• Outline the essay for the reader • Write an outline sentence >- Thl l k II Entillslo How do English-speaking writers think?. IB T SECnONS For essays that require an opinion, the organ
Trang 1Concession clause
Although there are many advantages to
living in the city,
Even though technology can damage
the environment,
Despite !he differences among cultures,
In spite of the benefrts of studying In
a group
• Begin with a concession dause
• Make a direct statement 01 opinion
>- Use an Dutil sentlft ••
Opinion
Direct atalement _ Subject Verb
I prefer life in a small town
I think it causes more good than harm
I believe that peace is possible
I prefer to study alone
Some books call the secood sentence in an essay the topic sentence , the oontrol lin g
sen-tence , !he thesis sIBtement , or the organizing sentence The purpose of this sentence is to out
-line the essay for the reader Here are some examples 01 outline sentences
F ira t sen tence :
Although there are many advantages to living in the city, I prefer lite in a small town
OuUine sentence :
Three personal experiences convince me that small towns provide a better lile style
FIrat sentence :
Despite the differences among cultures, believe that peace is possible
OuUlne sentence:
HistOl)' provides several encouraging examples
F i ra t sentence :
In spite of the benefits o studying in a group, I refer to study alone
Outline sentence :
There are three reasons why I have this preference
• Outline the essay for the reader
• Write an outline sentence
>- Thl l k II Entillslo
How do English-speaking writers think? According to research by Robert Kaplan, they
orga-nize their thoughts in a linear pattern This means that they think in a straighlline Detalts and
examples must relate to the main points Digressions are nollncluded
'01 '" ,'"
Trang 22&8 REVIEW OF TO EFL IB T SECnONS
For essays that require an opinion, the organization would look like this;
Opinion ,
Outline Sentence
,
Reason , 1
ExampleJDetail
Reason , 2
ExamplelDetail
Reason 3
,
Example/Detail
Conclusion
In my view, school unifo rms are a good idea ,
Three reasons convince me that wearing uniforms will impr ove the edu-cational experience of students
In the first place, unilonns are not as expensive as brand name clothing
For example, a new school uniform costs about $30, but designer jeans and a name-brand shirt cost five times that alT\CHJnl An expensive book would be a better Investment
Second , I t is easier t o gilt ready for school
When there are five choices, it requires time and thought to decide what
to wear Uniforms simp lily the problem of chooSing a shirt 10 comple-men t a certain pair o f pants a n , furthermore, selecllng socks and shoes to go with them All of these decisions take l me and divert
atten-l ion from preparing for classes
Finally, students who wear uniforms identify themselves with their schoo l
Wearing the sc h oo l colors establis hes that each student Is part of the group
In conclusion, I think schools thaI requ ire unif or ms send a positive mes-sage to their studenls They communicate thai il is more important 10 be the best slude nt lhan ills to have the best clothing
• Think in a straight line
• Connect each Idea with the next
> Write a strong conclusion
In T O EFL essays, it is not appropriate to apologize f or not having written enou h, for not
hav-ing enough time, or for not using good English skills An apology will cause you 10 lose poinls
tn addition , a good conclusion does not add new information It does not introduce a new idea
A strong conclusion is more l ike a summary 01 the Ideas in one last sentence
• Summarize the main Idea
• Avoid apolog ies and new topics
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Trang 3WAITING 2M APPLYING THE ACADEMIC Sl(ILlS TO THE TOEfl
• Taking Not
Taking notes is an i mportant academic skil l for the Writing section because you will use them
to organize your essay Because you will not be graded on the notes, yOlt should not worry about mak i ng them perfect It is more important for them to be useful to you
• Paraphrasing
In the i ntegrated essay , you must be careful not to use the exact words from the reading or the
lecture Plag i arizing will result in a fa iling score on the essay You must use the skills that you
le arned to paraphrase i n your essay
• S rlzlng
As you will remember , summarizing Is one 01 the steps I n s ynthesizing You wi l l often be asked
to summarize the primary source before you relate it to the secondary source
• Synthesizing
Part 1 o f the Writ i ng section is the integrated essay II is a synthesis of information from a read-ing pa s sage and a lecture Synthesizing Is Ihe most importanl academic skillfO( the i ntegrated essay
QUIZ FOR THE WRlnll6 SECTION
This is a quiz for the Writing section of the Next Generation TOEFL (iBn This section tests your ability to write essays in E nglish During Ihe quiz , you will respond to two writing ques -tions You may lake notes as you read and listen to academic In fannallon You may use your
notes 10 write lhe essays Once you begin, you have 20 minutes to write the lirst essay and 30
m i n u les to write the second essay
Ow" 1
TIme : 3 minutes
A win-win negotiation is concluded when both parties galn something 01 va lue in exchange
fO( mak i ng concessions Although the balance 01 power may change during the negotiation
proce ss , negotiators on both sides must remaln open 10 opllons that will ultimately allow lor a lair exchange To achieve a resolution that benefits both parties , everyone inVOlved mu s t be willing t o l is ten carefully to each other's concerns To arrive at a conc l usion that Is good 10(
everyone , negotiators mu s t reveal what they value and what they don't value Good negotia
-tor s look lor someth i ng that their side does not value but to which the other side assigns a high value By o lteri ng it , Ihey lose nothing , but the other side gains some th i ng , thereby leeting more disposed 10 concede something thallhe other side perceives a s valuable I n additiOn 10
Trang 4270 REYIEW OF TOEFL- IBT SECTIONS
listening for ways to help the other side, everyone has to be aware of the limitations that bolh
sides may bring to the table There are some options that cannot be explored because they
are nol possible for one of the parties For example, a price that does not allow a profit margin
for the company tha manuf.actures it Is not a point of nagotJatloo, unless the other side can
offer a way 10 increase profits or productivity If that Isn't possible, then perhaps a service that
saves the bll)'er money might be a way 10 balance the firm pricing structure of the goods
A win·win negotiation allows both parties to feel tha! they made a good deal, but another
positive outcome Is the way that the people involved leel about each other In traditional
bar-gaining people on opposite sides of a negotiation tend to view each other as adversaries, a
relationship that is often difficult to change alter the negotiation has ended and the collabora·
tion Is supposed to begin In a win·win setting, the parties approach the negotiation as col·
leagues who want to support each other's success When the deal has been made and the
collaboration begins, the people involved are already committed to wor1<ing together for their
mutual benefit
Question 1 , Lecture, CO 5 , Track 4 , Now listen to a lecture on the same topic as the
passage you have Just read
Question
Summarize the points made in the reading passage, and then explain how the case study from
the lecture supports the reading
Writing Time: 20 minutes
Typical Response: 150-225 words
Question 2
Some people like to communicate by e·mail and voice mall Other people tike to communlcale
by telephone or lace·lo·face Which type of communication do you preler, and why? Be sure to
Include details and examples to support your opinion
Writing Time: 30 minutes
Typic;"!l Rospon50: 300-350 words
This Is the end of the Writing Quiz, To check your answers, refer to the Progreaa Chart for the Writing Quiz, Chapter 7, page 550
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Trang 5WRmNG 271
STUDY PLAN
What did you learn from taking the quiz? What will you do differently when you take the model
tests in the next chapter? Take a lew minutes to think and then write a sentence or two to help
EXTRA CREDIT
A fter you h ave completed this chapter , you may want to continue a review 01 writing H ere a r e
some suggestions
Become familiar with the i ndependent writing topics Topics previously used for
inde-pendent questions on the CST TOEFL Writing section are listed in the TOEFL Information
Bul-letin available free from Educational Testing Service They are also listed on the web site at
WiIoW.ets.oty Read through the questions, and think about how you woukl respond to each of the
topics Since most of them require you to state an opinion it is helpful to form a general opinion
on each topic
Reed good examplftS of expos i tory writ i ng Research confirms that reading is important
to the development 01 writing This means that one of the best ways to learn 10 wrile well is 10
read good models of writing By being exposed to good writing, you will acquire good
tech-niques Tha is why this book contains examples of the answers that excellent writers might
create in response to the questions in this review chapter and In the Writing sectlon of each rnodeIlest It is important to read these example answers carefully Remember that you will be asked to produce expository, not literary essays For this reason, you should read opinion
essays instead of short stories It is also a good idea to read summaries of content material Many popular college textbooks in English provide summaries at the end of the chapters In general, these summaries are good models for you to read
DPnoNS FOR EVALUAnON
It is difllcult to evaluate your own writing II you are taking an English class, ask your teacher to use the checklists in this chapter to evaluate your writing You need to know how you are pro-gressing in relationship to the criteria on the checklists because that Is how you will be evalu-ated on Ihe TOEFL
If you do not have good options to have your writing evaluated witho ut a fee there are
lee-based options that will provide professional evaluations See page 781 for delails
Keep your eyes on the destination, not on the road There are short roads and tong
roads to the same destination, but the important point is to arrive where you want to
be Of course, there are several reasons why you prefer to achieve a st.lCC8ssful
SCOfe on the TOEFL the first time that you attempt it It is costly to take the test
-ertheless, a goal is seldom destroyed by a delay, so don' destroy your positive
atti-tude, either If you take the time 10 prepare you will probably be able to take the
-tice Please don' t compare yourself to anyone else They are on their road, and you
are on yours Jusl keep going You will gel there
Trang 6MORE L TESTS
MODEL TEST 3: PROGRESS TEST
READING SECTION
The Reading section tests your ability to understand reading passages like those in college
textbooks The passages are about 700 words in length
This is the short format lor the Reading section On the short formal, you will respond 10 three passages After each passage, you will answer 12-14 questions aboU1 it
Most questions are worth 1 point, bul the last question in each passage is worth more than
Yoo will have 60 m i nutes 10 read al l 01 the passages and answer the questions You may take
notes while you read, but notes are not graded You may use your notes to answer the ques
-tions Some passages may indude a word or phrase that is undertined in blue Click on the
word or phrase 1 0 see a glossary definition or 8ICplanation
the saeen for computer-assisted questions Click on Next 10 go 10 the next question Click on
Back to relum 10 the previous question You may return 10 previous questions lor all of the
passages in the same reading part, but after you go to the next part , you will not be able to
return to passages in a previous part Be sure that you have answered all of the questions for
the passages In each part before you click on Next at the end of the passage to molle to the
next part
You can click on Review to see a chart of the questions you have answered and the questions
you have not answered in each part From this screen, you can return to the question you want
to answer in the part that Is open
A dod< on the screen will show you how much time to have to complete the Reading section
Trang 7274 MORE MODEL TESTS
PART I
11041., 1 " Symbiotic R",,'oRShlps "
Symbio SiS is a close, long l asting physical relal iOflship between two differ ·
at least one 01 them itiii.Nii some sort 01 bene l it lrom this contact There are
three different categories 01 symbiot i c relations h ips: parasitism , commensal·
is m , and mutualism
Parasitism is a relationship in wh i ch one organism, known as the parasile,
lives in or on another organism , known as the host Irom which n derives nour·
hos t Is harmed by the In t eractIOn , it Is genera l ly no t killed Immediately by the
parasite, and some host individuals may live a long time and be ~ little
o t hers, h"",.",
standing interaction between the parasite and the hos t , the two species
gener-ally evolve in such a way that t hey can accommodate one a o t her It is not in
the parasite ' s best i nterest to kill its host II it does i t must find another like·
wi se, the host evolves defenses agains t the parasite, often reducing t he harm
done by the parasite to a level the host can ~ @
Parasites that live on the surface of their hosts are known as ect o
para-si te s Fl eas , lice and some molds and mildews are examples of ectoparasites
16I Many other parasites , like tapeworms , malaria parasites, many kinds 01 bac·
teria, and some fungi, are called endopara s lt es becau s e they live inside the
bodies of their hosts IBl A lapeworm lives in the intestines of its host where Ills
able to res i st being digested and makes use of the nutrients In the i ntestine ICI
Even plants can be parasites Mistletoe is a flowering plant that is parasiti c
on trees It establ i shes itself on the surface 01 a tree when a bird transfers the
seed to the tree 1\ then grows dow n inlo the water·conducting tissues of the
own g r owth IIl1
If the relationship between organisms is o n e in which one organism benefits
while the othe r is not affected, it is called commensalism It i s possible to
visu-alize a parasit ic relationship evo l ving Into a commensa l one Since parasites
generally evolve to do as little harm to Iheir host as possi ble and the host i s
combating the negative effects 0 1 the pa r asite, t hey might eventually evolve to
the point where the host is not harmed at all There a r e many examples of com
-mensal relationships Orch ids ofte n use trees as a surface upo n which to grow
The tree Is not harmed or helped, but the orchid needs a surface upon which 10
establish it self and also benefits by being close to the top of the tree where it
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