592 Igneous processes, rocks, and mineral deposits.. 731 Metamorphic processes, rocks, and mineral deposits.. 951 Plutonic rocks and mineral deposits.. 1258 United Nations climate change
Trang 1Unit Quantity Symbol Equivalents
30.25 square yards 0.00625 acre
1⁄3600 hour
4 fluid drams
1.33 fluid drams Ton
(gross or long)
1.12 net tons 1.016 metric tons Ton
(metric)
2,204.62 pounds 0.984 gross ton 1.102 net tons Ton
(net or short)
0.893 gross ton 0.907 metric ton
0.001 kilowatt 2.84345136093995 × 10–4ton of refrigeration
Trang 2Volume 1
Publisher’s Note v
Contributors ix
Contents xiii
Common Units of Measure xv
Abrasives 1
Acid precipitation 3
Aerial photography 5
Agenda 21 7
Aggregates 8
Agricultural products 13
Agriculture industry 16
Agronomy 21
Air pollution and air pollution control 22
Alaska pipeline 27
Alloys 28
Aluminum 30
American Chemistry Council 35
American Farm Bureau Federation 36
American Forest and Paper Association 37
American Gas Association 37
American Mining Congress 38
American Petroleum Institute 39
Animal breeding 39
Animal domestication 42
Animal power 47
Animals as a medical resource 50
Antarctic treaties 52
Antimony 54
Antiquities Act 56
Aquifers 57
Argentina 59
Army Corps of Engineers, U.S 65
Arsenic 66
Asbestos 68
Asphalt 73
Aspinall, Wayne 75
Astor, John Jacob 76
Athabasca oil sands 77
Atmosphere 79
Atomic Energy Acts 83
Atomic Energy Commission 84
Australia 85
Austria 90
Barite 96
Belgium 97
Beryllium 101
Bessemer process 103
Biodiversity 104
Biofuels 108
Biological invasions 112
Biomes 114
Biopyriboles 117
Biosphere 119
Biosphere reserves 121
Biotechnology 124
Bismuth 129
Borax 130
Boron 133
Botany 135
Brass 136
Brazil 136
Brick 142
Bromine 142
Bronze 145
Buildings and appliances, energy-efficient 146
Bureau of Land Management, U.S 152
Bureau of Mines, U.S 153
Bureau of Reclamation, U.S 155
Cadmium 157
Calcium compounds 160
Canada 162
Canadian Environmental Protection Act 167
Canning and refrigeration of food 168
Capitalism and resource exploitation 169
Carbon 172
Carbon cycle 174
Carbon fiber and carbon nanotubes 176
Carbonate minerals 179
Carnegie, Andrew 181
Carson, Rachel 182
Carter, Jimmy 182
Carver, George Washington 183
Cement and concrete 184
Central Arizona Project 187
Ceramics 188
Cesium 190
Trang 3Chernobyl nuclear accident 191
Chile 192
China 197
Chlorites 202
Chromium 202
Civilian Conservation Corps 205
Clays 207
Clean Air Act 210
Clean Water Act 211
Clear-cutting 212
Climate and resources 213
Climate Change and Sustainable Energy Act 216
Coal 217
Coal gasification and liquefaction 224
Coast and Geodetic Survey, U.S 226
Coastal engineering 227
Coastal Zone Management Act 229
Cobalt 230
Cogeneration 232
Commoner, Barry 232
Composting 233
Congo, Democratic Republic of the 235
Conservation 239
Conservation biology 246
Conservation International 248
Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research 249
Copper 250
Coral reefs 255
Corn 258
Corundum and emery 261
Cotton 262
Council of Energy Resource Tribes 264
Crystals 265
Daly, Marcus 269
Dams 269
Deep drilling projects 273
Deep ecology 276
Deforestation 277
Deltas 282
Denmark 283
Department of Agriculture, U.S 287
Department of Energy, U.S 289
Department of the Interior, U.S 291
Department of Transportation, U.S 293
Desalination plants and technology 294
Desertification 295
Deserts 299
Developing countries 301
Diamond 305
Diatomite 309
Dimension stone 313
Dow, Herbert H 315
Drought 316
Dust Bowl 318
Dynamite 320
Earth First! 321
Earth Summit 321
Earthquakes 323
Earth’s crust 324
Earthwatch Institute 326
Ecology 327
Ecosystem services 331
Ecosystems 334
Ecozones and biogeographic realms 338
Edison, Thomas 340
Edison Electric Institute 341
El Niño and La Niña 342
Electrical power 343
Endangered species 348
Endangered Species Act 353
Energy economics 357
Energy Policy Act 361
Energy politics 362
Energy storage 367
Volume 2 Contents xxxv
Common Units of Measure xxxvii
Complete List of Contents xliii Environment and Natural Resources Division 371
Environmental biotechnology 372
Environmental degradation, resource exploitation and 375
Environmental engineering 379
Environmental ethics 381
Environmental impact statement 384
Environmental law in the United States 384
Environmental movement 390
Trang 4Environmental Protection Agency 394
Erosion and erosion control 398
Ethanol 400
European Union Natura 2000 404
Eutrophication 406
Evaporites 406
Exclusive economic zones 407
Exxon Valdez oil spill 408
Farmland 410
Federal Energy Regulatory Commission 413
Federalism and resource management 414
Feldspars 417
Fermi, Enrico 420
Ferroalloys 421
Fertilizers 423
Fiberglass 425
Fires 426
Fish and Wildlife Service, U.S 429
Fisheries 430
Flax 438
Floods and flood control 441
Fluorite 446
Food chain 447
Food shortages 449
Ford, Henry 453
Forest fires 454
Forest management 456
Forest Service, U.S 458
Forestry 461
Forests 464
France 467
Freeze-drying of food 471
Friends of the Earth International 472
Fuel cells 472
Gallium 475
Garnet 476
Gases, inert or noble 477
Gasoline and other petroleum fuels 480
Gems 482
General Mining Law 487
Genetic diversity 488
Genetic prospecting 490
Genetic resources 490
Geochemical cycles 494
Geodes 497
Geographic information systems 498
Geology 500
Geothermal and hydrothermal energy 503
Germanium 510
Germany 511
Getty, J Paul 516
Geysers and hot springs 516
Glaciation 518
Glass 520
Global Strategy for Plant Conservation 523
Global 200 524
Gneiss 524
Gold 525
Gore, Al 530
Granite 531
Graphite 532
Grasslands 535
Greece 538
Green Revolution 542
Greenhouse gases and global climate change 544
Greenpeace 548
Groundwater 548
Guano 550
Guggenheim family 552
Gypsum 553
Haber-Bosch process 556
Hall, Charles Martin 557
Hall-Héroult process 558
Hazardous waste disposal 558
Health, resource exploitation and 563
Helium 568
Hemp 570
Herbicides 573
Hill, James Jerome 575
Horticulture 576
Hydroenergy 579
Hydrogen 583
Hydrology and the hydrologic cycle 585
Hydroponics 588
Hydrothermal solutions and mineralization 590
Ickes, Harold 592
Igneous processes, rocks, and mineral deposits 592
Incineration of wastes 597
India 600
Indium 605
Indonesia 606
Industrial Revolution and industrialization 610
Integrated Ocean Drilling Program 615
Trang 5Intergovernmental Panel on Climate
Change 615
Internal combustion engine 617
International Association for Impact Assessment 619
International Atomic Energy Agency 620
International Union for Conservation of Nature 621
Iodine 621
Iran 623
Iron 628
Irrigation 634
Isotopes, radioactive 636
Isotopes, stable 639
Italy 641
Ivory 645
Izaak Walton League of America 648
Jackson, Wes 649
Japan 650
Kaiser, Henry J 655
Kazakhstan 655
Kyanite 660
Kyoto Protocol 662
Lakes 664
Land ethic 667
Land Institute 668
Land management 670
Land-use planning 673
Land-use regulation and control 675
Landfills 677
Landsat satellites and satellite technologies 680
Law of the sea 685
Leaching 686
Lead 688
Leopold, Aldo 692
Lime 693
Limestone 695
Lithium 697
Lithosphere 698
Livestock and animal husbandry 699
Los Angeles Aqueduct 702
Maathai, Wangari 704
McCormick, Cyrus Hall 705
Magma crystallization 706
Magnesium 708
Magnetic materials 712
Manganese 713
Manhattan Project 716
Manufacturing, energy use in 717
Marble 720
Marine mining 722
Marine vents 724
Mercury 725
Metals and metallurgy 728
Metamictization 731
Metamorphic processes, rocks, and mineral deposits 732
Methane 738
Methanol 739
Mexico 741
Mica 745
Volume 3 Contents lvii Common Units of Measure lix Complete List of Contents lxv Mineral Leasing Act 747
Mineral resource ownership 747
Mineral resource use, early history of 752
Minerals, structure and physical properties of 756
Minerals Management Service 762
Mining safety and health issues 763
Mining wastes and mine reclamation 767
Mittal, Lakshmi 770
Mohs hardness scale 771
Molybdenum 772
Monoculture agriculture 775
Monsoons 777
Montreal Protocol 780
Muir, John 783
Multiple-use approach 785
National Audubon Society 788
National Biological Service 788
National Environmental Policy Act 790
National Mining Association 791
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 791
National Park Service 793
Trang 6National Parks Act, Canadian 795
National parks and nature reserves 796
National Wildlife Federation 801
Native elements 801
Natural capital 802
Natural Resources Canada 803
Natural Resources Conservation Service 804
Natural Resources Defense Council 806
Nature Conservancy 806
The Netherlands 807
Nickel 813
Niobium 816
Nitrogen and ammonia 818
Nitrogen cycle 821
Nobel, Alfred 823
Norris, George W 825
Norway 826
Nuclear energy 830
Nuclear Energy Institute 836
Nuclear Regulatory Commission 837
Nuclear waste and its disposal 838
Ocean current energy 843
Ocean thermal energy conversion 844
Ocean wave energy 846
Oceanography 848
Oceans 849
Oil and natural gas chemistry 856
Oil and natural gas distribution 858
Oil and natural gas drilling and wells 861
Oil and natural gas exploration 864
Oil and natural gas formation 867
Oil and natural gas reservoirs 869
Oil embargo and energy crises of 1973 and 1979 872
Oil industry 875
Oil shale and tar sands 879
Oil spills 881
Olivine 883
Open-pit mining 884
Ophiolites 887
Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development 888
Organization of Arab Petroleum Exporting Countries 890
Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries 890
Orthosilicate minerals 893
Overgrazing 894
Oxides 897
Oxygen 898
Ozone layer and ozone hole debate 900
Paper 904
Paper, alternative sources of 909
Peak oil 911
Peat 913
Pegmatites 916
Perlite 917
Peru 918
Pesticides and pest control 923
Petrochemical products 925
Petroleum refining and processing 928
Phosphate 931
Phosphorus cycle 932
Photovoltaic cells 934
Pinchot, Gifford 937
Placer deposits 938
Plant domestication and breeding 941
Plant fibers 943
Plants as a medical resource 945
Plate tectonics 948
Platinum and the platinum group metals 951
Plutonic rocks and mineral deposits 954
Plutonium 956
Poland 958
Population growth 963
Portugal 965
Potash 969
Powell, John Wesley 971
Primary production 972
Primary sector 974
Propane 977
Public lands 978
Public trust doctrine 983
Pumice 984
Quarrying 986
Quartz 987
Radium 990
Rain forests 992
Ramsar Convention 996
Rangeland 997
Rare earth elements 999
Reclamation Act 1000
Recycling 1001
Reforestation 1005
Remote sensing 1007
Renewable and nonrenewable resources 1010
Trang 7Reserve Mining controversy 1012
Residual mineral deposits 1013
Resource accounting 1015
Resource Conservation and Recovery Act 1017
Resource curse 1019
Resources as a medium of economic exchange 1020
Resources as a source of international conflict 1023
Resources for the Future 1027
Rhenium 1028
Rhodes, Cecil 1029
Rice 1030
Risk assessment 1031
Rockefeller, John D 1034
Roosevelt, Franklin D 1035
Roosevelt, Theodore 1036
Rubber, natural 1036
Rubber, synthetic 1041
Rubidium 1042
Russia 1043
Sagebrush Rebellion 1049
Salt 1049
Salt domes 1053
Sand and gravel 1054
Sandstone 1057
Saudi Arabia 1058
Scandium 1063
Sea Shepherd Conservation Society 1065
Seafloor spreading 1066
Secondary enrichment of mineral deposits 1067
Sedimentary processes, rocks, and mineral deposits 1068
Seed Savers Exchange 1072
Seismographic technology and resource exploitation 1073
Selenium 1076
Semiconductors 1079
Shale 1082
Siemens, William 1083
Sierra Club 1084
Silicates 1084
Silicon 1085
Silver 1088
Slash-and-burn agriculture 1092
Slate 1094
Smelting 1095
Soda ash 1096
Soil 1098
Soil degradation 1103
Soil management 1106
Soil testing and analysis 1107
Solar chimneys 1109
Solar energy 1112
Solid waste management 1119
South Africa 1121
Volume 4 Contents lxxvii Common Units of Measure lxxix Complete List of Contents lxxxv South Korea 1127
Space resources 1132
Spain 1136
Species loss 1141
Steam and steam turbines 1143
Steam engine 1145
Steel 1147
Steel industry 1150
Stephenson, George 1154
Stockholm Conference 1155
Straddling Fish Stocks and Highly Migratory Fish Stocks Agreement 1156
Strategic resources 1158
Streams and rivers 1161
Strip mining 1167
Strontium 1170
Sugars 1171
Sulfur 1173
Sulfur cycle 1177
Superfund legislation and cleanup activities 1177
Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act 1182
Sustainable development 1183
Svalbard Global Seed Vault 1185
Sweden 1186
Switzerland 1191
Synthetic Fuels Corporation 1195
Taiwan 1197
Takings law and eminent domain 1201
Talc 1205
Trang 8Tantalum 1207
Taylor Grazing Act 1208
Tellurium 1209
Tennessee Valley Authority 1210
Textiles and fabrics 1211
Thailand 1215
Thallium 1220
Thermal pollution and thermal pollution control 1221
Thorium 1222
Three Gorges Dam 1223
Three Mile Island nuclear accident 1224
Tidal energy 1225
Timber industry 1229
Tin 1232
Titanium 1236
Transportation, energy use in 1238
Tungsten 1243
Turkey 1246
Ukraine 1251
Underground mining 1255
United Kingdom 1258
United Nations climate change conferences 1262
United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity 1266
United Nations Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora 1267
United Nations Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution 1268
United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea 1269
United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification 1271
United Nations Environment Programme 1272
United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization 1274
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change 1275
United States 1278
Uranium 1283
U.S Geological Survey 1286
Vanadium 1289
Venezuela 1292
Vermiculite 1296
Volcanoes 1300
Waste management and sewage disposal 1304
Water 1307
Water pollution and water pollution control 1312
Water rights 1315
Water supply systems 1318
Watt, James 1321
Weather and resources 1321
Weathering 1324
Western Wood Products Association 1327
Wetlands 1327
Weyerhäuser, Friedrich 1330
Whales and whaling 1331
Wheat 1334
Wilderness 1336
Wilderness Act 1341
Wilderness Society 1342
Wildlife 1342
Wildlife biology 1344
Wind energy 1345
Wise use movement 1350
Wollastonite 1350
Wood and charcoal as fuel resources 1353
Wood and timber 1355
World Bank 1359
World Commission on Environment and Development 1360
World Resources Institute 1361
World Wide Fund for Nature 1362
Zeolites 1364
Zimbabwe 1366
Zinc 1371
Zirconium 1374
Alphabetical Table of Elements 1379
Periodic Table of the Elements 1381
Major U.S Mineral Resources, 2006 1382
Major U.S Mineral Resources by State 1384
Major Canadian Mineral Resource Production and Values 1387
Major Worldwide Mineral Resources and Producers 1391
Major Worldwide Resources by Country 1402
Time Line 1415
Glossary 1425
Bibliography 1433
Web Sites 1452
Category Index 1463
Subject Index 1470
Trang 10Global Resources