See Precipitation Snow Survey and Water Supply Forecasting Program, 805 Soapstone, 1205 Sobrero, Ascanio, 320 Social, economic, and political issues... See United Nations Environment Pro
Trang 1Refrigeration, 168-169
Refrigerators, 148
Regenerative furnaces, 1083
Reich, Ferdinand, 605
Reichenstein, Franz Joseph
Müller von, 1209
Reindeer, 43, 49
Religion and the environment, 383
Remote sensing, 462, 500-501,
680-684, 1007-1010, 1133
Renewable energy, 108, 149, 216,
287, 358-359, 392, 1346
Renewable resources, 42, 220,
240, 374, 802, 828, 1010-1012,
1023, 1308
Reserve Mining controversy,
1012-1013
Reserves, 240; petroleum, 858;
wilderness, 1338; wildlife, 247
Reservoirs; petroleum, 869-872;
traps, 871; water, 270, 666,
1165, 1320
Residual mineral deposits,
1013-1015, 1326
Residuum, 928, 930
Resource accounting, 1015-1016
Resource Conservation and
Recovery Act (1976), 388, 397,
561, 598, 1005, 1017-1019
Resource curse, 1019-1020, 1359
Resource depletion rate, 244
Resource management, 414-417
See also Category Index under
“Environment, conservation,
and resource management”
Resource Recovery Act (1970),
1017
Resources; international conflict,
1023-1027; limited, 171;
substitutability, 171; valuation
of, 1020-1022
Resources for the Future,
1027-1028
Respiration, 175
Return beam vidicom, 681
Reverse osmosis, 294
Rhenium, 1028-1029
Rhodes, Cecil, 1029-1030, 1124
Rhodite, 528
Rhodium, 951-954
Rhodochrosite, 180 Rhyolite, 595, 1301
RIA See Radioimmunoassay
Ricardo, David, 171 Rice, 15, 542-544, 941, 1030-1031;
Brazil, 140; India, 603; Italy, 644; Taiwan, 1199; Thailand, 1218; world exports, 1031 Richter, Hieronymous Theodor, 605
Right whales, 1331 Riley, Henry, 1037 Rio Declaration on Environment and Development, 322
Rio Earth Summit See Earth
Summit, Rio Riparian law; water rights, 1316 Rippl, Wenzel, 271
Riprap, 9, 12 Risks; assessment, 1031-1033; of resource exploitation, 1031-1033; strategic resources, 1158 Rivers, 1026, 1161-1166; China, 199; deltas, 282-283; floods, 442; Taiwan, 1200
Rivers and Harbors Act (1899), 1314
Road construction, 75 Roadless Area Review Evaluation (RARE II), 980
Roasting, 729 Robertson, Edward V., 1209
Rock See Aggregates; Dimension
stone; Minerals and mineral
deposits; Stone; specific types
Rock mechanics, 1257 Rock permeability, 870 Rock porosity, 870 Rock salt, 1050; United Kingdom, 1261
Rockefeller, John D., 875, 1034-1035
Rockefeller Foundation, 542 Rocky Mountains, 779 Rodenticides, 923 Rolling process, 1149, 1151 Röntgen, Wilhelm Conrad, 637 Roof rock, 870
Roosevelt, Franklin D., 206, 242,
296, 429, 825, 830, 1035, 1275
Roosevelt, Theodore, 56, 246, 459,
692, 787, 979, 1001, 1036, 1142 Rorqual whales, 1331
Roscoe, Henry E., 1290 Rosen, Walter G., 104 Ross Dam, 582 Rostow, Walt Whitman, 975 Rotterdam Convention on Prior Informed Consent, 1274 Rowland, F Sherwood, 901 Royalties (mineral), 750 Rubber; natural, 1036-1040; synthetic, 1037, 1039, 1041-1042; Thailand, 1215; world producers, 1037; World War II, 1035
Rubber trees, 1215 Rubidium, 1042-1043 Rubies, 261, 483, 485 Ruminants, 895 Runoff, 81, 280, 443, 768, 818,
1107, 1162, 1304, 1311 Rural Electrification Act (1936), 1345
Russia, 1043-1048; air pollution, 25; economic statistics, 1044; farmland, 411
Ruthenium, 728, 951-954 Rutherford, Daniel, 820 Rutherford, Ernest, 637 Rutile, 898, 1236 Rye, 961
Saccharides, 1171 Safe Drinking Water Act (1974),
55, 158, 204, 387 Safety glass, 521 Saffron, 627 Sagebrush Rebellion, 981-982,
1049, 1209, 1350 Sahara Desert, 300 Sahel (Africa), 296, 316 Sailboats, 1239
Sainte-Claire DeVille, Henri-Étienne, 33
Sainte-Claire DeVille process, 33 Salar deposits, 64, 194
Salazar, Ken, 356 Salicylic acid, 946 Saline lakes, 664
Trang 2Salinization, 543
Salmon, 436
Salmon war, 436
Salt, 406, 755, 811, 1049-1053;
Canada, 167; Denmark, 287;
end-use statistics, 1052;
Germany, 515; India, 600;
iodized, 621; Netherlands, 811;
Poland, 962; seawater
extraction, 722; Switzerland,
1194; United Kingdom, 1261;
world production, 1051
Salt domes, 840, 1050, 1053-1054
Salt lakes; bromine, 142
Salt water, 585; desalination,
294-295
Saltwater wetlands, 1328
Samarium, 999
Samsung Electronics, 1130
San Diego Gas & Elec Co v City of
San Diego (1981), 1203
Sand, 9-10, 1054-1057, 1200;
dredging of, 723; end-use
statistics, 1056; hydroponic use,
589; Japan, 653; mining, 1169;
Netherlands, 812; placer
deposits, 939; Taiwan, 1200 See
also Gravel
Sand County Almanac, A
(Leopold), 667, 693
Sandstone, 2, 313, 752, 1057-1058,
1070-1071
Sanitation See Waste management
Santa Barbara, California, oil spill,
882
Santa Fe Springs oil field, 871
Sapphires, 261, 483, 485
Sapropelic coals, 220
Saraha Desert, 296
Sarin, 957
Satellite imaging, 5-7, 1007-1010
Satellites, 680-684, 1132; Global
Positioning System, 498;
Vanguard 1, 935
Satin spar, 553
Sattahip oil field (Thailand), 1219
Saudi Arabia, 890, 1058-1063;
economic statistics, 1059; oil,
357, 858, 892; U.S relations,
365
Savery, Thomas, 611 Scandium, 999, 1063-1065 Scarcity of resources, 976 Scheele, Carl Wilhelm, 534, 774,
820, 899, 1244 Scheelite, 736, 761, 1244 Schenck, Carl, 461 Schiirer, Christoph, 230 Schist, 1163
Schlesinger, James, 289 Schottky defect, 267 Schröder, Johannes, 67 Schultz, Jürgen, 339
Scientific disciplines See Category
Index Scofield Mine, Utah, 765 Scotch whiskey, 223, 916
Scotland See United Kingdom
Scrap steel, 1152 Scratch, 771 Sea level, 282; rising, 442, 445, 546
Sea Shepherd Conservation Society, 1065
Seafloor spreading, 324, 853, 948, 1066-1067; ophiolites, 888 Seals, 1065
Searles Lake, 131, 133
Seas See Oceans
Seasat satellites, 680, 684 Seawater, 585, 849-855; evaporites, 407; mining, 722
Second Assessment Report (IPCC), 616
Secondary enrichment, 1067 Secondary metabolites, 124, 374,
493, 992 Sediment transport, 1068 Sedimentary minerals, 175, 1068-1072; evaporites, 406-407;
petroleum, 864; phosphates, 932; sand and gravel, 1056;
shale, 1082-1083 Sedimentation, 1068-1072;
streams, 1165; weathering, 1324-1327
Seed banks, 107 Seed Savers Exchange, 1072-1073 Sefström, Nils Gabriel, 1289 Seismic studies, 865
Seismic surveys, 1074 Seismic technology, 743 Seismic waves, 1073 Seismographic resource exploitation, 1073-1075 Selenate, 1076
Seleniferous soils, 1076 Selenite, 555, 1076 Selenium, 934, 1076-1079; end-use statistics, 1079; world production, 1077 Seligmann, Peter A., 248 Semiconductors, 510, 1079-1081; gallium in, 476; silicon, 1085; South Korea, 1130
Semiprecious stones See
Gemstones Senegal; desertification, 296 Separate condenser, 1321 September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks, 366
Septic systems, 1306 Serpentine, 119, 734 Serpentine minerals, 69 Sesban, 909
Seven Sisters oil companies, 363,
516, 873-874, 876, 1060 Sewage; disposal, 380, 1304-1307; recycling, 1004; treatment, 374 Shale, 1070, 1082-1083, 1163; end-use statistics, 207; world
production, 208
Shale oil See Oil shales; Tar sands
Shear loading, 1109 Sheep; Australia, 90;
domestication, 44 Shelford, Victor E., 119 Shell gasoline, 812 Sherman Antitrust Act (1890), 876
Shield volcanoes, 595 Shockley, William, 511 Shrinkage stoping, 1256 Shrubland, 116
Siderite, 179-180, 629 Siemens, Carl Friedrich von, 1148 Siemens, Charles William, 1151 Siemens, Frederick, 1083 Siemens, William, 1083-1084 Siemens Brothers, 1083-1084
Trang 3Sierra Club, 390, 784, 1084
Sierra Nevada, 783
Silent Spring (Carson), 182, 242,
385, 390, 790
Silesia, 960
Silica, 520
Silica dioxide, 1057
Silica sand, 2; Japan, 653
Silicates, 706, 761, 1084-1085
Siliceous abrasives, 2
Silicon, 422, 728, 935, 988,
1085-1088, 1118; circuits, 150;
computer chips, 1080;
semiconductors, 1080; solar
cells, 934; world production,
1086
Silicon bronzes, 255
Silicon carbide, 3, 772
Silicosis, 1257
Silk; India, 603; Thailand, 1219
Silkworms, 45
Sillimanite, 660-662, 894
Sills, 595
Siltation, 271
Siltstone, 1070
Silver, 741, 755, 801, 1088-1092;
Argentina, 62; Comstock Lode,
269; Mexico, 741; Peru, 920;
Rome, 690; world production,
1089
Silver bromide, 144
Silviculture, 456, 462, 1188
Simon, Julian, 963
Single European Act (1985),
404
Sisal, 909, 945
Skarns, 736, 1351
Skin cancer, 901
Skylab, 1133
Slag, 1096
Slaking, 693
Slash-and-burn agriculture, 16,
241, 279, 304, 461, 994, 1006,
1092-1094
Slate, 737, 1094-1095
Slater, Samuel, 612
Slavery, 183, 358, 362, 486, 641,
706, 771, 975, 1172
Smart appliances, 151
Smeaton, John, 34, 184
Smelting, 1095-1096; aluminum, 32; arsenic release, 68; iron, 688 Smith-Lever Act (1914), 36 Smithsonite, 180
Smog See Air pollution SNA See System of national
accounts Snail darter, 389 Snelling, Walter O., 977 Kniadecki, Jòdrzej, 953
Snow See Precipitation
Snow Survey and Water Supply Forecasting Program, 805 Soapstone, 1205
Sobrero, Ascanio, 320 Social, economic, and political
issues See Category Index
Soda ash, 613, 1052, 1096-1098;
end-use statistics, 1098 Soda-lime glass, 521 Soddy, Frederick, 637 Söderberg method, 558 Sodium, 33, 832 Sodium carbonates, 180 Sodium chloride, 1050 Soft abrasives, 3 Softwoods, 464, 1356 Soil, 18, 1098-1103; acidity, 1109;
China, 197; classification, 1100;
composting, 233-235; copper
in, 252; degradation, 378, 1103-1106; deserts, 300; erosion,
398, 1322; farmland, 410-413;
fertilizers, 423-425; floodplains, 443; formation, 331, 1326;
France, 469; grasslands, 536;
horizons, 1098; India, 602;
management, 21-22, 1106-1107;
nutrients, 1102; orders, 1101;
organic content, 1100; peat amendments, 915; seleniferous, 1076; testing, 1107-1109;
topsoil, 16, 18, 295, 317;
Ukraine, 1251 Soil Conservation Service, U.S., 378
Soil science, 21
Solar cells, 346, 934-937, 1080 See also Photovoltaic cells
Solar chimneys, 1109-1112
Solar distillation, 294 Solar energy, 289, 1011, 1112-1119; energy economics, 359; hydrologic cycle, 586; space-based, 1134; storage, 370 Solar furnaces, 1114 Solar heating, 1109, 1113 Solar panels, 150
Solar radiation, 80, 120, 214 Solar Radiation and Climate Experiment, 683
Solar satellite power stations, 1134 Solar Two, 370
Solder, 1235 Solid Waste Disposal Act (1965), 561
Solid waste management, 1119-1121
Solvay, Ernest, 1097 Solvay process, 1052, 1097 Solvent extraction, 295 Sonar, 849
Sorosilicates, 762 Sorting of recyclables, 1003 South Africa, 1029-1030, 1121-1126; economic statistics, 1122 South America; Argentina, 59-65; Brazil, 136-141; Chile, 192-197; monsoons, 779; Peru, 918-923; Venezuela, 1292-1296
South Korea, 1127-1132;
economic statistics, 1128 Southern Oscillation, 342-343 Southwest Windpower, 1348
Soviet Union See Russia
Soybean oil, 375 Soybeans; Brazil, 139 Space conditioning, 146 Space heating, 506 Space resources, 1132-1136 Space telescopes, 1134 Space transportation, 1242 Spain, 1136-1141; economic statistics, 1137
Species loss, 1141-1143 Specific gravity, 759, 1108 Spent fuel, 835
Sperm whales, 1331 Spermaceti, 1333 Sperrylite, 951
Trang 4Sphagnum, 588, 914
Sphalerite, 157, 1371
Sphene, 894
Spiegeleisen, 103
Spindletop oil field, 911
Spinel, 897
Spinning jenny, 263
Spirituality, environmental, 383
Spirulina, 437
Spitzer Space Telescope, 1134
Spodumene, 917
SPOT satellites, 683
Spotting fires, 426
Spratling, William, 741
Sprinkler irrigation, 636
Spy satellites, 1133
Sri Lanka; gems, 485
Stagnation, 406
Stainless steel, 29, 421-422
Standard Oil Company, 1034
Stannic chloride, 1232
Stannic oxide, 1232
Stannous chloride, 1232
Stannous fluoride, 1232
Stannous oxide, 1232
Star of Africa diamond, 309
Star of India sapphire, 485
State government, 415; land
management, 672
Station Fire (2009), 428
Staurolite, 735, 894
Steam energy, 504, 580, 1143-1146
Steam engines, 611, 717, 1083,
1113, 1145-1146, 1239, 1321;
James Watt, 1321
Steam locomotives, 1154
Steam turbines, 504
Steamboat, 612, 1239
Steatite, 735, 1205
Steel, 28-29, 628, 1147-1150;
consumption, 1152; end-use
statistics, 633; ferroalloys,
421-423; iron in, 633; manufacture,
719; molybdenum, 775;
niobium, 817; production,
1152; recycling, 1002; Russia,
1047; Spain, 1138; tungsten,
1245; vanadium, 1290; world
producers, 1153; world
production, 629
Steel industry, 103-104, 770-771, 1150-1154
Steel scrap, 1152 Stellite, 205 Steno, Nicolaus, 268 Stephenson, George, 1154-1155, 1239
Sterling silver, 29, 1091 Stetten Salt Mine, 515 Stevenson, Chris, 327 Stibnite, 55
Stockholm Conference (1972),
243, 321, 404, 1155-1156, 1268,
1272, 1277 Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants, 1274
Stockpiling, 1159-1160 Stocks, 594
Stoddard report (1968), 1013 Stone; crushed, 8-13; dimension, 313-315; Japan, 653
Stone tools, 752 Stope, 1256 Storm surges, 442 Storms, 777-780, 1321-1324 Straddling Fish Stocks and Highly Migratory Fish Stocks
Agreement (1995), 1156-1157 Strassmann, Fritz, 1284
Strategic and Critical Materials Stockpiling Act (1946), 1160 Strategic and Critical Minerals Act (1990), 1183
Strategic management, 415 Strategic materials, 64 Strategic Petroleum Reserve, 1024 Strategic resources, 1158-1161, 1286; U.S imports, 1160 Stratiform chromite, 203 Stratosphere, 24, 80 Stratovolcanoes, 595 Streak of minerals, 758 Stream capacity, 1165 Streams, 587, 1161-1166;
ecosystems, 1164 Strip cropping, 400 Strip mining, 222, 375, 886,
1167-1169, 1280 Strombolian volcanoes, 595
Stromeyer, Friedrich, 157 Strontianite, 180, 1170 Strontium, 1170-1171; end-use statistics, 1170
Sturgeon, William, 613, 712 Styrene, 927, 1040, 1042 Styrene-butadiene rubber, 1042 Subanthracite coal, 221
Subbituminous coal, 217 Subduction zones, 324, 595, 949 Subirrigation, 636
Submarines, 1239 Subsistence economies, 1021 Substitutability law, 171 Subtropics, 214, 339 Subways, 1240 Sucrose, 1171 Sudan; desertification, 296 Suess, Eduard, 119
Sugar, 993, 1171-1173; Belgium, 99; forms, 1171; Ukraine, 1254 Sugar beets, 1172, 1254
Sugarcane, 1171; Brazil, 139; ethanol, 402
Sulfates, 761, 1177 Sulfide minerals, 707 Sulfides, 157, 728, 760; massive, 251
Sulfosalts, 761 Sulfur, 801, 1173-1176; end-use statistics, 1176; Poland, 960; world production, 1174 Sulfur cycle, 1177
Sulfur dioxide, 5, 1177 Sulfur oxides, 22 Sulfuric acid, 3, 613, 1173, 1175 Sumner, James Batcheller, 813 Sun Yat-sen, 1223
Sunflower products, 1254 Superalloys, 29, 230, 1028 Superconductors, 817 Superfund; sites, 1178 Superfund legislation, 388, 391,
397, 561, 1018, 1177-1182, 1314
Superovulation, 126 Surface backfires, 426 Surface headfires, 426 Surface mining, 375, 884-887, 1167-1169
Trang 5Surface Mining Control and
Reclamation Act (1977), 377,
769, 1168, 1182-1183
Surface water, 587, 1319
Sustainable agriculture, 668-670;
livestock, 701
Sustainable development, 171,
239-246, 619, 1183-1185, 1361;
Agenda 21, 7-8; agriculture,
127; developing nations, 304;
resource accounting, 1016
Sustainable Development
Summits, 1272
Sustainable Energy Act, U.K
(2003), 216
Sustainable forestry, 461
Sustainable resources, 576
Sustained yield, 785; timber, 1230
Suttner, Bertha von, 824
Svalbard Global Seed Vault, 1073,
1185-1186
Swan, Joseph W., 341
Sweden, 1186-1191; economic
statistics, 1187
Sweet Home Chapter for a Greater
Oregon v Babbitt (1992), 354
Sweet potatoes, 183
Swidden agriculture, 1092
Swine, 44, 701, 962
Switzerland, 1191-1195; economic
statistics, 1192
Sylvite, 971
Synthesis gas, 225, 740
Synthetic abrasives, 3
Synthetic Fuels Corporation,
1195-1196
System of national accounts, 1015
Système Probatoire d’Observation
de la Terre, 683
Systems ecology, 328
Tacke, Ida, 1028
Taconite, 629, 1012
Tactites, 736
Taiga, 115
Taiwan, 1197-1201; economic
statistics, 1198
Takings law, 354, 1201-1205
Talc, 119, 735, 1085, 1205-1206;
end-use statistics, 1206
Tansley, Arthur G., 448 Tantalum, 1207-1208; Brazil, 137;
Democratic Republic of the Congo, 239; end-use statistics, 1207; Thailand, 1217
Tar sands, 864, 879-881, 1011, 1058
Tasman Pulp and Paper Company, 507 Taste of minerals, 759 Taxol, 492, 947 Taylor, Edward, 1208 Taylor Grazing Act (1934), 379, 981-982, 1208-1209
Tea, 15, 1199 Teapot Dome scandal, 292 Teart disease, 772
Technically specified rubber, 1039 Tectosilicates, 762
Telecommuting, 1242 Telescopes, 1134 Tellico Dam, 389 Tellurium, 528, 1209-1210 Temperate forests, 115, 464 Temperate grasslands, 116, 536 Temperate midlatitudes zone, 339
Temperate rain forests See Rain
forests Tenacity of minerals, 759 Tennant, Smithson, 953 Tennessee Valley Authority, 242,
582, 825, 1035, 1210-1211
Tennessee Valley Authority v Hill
(1978), 354, 389 Tenorite, 898 Terbium, 999 Terra satellite, 683 Terra system, 1009 Terrace farming, 399, 1107 Terratecture, 147
Terrestrial biomes, 114, 119 Terrorism, 957
Tesla, Nikola, 343 Textile industry, 612, 1211-1214;
Belgium, 100; cotton, 262-263;
flax, 438-440; hemp, 570-572;
India, 603; nineteenth century, 580
Thailand, 1215-1220; economic statistics, 1216
Thallium, 1220-1221 Thallium oxide, 1220 Thallium sulfide, 1220 Thatcher, Margaret, 891 Thematic mapping, 1009 Thénard, Louis-Jacques, 133 Theophrastus, 555
Thermal energy, 1143; storage, 370
Thermal pollution, 272, 1221-1222
Thermal solar units, 1113 Thermite reactions, 35 Thermocouples, 1029 Thermodynamics, 32 Thermoluminescence, 759 Thermosphere, 80
Thermosyphons, 1109 Thienemann, August, 448 Thingbæk mine, 286 Third Assessment Report (IPCC), 616
Third World See Developing
countries Thomas, Sidney, 1148 Thomson, Joseph John, 639 Thorium, 833, 1222-1223; India, 604
Thortveitite, 1063 Threatened species, 104-108, 247,
354; statistics, 349 See also
Biodiversity; Endangered species
Three Gorges Dam, 443, 1166, 1223-1224, 1295
Three Mile Island nuclear accident, 191, 345, 359, 364,
391, 834, 838, 1224-1225 Thulium, 999
Tibetan Plateau, 778 Tidal energy, 1012, 1225-1229 Tides, 851
Tigers, 1362 Tikal National Park, 800 Tillage, 400, 1106-1107 Timber; Austria, 93; conflicts over, 1026; forest fires, 455;
Indonesia, 608; Mexico, 744; U.S lumber consumption, 1357
Trang 6Timber industry, 588, 1229-1232,
1355-1359; deforestation,
277-282; harvesting, 1231; Japan,
652; Norway, 828; Poland, 962;
public lands, 979; reforestation,
1006; Sweden, 1188;
Switzerland, 1193; Taiwan,
1201; United States, 1330-1331;
U.S statistics, 1230
Timber rights, 751
Tin, 254, 1232-1236; bronze, 145;
end-use statistics, 1235;
Indonesia, 609; Peru, 918;
plate, 1235; Portugal, 967;
Thailand, 1217; world
production, 1233
Tires, 1037
TIROS 1 satellite, 1008
Tissue culture, 125
Titanium; metal, 422, 1236-1238;
ores, 596; placer deposits, 938;
strategic value, 1158
Titanium dioxide, 1236-1238;
end-use statistics, 1237
Tobacco, 411, 602, 1368-1369
Tokamak reactors, 834
Toluene, 927
Tomatoes, 644, 968
Topaz, 894
Topography, 1100
Topsoil, 16, 18, 295, 317, 378,
1098; degradation, 1103-1106;
erosion, 412; fertilizers,
423-425; floodplains, 443
Torrey Canyon oil spill, 853
Tournachon, Gaspard-Nadar
Félix, 6
Toxic Substances Control Act
(1976), 387
Tragedy of the commons, 434
Trains, 1240 See also Railroads
Trans-Arabian Pipeline, 1061
Transboundary pollution, 392
Transeau, Edgar Nelson, 448
Transform boundaries, 948
Transgenic organisms, 50,
124-125, 947
Transistors, 606, 1080; silicon,
1087
Transnational corporations, 304
Transpiration, 120 Transportation; economics, 359;
energy use, 1238-1243; fuel cells, 473; Industrial Revolution, 612 Transportation (sedimentation process), 1164
Transuranic waste, 838 Trash-to-energy processes, 598 Travers, Morris William, 478 Travertine, 180, 696
Trawl nets, 433 Treaty of Amsterdam (1997), 404 Tree farming, 1006
Trees, 464-466; planting, 704-705;
reforestation, 1005-1007 See also Forests; Rain forests;
Timber industry; Wood products
Trevithick, Richard, 613 Trichloroethylene, 373 Trickle irrigation, 636 Trinidad, 73
Tripoli, 2, 1014 Trolleys, 1240 Trona, 180, 1096-1098 Tropical grasslands, 116, 536
Tropical rain forests See Rain
forests Tropics, 340 Tropopause, 1323 Tropopause folding, 1323 Troposphere, 80
Tropsch, Hans, 225 Trucks, 1241 Truman, Harry S., 83-84, 153, 685 Truman Proclamation, 408, 685 Tsunamis, 502, 604
Tube worms, 725 Tufa, 180, 696 Tulips, 809 Tundra, 115; fires, 427 Tungstates, 761 Tungsten, 761, 1127, 1243-1245;
Austria, 95; end-use statistics, 1245; Portugal, 967; South Korea, 1127; steel, 29;
Thailand, 1215 Tunnel mining, 723, 852 Turbidity currents, 852
Turbines, 581, 1143-1145; tidal power, 1225; wind, 1345 Turkey, 1246-1250; economic statistics, 1247
Turkeys, 45 Turquoise, 761 Tutankhamen’s tomb, 528 Type metal, 55
Udall, Stewart L., 786 Udvardy, Miklos D F., 339 Ugrandite, 476
Ukraine, 1251-1255; economic statistics, 1252; farmland, 411; manganese, 715
Ultramafic rocks, 596, 955 Ultraviolet radiation, 901
UNCED See Earth Summit
Unconfined aquifers, 57 Underground mining, 884, 1255-1258
UNEP See United Nations
Environment Program
UNESCO See United Nations
Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization
UNFCC See United Nations
Framework Convention on Climate Change
Union Carbide, 391 United Arab Emirates, 890 United Kingdom, 1258-1262; economic statistics, 1259 United Nations climate change conferences, 1262-1266 United Nations Conference on Environment and
Development See Earth
Summit United Nations Conference on
the Human Environment See
Stockholm Conference
United Nations conventions See
Convention United Nations Development Programme, 1185; Quality of Life Index, 1184
United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, 121, 798
Trang 7United Nations Environment
Programme, 243, 321, 1023,
1156, 1263, 1266, 1272-1274
United Nations Food and
Agriculture Organization See
Food and Agriculture
Organization, U.N
United Nations Framework
Convention on Climate
Change, 322, 393, 1263,
1275-1278
United States; economic history,
975; economic statistics, 1279;
energy policy, 363; farmland,
410; resources and resource
use, 1278-1283
Uraninite, 990
Uranium, 627, 830, 838, 878,
1283-1285; Australia, 88;
Canada, 164; deposits, 1190;
fission, 420; France, 469; India,
604; industry, 358; isotopes,
717, 957; Kazakhstan, 658;
nuclear energy, 620; Portugal,
967; radium, 990; Russia, 1046;
South Africa, 1126; Sweden,
1190; United States, 1282
Urban transit, 1240
Urease, 813
Urethanes, 927
U.S Geological Survey, 500, 680,
972, 1163, 1286-1288
U.S Steel Corporation, 181
USGS See U.S Geological Survey
Using resources See Category
Index under “Obtaining and
using resources”
Vacuum deposition, 719
Vacuum pan, 1052
Valentinus, Basilius, 55
Van der Waals forces, 1107
Vanadinite, 1289
Vanadium, 422, 991, 1289-1291;
end-use statistics, 1289; South
Africa, 1126; steel, 29
Vanadium pentoxide, 1290
Vanguard 1, 935
Vauquelin, Louis-Nicolas, 102, 204
Vavilov, Nikolai Ivanovich, 107, 488
Vector data model, 499 Vegetable crops, 15; Netherlands, 812; Spain, 1141
Veins, 591 Vela satellites, 1134 Venezuela, 73, 890, 1292-1296;
economic statistics, 1293 Verdigris, 146
Vermiculite, 589, 746, 1296-1300;
end-use statistics, 1299; South Africa, 1126; world production, 1298
Vernadsky, Vladimir, 119 Verne, Jules, 109
Verneuil, Auguste, 486 Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer, 1274
Vienna formula, 1156 Vietnam War, 573-574
Village of Euclid v Ambler Realty Co.
(1926), 1202 Vinblastine, 947 Vincristine, 947 Vindeby wind farm, 287 Vinyl chloride, 926 Volcanism; extrusive deposits, 594-595; lake formation, 665;
olivine, 883; perlite, 917;
pumice, 984-985; sulfur, 1173;
zeolites, 1365 Volcanoes, 502, 504, 595, 949, 1300-1303; atmospheric impact, 79; Krakatau, 984;
Vesuvius, 985 Volcans Biosphere Reserve, 123 Volta, Alessandro, 109, 343, 613 Vugs, 1351
Vulcanization, 1039, 1041
Wales See United Kingdom
Walker, Sir Gilbert, 342 Wallace, Henry A., 260 Wallboard, 555
Walruses, 645-646 Wars over resources, 1023-1027 Waste; U.S statistics, 1306
Waste disposal See Category Index
under “Pollution and waste disposal”
Waste heat, 346 Waste Isolation Pilot Project, 840 Waste management, 380,
1017-1019, 1032; composting, 233-235; hazardous wastes, 558-563, 1177-1182; incineration, 597-600; landfills, 677-680; mining wastes, 767-770, 1012-1013; nuclear, 836, 838-842;
recycling, 1001-1005; sewage disposal, 1304-1307; soil degradation, 1104; solid, 1119-1121
Waste streams, 1002 Wastes; recovered, 1002;
Superfund sites, 1178 Wastewater, 1304-1307 Water, 1307-1312; agriculture, 18, 410; American West, 972, 1001; aquifers, 57-59; Argentina, 63; Arizona, 187-188; Austria, 94; biosphere, 120; California, 702-703; China, 199; conflicts over, 1025; conservation, 244; consumption, 1020;
desalination, 294-295, 723; distribution networks, 1320; drinking, 1313; as energy source, 579-583; erosion, 398; farmland, 412; fresh, 333; geothermal, 503-510;
groundwater, 548-550;
hydrology, 585-588; India, 603; irrigation, 634-636; monsoons, 777-780; oceans, 850; oxygen
in, 898; Poland, 962;
properties, 1307; quality, 1311; role in sedimentation, 1068; in soils, 1102; Spain, 1139;
stagnation, 406; streams and rivers, 1161-1166; surface, 587; Taiwan, 1200; U.S supplies, 155
Water Framework Directive (EU), 95
Water pollution, 538, 1311-1315; abatement, 374; floods, 444; groundwater, 550; landfills, 678; mining, 376; oil spills, 408-409; thermal, 1221-1222
Trang 8Water Pollution Control Act of
1948, 1315
Water Pollution Control Act of
1972, 1315
Water power, 717
Water quality, 1320
Water Quality Act (1970), 1315
Water resources, 620, 889
Water Resources Development
Act (1986), 65
Water rights, 672, 751, 1309,
1315-1318
Water supply systems, 1318-1321
Water table, 57, 549, 587; landfills
and, 678
Water transport, 1239
Water usage; U.S statistics, 1309
Waterproofing, 75
Watersheds, 1162-1163; floods,
442
Waterways, 983-984
Waterwheels, 579
Watson, Paul, 1065
Watt, James (inventor), 611, 717,
1145, 1239, 1321
Watt, James G (interior
secretary), 392, 396, 981, 1049
Wave energy, 846-848
Weather, 1321-1324; health
impacts, 82; monsoons, 777 See
also Climate; Global warming;
Hydrologic cycle; Precipitation
Weather satellites, 684, 1132
Weathering, 214-215, 938, 1068,
1324-1327; biological, 1100; soil
formation, 1099
Weaving, 1213
Webb, Thomas, 1298
Weeks Act (1911), 456
Werner, Abraham Gottlob, 534
Western Wood Products
Association, 1327
Wetlands, 429, 431, 798, 806,
1107, 1327-1330;
denitrification, 823; peat bogs,
913-916; Ramsar Convention,
798, 996-997
Weyerhäuser, Friedrich, 1330-1331
Whales and whaling, 392, 433,
1331-1333
Wharton, Joseph, 815 Wheat, 542-544, 941, 1334-1336;
India, 602; Iran, 628; Italy, 644;
Spain, 1141; Ukraine, 1253;
world production, 1335 Whiskey, 223, 916
White, Gilbert, 448 White wheat, 1335 Whitewares, 188 Whitman, Christine Todd, 396 Whitney, Eli, 17, 263, 612 Whittle, Frank, 617 Wild rice, 1031 Wilderness, 797, 1336-1341;
preservation, 1338 Wilderness Act (1964), 76, 460,
672, 981, 1337-1338, 1341 Wilderness Society, 1341-1342 Wildfires, 426-428, 454-456;
grasslands, 536 Wildlife, 1342-1344, 1362-1363;
habitat degradation, 377; U.S
regulations, 672; Zimbabwe, 1370
Wildlife biology, 1344-1345 Wildlife reserves, 247 Wilson, Edward O., 104 Wilson’s disease, 252 Wind, 1346; erosion, 399; role in sedimentation, 1069
Wind energy, 150, 286, 346, 1011,
1324, 1345-1349; Denmark, 286; Germany, 515; Taiwan, 1199
Windmills, 1345 Wine; France, 470; Italy, 644;
Portugal, 968; Spain, 1140 Wise use movement, 1350 Witherite, 180
Wöhler, Friedrich, 33, 102
Wolfram See Tungsten
Wolframite, 761, 1244 Wollaston, William Hyde, 953, 1351
Wollastonite, 735, 1350-1353 Wolves, 355
Wood alcohol, 739-741 Wood products, 332, 974, 1229-1232; Brazil, 141; building material, 1355-1359;
Democratic Republic of the Congo, 239; fibers, 1213; fuel source, 1353-1355; historic use
of, 461; Japan, 652; Mexico, 744; Norway, 828; paper pulp,
905, 909; professional organizations, 37; world consumption, 302 Wood smoke, 1355 Wool, 15, 1250 Works Progress Administration, 592
World Bank, 302-303, 682, 803,
1023, 1184, 1263, 1359-1360 World Charter for Nature, U.N., 668
World Commission on Environment and Development, 1183, 1360-1361
World Conservation Strategy
(IUCN), 243 World Food Programme, 1275 World Forestry Congress, 463 World Health Organization, 1263 World Heritage Sites, 798
World Meteorological Organization, 901, 1263 World Network of Biosphere Reserves, 121
World Resources Institute, 1361-1362
World Resources report (WRI), 1362
World Wide Fund for Nature, 391,
799, 1362-1363 See also World
Wildlife Fund World Wildlife Fund, 391, 524,
1362-1363 See also World Wide
Fund for Nature Wrought iron, 104, 628, 630, 633, 1150
Wurtzite, 157, 1372
X rays, 637 Xenon, 478-479 Xenotime, 999 Xylene, 927 Yaks, 45 Yangtze River, 1163, 1223-1224; floods, 443
Trang 9Yanomami farmers, 1093
Yard waste, 234
Yarn, 1213
Yasuní National Park, 799
Yellow River, 1165; floods, 443
Yellowstone Act (1872), 793
Yellowstone National Park, 518,
595, 793, 798
Yom Kippur War See Arab-Israeli
War
Yosemite National Park, 793
Yosemite Valley, 783
Youth Conservation Corps, 243
Ytterbium, 999
Yttrium, 999 Yucca Mountain, Nevada, 839 Zahniser, Howard, 1341
Zaire, 1159 See also Congo,
Democratic Republic of the
Zea mays, 258-261
Zebra mussel, 113 Zeolites, 1364-1366 Zhejiang Province tidal power station, 1226
Ziegler, Karl, 926 Zimbabwe, 1366-1370; economic statistics, 1367
Zinc, 730, 1371-1374; Argentina, 64; Australia, 90; in brass, 136; cadmium and, 157; Canada, 166; end-use statistics, 1373; indium as by-product, 605; Kazakhstan, 660; Mexico, 744; Poland, 961; United States, 1282; world production, 1372 Zircon, 894, 1374
Zirconium, 1374-1375; cubic, 486; world production, 1375 Zoning, 675
Zooplankton, 116, 432, 853, 934 Zubrin, Robert, 1135