Toefl ibt internet based test 2006 - 2007 part 70 potx

According to the professor, "Psychology focuses on the individual.. Written: Spoken: 8, Written; SpoIIen: According to a study by Professor Carter, "patients can lower their blood pressu

516 ANSWERS AND AUDIO SCRIPTS FOR ACTlVmES, QUIZZES, AND MODEL TESTS

2 According to the professor, "The desalination of the ocean is going to be a crucial aspect of water management."

3, According to the professor, "The theme of a world-wide IIood is found in the mythology of many cul-tures."

4 According to the professor, "Psychology focuses on the individual whereas sociology locuses on social groups."

5 According to the l)fofessor,"The ethics of science wi become more important In this decade."

6 According to the professor, her idea Is called "the simplification principle."

7 According to the professor, "The thre&domain systam Is supeoor to the IivlKiomaln system of das-sllicatlon in biology."

8 According to the professor, "The term relief describes any printing method with a raised image."

9 Accord ing to the protessor, "Training programs must address the Issue of technology In the work-place."

10 According to the professor, "Quasars are difficult to study because they are so far away."

I'ucncE Acnmr 18

( " ) Activity 18, CD 2, TI1ICk 12

1 Written:

Spoken:

2 Written:

Spoken:

3 Written:

Spoken:

4, Written:

Spoken:

5 Written:

Spoken:

6 Written:

Spoken:

7 Written:

Spoken:

8, Written;

SpoIIen:

According to a study by Professor Carter, "patients can lower their blood pressure by losing Wilight and decreasing their intake of salt."

According to a study by Professor Carter, and I quote, "patients can lower their blood pressure by losing weight and decreasing theif Intake 01 salt." End quote

According to ProfBSSOf Jones, 'oyer fourteen billion Euros were introduced Into the world economy In January,

2002.-According to ProfeSSOf Jones, and I am quoting here, "over fourteen billion eoros Wilfe introduced into the WOfId economy io January 2002," End quote

To quote a study In the Journal of Psychology, "many people who have achieved their career ambitions by midlife are afflicted by depression,"

To quote a study in the Journal of Psychology, "many people who have achieved their career ambitions by midlife are afflicted by depression," End quote,

According to the te:dbook, "an organ is a group of tissues capable of performing some special function."

According to the textbook and I am quoting here, 'an organ Is a group of tissues

capa-ble of performing some special function.' End quote

According to Professor Stephens, "John Philip Sousa was the greatest composer of marches for bands.'

According to Profassor Stephens, and t QUote, 'John Philip Sousa was !he greatest composer of marches for bands." End OoOIe

In Prof8SSO( Davison's opinion, "Ben Johnson may be the author 01 several plays attrib-uted 10 Witllam Shakespeare."

In Professor DaYison'sopinion and I quote, "Ben Johnson may be the author of seYefat plays attributed to William Shakespeare," End quote,

Professor Davis said that, 'statistical data can be very diffICult to interprat because COf· relations are not causes."

Professor Davis saki that and I am quoting here, "statistical data can be very difficult to

Interpret because correlations are not causes." End quote

As Professor Gray puts it "the prima minister serves at !he pleasure 01 the parliament."

As Professor Gray puts it and I quote, "the prime minister serves at the pleasure o the parliament." End qllOle

5 8 ANSWERS AND A UDIO SC R IP T S FOR ACTIVmES aUIZZES AN D MODEL TESTS

5 Margare! Mead did her first fieldWofk in Samoa In 1925 Mead's book , Coming of Ag6 in Samoa

was a best seller that was trans!ated into many languages Sbe is stil! one of the most well·koown

anthropologists In the world Mead believed that people in simple societies could provide valuable

lessons for the Industrlalizecl world

6 Loonardo da Yincj was the qUintessential Renaissance man A brilliant painter da )£inr;i,was per·

haps best remembered lor his art &.11 be was also intarested in mechaniCs, and his understanding

01 mathematics 15 clear In his use 01 perspective

7 Author peter Drucker wrote Milnagemenf ChlI/langes for lhe 21s/ CenlU/)' In this booII:, Orucker

proposed live transforming lorces I:I.B predicted that these trends will have major Implications lor

the Iong·term strategies 01 companies

8 Erajdrich Mobs devised a scala of hardness for ten minerals By assigning 10 to diamond the hard·

est known mineral MI:IIlS was able to attribute relative values to all the other minerals I::Ii:i scale is

still uselul in the study o mineral$; today

9 Marla Montessori proposed an educational model that has become known as the Montessori

method Montessori Insisted that education should not be merely the transmission 01 knowledge but

the freedom to cievelop as a person Sbe lell her greatest success was achieved when a child

beg!\fl wot1dng independently

to In collaboration with lools Leaky Jane Gopdall spent years living with chimpanzees 00 the Gombe

ReSOMl Gopdali lmitated their behaviors and discovered that chimpanzees IMId within a complex

sodal organization 5be was tho first to document chimpanzees making and using tools and she

also identified twenty different SOIJndS thai were part of a communication system

1 llading

Step 1: Examplea Deleted

Although speech is the most advanced form of communication, there are many ways of communi·

catJng without uSing speech Signals, Signs and symbols may be lOIlnd in every known culture The

basiC function 01 a signal is to impinge upon the envirorvnenl in such a way thaI it allracts attention

Unlike signals, which are coded 10 refer to speech, signs contain meaning in and 01 themselves Finally,

gestures are actions, which are more diff~1t 10 cieSCribe because 01 their relationship with cultural per·

",,_

Step 2 Paraphrased Summery

Found in every culture, signals, signs, and symbols are exemples 01 al'ernatives to speech commu·

nication A signal, which is referenced to speech, intrudes upon the environment so that it is noticed In

contrast, a sign ooes no ' refer to speech because It displays a general message Last, gestures whiCh

are cultlJralty defined, consist 01 actiOtls

n Activity 21, CD 2, TntCk 14 Listen to par1 of a lecture in a botany dass

The A cacia Is a genus of trees and Shrubs 0 ' the Mimosa lamlly tha! originated In Australia and has long

been used in building simple mud a~ stick structures there The acacia Is called a wartle in Austalia

and the structures are made 01 wattle stuck together with daub which is a kind 01 mud adobe Now this

is interesting-the acacia Is related tl) the femlty 0' plants known as legumes, end I'm sure you remem·

ber that legumes include peas beans lentils, peanuts and pods with beanJike seeds Some acacias

)pynghted rr - '11

ANSWERS AND AUDIO SCRIPTS FOR PRACTICE ACT1VmES IN CHAPTER 3 S21

2 Ur<m

( ) Actlvlty 23 CD 1 Track 15 USlen 10 paIt ola lecture In a chemistry class

Although the purpose and techniques were ofIen magical alchemy was, in many ways, the predecessor

01 the modem science 01 chemistry The rundamental premise 01 alchemy derived from the best phi~

sophical dogma and scientific practice 01 the time, and the majority 01 educated persons between 1400

and 1600 believed that alchemy had great merit

The earlies1 authentic works on European alchemy are those 01 the English monk Roger Bacon and

!he German ph ilOsophe r 81 A1bert1Js Magnus In their treatises they maintained thai gold was lhe

per-fed metal and that Wiferior metals such as lead and mercury were removed by various degrees of mper-ledion from gold They rurlhe!' asserted that these base metals could be transmuted to gold by blending

them with a substance more perfect than gold This elusive !Wbstanoe was rel8fTed 10 as the

Most of the early alchemists were artisans who were accustomed to keeping trade seaets and ohen resorted to cryptic terminology to record the progress of their wotII The term Sun was used for gold, Moon for silver and the rille known planels lor the base metals This oonventlon 01 substituting

symbolic language attracted some myslieaJ philosophers who compared the search lor the perfect

metal with the stnJggle of humankind lor the perfectiOn of the soul The philosophers began 10 use the

artisan's terms Wi the myslieaJ literature thatlhey produced Thus, by the fourteenth century, alchemy had developed two distinct groups 01 practitioners-the Ialloratory alchemist and the literary alchemist Both groups olalchemlsls contioued 10 wor1t throughout the history 01 alchemy but of course, it was the

literary alchemist who was more likely to produce a written record: therefore much of wtlatis known about the science of alchemy Is derived Irom philosophets rather than from the alchemists who labored

In laboratories

Despite centuries 01 experimentation laboratory alchemists failed to produce gold from mher mate-rials However, they gained wide knowledge 01 chemiCal !Wbslances, discovered chemiCal properties and invented many 01 the toots and techniques thai are used by chemists today Many laboratory chemists earnestly devoled themselves to the SCientifiC discovefy of new compounds and reactions

and, therefore must be considered the legitimate lorefathers of modem chemlslry They continued to call themselVes alchemists, but they wefe becoming true chemists

Laboratory alchemists lailed \0 refine base metals to produce gold but they discovered chemical substances, properties , compounds, reactions, tools and techniqoes thaI helped to establish lhe rreld Of modem chemistry

1 ".,,1,.,

Cnoloe A Is a major point because the paragraph thatlotlows includes details about each section Choice B Is a detait thaI deSCribes one 01 the types 01 mouth parts It refers 10 the major poinl about

now insect! are dassl!ied

Choice C is a clataP that describes one 01 the adaptations o mouth parts II refers \0 the major point

about now Insects are classified

righted aler

~22 ANsweRS ANO AUOIO SCRIPTS FOA ACTlVmes, OUlZZes, ANO MODEL TeSTS

Choice 0 is a major point because several typeS of mouth parts are explained in reterence to this

poinl

ChoicG E illlTuO but it ill not monlionod in thll palllla9ll

Choice F is a detail that defines the term proboscis It refers to the major point about how Insects

are classified

Choice G is a detail thai refers to one 01 the body partS in the majot poInl about the three-section

-Choice H is 8 detail that explalns the purpose of one of the adaptetions of mouth parts It refers to

the major point about how Insects are classified

2 l.Bf:trt,

n Actlvlty 24 CD 2, Tfllck 18 Uslen to part of a lecture in an English class

Few have influenced the development of American English to the extent that Noah Webster did After a

short career In law he turned to teaching but he discovered how Inadequate the available schooIbooI<s

were for the children of a new and Indapendeol nation

In response 10 the need lor lruly American textbooks, Webster published A Grammatical Insfflute of

the English Language, a three-volume work that consisted ola speller, a grammar, and a reader The

first vofume which was geoefally koown as The American Spei!ing Book, was so popular that

eventu-ally II sold more than eighty minion ccp!es and provided him with a considerable income for the rest of

his Nle can you imagine that?

Anyway, in 1807 Noah Webster began his greatest WCH1t, An American DIctionary o/the English

Language In preparing the maouscripl he devoted len years to the study of English and its relationship

to other languages, and seven more years 10 the writing itself Published In two volumes in 1828, An

American Diction8ty o( the Eng/ish Language has become the recognized authority for usage in the

United Slates Websler's purpose In wrhlng II was 10 demonstrate that the American language was

developing distinct meanings, pronunciations, and spellings from those 01 British English He Is respon·

sible lor advancing many 01 the simplirl8d spelling lorms that distinguish American English from BrItIsh

Webster was the first euthor to llain copyright protection in the United States by being awarded a

wpyright for ThtJ American Spelling Book and he continued 10 lobby over !he nex! fifty )'fIars lor the

pro-lection 01 intellectual properties, that is for author's rights By the time that Webster brought out the

sec-ond edition 01 his djctlonary, mlch incl uded 70,000 entries instead 01 the origInal 38,000, the name

Webster had become synonymous wIth American diclionarles It was this second edition that served as

the basls lor the many revisions !hat have been produced by olhel$, irOnically, under !he uncopyrighted

Websler name

$«u lN A ' "

The American Spelling Book, Webster's first suocessfut textbook, alforded him an Inoome while he

was writing his diCtionary An American DictIonary of !lie Engl ish Language was written to demonslJate

the unique usage of English in the United States Although he had a copyright for The Americ8n

Spelling Book ironically, Webster did not have a copyright for the original dlctlonary and subseQUent

editions that be ar his name

Choice A is a detell that refers 10 Webster's fife before he began to write

Choice B Is a major poInl because the spelling book allowed Webster to continue his writing career

)pynghled rna n 11

•

ANsweRS AN O AUDIO SC R I PTS FOR PRA C TICE ACTMTlES IN C HAPTER 3 S2:3 Choice C is a major point because severalaxamples re f er to the IJIjque usage ,

Choice 0 is a detail beca u se the r evisions rafar t o the ma;or point about copyrights, Choice E Is probably trua but ills no t me"liolled In the lecture ,

Choice F is a major pOOl beca " se about one lhirdof the lecture Is on the topic of oopyrighI p!otectioI,

ChoIce G Is a detaJlthat rN t es to Webst er' s early l i le

1 1IatII.,

Both Oil paints and canvas were artistic improvements Introduced In the fifteenth century Canvas was superior to the wood panels that p r edated iI because it could be s tretched to acoommodale the huge works that were then popular , and !hen rolled up to ship When It arrived, It was light enough to be easily framed and hung and , unlike wood, it didn' crack Oil paints were preferable because they dried

sIoWty, allowing the artisl to reworIt on lop of a previously painled section, Furthermore, it was possible

to mill the Oils to either a thin or thiCk consI S lency from a glaZa to a pasta

2

n Activity 25, CD 2, Treck 17 Uslen to part of a lectu r a l n an ~ng dass

The question has otten been posed : Why were the Wright brothers able to succeed i'I an effort al wt1ic:tl

so many others I\ad failed ? Well, many explanations have been mentioned , but, u three reasons are

most otten ciled , and f iend 10 agree with them rrst , the Wright brothers wete a leam Both men worked COIIgelIialIy and coopeIalively , read the same books , located and shared in l ormatiorl , talked incessantly aboul!he possibility of manned flight, and, uh , and S8tY8d as consistent sources of lnspItatiorl and,

un , and encouragement to each other , So, to put it quite sWnpIy , two geniuses are beller than onegenlus

with the theories of Right , Orville and Wilbur Wright experienc:ed the practical aspectS 01 aeroclynarnics

by building and flying gliders, and thi s may surprise you , they even new in kiles Now, each creft they

built was sllghity superior 10 !he last because they I ncorporated the knowledge thai they h ad gained from previous f ailures t o ad j ust the neld design They had reahed fairly early on from thEW experknents

it was airoome So, urn , while others concentrated their efforts on the problem of achieving lift l or

take-off , the Wright brothers were focusing on developing a 1t.88-axis control tor guiding their aircraft By the lime tha i !he broIhers started to build an aI.pene, they were already among \he woncI ' s best glider pilots

and they knew about !he problems 01 rid i ng !he ai r firslhand

In addition, the Wright bioChe , s had designed more elfective wings l or their a i rplane than anyone

else I\ad been able to eng i neer USing a wind 1111'11181 , !hey tested more Ihan two hundred different wing OBSigns , r ecording the effects of slight variations in shape on \he pressure 01 ai r on \he wings The data

from these axperiments a l lowed the Wrighl brothers t o construc1 a superior wing lor their ai rc raft But, you know , I n spite 01 these advantages , !he Wright brothers sti l might not have succeeded If

they l\adn' been born at precisely the right ti me I n h is tory Attempts to achieve manned flight In the earty nineteenth century were ctoornect beca u se the steam engines th at pow81'ed the a l rcrafts we r e just too

heavy in Ploportion to the power thai they produced, But by the end 01 the nineleenth century , when the

biathers were experimenting with enginee ri ng options , a relatively I lghl ln lemal combustlon eng i ne had

already been I nvented , and they wafe able to bring the ra tio 0 1 weight to power within acceptable l im its for flighl

524 ANSWERS AND AUDIO SCRIPTS FOR ACTtVmES, OUIZZES, AND MODEL TE S TS

$II"","",

The Wright brothers were successlul In echieving the first manneclllighl because they worked

coIlabo-ralively; they were bolh glider pilots who recognized the lm!X1f1.8nce 01 stabilization and conlrol in an air·

aah ; lhey W8fe able 10 design, lesl, and engineer the best wings lor the plane; and lhey were able to

take advantage Of the relatively fighl inlemal combustiOn engine

I B The first opera in Italy

2 C The growth 01 opera Ihroughoul Europe

3 A Three types of musical pieces In opera

n AcUvlty 26, CO 2 Tr1Ick 18 Llstan 10 part of a lec1ure in a biology class

The protozoans, minuta aquatic creatures, each of which consiSIS 01 a Single celt of protoplasm,

consti-tule e classification 01 the most primitive forms 01 animal life The vl3f)' name protozoan Indicates the

scl-entific understanding of the animals Proia means "first" Of "primitive' and zoa refers 10 the animal

They are fantastically diverse, but three majOr groups may be identified on the basiS of their motiU

The Mastigophofa have one or more long tails thai they use to propel themselves IOIWard The Ciliata,

whiCh use the same basic means for locomotion as the Mastigophora, hava a l!I1ger number of short

tails The Sarcodina which Include amoebae, float or row themselves aboul on their crusted bodies

In additioo to their form of movement, several oth8f features discriminate among the three groups of

protozoans For eKampte, at laastlwo nuclei per cell have been identified in the Ciliata, usually a large

nucleus that regulates growth but decomposes during'reproductlon, and a smaller one thai contains \he

genetic code necessary to generate Ihe large nucleus

So all of this seems very straightforward to this point bul flOW we are going to complicate the pic·

ture Chlorophyll, which Is \he green substance in plants Is also lound In \he bodies of some

proto-zoans, enabling them to make atleasl some of their own food from water and calban dioxide Sounds

like photosynthesis, doesn1~? But protozoans are animals, right? And plants are the lile forms thai use

photosynthesis Okay Well protozoans lIIe nOi considered plants because, unlike pigmented plants 10

which some protozoans are otherwise almostidenlical they do not live on simple olganic compounds

Their cells demonstrate allot the major characteristics of \he celts of higher animals such as eaOng,

breathing, and reproduCing

NOW many species 01 protozoans collect into colonies physically connected 10 one anothef and

responding urVIormy to outside stmu~ Current research ~to 1m phenomenon along with investigalioos

carried out with advanced ~ may necessitate a redelin~ of what constiMes protozoans even

calling into question \he basic premiSe "\hat !hey have only one cell N8'o ertheless, with the current data

avall-able, almost 40,000 species of protoZoans have been identified No doubt as lechllology ~ meth-ods of obsefva1iOn better models of classification of these simple single caDs wiI be proposed

1 0 A definition of protozoans-Single cell

2 A A method o classilicalion fOl'" protozoans-the throe typeS motilily

3 C Similarity to plants- make load Irom waler + CO:2:

4 E Consid8fed animals- eating, breathing, reproducing

5 B Current research-questions, redefinitions

lpynghtcd ma r I

ANSWERS ANO AUOIO SCR I PTS FOfI PRACTICE ACTIVInES IN CHAPTER 3 5 25

PIAtrIcE AcrwtTY 27

t "'Hill,

, A

2 •

3 •

4 A

5 C

6 •

7 •

8 C

Ssmn.,

The author's main purpose In the passage is to describe the nature 01 sunspots Sunspots are solar

particles that are hurled into space by disturbances 01 wind on the Sun Matter lrom the Sun that enters

the Earth's atmosphere affects changes in the weather patterns on Earth Most sunspots appear as a

shadow encircled by bright and dark lines elClending out like spokes in a wheel Sunspots usually occur

In a configurallon of two spots The ooIof of sunspots could be affected by their lemperah.lre Sunspots

may be related to magne~c fields that follow Iongiludinal lines on the Sun The sunspot theory is subject

to debate however

n Activity 27, CD 2, Track 19 Uslen to part of a lectllre In an anthropology class

The development of the horse has been recorded from the beginning, through all o its evollJliOnary

stages, 10 the modern form It is, perhaps one o the most complele and well-cloc\lmented chapters 01

palflonloiogicll.1 hislory Fos!ullinds provide liS IVlt only wilh oolll.i11!d inlormAlion ~boullhA Ivlrl;a ilsall

bot also with valli able insights Inlo the mlgralion o herds and even evidence lor the speculation about

ItIe climatic conditions that could have instigated their migratory behavior

Now geologists believe that the first hofses appeared on Earth about sb:ty mmion years ago as com·

pared with only two' million years ago for Iha appearance 01 human beings There is evidence of early

horses on both the American and Ellropean conlinenlS, but it has been documented thai, almost twelve

million years ago at the beginning 01 the Pliocene Age, a horse about midway through its evoMionary

development crossed a land bridge whora the Bering Strait is now located It traveled lrom Alaska Into

the grasslands of Asia and all the way to Ellrope So, this early horse was a hipparion, about the size of

a modem-day pony with three toes and specialized cheek teeth lOf grazing In Europe, the hipparion

encountared enother less advanoed norsa called the enchitheres, wtlich had previously Invaded Europe

by the same route, probably during the Miocene Period less developed and smaller than the hlpparion

the anctIltheres was eventually compfetely replaced by it

By the end 01 ItIe Pleistocene Age both the anctIitheres and the hlpparion had become e~tinct in

North America where they originated, as fossil evidence dearty demonstrates In Europe, they evolved

Into the larger and stronger anima! that Is V61Y similar to the horse as we know it today For many years,

this horse was probably hunted for food by early tribes 01 human beings Then the qualities 01 the horse

that would have made It a good servant were recognized-mainly its slreng\h and speed It was time lor

the horse to be tamed used as a dralt animal at the dawning 01 agriCulture and then ridden as need lor

transportation increased It was the descendant 01 this domesticated horse that was brought back

across the ocean to lhe AmericaS by European colonists