəs kvə|

nəυsəm/ noun a part of the erectile tissue in the

penis and clitoris See illustration atUROGENITAL

SYSTEM ( MALE ) in Supplement (NOTE: The plural

is corpora cavernosa.)

corpuscle

corpuscle /kɔps(ə)l/ noun 1. a small round

mass 2. a cell in blood or lymph

corpus luteum

corpus luteum /kɔpəs lutiəm/ noun a body

which forms in each ovary after a Graafian

folli-cle has ruptured The corpus luteum secretes the

hormone progesterone to prepare the uterus for

implantation of the fertilised ovum (NOTE: The

plural is corpora lutea.)

corpus spongiosum

corpus spongiosum /kɔpəs spn i|

əυsəm/ noun the part of the penis round the

ure-thra, forming the glans See illustration atURO

-GENITAL SYSTEM ( MALE ) in Supplement (NOTE:

The plural is corpora spongiosa.)

corrective

corrective /kə|rektiv/ adjective intended to

correct an irregularity or problem 쑗 corrective

lenses 쐽 noun a drug which changes the harmful

effect of another drug

Corrigan’s pulse

Corrigan’s pulse /kɒriənz pls/ noun a

condition occurring in the arterial pulse in the

neck in which there is a visible rise in pressure

followed by a sudden collapse, caused by aortic

regurgitation Also called water-hammer pulse

corrugator muscle

corrugator muscle /kɒrəeitə ms(ə)l/

noun one of the muscles which produce vertical

wrinkles on the forehead when someone frowns

cortex

cortex /kɔteks/ noun the outer layer of an

organ, as opposed to the soft inner medulla

Corti

Corti /kɔti/쏡 organ of Corti

cortical mastoidectomy

cortical mastoidectomy /kɔtik(ə)l

mstɔi|dektəmi/ noun same as atticotomy

cortices

cortices plural of

corticospinal

corticospinal /kɔtikəυ|spain(ə)l/ adjective

referring to both the cerebral cortex and the spinalcord

corticosteroid

corticosteroid /kɔtikəυ|stiərɔid/ noun 1.

any steroid hormone produced by the cortex of theadrenal glands 2. a drug which reduces inflamma-tion, used in asthma, gastro-intestinal disease and

in adrenocortical insufficiencycorticotrophin

corticotrophin /kɔtikəυ|trəυfin/ noun same

Corynebacterium /kəυ|rainibk|tiəriəm/

noun a genus of bacteria which includes the terium which causes diphtheria

bac-coryza

coryza /kə|raizə/ noun an illness, with mation of the nasal passages, in which someonesneezes and coughs and has a blocked and run-ning nose (technical) Also called cold, common cold

inflam-cosmetic surgery

cosmetic surgery /kɒz|metik sd əri/

noun a surgical operation to improve a person’sappearance

cotyledon /kɒti|lid(ə)n/ noun one of the sions of a placenta

divi-cotyloid cavity

cotyloid cavity /kɒtilɔid kviti/ noun same

as acetabulum

couching

couching /kaυtʃiŋ/ noun a surgical operation

to displace the opaque lens of an eye as a ment for cataracts

treat-cough

cough /kɒf/ noun a reflex action, caused by tation in the throat, when the glottis is opened andair is sent out of the lungs suddenly 쐽 an infectionthat causes coughing 쑗 She has a bad cough and cannot make the speech. 쐽 verb to send air out ofthe lungs suddenly because the throat is irritated

irri-쑗 The smoke made him cough 쑗 She has a cold and keeps on coughing and sneezing.

cough medicine

cough medicine /kɒf med(ə)sin/, cough

linctus /kɒf liŋktəs/, cough mixture /kɒf

mikstʃə/ noun a liquid taken to soothe the tion which causes a cough

irrita-counselling

counselling /kaυnsəliŋ/ noun a method of

counterextension 68

a specialist talks with a person about his or her

condition and how to deal with it

counterextension

counterextension /kaυntərik|stenʃən/

noun an orthopaedic treatment in which the upper

part of a limb is kept fixed and traction is applied

to the lower part of it

counterirritant

counterirritant /kaυntər|irit(ə)nt/ noun a

substance which alleviates the pain in an internal

organ by irritating an area of skin whose sensory

nerves are close to those of the organ in the spinal

cord

coupling

coupling /kpliŋ/ noun 1. an act of joining

together or linking two people, things or

proc-esses 2. something which joins two things,

espe-cially a device for connecting two pieces of pipe,

hose or tube

couvade

couvade /ku|vɑd/ noun an act of copying the

actions of having a baby while a woman is

actu-ally giving birth, done by the father in some

Native South American societies

Cowper’s glands

Cowper’s glands /kupəz lndz/ plural

noun two glands at the base of the penis which

secrete into the urethra Also called

bulboure-thral glands [Described 1700 After William

Cowper (1666–1709), English surgeon.]

cowpox

cowpox /kaυpɒks/ noun an infectious viral

disease of cattle which can be transmitted to

humans It was used as a constituent of the first

vaccines for smallpox

coxa vara /kɒksə veərə/ noun an unusual

development of the hip bone, making the legs bow

Coxsackie virus

Coxsackie virus /kɒk|ski vairəs/ noun one

of a group of enteroviruses which enter the cells

of the intestines and can cause diseases such as

aseptic meningitis and Bornholm disease [After

Coxsackie, New York, where the virus was first

louse, Phthirius pubis, which infests the pubic

region and other parts of the body with coarse

hair Also called pubic louse

crack

crack /krk/ noun a thin break 쑗 There’s a

crack in one of the bones in the skull 쐽 verb to

make a thin break in something, or become split

쑗 She cracked a bone in her leg.

cradle

cradle /kreid(ə)l/ noun a metal frame put over

a person in bed to keep the weight of the

bed-clothes off the body쐽 verb to carry a child with

one arm under the thigh and the other under theupper back

cradle cap

cradle cap /kreid(ə)l kp/ noun a yellowdeposit on the scalp of babies, caused by sebor-rhoea

cramp

cramp /krmp/ noun a painful involuntaryspasm in the muscles, in which the muscle maystay contracted for some time

craniometry /kreini|ɒmitri/ noun the process

of measuring skulls to find differences in size andshape

craniopharyngioma

craniopharyngioma /kreiniəυfə|rind i|

əυmə/ noun a tumour in the brain originating inthe hypophyseal duct (NOTE: The plural is crani-

opharyngiomas or craniopharyngiomata.)

craniostenosis

craniostenosis /kreiniəυste|nəυsis/,

crani-osynostosis /kreiniəυ|sinəυ|stəυsis/ noun

the early closing of the bones in a baby’s skull, somaking the skull contract

craniotabes

craniotabes /kreiniəυ|teibiz/ noun thinness

of the bones in the occipital region of a child’sskull, caused by rickets, marasmus or syphiliscraniotomy

craniotomy /kreini|ɒtəmi/ noun a surgicaloperation on the skull, especially one cuttingaway part of the skull (NOTE: The plural is crani-

otomies.)

cranium

cranium /kreiniəm/ noun same as skull

CRB check

CRB check /si ɑ bi tʃek/ noun a check withthe Criminal Records Bureau to establish whether

a candidate has any convictions that disallow him

or her from working with children or other nerable members of society Also called disclo- sure check

vul-creatine

creatine /kriitin/ noun a compound of gen found in the muscles, produced by proteinmetabolism and excreted as creatininecreatinine

nitro-creatinine /kri|tənin/ noun a substancewhich is the form in which creatine is excretedcreatinuria

creatinuria /kri|ti|njυəriə/ noun excess tine in the urine

crea-creatorrhoea

creatorrhoea /kriətə|riə/ noun the presence

of undigested muscle fibre in the faeces, ring in some pancreatic diseases

occur-Credé’s method

Credé’s method /kre|deiz meθəd/ noun 1. amethod of extracting a placenta by massaging theuterus through the abdomen 2. the putting of sil-ver nitrate solution into the eyes of a baby born to

a mother who has gonorrhoea, in order to preventgonococcal conjunctivitis [Described 1860 AfterKarl Sigmund Franz Credé (1819–92), Germangynaecologist.]

69 crura

creeping eruption

creeping eruption /kripiŋ i|rpʃən/ noun

an itching skin complaint, caused by larvae of

various parasites which creep under the skin

crepitation

crepitation /krepi|teiʃ(ə)n/ noun an unusual

soft crackling sound heard in the lungs through a

stethoscope Also called rale

crepitus

crepitus /krepitəs/ noun a harsh crackling

sound heard through a stethoscope in a person

with inflammation of the lungs

Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease /krɔitsfelt

jkɒb di|ziz/ noun a disease of the nervous

system caused by a slow-acting prion which

even-tually affects the brain It may be linked to BSE in

cows Abbreviation CJD 쒁 variant CJD

[Described 1920 by H.G Creutzfeldt (1885–

1964); 1921 by A.M Jakob (1884–1931),

Ger-man psychiatrists]

cribriform

cribriform /kribrifɔm/ adjective having small

holes like a sieve

cribriform plate

cribriform plate /kribrifɔm pleit/ noun the

top part of the ethmoid bone which forms the roof

of the nasal cavity and part of the roof of the eye

sockets

cricoid

cricoid /kraikɔid/ adjective relating to the

low-est part of the cartilage of the larynx

cricoid cartilage

cricoid cartilage /kraikɔid kɑtəlid / noun

ring-shaped cartilage in the lower part of the

lar-ynx See illustration atLUNGS in Supplement

cri-du-chat syndrome

cri-du-chat syndrome /kri dju ʃɑ

sindrəυm/ noun a congenital condition, caused

by loss of part of chromosome 5, which is

charac-terised in babies by a cry suggestive of that of a

cat

Crigler-Najjar syndrome

Crigler-Najjar syndrome /krilə nd ɑ

sindrəυm/ noun a genetically controlled

condi-tion in which bilirubin cannot be formed, leading

to jaundice or even brain damage

crista

crista /kristə/ noun 1. a ridge, e.g the border of

a bone 2. a fold in the inner membrane of a

mitro-chondrion (NOTE: The plural is cristae.)

crista galli

crista galli /kristə lai/ noun a projection

from the ethmoid bone

criterion

criterion /krai|tiəriən/ noun an accepted

stand-ard used in making a decision or judgment about

something (NOTE: The plural is criteria.)

critical care

critical care /kritik(ə)l keə/ noun specialist

nursing and medical treatment given to patients

who are critically ill

critical list

critical list /kritik(ə)l list/ noun the list of

patients in a hospital whose condition is

Crohn’s disease /krəυnz di|ziz/ noun a

per-intestinal tract, characterised by thickening andscarring of the intestinal wall and obstruction

[Described 1932 After Burrill Bernard Crohn(1884–1983), New York physician.]

COMMENT: No certain cause has been foundfor Crohn’s disease, where only one section

of the intestine becomes inflamed and can

be blocked

cromolyn sodium

cromolyn sodium /krəυməlin səυdiəm/

noun a drug that helps to prevent the release ofhistamine and other substances which cause many

of the symptoms of asthma and hay fevercross-dresser

cross-dresser /krɒs dresə/ noun someonewho wears clothes usually worn by people of theopposite sex, e.g a transvestite

cross-dressing

cross-dressing /krɒs dresiŋ/ noun the tice of wearing clothes usually worn by people ofthe opposite sex, e.g by transvestites

prac-cross-infection

cross-infection /krɒs in|fekʃən/ noun aninfection passed from one patient to another inhospital, either directly or from nurses, visitors orequipment

crossmatch

crossmatch /krɒs|mtʃ/ verb (in transplant

surgery) to match a donor to a recipient as closely

as possible to avoid tissue rejection 쒁 blood

crown

crown /kraυn/ noun the top part of a tooth abovethe level of the gums쐽 verb to put an artificialcrown on a tooth

crowning

crowning /kraυniŋ/ noun 1. the act of putting

an artificial crown on a tooth 2. a stage in birth in which the top of the baby’s head becomesvisible

child-cruciate

cruciate /kruʃiət/ adjective shaped like across

cruciate ligament

cruciate ligament /kruʃiət liəmənt/ noun

any ligament shaped like a cross, especially either

of two ligaments behind the knee which preventthe knee from bending forwards

crude death rate

crude death rate /krud deθ reit/ noun thenumber of deaths in a year, divided by the totalpopulation

crura

crura plural of

crural 70

crural

crural /krυərəl/ adjective referring to the thigh,

leg or shin

crura of the diaphragm

crura of the diaphragm /krυərə əv ðə

daiəfrəm/ plural noun the long muscle fibres

joining the diaphragm to the lumbar vertebrae

crus

The plural is crura.)

crus cerebri

crus cerebri /krs seribrai/ noun each of the

nerve tracts between the cerebrum and the

medulla oblongata (NOTE: The plural is crura

cerebri.)

crush fracture

crush fracture /krʃ frktʃə/ noun a

frac-ture by compression of the bone

crush syndrome

crush syndrome /krʃ sindrəυm/ noun a

condition in which a limb has been crushed, as in

an accident, causing kidney failure and shock

crutch

crutch /krtʃ/ noun 1. a strong support for

someone with an injured leg, formed of a stick

with a T-bar which fits under the armpit,

espe-cially formerly, or a holding bar and elbow clasp

cryaesthesia /kraiis|θiziə/ noun the fact of

being sensitive to cold

cryo-cryo- /kraiəυ/ prefix cold

cryobank

cryobank /kraiəυbŋk/ noun a place where

biological material such as semen and body tissue

can be stored at extremely low temperatures

cryoprecipitate

cryoprecipitate /kraiəυpri|sipitət/ noun a

precipitate such as from blood plasma, which

sep-arates out on freezing and thawing

cryoprobe

cryoprobe /kraiəυprəυb/ noun an instrument

used in cryosurgery with a tip that is kept very

cold to destroy tissue

cryosurgery

cryosurgery /kraiəυ|sd əri/ noun surgery

which uses extremely cold instruments to destroy

tissue

cryotherapy

cryotherapy /kraiəυ|θerəpi/ noun treatment

using extreme cold, as in removing a wart with

cryptococcal meningitis /kriptəkɒk(ə)l

menin|d aitis/ noun a form of meningitis that is

a feature of cryptococcosis

cryptococcosis

cryptococcosis /kriptəυkə|kəυsis/ noun an

infection mainly affecting the brain or nervous

system, caused by the fungus Cryptococcus

neo-formans It occurs most often in people with HIV

infection

cryptomenorrhoea

cryptomenorrhoea /kriptəυmenə|riə/

noun the retention of menstrual flow, usually

caused by an obstruction

cryptorchidism

cryptorchidism /krip|tɔkidiz(ə)m/,

cryp-torchism /krip|tɔkiz(ə)m/ noun a condition in

a young male in which the testicles do not move

cryptosporidia

cryptosporidia /kriptəυspə|ridiə/ plural of

cryptosporidium

cryptosporidiosis

cryptosporidiosis /kriptəυspə|ridi|əυsis/

noun an infectious condition of humans anddomestic animals, spread by an intestinal parasite

Cryptosporidium parvum Its symptoms are fever,

diarrhoea and stomach cramps

cryptosporidium

cryptosporidium /kriptəυspə|ridiəm/ noun

a parasite which contaminates drinking watersupplies, causing intestinal infection (NOTE: The

plural is cryptosporidia.)

crypts of Lieberkühn

crypts of Lieberkühn /kripts əv libəkun/

plural noun tubular glands found in the mucousmembrane of the small and large intestine, espe-cially those between the bases of the villi in thesmall intestine Also called Lieberkühn’s glands [Described 1745 After Johann Nathan-

iel Lieberkuhn (1711–56), Berlin anatomist andphysician.]

cuboid /kjubɔid/, cuboid bone /kjubɔid

See illustration atFOOT in Supplementcuff

arm and inflated when blood pressure is beingmeasured

cuirass respirator

cuirass respirator /kwi|rs respireitə/

noun a type of artificial respirator which rounds only the chest

sur-culdoscope

culdoscope /kldəυskəυp/ noun an ment used to inspect the interior of a woman’spelvis, introduced through the vagina

instru-culdoscopy

culdoscopy /kl|dɒskəpi/ noun an tion of the interior of a woman’s pelvis using aculdoscope

examina-culture

culture /kltʃə/ noun 1. the shared values andbehaviour of a group 2. microoorganisms or tis-sues grown in a culture medium in a laboratory 쐽

verb to grow microorganisms or tissues in a ture medium

cul-cumulative

cumulative /kjumjυlətiv/ adjective growing

by addingcuneiform

cuneiform /kjunifɔm bəυnz/, cuneiform

bone /kjunifɔmz/ noun one of the three tarsalbones in the foot See illustration atFOOT in Sup-plement

71 cyclotomy

ing operations without causing unconsciousness

poi-son arrows.)

curettage

curettage /kjυə|retid / noun the procedure of

scraping the inside of a hollow organ, often the

uterus, to remove a growth or tissue for

examina-tion Also called curettement

curette

curette /kjυə|ret/ noun a surgical instrument

like a long thin spoon, used for scraping the inside

of an organ쐽 verb to scrape an organ with a

curette (NOTE: curettes – curetting – curetted.)

curettement

curettement /kjυə|retmənt/ same as

curet-tage

curie

curie /kjυəri/ noun a former unit of

measure-ment of radioactivity, replaced by the becquerel

Symbol Ci

Curling’s ulcer

Curling’s ulcer /kliŋz lsə/ noun an ulcer

of the duodenum following severe injury to the

body

curvature

curvature /kvətʃə/ noun the way in which

something bends from a straight line 쑗 greater or

lesser curvature of the stomach

cushingoid

cushingoid /kυʃiŋɔid/ adjective showing

symptoms of Cushing’s disease

Cushing’s disease

Cushing’s disease /kυʃiŋz di|ziz/,

Cush-ing’s syndrome /kυʃiŋz sindrəυm/ noun a

condition in which the adrenal cortex produces

too many corticosteroids [Described 1932 After

Harvey Williams Cushing (1869–1939),

sur-geon, Boston, USA.]

cusp

a flap of membrane forming a valve in the heart

cuspid

cuspid /kspid/ noun same as canine

cut

amount of something 2. a place where the skin

has been penetrated by a sharp instrument 쑗 She

had a bad cut on her left leg 쑗 The nurse will put

a bandage on your cut 쐽 verb 1. to make an

opening in something using a knife, scissors or

other sharp thing 쑗 The surgeon cut the diseased

tissue away with a scalpel 쑗 She cut her finger

on the broken glass. 2. to reduce the number or

amount of something 쑗 Accidents have been cut

by 10%. (NOTE: cutting – cut)

cutaneous leishmaniasis /kju|teiniəs

liʃmə|naiəsis/ noun a form of skin disease

caused by the tropical parasite Leishmania Also

called Delhi boil

cutdown

cutdown /ktdaυn/ noun the procedure of

cut-ting a vein to insert a cannula or administer an

cyanosed /saiənəυst/ adjective with blue skin

쑗 The patient was cyanosed round the lips.

cyanosis

cyanosis /saiə|nəυsis/ noun a condition acterised by a blue colour of the peripheral skinand mucous membranes, a symptom of lack ofoxygen in the blood, e.g in heart or lung diseasecyanotic

char-cyanotic /saiə|nɒtik/ adjective referring to orhaving cyanosis

cycle

cycle /saik(ə)l/ noun a series of events whichrecur regularly

cyclic

cyclic /siklik, saiklik/ adjective 1. occurring

or repeated in cycles 2. referring to organic pounds composed of a closed ring of atomscyclical

com-cyclical /siklik(ə)l/ adjective referring tocycles

sur-cyclopentolate

cyclopentolate /saikləυ|pentəleit/ noun adrug used to paralyse the ciliary musclecyclophosphamide

cyclophosphamide /saikləυ|fɒsfəmaid/

noun a drug which suppresses immunity, used inthe treatment of leukaemia, lymphoma, Hodg-kin’s disease and tumours

cycloplegia

cycloplegia /saikləυ|plid ə/ noun paralysis

of the ciliary muscle which makes it impossiblefor the eye to focus properly

cyclopropane

cyclopropane /saikləυ|prəυpein/ noun aflammable hydrocarbon gas used as a generalanaesthetic and in organic synthesis

cyclothymia

cyclothymia /saikləυ|θaimiə/ noun a mildform of bipolar disorder in which the personexperiences alternating depression and excite-ment

cyclotomy

cyclotomy /sai|klɒtəmi/ noun a surgical ation to make a cut in the ciliary body (NOTE: The

oper-plural is cyclotomies.)

shaped like a pouch, containing liquid or

semi-liquid substances

cyst-cyst- /sist/ prefix the bladder

cystadenoma

cystadenoma /sistədi|nəυmə/ noun an

ade-noma in which fluid-filled cysts form (NOTE: The

plural is cystadonomas or cystadonomata.)

cystalgia

cystalgia /si|stld (ə)n/ noun a false belief which

a person holds which cannot be changed by

rea-son 쑗 He suffered from the delusion that he was

wanted by the police.

dementia

dementia /di|menʃə/ noun the loss of mental

ability and memory due to organic disease of the

brain, causing disorientation and personality

changes

demi-demi- /demi/ prefix half

demography

demography /di|mɒrəfi/ noun the study of

populations and environments or changes

affect-ing populations

demulcent

demulcent /di|mlsənt/ noun a soothing

sub-stance which relieves irritation in the stomach

demyelinating

demyelinating /di|maiəlineitiŋ/ adjective

relating to the destruction of the myelin sheath

round nerve fibres

demyelination

demyelination /di|maiəli|neiʃ(ə)n/ noun the

destruction of the myelin sheath round nerve

fibres, caused, e.g by injury to the head, or as the

main result of multiple sclerosis

dendrite

dendrite /dendrait/ noun a branched structure

growing out from a nerve cell, which receives

impulses from the nerve endings of other nerve

cells at synapses See illustration atNEURONE in

Supplement Also called dendron

stop-dengue

dengue /deŋi/ noun a tropical disease caused

by an arbovirus transmitted by mosquitoes, acterised by high fever, pains in the joints, head-ache and rash Also called breakbone fever

char-denial

denial /di|naiəl/ noun a person’s refusal toaccept that he or she has a serious medical prob-lem

Denis Browne splint

Denis Browne splint /denis braυn splint/

noun a metal splint used to correct a club foot

[Described 1934 After Sir Denis John WolkoBrowne (1892–1967), Australian orthopaedicand general surgeon working in Britain.]

dens

like a toothdent-

dent- /dent/ prefix referring to a tooth or teethdental

dental /dent(ə)l/ adjective referring to teeth or

to the treatment of teeth 쑗 dental caries 쑗 dental surgeon

dental hygiene

dental hygiene /dent(ə)l haid in/ noun

procedures to keep the teeth clean and healthydental impaction

dental impaction /dent(ə)l im|pkʃ(ə)n/

noun a condition in which a tooth is closelypressed against other teeth and cannot grow nor-mally

dental plate

dental plate /dent(ə)l pleit/ noun a prosthesismade to the shape of the mouth, which holds arti-ficial teeth

dental prosthesis

dental prosthesis /dent(ə)l prɒs|θisis/

noun one or more false teethdentine

dentine /dentin/ noun a hard substance whichsurrounds the pulp of teeth, beneath the enameldentistry

dentistry /dentistri/ noun the profession of adentist, or the branch of medicine dealing withteeth and gums

dentition

dentition /den|tiʃ(ə)n/ noun the number,arrangement and special characteristics of all theteeth in a person’s jaws

COMMENT: Children have incisors, caninesand molars, which are replaced over a peri-

od of years by the permanent teeth: eight cisors, four canines, eight premolars andtwelve molars, the last four molars beingcalled the wisdom teeth

in-dentoid

dentoid /dentɔid/ adjective shaped like a toothdenture

denture /dentʃə/ noun a set of false teeth, fixed

to a device which fits inside the mouthdeodorant

deodorant /di|əυd(ə)rənt/ noun a substancewhich hides or prevents unpleasant smells 쐽

adjective hiding or preventing odoursdeontology

deontology /diɒn|tɒləd i/ noun the ethics ofduty and of what is morally right or wrongdeoxygenate

deoxygenate /di|ɒksid əneit/ verb toremove oxygen from something

deoxygenated blood

deoxygenated blood /di|ɒksid əneit

bld/ noun blood from which most of the

oxy-deoxyribonucleic acid 78

gen has been removed by the tissues It is darker

than arterial oxygenated blood Also called

venous blood Compare deoxygenated blood

deoxyribonucleic acid

deoxyribonucleic acid /di|ɒksiraibəυnju|

kleiik sid/ noun full form of DNA 쏡 RNA

Department of Health

Department of Health /di|pɑtmənt əv

helθ/ noun in the UK, the government

depart-ment in charge of health services Abbreviation

DH

dependant

dependant /di|pendənt/ noun a person who is

looked after or supported by someone else 쑗 He

has to support a family of six children and several

dependants.

dependence

dependence /di|pendəns/, dependency /di|

pendənsi/ noun the fact of needing the suuport

of something or someone such as a carer, nurse or

doctor, or of being addicted to a drug

dependent

dependent /di|pendənt/ adjective 1. needing

the support of someone or something 2. addicted

to a drug 3. referring to a part of the body which

is hanging down

dependent relative

dependent relative /di|pendənt relətiv/

noun a person who is looked after by another

member of the family

depersonalisation

depersonalisation /di|ps(ə)n(ə)lai|

zeiʃ(ə)n/, depersonalization noun a

psychiat-ric state in which someone does not believe he or

depilatory /di|pilət(ə)ri/ noun a substance

which removes hair쐽 adjective removing hair

Depo-Provera

Depo-Provera a trademark for a progesterone

derivative used in birth control and the treatment

of endometriosis which is administered by

three-monthly injection

depressant

depressant /di|pres(ə)nt/ noun a drug which

reduces the activity of part of the body, e.g a

tran-quilliser

depressed

depressed /di|prest/ adjective 1. experiencing

a mental condition that prevents someone from

carrying out the normal activities of life in the

usual way 왍 clinically depressed Same as

depressed 2. feeling miserable and worried

results. 3. referring to something such as a

meta-bolic rate which is below the usual level

depressed fracture

depressed fracture /di|prest frktʃə/ noun

a fracture of a flat bone such as those in the skull

where part of the bone has been pushed down

lower than the surrounding parts

depression

depression /di|preʃ(ə)n/ noun 1. a mental

condition that prevents someone from carrying

out the normal activities of life in the usual way 2.

a hollow on the surface of a part of the body

depressor

depressor /di|presə/ noun a muscle which

pulls part of the body downwards

deprivation

deprivation /depri|veiʃ(ə)n/ noun 1. the fact

or want 쑗 sleep deprivation 2. the lack of basicnecessities of life

deradenitis

deradenitis /di|rdi|naitis/ noun tion of the lymph nodes in the neck

inflamma-Dercum’s disease

Dercum’s disease /dkəmz di|ziz/ noun

same as adiposis dolorosa [Described 1888.

After François Xavier Dercum (1856–1931), fessor of Neurology at Jefferson Medical Col-lege, Philadelphia, USA.]

Pro-derealisation

derealisation /di|riəlai|zeiʃ(ə)n/,

derealiza-tion noun a psychological state in which one feels the world around him or her is not realderm-

some-derm- /dm/ prefix same as derma- (used

dermato- /dmətəυ/ prefix referring to theskin

dermatochalasis

dermatochalasis /dmətəυkə|lsis/ noun

a condition where a fold of skin moves down overthe eyelid, common in older people

dermatological

dermatological /dmətə|lɒd ik(ə)l/

adjec-tive referring to dermatologydermatologist

dermatologist /dmə|tɒləd ist/ noun a tor who specialises in the study and treatment ofthe skin and its diseases

doc-dermatology

dermatology /dmə|tɒləd i/ noun the studyand treatment of the skin and its diseasesdermatome

dermatome /dmətəυm/ noun 1. a specialknife used for cutting thin sections of skin forgrafting 2. an area of skin supplied by one spinalnerve

dermatomycosis

dermatomycosis /dmətəυmai|kəυsis/

noun a skin infection caused by a fungus that isnot a dermatophyte

dermatomyositis

dermatomyositis /dmətəυmaiəυ|saitis/

noun a collagen disease with a wasting tion of the skin and muscles

inflamma-dermatophyte

dermatophyte /dmətəυfait/ noun a fungusbelonging to one of three genera which affect theskin or hair, causing tinea

dermatophytosis

dermatophytosis /dmətəυfai|təυsis/

noun a fungal infection of the skin caused by a

dermatophyte

dermatoplasty

dermatoplasty /dmətəυplsti/ noun a skingraft, replacing damaged skin by skin taken fromanother part of the body or from a donordermatosis

dermatosis /dmə|təυsis/ noun a disease ofthe skin

79 diabetes insipidus

Descemet’s membrane

Descemet’s membrane /deʃə|mets

membrein/ noun one of the deep layers of the

cornea [Described 1785 After Jean Descemet

(1732–1810), French physician; Professor of

Anatomy and Surgery in Paris.]

descending aorta

descending aorta /di|sendiŋ ei|ɔtə/ noun

the second section of the aorta, which turns

down-wards Compare ascending aorta

descending colon

descending colon /di|sendiŋ kəυlɒn/ noun

the third section of the colon which goes down the

left side of the body Compare ascending colon

See illustration atDIGESTIVE SYSTEM in

Supple-ment

desensitisation

desensitisation /di|sensitai|zeiʃ(ə)n/,

desensitization noun the act of making

one or something no longer sensitive to

some-thing such as an allergen

designer drug

designer drug /di|zainə dr/ noun a drug

that has been modified to enhance its properties

(informal)

desogestrel

desogestrel /desə|d estrəl/ noun a hormone

used an as oral contraceptive

desquamation

desquamation /deskwə|meiʃ(ə)n/ noun the

continual process of losing the outer layer of dead

skin

detached retina

detached retina /di|ttʃt retinə/ noun a

condition in which the retina becomes partially

separated from the eyeball, causing loss of vision

Also called retinal detachment

COMMENT: A detached retina can be caused

by a blow to the eye, or simply is a condition

occurring in old age If left untreated the eye

will become blind A detached retina can

sometimes be attached to the choroid again

using lasers

detergent

detergent /di|td ənt/ noun a cleaning

sub-stance which removes grease and bacteria

deterioration

deterioration /di|tiəriə|reiʃ(ə)n/ noun the fact

of becoming worse 쑗 The nurses were worried by

the deterioration in the patient’s reactions.

detox

detox /ditɒks/ noun same as detoxication

(informal)

detoxication

detoxication /di|tɒksi|keiʃ(ə)n/,

detoxifica-tion /di|tɒksifi|keiʃ(ə)n/ noun the removal of

toxic substances to make a poisonous substance

harmless

detrition

detrition /di|triʃ(ə)n/ noun the fact of wearing

away by rubbing or use

detritus

detritus /di|traitəs/ noun rubbish produced

when something disintegrates

detrusor muscle

detrusor muscle /di|truzə ms(ə)l/ noun

the muscular coat of the urinary bladder

detumescence

detumescence /ditju|mes(ə)ns/ noun 1.

(of the penis or clitoris after an erection or

orgasm) the process of becoming limp 2 (of a

swelling) the process of disappearing

deuteranopia

deuteranopia /djutərə|nəυpiə/ noun a form

of colour blindness in which someone cannot see

develop

develop /di|veləp/ verb 1. to become larger andstronger, or more complex 쑗 The embryo is developing normally 쑗 A swelling developed under the armpit 쑗 The sore throat developed into an attack of meningitis. 2. to make somethingstart to happen 쑗 We’re developing a new system for dealing with admission to A & E. 3. to makesomething start to grow or become larger,stronger or more complex 쑗 He does exercises to develop his muscles. 4. to start to have an illness

쑗 The baby may be developing a cold.

development

development /di|veləpmənt/ noun 1. theprocess of growing, or of becoming larger andstronger, or more complex 쑗 The development of the embryo takes place in the uterus. 2. somethingwhich happens and causes a change in a situation

쑗 Report any developments to me at once.

developmental delay

developmental delay /di|veləpment(ə)l di|

developing, either physically or psychologicallydeviance

deviance /diviəns/ noun sexual behaviourwhich is considered unusual

deviated nasal septum

deviated nasal septum /divieitid neiz(ə)l

septəm/, deviated septum /divieitid

septəm/ noun an unusual position of the septum

of the nose which may block the nose and causenosebleeds

deviation

deviation /divi|eiʃ(ə)n/ noun 1. the fact ofbeing different from what is usual or expected orsomething which is different from what is usual

or expected 2. an unusual position of a joint or ofthe eye, as in strabismus

dexamethasone

dexamethasone /deksə|meθəsəυn/ noun asynthetic steroid drug that is used to treat inflam-mation and hormonal imbalances

Dexa scan

Dexa scan /deksə skn/ noun a technique toassess changes in someone’s bone density, as inosteoporosis or in Paget’s disease Full form Dual Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry

dextro-dextro- /dekstrəυ/ prefix referring to the right,

or the right side of the bodydextromoramide

dextromoramide /dekstrə|mɔrəmaid/

noun an opioid drug used to reduce paindextrose

dextrose /dekstrəυz/ noun same as glucose

across 3. in different or opposite directions 4.

apartdiabetes

diabetes /daiə|bitiz/ noun 1. one of a group

of diseases which cause the body to produce largeamounts of urine 쒁 gestational diabetes 2.

same as diabetes mellitus

diabetes insipidus

diabetes insipidus /daiə|bitiz in|sipidəs/

noun a rare disorder of the pituitary gland causing

an inadequate amount of the hormone

vaso-diabetes mellitus 80

produced, leading to excessive passing of urine

and extreme thirst

diabetes mellitus

diabetes mellitus /daiə|bitiz melitəs/

noun a disease where the body cannot control

sugar absorption because the pancreas does not

secrete enough insulin

COMMENT: Diabetes mellitus has two forms:

Type I may have a viral trigger caused by an

infection which affects the cells in the

pan-creas which produce insulin; Type II is

caused by a lower sensitivity to insulin, is

common in older people, and is associated

with obesity Symptoms of diabetes mellitus

are tiredness, unusual thirst, frequent

pass-ing of water and sweet-smellpass-ing urine Blood

and urine tests show high levels of sugar

Treatment for Type II diabetes involves

keeping to a strict diet and reducing weight,

and sometimes the use of oral

hypoglycae-mic drugs such as glibenclamide Type I

dia-betes is treated with regular injections of

in-sulin

diabetic cataract

diabetic cataract /daiəbetik ktərkt/

noun a cataract which develops in people who

have diabetes

diabetic coma

diabetic coma /daiəbetik kəυmə/ noun a

state of unconsciousness caused by untreated

dia-betes

diabetic retinopathy

diabetic retinopathy /daiəbetik reti|

nɒpəθi/ noun a disease of the retina, caused by

diabetes

diabetogenic

diabetogenic /daiəbetə|d enik/ adjective

which causes diabetes

diabetologist

diabetologist /daiəbe|tɒləd ist/ noun a

doc-tor specialising in the treatment of diabetes

melli-tus

diaclasia

diaclasia /daiə|kleiziə/ noun a fracture made

by a surgeon to repair an earlier fracture which

has set badly, or to correct a deformity

diadochokinesis

diadochokinesis /dai|dəkəυkai|nisis/

noun the natural ability to make muscles move

limbs in opposite directions

diagnosis

diagnosis /daiə|nəυsis/ noun the act of

diag-nosing a condition or illness 쑗 The doctor’s

diag-nosis was a viral infection, but the child’s parents

asked for a second opinion 쑗 They found it

diffi-cult to make a diagnosis Compare prognosis

diagnostic

diagnostic /daiə|nɒstik/ adjective referring

to diagnosis

diagnostic and treatment centre

diagnostic and treatment centre

/daiənɒstik ən tritmənt sentə/ noun a

facility mainly for day surgery or short-term stay,

where a range of planned operations such as joint

replacements, hernia repair and cataract removal

can be undertaken Abbreviation DTC

diagnostic radiographer

diagnostic radiographer /daiə|nɒstik

reidiɒrəfə/ noun쏡 radiographer

dialysis

dialysis /dai|ləsis/ noun 1. a procedure inwhich a membrane is used as a filter to separatesoluble waste substances from the blood 2. same

as renal dialysis

diapedesis

diapedesis /daiəpi|disis/ noun the ment of white blood cells through the walls of thecapillaries into tissues in the development ofinflammation

diaphragm /daiəfrm/ noun 1. a thin layer oftissue stretched across an opening, especially theflexible sheet of muscle and fibre which separatesthe chest from the abdomen and moves to pull airinto the lungs in respiration 2. same as vaginal diaphragm

diaphragmatic

diaphragmatic /daiəfr|mtik/ adjective

referring to a diaphragm, or like a diaphragmdiaphyseal

diaphyseal /daiə|fiziəl/ adjective referring to

a diaphysisdiaphysis

diaphysis /dai|fəsis/ noun the long centralpart of a long bone Also called shaft See illus-tration atBONE MARROW in Supplementdiaphysitis

diaphysitis /daiəfə|saitis/ noun tion of the diaphysis, often associated with rheu-matic disease

diastasis /daiə|steisis/ noun a condition inwhich a bone separates into parts

diastema

diastema /daiə|stimə/ noun 1. an unusuallywide space between adjacent teeth 2. an unusualgap in any body part or organ

diastolic

diastolic /daiə|stɒlik/ adjective relating to thediastole

diastolic pressure

diastolic pressure /daiəstɒlik preʃə/ noun

blood pressure taken at the diastole (NOTE:Diastolic pressure is always lower than systolic.)

diathermy

diathermy /daiə|θmi/ noun the use of frequency electric current to produce heat in bodytissue

high-diathermy needle

diathermy needle /daiə|θmi nid(ə)l/ noun

a needle used in surgical diathermydiathermy snare

diathermy snare /daiə|θmi sneə/ noun asnare which is heated by electrodes and burnsaway tissue

81 digitoxin

diathesis

diathesis /dai|θəsis/ noun the general

inher-ited constitution of a person in relation to their

susceptibility to specific diseases or allergies

diazepam

diazepam /dai|zəpm/ noun a tranquilliser

used in the short term to treat anxiety and as a

muscle relaxant In the long term it is potentially

addictive

diazoxide

diazoxide /daiə|zɒksaid/ noun a drug used as

a vasodilator, to reduce hypertension

dichlorphenamide /daiklɔ|fenəmaid/ noun

a drug used to treat glaucoma

dichromatism

dichromatism /daikrəυ|mtiz(ə)m/ noun

colour blindness in which only two of the three

primary colours can be seen Compare

mono-chromatism, trichromatism

diclofenac sodium

diclofenac sodium /daikləυfenk

səυdiəm/ noun an anti-inflammatory drug used

to treat rheumatic disease

dicrotism

dicrotism /daikrətiz(ə)m/ noun a condition in

which the pulse occurs twice with each heartbeat

die

year 쑗 She died in a car crash. (NOTE: dying –

died)

diet

diet /daiət/ noun the amount and type of food

eaten 쑗 a balanced diet 쐽 verb to reduce the

quantity of food you eat, or to change the type of

food you eat, in order to become thinner or

health-ier 쑗 He is dieting to try to lose weight.

dietary

dietary /daiət(ə)ri/ noun a system of nutrition

and energy 쑗 The nutritionist supervised the

die-taries for the patients. 쐽 adjective referring to a

diet

dietary fibre

dietary fibre /daiət(ə)ri faibə/ noun fibrous

matter in food, which cannot be digested Also

called roughage

COMMENT: Dietary fibre is found in cereals,

nuts, fruit and some green vegetables

There are two types of fibre in food: insoluble

fibre, e.g in bread and cereals, which is not

digested, and soluble fibre, e.g in

vegeta-bles and pulses Foods with the highest

pro-portion of fibre include wholemeal bread,

beans and dried apricots Fibre is thought to

be necessary to help digestion and avoid

de-veloping constipation, obesity and

appendi-citis

dietetic

dietetic /daiə|tetik/ adjective referring to diets

dietetics

dietetics /daiə|tetiks/ noun the study of food,

nutrition and health, especially when applied to

people’s food intake

dietitian

dietitian /daiə|tiʃ(ə)n/ noun someone who

specialises in the study of diet, especially

some-one in a hospital who supervises dietaries as part

Dietl’s crisis

Dietl’s crisis /dit(ə)lz kraisis/ noun a ful blockage of the ureter, causing back pressure

pain-on the kidney which fills with urine and swells

[After Joseph Dietl (1804–78), Polish physician.]

diet sheet

diet sheet /daiət ʃit/ noun a list of tions for quantities and types of food given tosomeone to follow

sugges-differential

differential /difə|renʃəl/ adjective referring to

a differencedifferential diagnosis

differential diagnosis /difə|renʃ(ə)l daiə|

nəυsis/ noun the identification of one diseasefrom a number of other similar diseases by com-paring the range of symptoms of each

differentiation

differentiation /difərenʃi|eiʃ(ə)n/ noun thedevelopment of specialised cells during the earlyembryo stage

diffuse

diffuse /di|fjus/ verb /di|fjuz/ /di|fjus/; /di|

fjuz/ to spread through tissue, or cause thing to spread 쑗 Some substances easily diffuse through the walls of capillaries 쐽 adjective

some-referring to a disease which is widespread in thebody, or which affects many organs or cellsdiffusion

diffusion /di|fju (ə)n/ noun the process ofmixing a liquid with another liquid, or a gas withanother gas

digest

digest /dai|d est/ verb to break down food inthe alimentary canal and convert it into compo-nents which are absorbed into the bodydigestion

digestion /dai|d estʃən/ noun the process bywhich food is broken down in the alimentarycanal into components which can be absorbed bythe body

digestive

digestive /dai|d ... plate /kribrifɔm pleit/ noun the

top part of the ethmoid bone which forms the roof

of the nasal cavity and part of the roof of the eye

sockets

cricoid... /di|den(ə)rətivdis|ɔdə/ noun a disease or disorder in whichthere is progressive loss of function of a part ofthe body, or in which a part of the body fails torepair itself

deglutition

deglutition... noun a congenital condition, caused

by loss of part of chromosome 5, which is

charac-terised in babies by a cry suggestive of that of a

cat

Crigler-Najjar syndrome