Toefl ibt internet based test 2006 - 2007 part 17 pdf

"Communicating Is the act of transmitting Information." Also correct: In the words of the professor.. "Communicating is the act of transmitting information." The professor said.. Mark qu

106 ACAOEMW: SKIlLS

Did you understand? Try to quote eacl'! sentence mat you near in a lecture by an unnamed

professor Be sure to use one of the introductory phrases or ciauses before you begin your

quotation The first one is compieted to give you an eltsmple Your answer Is correct if you

write any of the introductions and If the words in your quotations are eltactly the same as those

of the professor Example answers are printed in Chaptef 7 on pages 515-516

WMPl.E

'Communicatlng is the act of transmitting information."

According to the professor "Communicating Is the act of transmitting Information."

Also correct:

In the words of the professor "Communicating is the act of transmitting information."

To quote the p!'ofessor "Communicating Is the act of transmitting information.'

As the professor puts h "Communicating is the act of transmitting information."

The professor said "Communicating Is the act of transmitting Information."

1 A stock is equity In a company and therefore h represents ownership

2 The desalination of the ocean is going to be a crucial aspect of water management

3 The theme of a worldwide flood is found in the mythology of many rultures

4 PsyChology focuses on the individual whereas sociology focuses on social groups

5 The ethics of science will become more Important In this decade

7 The threa-domain system is superior 10 the fivtHiomain system of classification in biology

8 The term retia/describes any printing method with a raised Image

9 Training programs must address the Issue of technology In the workplace

1 0 Quasars are diffictJlt to study because they are so far away

, Mark quotations In wrltlnl and In speaking

Quotation marks are used before and after the words that you are quoting This Is easy to see when you are quoting in the written language But when you are quoting In the spoken Ian·

guage, you need to hearths quotation marks Words and phrases must be used to mark

quo-tations in speaking

besk ttel matcr<ale

PARAPHRASING 101

There are several phrases and clauses that can be used to mar1l quotatiOns Let's say that Professor Smith makes the follOwing statement in a Iect1Jre: "Additives are chemicals that manufacturers add to food and other procllJCls." You may want to QUOte this definition 11 you use the quotation in writing, you must use quotation marks before and after the WOfds that you are quoting 11 yoo use the quotation In speaking, you must use words and phrases in place of

the quotation marks l'he words In the QUotation must be exactly the same as those in the

orig-inal Here are several ways to mark the beginning and ending of a quotation in speaking: According to Professor Smith , and I am quoting hers , "Additives are chemiCals that manu-facturers add to food and olhef products." End quote

According to Professor Smith, and I quote, "Additives are chemicals that manufacturers

add to load and other products." End quote

To quote Professor Smith, "Additives are chemicals that manufacturers add to food and

other products.' End quote

I'IM:ra kiMn 18

Did you understand? Try to quote each sentence First, put the quotation marks afOlJnd the

written quote Be sure to put them aJxwe the line, not on the line Then use I19fbaI quotation marks for a spoken quote The first one is completed to give you an example Your answer is

correct if you use any 01 the V9fbaI quotation marks and it the words in your quotation are

audio Example answers are printed in Chapt8f 7 on pages 516-517

A mirage is an optical iHusion in the atmosphere

Written quote:

Spoken quotes:

According to Professor Brown, "A mirage is an optical illusion in the

atmosphere."

According to Professor Brown, and I quote , "A mirage is an optical illu-sion in the atmosphefe." End quote

Aocording to Professor Brown, and I am quoting here , "A mirage is an optical illusion in the atmosphere." End quote

To quote Professor Brown , "A mirage is an optical illusion in the

atmo-sphere." End quote

108 ACADEMIC SKIllS

( ) Activity 18, CD 2, TrltCk 12

los-ing weight and decreasing their intake of salt

2 According to Professor Jones over fourteen billion Euros were introduced into the world

3 To quole a study in the Journal of Psychology many people who have achieved their

career ambitions by midlife are afflicted by depression

4 According to the textbook, an OfgM is a groop of tissues capable of perfOfming some

spe-cial function

5 According to Professor Stephens John Philip Sousa was the greatest composer of marches for bands

6 In Professor Davison's opinion, Ben Johnson may be the author of several plays attributed

to William Shakespeare

7 Professor Davis said that statistical data can be very difficult to interpret because

correla-tions are not causes

8 As Professor Gray puts it, tha prime minister serves at the pleasure of the parliament

9 According to the reading passage moving water Is the single most Imporlant factOf In

determining the surface features Of the Earth

10 In Professor Russell's opinion the most important quality fOf a scientist is the ability to

make careful observations

, Use strong verbs to report Ideas

Sometimes you wilt want to refer to the ideas and research of others without using a direct

quotation When the ideas are specific to an author or researcher it Is still necessary to Cite the

source Choose verbs thaI reporl the idea and convey the meaning that you wish 10 attach to

the idea You may choose verbs that express doobt neutrality, Of certainty

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PARAPHRASING

'"

"""""'"

"'~

""'"

p,."., A_ [>""""

I'IM:rItE Atim" 19

Did you understand? Try 10 report each quotation Choose a vert> 10 express doubt, neutrality,

or certainty The first one is completed to give you an example Your answer is correct if you use any ol the verbs ~sted under the oorrect heading-doubtful, neutral, C8f1aJn Notice that

Chap ter 7 on page 517

Quotation:

Certain Report

Also COtr9Ct:

Psychologist Carl Rogers said , "Negative leedback causes people 10 develop a poor sell-concept."

Cart Rogers argued that negative feedback caused people 10 develop a

Carl Rogers mainlained that negative leedback caused people to develop a poor self-concept

1 Sociologist Lee CIaJ1I: said, 'When danger arises , the rule is lor people to help those next

10 them before they help themselves." ·Panic: Myth or Reality: Contexts I (Fall 20(2), p

21

Neutral report :

2 Biological anthropologist Barry Bogin said, -v.Ie can use the average height ol any group

ol people as a barometer ol the health of their society." "The Talt and Short 0111," Applying

A n t hropology: An Introductory RfJ8der, Mountain VIeW, California: Mayfield Publishing

Company, 2001, p 54

Doobtful report:

110 ACADEMIC SKIUS

patient to the measurable aspect 01 illness, but away Irom the human lactors thai are at

least SQually impol"lani." Medicine and the Reign o( Technology New Yor\(: Cambridge

Certain report:

atti-tude " The First Days of School: How to Be an Effective Teacher Sunnyvale, California:

5 Choreographer Martha Graham said, "Technique and training have never been a

substi-tute lor that condition 01 awareness which is talent." Dance 8S 8 Theatre AIf, Hightstown,

New Jersey: Princeton Book Company, 1974, 136

unceasing stream or perhaps an ocean 01 images and ligures which drift inlo

conscious-ness in our dreams." "The Basic Postulales 01 Analytical Psychology," Modem Man in Search of a Soul , Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1933

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PARAPHRASING 111

9 Environmentalist John Sinclair said, 'Many politicians are hOstile to the environmental movement because they see it in ronfliel with the economic model they support." "The Legacy of Voluntary Conservationists.' 1998 Romeo Lahey Lecture for the National Parks ASSOCiation 01 Queensland, Australia

Neutral report:

10 Astrophysicist Carl Sagan said, 'Even a relatively small nuclear war may be capable of prOducing a global climatic catastrophe." Speech before the Commonwealth Club,

Certain report:

, Mention tbe source appropriately

You already know how to introduce a source, but sometimes you need to mention the source more than one lime In that case, there is a pattem that is customarily used to mention the source appropriately

When you cite the source the first time, use the first and last name The title is optional When you site the seoond time, use the last name only If you die a third time, use a pronoun, for ellample, hfJ or she After the third citation, you may use the pronoon again il the meaning is clear, or you may repeat the last name !of clarity

In tho case 01 speakors 01" writors who 3ro not nomed, the oourcc should still bo cited You

may be able to identify and cite the source as a professor, a speaker, an author, a writer, or a student, based on the context in which the inlormation is presented Use this gefl8ral descrip-tion the first time that you cite the source II it is clear that the person is a man or woman, you

can use the correct pronoon when you cite the source a second or third time After the third dlation, you may use the pronoun agaIn if the meaning Is clear, Of you may r&peat the gefl8ral description lor clarity

Old you understand? T ry to report the Information in the notes Cite the source appropriately The lirst report Is completed to give you an ellample Ustan to the ellample answers on Track

1 3, and read the script printed in Chapter 7 on pages 517-518

Source : Edwin Hubble (man) astronomer

• demonstrated Andromeda nebula located outside our galaKY

• established the islands universe theory galax:ies exist outside our own

• study resulted in Hubble's oonstant = standard relationshiP/galaxy's distance from Earth and speed r&Cession

112 CADEMIC SKilLS

Astronomer Edwin Hubble demonstrated that the Andromeda nebula was located outside our

galaxy Hubble established the islands universe theory, which states that galaxies eldst outside

our own .I:::\e published a study that resulted in what is now called Hubble's constant, a

stan-dard relationship between a galaxy's distance from Earth and its speed of recession

1 Souree: Theodore White (man)

BooiI- The Making o( the President

• 1960 presidential6ebale-press conference

• Kennedy spoke directly 10 TV viewers

• estimated Kennedy gained 2 mil votes

2 Souree: Paul Cezanne (man)

• all forms In nature-based on geometric shapes

• cone, sphere, cylinder primary

• used outlining to emphasize shapes

3 Source: Marie Curie (woman)

• won Nobel p cl"lemistry 191t-isolation pure radium

• 1 st person 2 Nobel P

4 Source: Erik Erikson (man) psychologisl

• proposed aignt st&geSlpBrSOI'l8I develOpment

• psychological crises/each stage shaped sense/self

• lifeloog process

5 Source: Margaret Mead (woman)

• first fieldwotX in Samoa 1925

• book Coming of Age in Samoa best seller - translated many languages

• stifl one/most wall·known anthropologists

• people/simple societies provide valuable lessooslindustrialized

6 Source: eonardo da Vinci (man)

• quintessential Renaissance man

• brilliant painter

• Interested in mechanics

• work in math clear in perspective

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