READING 20S A Terms problem asks you to explain a word that is specific to the reading passage.. READING 'lIJ7 "'919: IlEtfWU A Refef8fJC6 problem asks you 10 identify a word or phrase
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~ Problems
The problems in this review represent the types of questions that are most frequently tested on
the TOEFL They will appear randomty after a reading passage Directions will appear with the
questions but il you already recognize the type 01 problem In the question presented and you
are familiar with the directions you will save time The tess time you have to spend reading
directions the more time you will have to read the passages and answer the questions The number of points assigned to each problem is based on the evaluation system for the TOEFL
The frequency level lor each problem is based on the average number 01 thirty-nine questions
that are usually included in a Reading section of three prompts
Average 1-2
Very high 5+
PRomfll1: TRUE-FAUE
A True-Fa/se problem asks you 10 Identify the true statement
Choose from four sentences
Poinls- l
Frequency level-Average
1 According to paragraph 1, which of the following is true about autotrophs?
• They use a chemical process to produce their own lood
(J) They require plant matter in oreler to SUNil/e
<D They need producers to provide them with carbon
a ) They do not interact with other organ,isms in the food chain
Paragraph 1 is marked with an arrow [-.]
PtItJtJlnI 2: VOC4'lUIfY
A Vocabulary problem askS you to choose a general synonym
Choose from foor words or phrases,
Points-t
Frequency Level- Very high
2 The word.sc.l£t in the passage is closest in meaning to
Q;) mafor
(J) steady
• only
a ) ideal
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A Terms problem asks you to explain a word that is specific to the reading passage
Choose Irom lour definitions
Polnts-l
Frequency Level-Average
3 Based on tM informalion in paragraph I, which of the following basi explains the term
"food web"?
<D Energy manufactured by producer organisms In the food chain
CD Another term that defines the food chain
_ An interactive system of food chains
CD Primary and secondary consumers in the food chain
Paragraph 1 Is marked with an arrow [-to]
An Inference problem asks you to draw a conclusion based on information in the passage
ChOOse from four possibiliUes
PointS- I
Frequency Level- Very High
4 It may be concluded that human beings are omnivores because
<D people feed on producers for the most pan
CD people afe usually tertiary consumers
_ people generally eat both producers and consumers
CD most people are the top camivores in the food chain
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A Purpose problem aSks you to understand why the author organizes a passage or explains a concept In a specific way
Choose from four reasons
Points- l
Frequency level-Average
5 Why does the autnar mention krill in paragraph 4?
<I> To suggest a solution for a problem in the food chain
CD To provide evidence that contradicts previously stated opinions
<0 To present an explanation for the killing of krill
_ To give an example of a complex food web
Paragraph 4 Is marked with an arrow 1-+]
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1'RaE1I6: PAIIAIVWE
A Paraphrasa problem asks you to choosa the best restatement
Choose lrom lour statements
PointS-l
Frequency level-High
6 Which 01 the sentences below best expresses the Inlormation In the highlighted statement
in the passage? The other choices change the meaning or leave out important Information
<D Part of the one million tons of krill harvested annually is used for protein in animal feed
CD Both livestock and chiCkens as well as humans eat krill as a main part o f their diets
CD The principal use 01 krill is lor animalleed although some 01 the one million tons is
eaten by people
• More than one million tons of krill is eaten by both animals and humans every year
Ptlia£1I1: DErAIL
A Detail problem asks you to answer a question about a specific point In the passage
Choose from four possible answers
Points-l
Frequency Level-Very high
7 According to paragraph 7 , how much land Is used to grow crops for animal feed?
<D 80 percent of the acreage in Europe
CD Most o the rain forest in Central America
• 50 percent of the farm laoo In Canada and the United States
GP Hall of the land In North and South America
Paragraph 7 is marked with an arrow [-+1
PRoanI8: CAlISE
A Gause problem asks you to explain why something In the passage occurred
Choose from four reasons
Points-l
Frequency l evel- Average
8 According to paragraph 7, food webs are IneffICient because
• consumers in developed nations prefer animal protein
CD politicians are not paying attention to the issues
<P there are not enough acres to grow crops efficiently
GP 100 much of the com and soybean harvests are exported
Paragraph 7 is marked with an arrow [-+1
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"'919: IlEtfWU
A Refef8fJC6 problem asks you 10 identify a word or phrase In the passage lhal refers 10 a pronoun
Choose from lour words or phrases in the passage
9 The word others in the passage refers to
<D r e sources
<D grains
CD> cycles
An Opinion problem asks you to recognize the authOr's point 01 view
Choose from four statements
Points- I
Frequency Level-Average
10 Which of the fOllowing statements most accurately reflects the author's opinion about
food issues?
<D T oo much grain Is being exported to provide lood lor developed nations
CD More forested land needs to be cleared lor food production In devaloping nations
(]I) More animal protein Is needed In the diels of people In developing nations
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An Insert problem asks you to locale a place In the passage to Inser! a sentence
Choose from four options rnar1Ied with a square
Points-I
Frequency level-High
I Look al the four squares [_ ] that show where the following sentence could be inserted in the passage
A tertiary conaurner eatll primary and secondary consumers and Is referred to liS the '"top carnivore" In the food chain
Click on a square [_ J to Inser! the sentence in the passage
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_'2:Ex cunor
An Exceprion problem asks you to select a statement that Includes Inlormation NOT in the
passage
Choose Irom lour sentences
Points-1
Frequency level-Average
12 According to the passage, all of the lollowlng characteristics describe producers EXCEPT
<D Producers make their own lood
t:D Producers form the first trophic level
e Producers include bacteria and fungi
A ClassifICation problem asks you to match phrases with the categofY to which they ref9f
Choose phrases lor two or three categories Two phrases will not be used
Points-l-4 points lor seven choices Points- l-3 points lor five choices
1 point lor 4 correct answers 1 point lor 3 correct answers
2 points for 5 correct answers 2 points for 4 C()(rect a swers
3 points for 6 correct answers 3 points for 5 correct a swers
4 points for 7 correct answers
Frequency level-Average
1 Directions: Complete the table by matching the phrases on the lett with the headings on
the right Select the appropriate answer choices and drag them to the type 01 organism to
which they relate TWO of the answer choices will NOT be used This quuUon I worth
4 point •
To delete an answer choice click on II To see the passage click on View Text
IOJ Depend upon photosyntheSis to survive • IOJ
IBI Has a weak interaction among species • I8J
Illl Il"Iclude both herbivores and carnivores • ~
lEI Form the last link In the lood chain • Illl
lEI Eat meat as one of lis primal)' food sources • lEI
Illl Feed on dead pla ts and animals Decom
rn Made exclusively 01 inorganic materials • Illl
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"",.,£11 14: SrnrwRY
A Summary problem asks you to complete a summary of the passage
Choose three sentences from six choices Three sentences will not be used
Points-I-2
1 point lor 2 correct answers
2 points for 3 correct answers
1 Directions: An introduction for a short summary of the passage appears below Complete
the summary by selecting the THREE answer Choices that mention the most Important
points in the passage Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that afe not included in the passage or are mir'l()( points from the passage
Th i s question Is worth 2 points
The food web Is comprised of producers, consumers, and decomposers, which
Interact In endless cycle •
~
• ICJ
!AI Consumers, primarily animals, feed on
producers, plants which manufacture
their own food source through
photosyn-thesis
!DI Decomposers digest and recycle dead
plants and animals, releasing inorganic
compounds into the food chain
(CI Since more energy Is depleted into the
environment al each level in the food
chain, dietary choices affect the eff
i-ciency of food webs
(OJ Among consumers, human beings are considered omnivores because they eat not only plants but alSo animals
lEI An example of an undersea food web
includes phytoplankton, krill, and fish as well as birds, seals, and whales
{E] Rain forests are being cut down in order
to clear pastureland for caUle that can
be exported to countries with last·food
restaurants
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READING STRATEGIES
In addition to the academic skills thai you learned in Chapter 3 there are several reading
strategies that will help you succeed on the TOEFL lind lifter the TOEFL
)0- Previe w
Research shows thai it is easier 10 understand what you are reading if you begin with a
gen-eral idea of what the passage Is about Previewing helps you form a generallclea 01 the topic
To preview, firsl read the tilie, the headings and subheadings, and any words In bold prlnl or
italics You should do this as quickly as possible Remember, you are reading not for specific
information but for an impression 01 the topic Next, read the first sentellCe of each paragraph
and the last sentellCe of the passage Again, this should take seconds, not minutes to
com-plele This time you are looking for the main Idea
o Look at the title and headings
o Read the first sentence of every paragraph
• Read the last sentence of the passage
)0- Read faster
To read faster, read for meanlng_ Try 10 understand sentences or even paragraphs, not
Indi-vidual words To do this, you should read phrases instead of reading word by word Practice
using the vision that allows you to see on either side of the word you are focusing on with your
eyes This is called peripheral visIon When you drive a car, you are looIting ahead of you but
you are really taking in the traffic situation on both sides You are using peripheral vision to
move forward This is also important in leaming to read laster Your mind can lake in more than
one word al the same time Just think ~ you Slopped your car every time you wanted to know
what was going on In the next lanel You would never gel to your destlnallon To read laster,
you have to read for ideas If you don't know the meaning 01 a word but you understand the
sentence, move on Don't stop to look up Ihe word In your dictionary Don't stop your car
o Usc peripheral vision
o Read for meaning
Before you can use a context, you must understand what a context is In English, a context is
the combination of vocabulary and grammar that surrounds a word Context can be a
sen-tellCe or a paragraph or a passage Context helps you make a general prediction about mean
-ing If you know the general meaning 01 a sentence, you also know the gel10ral meaning ollhe
words In the sentence Making predictions from contexts is very important when you are
read-i ng a foreign language In this way, you can read and understand the meaning of a passage
without slopping 10 look up every I10W word in a dictionary On an examination like Ihe TOEFL,
dictionaries are not permitted in the room Of course, you have to know some of the words in
order 10 have a context for the words that you don't know thai means that you need to work
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