DiggsCentral Missouri State University Steven L.. Engelken Arkansas State University Victoria Erhart Strayer University Thomas R.. Franceschetti University of Memphis Yongli Gao East Ten
Trang 1David M Diggs
Central Missouri State University
Steven L Driever
University of Missouri—Kansas City
Colleen M Driscoll
Villanova University
Thomas A Eddy
Emporia State University
H J Eisenman
University of Missouri—Rolla
Jessica O Ellison
Clarkson University
Robert D Engelken
Arkansas State University
Victoria Erhart
Strayer University
Thomas R Feller
Nashville, Tennessee
Mary C Fields
Medical University of South Carolina
David G Fisher
Lycoming College
Dale L Flesher
University of Mississippi
Richard H Fluegeman, Jr
Ball State University
George J Flynn
SUNY—Plattsburgh
James F Fowler
State Fair Community College
Donald R Franceschetti
University of Memphis
Yongli Gao
East Tennessee State University
June Lundy Gastón
City University of New York
Michael Getzner
Klagenfurt University
Soraya Ghayourmanesh
Bayside, New York
Lenela Glass-Godwin
Texas A&M University Auburn University
James S Godde
Monmouth College
Joelle D Godwin
Eckerd College
Pamela J W Gore
Georgia Perimeter College
D R Gossett
Louisiana State University—Shreveport
D Yogi Goswami
University of Florida
Jerry E Green
Miami University
Richard Wayne Griffin
Prairie View A&M University
Clayton D Harris
Middle Tennessee State University
Jasper L Harris
North Carolina Central University
C Alton Hassell
Baylor University
Craig Bond Hatfield
The University of Toledo
Robert M Hawthorne, Jr
Marlboro, Vermont
Charles D Haynes
University of Alabama
Mark C Herman
Edison State College
Stephen C Hildreth, Jr
Pickens, South Carolina
Robert M Hordon
Rutgers University
Raymond Pierre Hylton
Virginia Union University
Domingo M Jariel
Louisiana State University at Eunice
Albert C Jensen
Central Florida Community College
Richard C Jones
Texas Woman’s University
Chand K Jotshi
University of Florida
Karen N Kähler
Pasadena, California
Mark Kanazawa
Carleton College
Kyle L Kayler
Mahopac, New York
Diann S Kiesel
University of Wisconsin Center—Baraboo/ Sauk County
Grove Koger
Boise State University
Narayanan M Komerath
Georgia Institute of Technology
Padma P Komerath
SCV, Inc.
Ludwik Kowalski
Montclair State University
Craig B Lagrone
O.I Analytical, CMS Field Products
Ralph L Langenheim, Jr
University of Illinois—Urbana
Eugene Larson
Los Angeles Pierce College
Vincent M D Lopez
Independent Scholar
Chungu Lu
NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory
Global Resources
Trang 2R C Lutz
CII Group
Fai Ma
University of California, Berkeley
Roxanne McDonald
Wilmot, New Hampshire
Thomas R MacDonald
University of San Francisco
Elizabeth A Machunis-Masuoka
Midwestern State University
Marianne M Madsen
University of Utah
Nancy Farm Männikkö
Centers for Disease Control & Prevention
A M Mannion
University of Reading
Sergei A Markov
Austin Peay State University
W J Maunder
Tauranga, New Zealand
Raymond F Mikesell
University of Oregon
Marian A L Miller
University of Akron
Randall L Milstein
Oregon State University
Alice Myers
Bard College at Simon’s Rock
Oghenekome U Onokpise
Florida A&M University
Robert J Paradowski
Rochester Institute of Technology
John R Phillips
Purdue University Calumet
Rex D Pieper
New Mexico State University
George R Plitnik
Frostburg State University
Aaron S Pollak
Omaha, Nebraska
Oliver B Pollak
University of Nebraska at Omaha Pollak and Hicks
Victoria Price
Lamar University
Cynthia F Racer
New York Academy of Sciences, Society for Public Health Education
Steven J Ramold
Eastern Michigan University
William O Rasmussen
University of Arizona
Donald F Reaser
The University of Texas at Arlington
David D Reed
Michigan Technological University
James L Robinson
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
Charles W Rogers
Southwestern Oklahoma State University
Carol A Rolf
Rivier College
Kathryn L Rowberg
Purdue University Calumet
Joseph R Rudolph, Jr
Towson University
Michael K Rulison
Oglethorpe University
Neil E Salisbury
University of Oklahoma
Panagiotis D Scarlatos
Florida Atlantic University
Elizabeth D Schafer
Loachapoka, Alabama
Harold H Schobert
Penn State University
John Richard Schrock
Emporia State University
Steven C Schulte
Mesa State College
Leslie J Schwartz
St John Fisher College
Rose Secrest
Trang 3Paul P Sipiera
William Rainey Harper College
Amy Sisson
Houston Community College
Roger Smith
Portland, Oregon
Robert J Stern
University of Texas at Dallas
Joan C Stevenson
Western Washington University
C J Stewart
Mote Marine Laboratory
Dion C Stewart
Georgia Perimeter College
Robert J Stewart
California Maritime Academy
William H Stewart
University of Alabama
Theresa L Stowell
Adrian College
Frederick M Surowiec
Independent Scholar
Jacqueline Vaughn Switzer
Northern Arizona University
Glenn L Swygart
Tennessee Temple University
Katrina Taylor
Northern Arizona University
John M Theilmann
Converse College
Nicholas C Thomas
Auburn University at Montgomery
Donald J Thompson
California University of Pennsylvania
Leslie V Tischauser
Prairie State College
Roger Dale Trexler
Southern Illinois University
Sarah A Vordtriede
St Ambrose University
William T Walker
Chestnut Hill College
C J Walsh
Mote Marine Laboratory
Xingwu Wang
Alfred University
William J Wasserman
Seattle Central Community College
John P Watkins
Westminster College
Kevin D Weakley
Western Michigan University
Shawncey Webb
Taylor University
Thomas W Weber
SUNY at Buffalo
Robert J Wells
Society for Technical Communication
Kristopher D White
Kazakhstan Institute of Management, Economics, & Strategic Research
Edwin G Wiggins
Webb Institute
Thomas A Wikle
Oklahoma State University
Sam Wong
University of Leeds
William C Wood
James Madison University
Lisa A Wroble
Hodges University
Jay R Yett
Orange Coast College
Ming Y Zheng
Gordon College
Tom L Zimmerman
The Ohio State University
Global Resources
Trang 4Publisher’s Note v
Contributors ix
Common Units of Measure xv
Complete List of Contents xxi
Abrasives 1
Acid precipitation 3
Aerial photography 5
Agenda 21 7
Aggregates 8
Agricultural products 13
Agriculture industry 16
Agronomy 21
Air pollution and air pollution control 22
Alaska pipeline 27
Alloys 28
Aluminum 30
American Chemistry Council 35
American Farm Bureau Federation 36
American Forest and Paper Association 37
American Gas Association 37
American Mining Congress 38
American Petroleum Institute 39
Animal breeding 39
Animal domestication 42
Animal power 47
Animals as a medical resource 50
Antarctic treaties 52
Antimony 54
Antiquities Act 56
Aquifers 57
Argentina 59
Army Corps of Engineers, U.S 65
Arsenic 66
Asbestos 68
Bessemer process 103
Biodiversity 104
Biofuels 108
Biological invasions 112
Biomes 114
Biopyriboles 117
Biosphere 119
Biosphere reserves 121
Biotechnology 124
Bismuth 129
Borax 130
Boron 133
Botany 135
Brass 136
Brazil 136
Brick 142
Bromine 142
Bronze 145
Buildings and appliances, energy-efficient 146
Bureau of Land Management, U.S 152
Bureau of Mines, U.S 153
Bureau of Reclamation, U.S 155
Cadmium 157
Calcium compounds 160
Canada 162
Canadian Environmental Protection Act 167
Canning and refrigeration of food 168
Capitalism and resource exploitation 169
Carbon 172
Carbon cycle 174
Carbon fiber and carbon nanotubes 176
Carbonate minerals 179
Carnegie, Andrew 181
Carson, Rachel 182
Trang 5Clean Air Act 210
Clean Water Act 211
Clear-cutting 212
Climate and resources 213
Climate Change and Sustainable Energy Act 216
Coal 217
Coal gasification and liquefaction 224
Coast and Geodetic Survey, U.S 226
Coastal engineering 227
Coastal Zone Management Act 229
Cobalt 230
Cogeneration 232
Commoner, Barry 232
Composting 233
Congo, Democratic Republic of the 235
Conservation 239
Conservation biology 246
Conservation International 248
Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research 249
Copper 250
Coral reefs 255
Corn 258
Corundum and emery 261
Cotton 262
Council of Energy Resource Tribes 264
Crystals 265
Daly, Marcus 269
Dams 269
Deep drilling projects 273
Deep ecology 276
Deforestation 277
Deltas 282
Denmark 283
Department of Agriculture, U.S 287
Department of Energy, U.S 289
Department of the Interior, U.S 291
Department of Transportation, U.S 293
Desalination plants and technology 294
Desertification 295
Deserts 299
Developing countries 301
Diamond 305
Diatomite 309
Dimension stone 313
Dow, Herbert H 315
Drought 316
Dust Bowl 318
Dynamite 320
Earth First! 321
Earth Summit 321
Earthquakes 323
Earth’s crust 324
Earthwatch Institute 326
Ecology 327
Ecosystem services 331
Ecosystems 334
Ecozones and biogeographic realms 338
Edison, Thomas 340
Edison Electric Institute 341
El Niño and La Niña 342
Electrical power 343
Endangered species 348
Endangered Species Act 353
Energy economics 357
Energy Policy Act 361
Energy politics 362
Energy storage 367 Global Resources
Trang 6Common prefixes for metric units—which may apply in more cases than shown below—include giga- (1 billion times the unit), mega- (one million times), kilo- (1,000 times), hecto- (100 times), deka- (10 times), deci- (0.1 times,
or one tenth), centi- (0.01, or one hundredth), milli- (0.001, or one thousandth), and micro- (0.0001, or one
mil-lionth)
4,840 square yards 0.405 hectare
ampere
0.1 biot or abampere
0.0000001 millimeter 0.000000004 inch
149,597,871 kilometers (mean Earth-Sun distance)
(approx cross-sectional area of
1 uranium nucleus) Barrel
(dry, for most produce)
3.281 bushels, struck measure Barrel
(liquid)
Bushel
(U.S., heaped)
Volume/capacity bsh or bu 2,747.715 cubic inches
1.278 bushels, struck measure Bushel
(U.S., struck measure)
Volume/capacity bsh or bu 2,150.42 cubic inches
35.238 liters
Trang 7Unit Quantity Symbol Equivalents
8 fluid ounces 0.5 liquid pint
1.135 pecks
27.344 grains 1.772 grams
1.6021917 × 10–19joules
1.0 × 10–15meters
0.3048 meter 30.48 centimeters
0.0370 cubic yard 1,728 cubic inches
Gallon (British Imperial) Volume/capacity gal 277.42 cubic inches
1.201 U.S gallons 4.546 liters
160 British fluid ounces
3.785 liters 0.833 British gallon
128 U.S fluid ounces
4 fluid ounces 0.118 liter Global Resources
Trang 8Unit Quantity Symbol Equivalents
0.002083 ounce 0.0648 gram
0.035 avoirdupois ounce
2.838 bushels
frequency
3,600 seconds
4.433 fluid drams 16.387 cubic centimeters
constant
Kilogram per cubic meter Mass/weight density kg/m3 5.78036672001339 × 10–4ounces per
cubic inch
Trang 9Unit Quantity Symbol Equivalents
3.60 kilometers per hour Meter per second per
second
hour 8,052.97 miles per hour per hour
10.764 square feet
Metric See unit name
0.00003937 inch Mile
(nautical international)
1.151 statute miles 0.999 U.S nautical miles Mile
(statute or land)
1.609 kilometers
16.231 minims 0.061 cubic inch
given substance
10 angstroms 0.001 micrometer 0.00000003937 inch Global Resources
Trang 10Unit Quantity Symbol Equivalents
0.224808943099711 pound force 0.101971621297793 kilogram force 100,000 dynes
Ounce
(avoirdupois)
437.5 grains 0.911 troy or apothecaries’ ounce Ounce
(troy)
480 grains 1.097 avoirdupois ounces Ounce
(U.S., fluid or liquid)
29.574 milliliters 1.041 British fluid ounces
19,173,511,615,163 miles
Pint
(dry)
0.551 liter Pint
(liquid)
0.473 liter Pound
(avoirdupois)
1.215 troy or apothecaries’ pounds 453.59237 grams
Pound
(troy)
0.823 avoirdupois pound 373.242 grams
Quart
(British)
1.032 U.S dry quarts 1.201 U.S liquid quarts