Phrase of R n ul t because of + noun eKpecled result Although both parents have brown eyes, their children may be born with blue eyes.. Because both brown-eyed parents have recessive ge
Trang 1II ACADEMICSKIUS
SUMMARIZING
Summarizing Is related to paraphrasing because you are using your own words to express an
idea that you have heard or read Remember that when you paraphrase, you are including all
of the information, but when you summarize, you are including only the main ideas A
para-phrase is about the same length as the original, but a summary is shorter than the original
There are three problems that you will confront when you are summarizing
1 A summary does not Include everything in the original This means thai you should
not try to write too much
2 Details and examples that support the main points are usually not Included in a
summary This means that you have to be able to discriminate between the main
points and the details or examples
3 The author' point 01 view must be maintained This means thai you cannot express
your opinion wheo you report the information
This chapter will help you improve your summarizing skills You wHileam how to
• Conoense the Ideaa
• Identify the main pointa
• Report the Information
How will these strategies help you on the TOEFL 7 By leaming to summarize, you will
be able to answer the questions that are worth the most points on the Reading section There
are also questions that require you to produce summaries on the Writing and Speaking sec·
tlons Moreover, research demonstrates that students who understand how to summarize and
use this skill When they prepare for tests will be able to remember information bener
COtlDEIISE THE IDEAS
$11,"l1li10 usa
»- Be brief
»- Combine sentences
, Be brief
A summary is a shorter version of the original For example, if the original is 1000 words a
summary would be 200-500 WOfds A parapilrase is about the same number of words as the
original, but a summary should be brief and coocise
Detais and examples are used to explain and extend the main points in a reading or a lecture
To be brief, delete the details and examples in a summary
bas tiel mat na
Trang 2PARAPHRASING 113
7 Source: Peter OnIcker (man) author
• five transforming lorces
• trends have maior Implications lor Iong-tenn strategies 01 companies
8 Source: Freidrk::h Mohs (man)
• devised hardness scaIeIl0 minerals
• assigned 10 1 0 diamond-hardest known
• lesser values other min
• scale still usefullrelative hardness
9 Source: Maria Monlessori (woman)
• proposed educatiooal model
• nollransmission knowledge
• free to develop
• success child working independenUy
10 Source: Jane Goodall (woman)
• collaboration Louis Leaky
• years living wJchimpanzees-Gombe Reserve
• imitated behaviors
• diScovered chimp complex social organization
• first document chimp makingtuSing tools
• also identified 20 different soundsJcommunicalion
ADVISOR'S OFFICE
Do you talk 10 yourself? Of course you do Maybe not aloud , but all oj us have
men-tal convefSaliOns with ourselves So the question is howdo you talk 10 yoursetl?
Neqaffvft Ta l k
I can' study all 01 this
My English is poor
I won't gel a good score
1lllail, I will be so aShamed
Posjtjve Talk
I am studying every day
My English is improvillg
I will do my besl
III need a higher score, I can Iry again
How would you talk to good friends to encourage and SlJppofIthem? Be a good
I1iend \0 yourself When negative talk comes 10 mind, substitute positive talk
Encourage yourself to learn from mistakes
Trang 3SUMMARIZ!NG " S
Did you understand? Try to mark out all lhe example sentances in the following passage and lecture TtIeo recopy the remaining sentences belOw the originals You will have a good start for writing your summaries But remember that you cannot use someone else's words You still need to paraphrase when you summarize The answers are printed in Chapter 7 on page 518
Your ansW8l'S are correct if you have paraphrased the same ideas
I Rulli.,
municating without using speech Signals signs, and symbols may be lound in every known cullure The basic lunction 01 a signal is to impinge upon the environment in sucn a way that it attracts attention For example, the nashing lights at an intefsection are designed to direct the driver's attention to the road Smoke from a distant fire can also send a message, as does the lTlOfe detaJled version in the dots and dashes of a telegraph Unlike signals, which, in general, are coded to refer to speech, signs contain meaning in and of thems&lves A barber pole or a picture 01 a Ioal of bread can convey meaning quickly and conveniently when placed in Iront 01
a shop A stop sign means stop even though the words may not be written out on the red octa· gon Finally, gestures are actions, which are more diffICUlt to describe because of their rela· tionship with cultural perceptions For instance, in some cultures, applauding in a theater provides pertormers with an auditory symbol 01 approval In othef cultures, applauding can mean tnatthe perlormance was not well received
Listen to part 01 a lecture in a botany class Write down the major points but do not take notes
on the examples Then WTile a summary
o Acti ,ity21, CD2,TrackI4
, Combine sentHees
Another good way 10 condense the ideas is 10 combine sentences Connecting words puI sen·
tences together and show the relationships between them There are several types 01
sen-tences with connecting words lor each type Connecting words lor clauses introduce a subject and a vem Connecting words lor phrases introduce a noun
Clauses 01 AdditIon
addition
1 Penguins are the most highly specialized of all aquatic birds
2 Penguins may live lor twenly years
Trang 4118 ACAOEMH: SKILLS
Penguins are the most highly specialized 01 all aquatic birds, and they may live for twenty years
0'
Penguins are the most highly specialized 01 all aquatic birds; moreover, they may live for
twenty years
Cl l u sas of Rava r ll l
1 Penguins may live lor twenty years
2 Penguins have several obstacles to their survival
Penguins may live for twenty years, but they have several obstacles to their survival
0'
Penguins may live for twenty years; however, they have several obstacles to their survival
C lau ses o f R es ult
although
even though
be'"''
since
_he"
uneKpecled result uneKpecled result eKpecled result eKpecled result absolute scientific result
2 Their children may be born with blue eyes
Phrase of R n ul t
because of + noun eKpecled result
Although both parents have brown eyes, their children may be born with blue eyes
"
Their children may be born with blue eyes although both parents have brown eyes
Even though both parents have brown eyes, their children may be born with blue eyes
"
Their Children may be born with blue eyes even though both parents have brown eyes
, Their children are born with blue eyes
2 Both brown-eyed parents have recessive genes lor blue eyes
Because both brown-eyed parents have recessive genes lor blua eyes, their children are born
with blue eyes
"
Their children are born with blue eyes because both brown-eyed parents have recessive
genes for blue eyes
.g1 bas lIeI matenale
Trang 5SUMMARIZING 1 17
Since both brown-&yed parents have recessive genes for blue eyes , their children are born with blue eyes
'" Their ch i ldren are bam with bl ue eyes since both brown-eyed parents have recessive genes for blue eyes
Because ol recessive genes , their children are born with blue eyes
Their children are born with blue eyes because of recessive genes
When both brown-eyed parents have recessive gel'\8S for blue eyes , their children are born
with blue eyes
'"
Thei r children are born with blue eyes when both brown-eyed parents have recessive genes
Clau of Collbut
PtlnuIH of Contrast
i n spite of + noun contradiction
_
1 Many Native American tribes waged isolated battles against white settlers
2 Under Chief Tecumseh , the Shawnees tried to estabtish a confederacy to unity res istance
against white settlers
Whereas many Native American tribes waged isolated battles against wtVte settlers , under Chief Tecumsah the Shawnees tried to establish a COI,federacy to unity resistanoe against them
1 Tecumseh ' s fearless opposition
2 Tecumseh ' s coalition was defeatad at the Battle of F allen Timbers
I n spite of Tecumseh 's fearless owositiofl, h i s coalition was defsated a t the Battle of F allen
TlIT\bers
'"
Despite T ecumse~'I'S fear1ess opposition , l\is ooalition was defeated at the Battle 01 Fallen Timbers
Desc:rfptlve Cleuaes
wh<h
who
1 Magnesium is the lightes t 01 the struct ural metals
2 Magnesium is Importanlln engineering industries
not huma n
""~"
Magnesium , which Is the lightest of the structural metals , is important in engineering industries
1 Engineers often need lightweight metals
2 Engineers use magl'\8sium for their designs
E ngineers , who often need lightweight metals , use magnesium for their designs
Trang 6l1S ACAD£t.lIC $KIllS
More Descriptive Claulel
1 The biU was not passed until 1920
2 The bill allowed women the right to vote in the United States
The bUt that granted women the right 10 vote In the United Stales was 001 p!:Issed until 1920
Chronology Clausel Chronology Phrsses
1 The Romans invaded Englalld
2 The Cells were living in England
The Romans Invaded England while the Celts were living there
'"
The Romans invaded England during the Celtic occupation
t First the Iberians had been living in England
2 Then the Angles and saxons came to England
The Iberians had been living in England before the Angles alld Saxons came there
'"
The Angles and Saxons came to England after the Iberians had been living there
ConClusion Clauses
1 The amount of land cannot be increased
2 The amount of water cannot be increased
3 Efficient agricultural methods must be employed
The amount of land and water cannot be increased: therefore efficient agricultural methods
must be employed
'"
The amount oIlalld alld water cannot be increased: thus, efficient agricultural methods must
be employed
Parallel Structurel
Similar structures oonnected by commas
Noons
Va""
Adjectives
yttet matcr<a~
Trang 7SUMMAAIZING '"
1 Best known for creating the Shef1oc:k Holmes mysteries, Brttish author Sir Arthur Conan Doyle was a physician
2 Sir Arthur Conan Doyle was also a world traveler
3 Sir Arthur Conan Doyle wrote numerous adventure stories
Best known for creating the Sherlock Holmes mysteries, British author Sir Arthur Conan Doyle was a physician a world traveler and a writer 01 numerous adventure stories
~
Best known for creating the Sherlock Holmes mysteries, British author Sir Arthur Conan Doyle practiced medicine, Iraye!ed the world, and lttW!.II numerous adventure stories
'"
Best known for creating the Sherlock Holmes mysteries, British author Sir ArtOOr Conan Doyle was well ad'qIAd, adyeotureSO!'!!&, and prolific
tntroductory Verbel Modifiers ( Ing and~)
-Ing lonns and -edJonns may be used as vemals Vemals function as modifiers An intro-ductory vemal mocIiller with -ing or · ed should Immediately precede the noun it modifies
Otherwise , the relationship between the noun and the modifier is unclear, and the sal"!-tence is illogical
1 Undbergh designed his own plane, the Spirit of St Louis
2 Undbergh ftew from Roosevelt F"1EI1d in New Yor1I.lo Le Bourget F"teld outside Paris
Having designed his own plane, the Spirit of St Louis, Undbergh flew from Roosevelt Field in New YorK 10 Le Bourget Flekl outside Paris
The plane was designed by Undbergh
The plane flew across the ocean with few problems
Designed by Undbergh, the plane new across the ocean with few problems
Did you understand? Try 10 combine the sentences Copy the combined sentences below the
originals The first sentence Is completed 10 give you an example The answers are printed in Chapter 7 on pages 519-520
Ar1 attitude is a positive or negative evaluation
A positive or negative attitude may affed behavior
An anitude may play an important role in perception
""""
An anitude, which Is a positive or negative evaluation, may affect behavior and play an impor-tant role in perception