Iec ts 62997 2017

21 8 Calc lation an n merical computation of in u ed E field an SAR by mag etic ne rf ield : inac uracies, u certainties an saf ety factors... Electromag etic exp s re is commonly def i

IEC TS 62997

Editio 1.0 2 17-0

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IEC TS 62997

Edit io 1.0 2 17-0

FOREWORD 7

INTRODUCTION 9

1 Sco e 1

2 Normative ref eren es 1

3 Terms, def i ition , s mb ls an a breviated terms 1

3.1 Terms an definition 1

3.2 Quantities an u its 14 4 Organisation an u e of the tec nical sp cification 15 5 The b sic relation hip f or determination of the in situ in u ed electric f ield 16 6 Req irements related to immediate nerve an mu cle re ction 16 6.1 General 1

6 6.2 Method u in the con u tor ge metry an c r ent restriction (CGCR) 17 6.3 Volu te r test method 18 6.3.1 Volu te r b sic test method 18 6.3.2 Method b sed on volu te r tests an simiarity with pre-existin s enario 19 6.3.3 Method b sed on volu te r tests, u in avai a le elevated con u tor c r ent or s orter distan e b twe n the con u tor and b d p rt 19 6.3.4 Method u in mag etic ne rield referen e levels (RLs) 19 7 Req irements related to b d tis ue overhe tin 19 7.1 General 19 7.2 Intermitent con ition with 6 min tes time integration 2

7.3 Intermitent con ition in fin ers an han s with s orter integration times 21

8 Calc lation an n merical computation of in u ed E field an SAR by mag etic ne rf ield : inac uracies, u certainties an saf ety factors 21

8.1 Prin iples f or han l n levels of safety – general 21

8.2 The C value variation with B field c rvature 2

8.3 L cation of p rts of the b d , in trumentation an me s rement is ues 2

8.4 Han l n of inac uracies of in sit u E field an SAR n merical values 2

8.5 Ap ro c es to compl an e 2

8.5.1 General 2

8.5.2 Cases where verification of levels b in b low the RL is s f ficient 2

8.5.3 Cases where only B flu me s rements are s f ficient 2

8.5.4 Cases where the volu te r test method is a pl ca le 2

8.5.5 Cases where the CGCR method is a pl ca le 2

8.5.6 Cases where n merical model n is car ied out 2

8.6 Summary of inac urac /u certainty f actors to b con idered 2

9 Ris group clas ification an warnin markin 2

9.1 General 2

9.2 In u ed electric f ield f om 1 Hz to 1 kHz 2

9.3 In u ed electric f ield f om 1 kHz to 10 kHz 2

9.4 In u ed electric f ield f om 10 kHz to 6 MHz 2

9.5 Mag etic flu f ield fom 1 Hz to 6 MHz 2

9.6 Warnin markin 2

An ex A (informative) Survey of b sic restriction , ref eren e levels in other

A.1 Basic restriction – general an deviation 2

A.2 The coupl n values C in ICNIRP g idel nes an IEEE stan ard 2

A.3 Basic restriction – immediate nerve an mu cle re ction 2

A.4 Basic restriction – sp cific a sorption rates (SAR) 2

A.5 Ref eren e levels – external mag etic B field 2

An ex B (normative) Analytical calc lation of mag etical y in u ed internal E field phenomena 3

B.1 Some b sic formulas – mag etic f ield an L ws of Nature 3

B.2 In u ed field de osition in tis ues by mag etic ne rf ield 31

B.3 Coupl n of a homogene u B f ield to homogene u o jects with simple geometries 31

B.4 Startin p ints for n merical model n 3

B.4.1 Relevant b d p rts 3

B.4.2 The u e of external B f ield an internal p wer den ity in n merical model n 3

An ex C (normative) Ref eren e o jects re resentin p rts of the b dy: tis ue con u tivities 3

C.1 Ref eren e b d p rts 3

C.1.1 General 3

C.1.2 The wrist arm models 3

C.1.3 The han model with tig t f i gers 3

C.1.4 The han model with spre d-out fin ers 3

C.1.5 The f i ger model 3

C.2 Dielectric pro erties of h man tis ues 3

C.2.1 General data for as es ments 3

C.2.2 In er p rts of the body 3

C.2.3 Skin data 3

An ex D (informative) Res lts of n merical model n with o jects in a Helmholtz coi an at a lon straig t con u tor 3

D.1 General an a large Helmholtz coi s enario with a diameter 2 0 mm sphere – FDTD 3D model n 3

D.2 Other referen e o jects in the Helmholtz coi – FDTD 3D model n 3

D.2.1 The s enario 3

D.2.2 Numerical model n res lts with smal er spheres 3

D.2.3 Numerical res lts with other o jects 3

An ex E (informative) Numerical FDTD model n with o jects at a lon straig t wire con u tor 3

E.1 Scenario an general information 3

E.2 Two 2 0 mm diameter spheres 3

E.3 The han model with tig t fin ers at dif ferent distan es f rom the wire – FDTD model n 4

E.3.1 General inf ormation an s enario 4

E.3.2 Model n res lts – p wer de osition p t ern 4

E.4 The han model with tig t fin ers at 10 mm f om the wire – Flu ® 12 FEM model n 4

E.5 Coupl n data an analy is for the han model with tig t fin ers a ove the wire – FDTD model n 4

E.6 Coupl n data an analy is for the wristarm model a ove the wire 4

An ex F (informative) Numerical model n an volu te r exp riments with the han models at a coi 4

F.2 The han model with tig t fin ers 2 mm, 4 mm, 6 mm an 5 mm a ove the

coi an with its rig t side a ove the coi axis – FDTD model n 4

F.2.1 The s enario 4

F.2.2 Model n res lts 4

F.3 The han model with tig t fin ers 6 mm a ove the coi an with varia le p sition in the x direction – FDTD model n 51

F.4 The han model with spre d-out fin ers, 6 mm straig t a ove the coi – FDTD model n 51

F.5 The han model with tig t fin ers ne r a coi with metal c worklo d – FDTD model n 5

F.6 The fin er model 2 mm a ove the coi – FDTD n merical model n 5

F.6.1 The s enarios 5

F.6.2 Model n res lts 5

F.7 Analy is of the FDTD model n res lts 5

F.7.1 General 5

F.7.2 With the han model 5

F.7.3 With the f i ger model 5

F.8 Volu te r stu ies 5

F.8.1 General 5

F.8.2 Calc lation of the in u ed electric f ield stren th in F.7.1 5

F.9 Comp rison with con entional electric s oc eff ects by contact c r ent 5

F.10 Con lu ion f rom the data in An exes E an F 5

F.10.1 Coupl n f actor C data in relation to ref eren e o ject ge metries an mag etic flu c aracteristic without worklo d 5

F.10.2 Coupl n f actor C modification by worklo d 5

F.10.3 Rationales f or the CGCR b sic value with the volunte r method 5

An ex G (informative) Some examples of CGCR values of a han ne r con u tors as f un tion of feq en y, con u tor c r ent an con g ration 6

G.1 Freq en y an con u tor c r ent relation hips: ado ted CGCR value 6

G.2 A han a ove a thin wire 6

G.3 A han a ove a coi 61

An ex H (informative) Freq en y ups aln with n merical model n 6

H.1 General an energ p netration de th 6

H.2 Actual p netration de th data 6

H.3 The p netration de th is ue of re resentativity with feq en y ups al n 6

H.4 Se aration of the internal p wer den ity cau ed by direct ca acitive coupln , an that cau ed by the external mag etic field 6

H.5 The feq en y ups al n proced res 6

H.5.1 General 6

H.5.2 Choices of con u tivity an control proced res 6

Biblogra h 6

Fig re 1 – Examples of warnin markin 2

Fig re A.1 – ICNIRP, IEEE an 2 13/3 /EU b sic restriction (RMS) 2

Fig re D.1 – The z-directed mag etic field momentane u maximal ampl tu e in the central y plane of the Helmholtz coi with the con u tive 2 0 mm diameter sphere 3

Fig re D.2 – The p wer den ity p tern in the central y plane (lef t) an central z (eq atorial) plane of the 2 0 mm diameter sphere 3

Fig re D.3 – The p wer den ity p tern in the central z plane of the referen e

Fig re E.1 – L n straig t wire s enario 3

Fig re E.2 – Power de osition p t ern in the central z planes of the two spheres at 10 mm an 2 mm away f rom the sphere axis; σ = 2 Sm –1 3

Fig re E.3 – Power de osition p t ern in the central y plane of the sphere at 10 mm distan e f rom the wire axis; σ = 2 Sm –1 3

Fig re E.4 – Scenario with the han model a ove the wire axis 4

Fig re E.5 – Power den ity in the han model 2,5 mm a ove the wire axis 4

Fig re E.6 – Power den ity in the han model 14 mm a ove the wire axis 41

Fig re E.7 – Power den ity in the han model 10 mm a ove the wire axis 41

Fig re E.8 – Cur ent den ity in the central cros section of the han model at 9 mm f rom the wire – Flu ® 12 FEM model n 4

Fig re E.9 – Wrist arm model a ove a lon straig t wire 4

Fig re E.10 – Line r p wer den ity (lef t, p wer s al n ) an electric field ampl tu e (lne r s ale) in the x plane of wrist arm model 10 mm straig t a ove a lon straig t wire 4

Fig re F.1 – Il u tration of the B field at a sin le turn coi, with the coi centre at the left margin of the image – Flu ® 12 FEM model n 4

Fig re F.2 – Han a ove the coi s enario 4

Fig re F.3 – Power den ity pat ern in the central vertical plane an in the b t om 1 mm layer of the han model, z = 2 mm a ove the to of the coi; a = – 1 mm 4

Fig re F.4 – Power den ity pat ern in the central vertical plane an in the b t om 1 mm layer of the han model, z = 4 mm; a = – 1 mm 4

Fig re F.5 – Power den ity pat ern in the central vertical plane an in the b t om 1 mm layer of the han model, z = 5 mm; a = – 1 mm 4

Fig re F.6 – The ±x -directed (left image) an ±y-directed momentane u maximal E f ield at the han u derside, z = 4 mm; a = – 1 mm 4

Fig re F.7 – The local p wer den ity p t ern of the con ition in Fig re F.3, s owin the 1 mm × 1 mm voxel size an the 5 mm 2 integration region 2 mm a ove the han u derside 5

Fig re F.8 – The local y-directed momentane u maximal electric field p t ern of the con ition in Fig re F.3, s owin the 1 mm × 1 mm voxel size an the 5 mm 2 integration region 2 mm a ove the han u derside 5

Fig re F.9 – The p wer den ity p t ern in the han model centred a ove the coi an 6 mm a ove it; left image: b tom region, rig t image: 10 mm up 51

Fig re F.10 – The han model with spre d-out fin ers located 6 mm straig t a ove the coi (lef t); relative p wer den ities at the heig t of maximum p wer den ity b twe n fin ers (rig t 51

Fig re F.1 – The han model 6 mm a ove the coi an a 10 mm diameter metal c worklo d in the coi 5

Fig re F.12 – Quiver plot of the mag etic (H) f ield ampltu e in logarithmic s aln , in the s enario in Fig re F.1 with a non-mag etic (lef t) an mag etic (rig t worklo d 5

Fig re F.13 – The p wer den ity p t ern in the central vertical cros section in the han s enario in Fig re F.1 5

Fig re F.14 – The p wer den ity in the central vertical cros section of the han as in the s enario in Fig re F.1 , but 5 mm a ove the coi ; with no worklo d (lef t) an with p rme ble metal c worklo d (rig t 5

Fig re F.15 – The two f i ger p sition a ove the coi; lef t = y-directed f i ger 5

Fig re F.16 – Power den ity maximum p t ern in the y-directed 17 mm diameter fin er model 5

Fig re F.17 – Power den ity maximum p t ern in the x-directed 17 mm diameter fin er

Fig re F.18 – Momentane u maximal electric f ield maximum p t ern in the x-directed

Fig re G.2 – CGCR coi c r ents at 1 kHz f or the han model with the side at the coi

axis, at variou heig ts a ove the coi 6

Fig re G.3 – CGCR coi c r ents at 1 kHz f or the han model at 6 mm a ove the coi

with dif ferent sideway p sition 6

Ta le C.1 – Examples of dielectric data of h man tis ues at normal b d temp rature 3

Ta le E.1 – Coupln factors f or the han model with tig t fin ers at variou heig ts

a ove the wire axis 4

Ta le G.1 – Coupl n factors an al owed coi c r ents at 1 kHz f or the han model

with the side at the coi axis, at variou heig ts a ove the coi 61

Ta le G.2 – Coupl n factors an al owed coi c r ents at 1 kHz f or the han model

at 6 mm a ove the coi with diff erent sideway p sition 6

INTERNATIONAL ELECTROTECHNICAL COMMISSION

_

Evaluation of hazards caused by magnetic nearfields

from 1 Hz to 6 MHz

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• the s bject is sti u der tec nical develo ment or where, for any other re son, there is the

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Tec nical sp cif i ation are s bject to review within thre ye rs of publ cation to decide

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IEC T 6 9 7, whic is a tec nical sp cification, has b en pre ared by IEC tec nical

The text of this tec nical sp cification is b sed on the fol owing doc ments:

En uiry draft Re ort o v tin

Ful information on the votin f or the a proval of this tec nical sp cification can b foun in

the re ort on votin in icated in the a ove ta le

This doc ment has b en draf ted in ac ordan e with the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2

In this tec nical sp cif i ation, the f ol owin print typ s are u ed:

• terms u ed throu hout this sp cification whic have b en defined in Clau e 3: in b ld

typ

The commite has decided that the contents of this doc ment wi remain u c an ed u ti the

sta i ty date in icated on the IEC we site u der "htp:/ we store.iec.c " in the data related to

the sp cific doc ment At this date, the doc ment wi b

• with rawn,

• re laced by a revised edition, or

A bi n ual version of this publcation may b is ued at a later date

IMPORTANT – The 'colour inside' logo on the cov r pa e of this publ c tion in ic te

that it contains colours whic are considere to be us f ul f or the cor e t

understa din of its conte ts Us rs s ould th ref ore print this doc me t using a

colour printer

An external alternatin mag etic f l x can in u e electric field in ide the h man b d Su h

in u ed f ield con titute an imp rtant category of p s ible hazard This tec nical

sp cification de ls with the s b-category of non- adiatin mag etic ne rield in the f req en y

ran e b twe n 1 Hz an 6 MHz b in the source of the in u ed electric f ield The primary

f oc s is on tec nical a pl cation in in u trial electrohe tin an electromag etic proces in

in tal ation an eq ipment, with the a pl ca le saf ety stan ard in the IEC 6 519 series

IEC 6 1 0:2 0 de ls with me s rement proced res a plca le to the c aracterisation of

mag etic an electric field levels with regard to publ c exp s re IEC 6 8 2-2:2 16 provides

as es ments of exp s re restriction for electric arc weldin eq ipment fom 0 Hz to

3 0 GHz There is, however, no other IEC stan ard or tec nical sp cif i ation coverin more

general kin s of eq ipment an hazard as es ments in the ran e of up to 6 MHz

Mag etic f ield hazard are de en ent on the source c aracteristic , in lu in s c without

an with mag etic materials in the source circ it or worklo d Su h materials en an in the

mag etic f l x den ity are req ired f or cre tin an in u ed electric s oc hazard b low some

f ew kHz Static mag etic f ield can cau e other hazard than those by con entional y in u ed

electric field an are de lt with in IEC 6 519-1:2 15 The lower f req en y l mit in this

tec nical sp cif i ation is therefore 1 Hz

NOT A p ralel IEC te h ic l s e ific tio IEC T 6 9 6

1

is d v lo e b IEC TC 2 , to c v r to c a d

c nta t c re ts a d v lta e in th f re u n y ra g 1 kHz to 6 MHz It als in lu e me s reme ts of

c p citiv ly c u le c re ts thro g th b d To c a d c nta t c re ts a d v lta e at lower fe u n ie are

c v re b IEC 61 4 :2 16

The up er f eq en y l mit 6 MHz is c osen, sin e

• hig er f eq en ies are not exp cted to b employed by internal f req en y con erters f or

DC voltage tran formation in eq ipment;

• the f e sp ce wavelen th of 6 MHz is 5 m, whic res lts in wave phenomena that

es ential y do not exist in or at p rts of the h man b d whic have les than 10 %

c aracteristic dimen ion of this;

• the p wer p netration de th l mitation by the eq ivalent complex p rmit ivity of b d

tis ues has not yet set in at 6 MHz, so the mag etic flu completely p netrates the p rts

of the b d u der stu y with no s ieldin ef fects, res ltin in an overal simpler an l ne r

f req en y de en en e of the in u ed electric field ;

• the eq ivalent complex p rmit ivity of the p rts of the b d u der stu y is typical y so hig

in this feq en y ran e that external electric field are ef ficiently hin ered f om enterin

the p rt of the b d an cau in internal electric f ield – as a con eq en e, the

se aration of ca acitively coupled an in u ed electric f ield is theref ore stron ;

• proces in f req en ies b low 6 MHz are typical y low imp dan e; hig er imp dan e

dielectric he tin has its lowest ISM feq en y at 6,8 MHz, b in de lt with in

IEC 6 519-9:2 0

Electromag etic exp s re is commonly def i ed to oc ur whenever an wherever a p rson is

s bjected to electric, mag etic or electromag etic field , an the al owed ac e ta le levels of

exp s re are u ual y sp cif ied by national radiation protection or worker protection agen ies

in the famework of he lth an safety reg lation ad res in the u er of eq ipment Sin e

dif ferent sources of inf ormation on the as ociated safety req irements exist an these

sources ten to a ply q ite dif ferent saf ety margin , there are u fortu ately sig ificant

dis re an ies amon their levels of the in prin iple p tho h siological y b sed so-cal ed b sic

restriction

_ _ _ _ _ _

When the source is wel defined an is the b sis for calc lation an computation , the

tec nical tre tment of emis ion is prefer ed to the con ideration of exp s re That is the case

in this tec nical sp cification, also sin e the external mag etic ne rf ield is not modif ied by the

presen e of the p rt of the b d ne rby Furthermore, the res ltin in u ed an p tential y

hazardou internal electric f ield de en on the size, s a e an orientation of the p rt of the

b d in relation to the source, an on the sp tial c aracteristic of the field Sin e the in u ed

electric f ield by mag etic ne rield is directed es ential y p ral el to the b d p rt s race,

where s it is p rp n ic lar f or contact c r ent f ield , the hazard criteria a pl ed in this

tec nical specification diff er f rom those in some stan ard

This tec nical sp cification provides complete inf ormation for as es ments

The tre tment of mag etic ne r ield as def i ed in this tec nical sp cification de ls with

dis ontin ou presen e of the o erator in the ne r ield, as wel as intermit ent o eration

Cases whic do res lt in s orter term hig er b d tis ue temp rature rise in very smal tis ue

volumes are also de lt with in this tec nical sp cification The inf ormation an req irements

are th s u ef ul f or other simi ar cases in s ien e an in u try

As to me s rement proced res an eq ipment, IEC 6 519-1:2 15 provides an overview

IEC TC 10 has publ s ed stan ard whic provide g idan e for situation where the source

of the mag etic f ield an the exp sed p rson are typical y further a art than in the situation

ad res ed in this tec nical sp cification As a con eq en e, those stan ard ten to def i e

mag etic f ield sen ors neither wel s ited for me s rements very close to c r ent-car yin

con u tors nor on mag etic f ield whic vary con idera ly over the region where the ne rest

p rt of the b d b in s bmit ed to the emis ion is located

IEC 6 8 2-2:2 16 develo ed by IEC TC 2 de ls with the red ction of the coupl n fom

mag etic ne rield comp red with homogene u f ield , as do s this tec nical sp cification,

but in somewhat dif ferent way

Hazard estimation related to mag etic ne rield p se pro lems with the u e of some

existin exp s re stan ard , either by an exag erated saf ety margin of the so-cal ed

referen e levels, or by compl cated an exp n ive n merical model n in a plyin the

so-cal ed b sic restriction The method in this tec nical sp cification red ce costs to in u try

by b in simple an direct They are also re l stic, in p rtic lar sin e the n mb r of re orted

ac idents or in idents cau ed by mag etic ne rield as ad res ed in this tec nical

sp cification are ex e tional y few in relation to the oc ur en e of stron s c f ield in

in u try

This tec nical sp cification sp cifies a volu te r test method f or as es ments of p rce tion of

immediate mu cle an nerve re ction in fin ers an han s at f req en ies b low 10 kHz A

f irst arg ment is that the test en s at the p rce tion level when the p rson’s f i ger or han

slowly a pro c es the c r ent-car yin con u tor without contactin it, an a distan e is

me s red There is no ris of harm, u l ke with medical tests u in volu te rs, whic req ire

ethical p rmits, etc A secon arg ment is that the computational alternative in cases with

intricate con u tor ge metries an p s ible mag etic materials in the source circ it or

worklo d is hig ly compl cated an theref ore exp n ive, req irin n merical model n sin e

me s rements of the mag etic ne r ield is virtual y imp s ible an the in u ed electric field

de en s on the p sitionin of the f i ger or han A third arg ment is that re l stic data are

immediately o tained an typical y res lt in the saf ety distan e in most cases b in very s ort

an therefore e s to control

INDUSTRIA L ELECTROHEA TING AND

Evaluation of haz rds caused by magnetic nearfields

from 1 Hz to 6 MHz

This IEC tec nical sp cification sp cif ies the c aracteristic of external mag etic ne r ield ,

computation of an req irements on in u ed electric field in b d tis ues in the f req en y

ran e f rom 1 Hz to 6 MHz with resp ct to in u ed electric s oc phenomena, for

electrohe tin (EH) b sed tre tment tec nologies an for electromag etic proces in of

materials (EPM) The phenomena in lu e sp cific a sorption rates with time integration

NOT Th o eral s f ety re uireme ts for th v rio s ty e of e uipme t a d in talatio s for ele tro e tin or

ele troma n tic pro e sin in g n ral re ult fom th joint a plc tio of th Ge eral Re uireme ts s e if i d in

IEC 6 519- :2 15 a d Partic lar Re uireme ts c v rin s e ific ty e of in talatio s or e uipme t This te h ic l

s e ific tio c mpleme ts th Ge eral Re uireme ts a d a ple to intern l fe u n y c n erters f or cre tin hig

or low D v lta e , a d to pro e sin f re u n ie

In u ed electric s oc phenomena de lt with in this tec nical sp cif i ation are cau ed by the

alternatin mag etic ne rf ield external to a c r ent-car yin con u tor or p rme ble o ject,

in u in an electric field in a p rt of the b d in the vicinity of the con u tor

Relaxed criteria comp red with the general ba ic re trictions f or exp s re a ply Simpl f ied

hazard as es ment proced res a ply for situation when only fin ers, han s an /or

extremities are in the mag etic ne rf ield

This tec nical sp cification do s not a ply to eq ipment within the s o e of IEC 6 519-9 i.e

eq ipment or in tal ation for hig f req en y dielectric he tin

The f ol owin doc ments are ref er ed to in the text in s c a way that some or al of their

content con titutes req irements of this doc ment For dated referen es, only the edition

cited a ples For u dated ref eren es, the latest edition of the ref eren ed doc ment (in lu in

• IEC Electro edia: avai a le at ht p:/ www.electro edia.org/;

• ISO Onl ne browsin platform: avai a le at htp:/ www.iso.org/o p

NOT 1 Ge eral d finitio s are giv n in IEC 6 0 0, th Intern tio al Ele trote h ic l Vo a ulary Terms relatin

to in u trial ele tro e tin are d f i e in IEC 6 0 0-8 1

NOT 2 Some of th d finitio s in this cla s diff er s mewh t to th s in sta d rd a d g id ln s, a wel a

b twe n th s Definitio s in this Te h ic l Sp cif i atio are b ld d in th te t a d s v ral of th m h v

e pla atory n te in this cla s

3.1.1

a ersion

exp rien e that is disl ked but can b ac e ted f or a s ort time b f ore volu tary with rawal

Note 1 to e try: Re ctio s to a ersiv stimul are c n cio sly c ntrole , a o p s d to re ctio s to p in whic

c u e h rm a d c n n rmaly n t b c ntrole

Note 2 to e try: Ty ic l q otie ts of intern l ele tric field b twe n aversio a d p rc ptio in th Hz to kHz

ra g is a o t 2; s e IEC T 6 9 6:– c v rin to c a d c nta t c re ts a d v lta e in th fe u n y ra g

f rom 1 kHz to 6 MHz

3.1.2

ba ic re trictions

BR

restriction on in situ (i.e internal) electric field or sp cific a sorption rates (SAR) or p wer

den ities with time an sp tial averagin or integration, res ltin f rom a p rt of or the whole

b d b in s bjected to an external alternatin electric (E) f ield, mag etic (B) f l x or

electromag etic f ield, an that are inten ed to b b sed directly on res ltin esta ls ed

p tho h siological eff ects

Note 1 to e try: Th term e p s re is a oid d sin e it h s ma y, e e c ntra ictory, me nin s As a

c n e u n e, th d f i e term is n t g n raly a plc ble o tsid th s o e of this te h ic l s e ific tio ; s e

Note 3 to e try

Note 2 to e try: Ba ic re trictio s h v a s f ety margin to h rm

Note 3 to e try: So rc s of s ie tific a d me ic l inf ormatio o n meric l v lu s are e.g IE E, ICNIRP a d EU

An th r term for th lmits is e p s re lmit v lu s (ELV) L v ls are diff ere t amo g s urc s; re s n within th

s o e of this te h ic l s e ific tio are dif fere c s in s fety fa tor le els, dif fere t c n id ratio s of ma n tic f l x

c rv ture a d d c y rate with dista c fom th s urc , b d s ra e v rs s in-d pth f i ld , co pln value ,

a d me s reme t s n ors

Note 4 to e try: Sin e in sit u ele tric field stre gth or p wer d n itie in tis u s are s c n ary to th emite

ma n tic n arield, d finitio s b IEC TC 3 a d TC 10 are n t u e in this te h ic l s e ific tio

Note 5 to e try: Time fa tors of spe if ic absorptio rate (SA R) or p wer d n itie , ie e erg a s rptio

v rs s time, are n c s ary for e ta ls in criteria

3.1.3

con uctor g ometry a d c r e t re trictions

CGCR

restriction on certain combination of con u tor ge metry, c r ent, o eratin f eq en y (i.e

source pro erties) an distan e/orientation of f i gers, han s an extremities in relation to a

source with no p rme ble material b in aff ected, inten ed to be in irectly b sed on res ltin

p tho h siological ef fects

Note 1 to e try: CGCRs for c mplc te s urc pro ertie are n t c n id re in this te h ic l s e if i atio

3.1.4

coupl ng v lue

relation hip b twe n in u ed electric field stren th maximum in a b d p rt, the f req en y an

the in u in mag etic flu den ity in defined location , u der the as umption that there is no

cou ter in u ed mag etic field in the b d p rt d e to its resistivity

Note 1 to e try: Th c n e tio b twe n th s is E = C·f·B , wh re E is th ele tric f i ld stre gth, C th c u ln

in u e ele tric field stre gth or th c ntre of a in u tio c i

3.1.5

ele troma netic emis ion

phenomenon by whic electromag etic energ is avai a le ne r a source

Note 1 to e try: For in u trial microwa e e uipme t d alt with in IEC 6 519-6:2 1 , emis io rath r th n

e p s re is als a ple

Note 2 to e try: Th s urc d ta u e in this sta d rd are ty ic ly e pre s d b c n u tor g ometry, c re t

a d fe u n y in c s s with n p rme ble or disturbin material sin e ma n tic n arf i ld flu pro ertie are in

ma y c s s dif f ic lt or e e pra tic ly imp s ible to me s re with s ff i ie t a c ra y

Note 3 to e try: Th e erg c n b re ctiv , ie n n-a iatin (e a e c nt) into f re s a e

[SOURCE: IEC 60 5 -161:19 0, 161-01-0 , modif ied – The definition has b en modif ied by

re lacin the word "emanates f rom" by "is avai a le ne r an notes to entry have b en

ad ed

3.1.6

ind c d ele tric s oc

p tho h siological eff ect res ltin f rom an internal in u ed electric field cau ed by an

alternatin mag etic f l x external to a c r ent-car yin con u tor or other flu source

Note 1 to e try: Th eff ects in th f re u n y ra g b low 10 kHz are e s ntialy imme iate, a mu cle a d

n rv re ctio s In th hig er f re u n y ra g th s h v v nis e a d time-d p n e t lo al o erh atin

c n titute th p s ible h z rd

Note 2 to e try: With ma n tic n arield th b d p rt wh re th hig e t ele tric f i ld inte sity o c rs is ty ic ly

th t n are t to a c re t s urc or th ma n tic f l x ma imum, or a re io in whic th in u e clo e c re t

non- adiatin alternatin mag etic f ield existin ne r a c r ent source, c aracterised by a

f ield c rvature an sp tial decay rate at the p int of in estigation

Note 1 to e try: Ty ic ly, th s p rtic lar influ n e b mag etic ne rf ields h v dis p e re at s urc

dista c s twic th c ara teristic siz of th b d p rt

Note 2 to e try: Th f i ld c rv ture is th ra iu R

os

of th o c latin circle

Note 3 to e try: Comp rativ c lc latio s or c mp tatio s of th co pln value in a h mo e e u ma n tic f l x

are v lu ble for a pro imate v rific tio s, b t s c f l x is n t a n arield Th re are th n c s s wh re c lc latio s

a d/or ma n tic flu me s reme ts are pref ere

3.1.8

pain

u ple sant exp rien e s c that it is not re di y ac e ted a secon time by the s bject

s bmit ed to it

EX MPLE A c p citor dis h rg c re p n in to a pro imately 1 µF c p cita c at 10 V b twe n grip in

h n s, 3,5 mA A to c c re t, th stin of a b e, th b rn of a cig rete

3.1.9

point of inv stigation

POI

location in sp ce at whic the vector value an f ield c rvature, as wel as the ampltu e

sp tial decay rate alon the radiu vector f rom the source of the mag etic flu , are evaluated

Note 1 to e try: Sin e d c y rate are s atial d riv tiv s, me s reme ts re uire s atial inte ratio or k own

pro ertie of th emis io s urc Furth rmore, th ma n tic f i ld c rv ture me s reme t re uire more th n o e

POI

Note 2 to e try: Th re are prin iple u c rtaintie re ardin th c oic of th POI in c s s with ra idly s atialy

d c yin ma n tic f l x inte sity in id th b d p rt In this te h ic l s e ific tio , ma n tic flu d ta are ty ic ly

giv n at th s rf ac of th b d p rt wh re th ma imum in u e ele tric f i ld o c rs Howe er, th ma n tic f l x

inte sity v lu in a c ara teristic p int s c a th c ntre of a c i is c o e wh n emis io c ara teristic are

u e

Note 3 to e try: Th POI lo atio a d its e te t are d fin d in c rte ia , c ln ric l or s h ric l c -ordin te

relativ to a s ita le ref ere c p int o th e uipme t u d r te t

Note 4 to e try: Th f i ld pro ertie at th POI are in ma y c s s diff i ult or e e pra tic ly imp s ible to

me s re Emis io c ara teristic are th n in te d u e ; s e Note 2 to e try, a d 3.1.5

Note 1 to e try: Th me nin of th term dif fers b twe n s me sta d rd a d g id ln s, with re ard to th

c n id ratio s of s f ety fa tors

Note 2 to e try: Ref erenc levels are a s c n t referin to a y le els of imme iate n rv a d mu cle

re ctio s, or s n atio s of a y gra u l h atin of th tis u

Note 3 to e try: An th r term, b IE E a d EU, is a tio le el (AL)

Note 4 to e try: Co sid ratio s of th ma n tic f l x c rv ture p rameter a d ampltu e d c y with dista c f rom

th s urc are g n raly n t o e ly d s rib d in sta d rd a d g id ln s

3.1.1

spe if ic absorption rate

SAR

p wer a sorb d by (dis ip ted in) an in remental mas contained in a volume element of

biological tis ue when s bjected to an external alternatin electric f ield, mag etic flu or

electromag etic f ield

Note 1 to e try: Th ele troma n tic p wer d n ity is relate to o ly th ele troma n tic v lume pro ertie of

biolo ic l tis u , s a re alc latio fom th t to SA R h s to b c r ie o t u in th s e ific d n ity, whic is

u u ly s t to 1 0 0 k ·m

–

Th re is a ditio aly a n e for k owle g o th s e ific h at c p city a d h at

c n u tivity of th tis u , a wel a p wer d p sitio p tern a d in sit u h at c n u tio or c n e tio

pro ertie , for d termin tio of a y h z rd u temp rature ris s or ris rate

[SOURCE: IEC 6 4 9:2 10, 3.14, modified – The exp s re con e t has b en general sed

an a note has b en ad ed

3.2 Qua titie a d units

Ap rt f om the international y ac e ted SI u its, the f olowing ph sical q antities are u ed

throu hout this doc ment

Bo y art

thic n s

D m Ch ra teristic diameter of a b d p rt u d r in e tig tio s

for in u e ele tric field

Pe etratio d pth d

p

m Th dista c f rom th s ra e to th la er b low th

s ra e of a a h lf sp c of a a s rbin material at whic

Th re ista c in o m p r s u re of a f l t a s rbin fim

whic is mu h thin er th n th d

p

of th material a s c

4 Organisation and use of the te hnical specif ication

It is recommen ed that this tec nical sp cification is stu ied in the lsted order b low The

order of u e then de en s on what is de med to b critical The an exes provide mu h data

a) Firstly, the definition of ma netic ne rfield in 3.1.7 is imp rtant If s c field an

b d p rts fulfi this, the in u ed electric in sit u field typical y b comes we ker than with a

homogene u mag etic f ield an is typical y con entrated to the p ripheral region of the

b d p rt

b) Secon ly, Formula (1) in Clau e 5 is of central imp rtan e The coupl n v lue C is

f req en y in e en ent up to the hig est f req en y of 6 MHz de lt with in this tec nical

sp cification

c) Thirdly, Formula (2) in 6.2 expres es the b sic con ition f or ac e tan e of the

combination of con u tor ge metry, b d p rt s a e an location, an feq en y b twe n

1 kHz an 10 kHz The value at 1 kHz (3,6 Vm

–1

) a pl es down to 1 Hz

d) Clau e 6 is a pl ca le f or f req en ies up to 10 kHz an con ern nerve an mu cle

re ction whic are immediate if the in situ electric field stren th is hig enou h However,

with Formula (2) fulfi ed there s ould b no p rce tion Sin e there are con idera le

diff i ulties to o tain the in situ electric field, in irect method have to b ap l ed They are

l sted in Clau e 6, with data han l n in Clau e 8

e) Clau e 7 de ls with req irements related to b d p rt tis ue overhe tin For f req en ies

a ove 10 kHz this can oc ur without an immediate p rce tion The spe if ic absorption

rate (SAR) con e t is u ed, with relaxation for s ort-time f ast tis ue he tin whic is

sen ed Again, computin or calc latin the in situ electric f ield stren th is neces ary

Some method in Clau e 6 are u ed, with tis ue data f om An ex C

f ) Clau e 8 de ls with the overal calc lation an saf ety con ideration In p rtic lar 8.6 is

imp rtant an de ls with the dif ferent a pro c es toward compl an e There is a sp cial

g) Amon the eig t An exes the f irst thre (A, B an C) are of referen e c aracter An ex D

de ls with the non-ne rf ield case of o ject coupl n to a homogene u mag etic f l x, an

its Fig re D.3 is very i u trative An exes E an F de l with o jects ne r a straig t wire

an coi , resp ctively, an man res lts are s mmarised in Clau e F.10 an in the

practical y u eful gra h an ta les in An ex G Final y, An ex H de ls with some

computational is ues an neces ities f or f req en y ups aln in n merical FDTD

model n

5 The basic relationship f or determination of the in situ induced ele tric f ield

The most basic an val d relation hip b twe n an in u in sin soidal mag etic flu inten ity

B in a smal closed an homogene u region where the in u ed electric f ield stren th E is

hig est is expres ed as

in the SI s stem, where C is the coupl n value in metre an f the f eq en y in Hz It fol ows

f rom the definition of the coupl n value C that it is a pl ca le if the mag etic f l x is not

aff ected by the presen e of the o ject, i.e if the o ject is non-mag etic an has an electric

con u tivity σ whic is s ff i iently low for the E f ield not to b af fected by it Furthermore,

h man are con idered entirely non-mag etic so the in sit u B = µ

0

H It is also to b noted that

C is in prin iple f eq en y in e en ent sin e the mag etic field is not influen ed by the

presen e of the b d p rt; se An ex H on the l mitation

The general f orm of Formula (1) is directly a pl ca le with homogene u B f l x an solva le

by analytical fu ction f or some mathematical y c l n rical ge metries with axis p ral el to the

B f ield direction For in omogene u B f ield there is a ne d to, in some way, define their

stru ture Two way are u ed in this tec nical sp cification:

• for an infinitely lon con u tor, its cros section dimen ion an either the total c r ent in

it or the me s red/computed B field at the o ject s rf ace where the maximal in sit u E field

is ind ced;

• for a sin le turn coi , al its dimen ion an either the total con u tor c r ent or the B flu

inten ity at its centre; the res ltin coupl ng v lue C is then la el ed C

c i

NOT Furth r b sic inf ormatio , o e.g 2D mo el n , is giv n in Cla s D.1 A diff ere tly d f i e c u ln

f actor K

2D

a d c mpre e siv 2D mo el n re ults are in IEC 6 2 6-2- :2 0

The C value de en s on the o ject ge metry an location, an on the B f l x c aracteristic

Sin e the in u ed E field “strives” to b come circ lar in a homogene u B flu in a

homogene u con u tive b d (by the Kirc hof prin iple of minimum Joule n he t , it wi

typical y have a minimum in the central region of an o ject There wi also b a lower C

value for o jects whic are l ne rly s ru k in the plane p rp n ic lar to the B flu direction

u der otherwise u c an ed con ition ; se D.2.3

With in omogene u tis ue con u tivity, mu h the same as a ove a pl es, but con entration

eff ects of the c r ent den ity oc ur; se Clau e F.4 More ac urate b d p rt models for

n merical model n s al then b con idered However, ma netic ne rf ields typical y al ow

The p rtic lar req irements in this tec nical sp cification a ply with ma netic ne rfield in

cases where the aff ected b d p rt is only f i gers, han s or extremities, as fol ows:

a) u in the CGCR method in 6.2; this is a plca le in ge metrical y simple config ration

where only the c r ent-car yin con u tor an the b d p rt are present Formula (2) in

6.2 is a pl ca le

b) u in n merical model n , with the coupl ng v lue C b in o tained an u ed with

Formula (1) in Clau e 5 an Formula (2) in 6.2 The examples in An exes C, D, E, F an

G provide information whic is a pl ca le in cases where the s enario u der stu y is

simi ar

c) u in the volu te r test method in 6.3 This is a pl ca le in cases with complcated

ge metries an location an b d p rt p stures The method is also a pl ca le in cases

where the source circ it contain mag etic materials or a worklo d is in uen in the

ma n tic ne rfield

The BR values ref er ed to in Fig re A.1 are a pl ca le f or other b dyp rts than fin ers, han s

an ex t remit ies However, if it is s own by n merical model n that the ma n tic n ariel d in

combination with the kin an p sture of the tru k provides the most onerou in u ed E field

only in s al ow region by a ma netic n arf ield source close to it, a relaxation down to the

sp cification in F rmula (2) is p s ible to a ply

NOT 1 Re s n for th mo if i d re uireme ts b Formula (2) in relatio to th BR v lu s in Fig re A.1 are

giv n in Cla s A.1

NOT 2 It is wel k own th t th imme iate n rv a d mu cle re ctio s are v ry mu h re u e at 10 kHz a d

sti more at hig er fe u n ie , a c mp re with th s at A main f re u n y For kHz f re u n ie o ly a

tin ln s n atio is p rc iv d if th ele tric f i ld inte sity is hig e o g Th u p r f re u n y lmits b

IC IRP/EU a d IE E f or imme iate n rv a d mu cle re ctio s o in sit u ele tric f i ld th ref ore s em to b

u cle r with re ard to s c re ctio s; th re c n ot b a y p in b s c re ctio s o ly, at fe u n ie hig er th n

10 kHz If th time of b in s bje te is s ort a d at a hig intern l ele tric field le el a d hig fe u n y, th re

are of c urs diff i ultie to s p rate o t th dire t ele tric l a d tis u h atin eff ects b v lu te r stu ie

NOT 3 Th imme iate n rv a d mu cle re ctio s are pro ortio al to th p a v lu of th in sit u in u e

ele tric field stre gth, with th time b twe n p a s c ara terisin th fe u n y f It is th n to b n te th t th

ele tric field c rv form is relate to th time d riv tiv of th in u in ma n tic f i ld

6.2 Method u ing the condu tor geometry a d c r e t re triction (CGCR)

NOT 1 An e e D to G pro id th b sis for th re trictio s s t o t in 6.2 In p rtic lar, th b d p rt mo els in

An e C a d th re orte v lu te r stu y re ults at 1 kHz in Cla s F.8 are a ple a d pro id a b c gro n to

Formula (2)

Usin CGCR levels with a n mb r of s enarios f or o tainin relevant saf ety levels by

n merical model n s al, alternatively to 6.3, b the con lu ive proced re

The req irement for ac e tan e in Formula (2) is val d b twe n 1 kHz an 10 kHz for the

maximal in u ed electric field strength in f i gers, han s an extremities by a sin soidal

ma n tic ne rfield

103,6

The CGCR method is a pl ca le for only sin soidal mag etic field with mag etic o jects in

the circ it If mag etic field have an influen e, n merical model n is ne ded u les B flu

me s rements in 8.3 or the volunte r test method in 6.3 are car ied out

NOT 3 It is in pra tic n t p s ible to g t th s E field stre gth v lu s at fe u n ie le s th n 1 kHz u le s

ma n tic materials are u e in p rtic lar wa s f or cre tin th n c s ary hig ma n tic f l x d n itie

NOT 4 Comp ris n b twe n v lu te r te t re ults of to c c re ts at 1 kHz a d n meric l mo el n re ults

with a c i with 4,8 kA at th s me fe u n y are u e a a b sis Th y are d s rib d in Cla s s F.7 a d F.8, with

In this tec nical sp cification the outermost s in region with a out 2 mm thic nes is ex lu ed

in the determination of the region over whic the sp tial averagin of the in u ed electric field

is made The tis ue region to b con idered is contig ou , with 4 mm

2

to 6 mm

2

cros section

with no con ave p riphery and at le st 1 mm in minimum width, p rp n ic lar to the c r ent

flow (an E f ield direction) an selected as havin the hig est average

NOT 5 Re s n f or th s in re io e clu io are primariy d e to e s ntial s ortin -o t b th mu h hig er

c n u tivity of in er tis u s; s e Cla s 5, C.2.2 a d C.2.3

NOT 6 Th s atial a era in is in c n id ratio of th p s ibi ty of u e of v rio s n meric l meth d , a d f or

a oidin u n c s ariy d taie c mp tatio s Th s a e of th cro s s ctio is th s el ptic l or re ta g lar

If the actual s enario is re resented in An exes E to G or n merical y modeled, no ad itional

safety f actor on the coupl ng v lue C is a pl ed In other cases the safety f actor of C is set to

a numb r b twe n 1,5 an 2 de en in on the simiarities In ad ition, a saf ety factor for the

referen e s enarios s al b ap l ed an sp cified in the doc mentation, in con ideration of

al ge metric f actors in lu in p sition of the o erator f i ger, han or extremity as wel as

con u tor ge metry, c r ent an feq en y

6.3 Volunte r te t method

6.3.1 Volunte r ba ic te t method

The primary u e of this method is with con u tor, worklo d con ition in lu in presen e of

p rme ble materials an b d p rt location an orientation f or whic the CGCR method is

not de med s ita le an the simi arities to the referen e s enarios in an exes are

in uf ficient, or n merical model n faci ties are not avai a le In p rtic lar, the method is

s ita le when there are p rme ble materials aff ectin the mag etic f l x in u in electric

f ield in b d p rts

The go l is to as ertain that the s enario – i.e al ge metric factors in lu in the o erator

f i ger, han or extremity in an onerou but not u l kely p sition an p sture, as wel as

source typ , ge metry, c r ent an f req en y – wi not res lt in an immediate nerve or

mu cle re ction The method is a pl ca le f or f req en ies up to 10 kHz, for non-sin soidal

an sin soidal in u ed electric f ield

NOT 1 For fe u n ie lower th n s me few kHz, s f ficie t in u in ma n tic f l x d n itie are p s ible to

a hie e o ly with p rme ble materials in th s urc circ it

NOT 2 Th meth d is n t a plc ble for f re u n ie a d c n itio s whic re ult in tis u o erh atin b in th

primary h z rd

If maximal y one of f our volu te rs p rceives nerve re ction an none of the f our

exp rien es aversion with the hig est normal o eratin c r ent, the s enario is compl ant

Other criteria of volu te r selection an test res lts can b req ired by national authorities for

worker protection

NOT 3 Th meth d with ele ate c re ts or clo er a pro c to th c n u tor in 6.3.3 is prefere , if te h ic ly

p s ible

NOT 4 An e ample in giv n in Cla s F.7

6.3.2 Method ba e on volunte r te ts a d simi arity with pre-e isting s e ario

This is a plca le in cases of c an es of coi radiu or con u tor len th, worklo d if existin ,

an c an e of feq en y, al with u c an ed ac es by the relevant b d p rt No f urther

as es ments are then ne ded f or compl an e

NOT An e B pro id s formula for re alc latio s, or n meric l mo el n c n b c rie o t in te d

6.3.3 Method ba e on volunte r te ts, using a ai able ele ate cond ctor c r e t or

s orter dista c betwe n th con uctor a d bodypart

Elevated c r ents improve the as es ments of the level of p rce tion If with an otherwise

u c an ed s enario maximal y one of the f our volu te rs as in 6.3.1 expres a ersion, the

relative elevated c r ent b comes a saf ety f actor to b a pl ed with e.g c aracteristic size of

the b d p rt or the distan e to the source

NOT 1 Sh rter dista c s b twe n th c n u tor a d b d p rt is a a plc ble meth d a a o e, for re s n bly

straig t c n u tors b t n t with c is Th re are in s me c s s v riatio s of th C v lu with dista c ; s e

Ta le E.1 a d Fig re G.1

NOT 2 An e e E a d F pro id rele a t informatio

6.3.4 Method u ing ma netic ne rf ield refere c le els (RLs)

This is a pl ca le in cases where the mag etic f l x is me s ra le close to the POI whic

s al b at le st 2 mm f rom the ne rest p int on the mag etic f l x source The a pl ca le RL

B value is 1,0/fT (RMS) from 1 Hz to 6 MHz, with a cei n value of 3 0 µT This a ples to al

b d p rts for sin soidal f ield

NOT 1 Usin Formula ( ), this c re p n s to C = 1 m Th t is hig er th n c n re lstic ly b o tain d; s e

An e e C to G

NOT 2 Th RL v lu s c re p n s wel to th s in Dire tiv 2 13/3 /EU RL v lu s in th IE E sta d rd are

mu h lower f or th lowe t f re u n ie , b t h s a more th n thre time hig er c i n v lu for e tremitie

NOT 3 For n n-sin s id l field , s e 6.1, Note 3

7 Requireme ts related to body tissue overheating

7.1.1 The l mits of the ICNIRP/EU an IEEE BRs s own in Fig re A.1 are sp cified by

these for only averagin over any 6 min tes, an are es ential y the same in this Tec nical

Sp cif i ation, by a sl g tly modif ied req irement in 7.1.2 Short term or intermitent b d p rt

he tin req irements are given in 7.2 an 7.3, with temp rature rise req irements in 7.1.3

an 7.1.4 Skin he t ca acity data are given in 7.3.2, but maximal energy den ity

req irements are sp cif ied

The ef fective (RMS) value of the in situ in u ed electric field stren th is a pl ca le The

electric field c rveform is related to the time derivative of the in u in magnetic field

As for the immediate nerve an mu cle re ction , the CGCR method an n merical model n

are u ed f or the con ition of p s ible contin ou presen e by the b d p rt in the ma n tic

ne rfield Req irements are in 7.1.2 to 7.1.4 Cases where this is not practical or p s ible,

an where the mag etic field are s p osed to b so we k that there can b no hazard , are

de lt with in 8.6 Intermitent he tin is de lt with in 7.2 Short time he tin an integration

times req irements are sp cified by volu te r sen in , in 7.3

NOT 1 Th u p r f re u n y lmits of th IC IRP/EU a d IE E BRs s own in Fig re A.1 are at 10 MHz a d

6 MHz, re p ctiv ly Howe er a d a als s own in th f i ure, lmitatio s b b d tis u SAR a era e o er a y

6 min te s t in at ele tric f i ld le els ma y time lower th n at th u p r f re u n y lmits f or th imme iate n rv

NOT 2 In view of th re omme d tio s o ele ate SA R v lu s in Cla s 7, th re is a u c rtainty a to whic

criteria – E field or SAR – s o ld b u e b fore s f ety f actors are a ple in c s s in th MHz ra g Th

situ tio is e a erb te b th la k of IC IRP/EU a d IE E e pla atio s of th c o e fe u n y pro ortio alty

f actor fwith th simple e p n nt 1 for th imme iate n rv /mu cle eff ect Th IC IRP s f ety fa tors are als

state to b hig a d c n e plain th diff ere c s to IE E sta d rd , rath r th n d a y dif fere c s amo g

v lu te r stu ie

7.1.2 The ICNIRP or IEEE BR sp cif i ation , or those by the relevant national authority,

s al b u ed for as es in the overhe tin of a p rt of the b d p s ibly lastin over an

7.1.3 It is as umed that the temp rature rise in an p rts of the b d do s not ex e d 5 K,

ex e t f or he ted s in region (e idermis/dermis/s bc tis) where the local s ort term

temp rature is al owed to b come 5 °C

7.1.4 It is as umed that the initial temp rature of the s in an fin ers is 3 °C, on whic

the as es ments f or some intermitent con ition are b sed An initial temp rature of 4 °C is

as umed f or other p rts of the b d , an s al also b u ed for the initial s in temp rature in

al situation with elevated ambient temp ratures

NOT 1 Th fin er s in temp rature ris is th s ma imaly 18 K f or a initial temp rature 3 °C, a d 10 K f or

oth r p rts of th b d a d for f i g r s inu d r c n itio s of ele ate ambie t temp rature

NOT 2 Skin d ta a d s in h at c p city c n id ratio s, a wel a c mp tible temp rature ris criteria for to c

c re ts, are in IEC T 6 9 6:–, 9.3, 9.4 a d An e C Comp tible ele troma n tic f i g r s in v lume d ta are

giv n in An e C in this Te h ic l Sp cific tio

7.2 Intermit e t conditions with 6 minute time inte ration

7.2.1 Subclau e 7.2 is a pl ca le f or cases where the immediate he tin eff ect exten s

6 mm or more into the tis ue

NOT 1 Th d termin tio of this h atin d pth is to b ma e b n meric l mo el n , or b u in a plc ble

e istin th oretic l or n meric l d ta Se An e e D, E a d F

As a con eq en e, hig er s ort term SAR cei n values are al owed u der the con ition that

the average over an 6 min tes do s not ex e d the BR value This cei n value is set to

con eq en e at these cei n values, the al owed total time of b d p rt he tin b comes

15 secon s over an 6 min tes

NOT 2 Th SA R fa tor 5 0/2 = 2 is c mp tible with s me e istin n tio al re ulatio s

NOT 3 A dis u sio of intermite t e p s re, with c n lu io s for microwa e in u trial e uipme t, is in

An e B of IEC 6 519-6:2 1 Th impin in p wer flu d n ity fa tor is 5 o er ma imum 2 s c n s d ratio ,

b t th t f actor is lmite b c ara teristic of c mmo ly a aia le me s reme t in trume ts Th e uipme t a d its

c ntrol s stem s al b s d sig e a d s t th t th re ultin e erg d p sitio in a y 10 cm

7.2.2 The n merical values in 7.2.1 are al owed also u der the con ition of non- e etitive

o eration , with a pro riate warnin markin an u er in tru tion displayed at the

eq ipment

7.3 Intermit e t conditions in fingers a d ha ds with shorter inte ration time

7.3.1 Subclau e 7.3 is a pl ca le for non- e etitive cases where the immediate he tin

eff ect is stron est in a region down to 4 mm or les in lu in the s race of the tis ue Su h

cases oc ur in extreme ne rield in the close vicinity to c r ent-car yin con u tors

7.3.2 Skin tis ue (2,5 mm total thic nes of e idermis, dermis an s bc tis) has a he t

ca acity of a out 0,6 ·J·cm

–2

·K–1

7.3.4 The p wer den ity s al b so hig that sen in oc urs The p rce tion con ition

for hazard calc lation are s in temp rature rises of at le st 3 K over 5 secon s The data in

6.3.2 res lt in a he tin by the minimum 3 K req irin 1,5 W/cm

7.3.5 The with rawal re ction in this case is set to b completed 1 secon after the actual

sen in , i.e 3 K temp rature rise In the minimum p wer den ity case for p rce tion, the

temp rature rise wi th s b a out 3,6 K If the he tin rate is hig er, maximal y 18 K (10 K

with elevated ambient temp rature) is alowed ac ordin to 7.1.3 an 7.1.4 With 15 times

This is the maximal y al owed local p wer den ity

7.3.6 The temp rature evenin -out by he t con u tion has a time con tant of 15 secon s

to 2 secon s, with the restriction in 7.3.1 The f req en y of re etitive o eration res ltin in

he t p rce tion s al b maximal y one p r min te

7.3.7 Ap ro riate warnin markin and in tru tion s al b displayed at the eq ipment

8 Calculations and numerical computations of induc d E f ield and SA R by

magnetic nearf ields: inaccuracies, uncertainties a d saf ety f actors

8.1 Prin iple f or ha dl n le els of s fety – g neral

Ac ievin an overal ac e ta le saf ety req ires a combination of a n mb r of often

compl cated an q ite dif ferent f actors, some b in more imp rtant than others Due to their

typical interp n en ies, s mmation of the pro a i ties s al not b l ne r but b sical y le

st-s uare Exp rien es typical y s ow that the dominant u certainties are related to o erator

b haviours, in lu in ris awarenes , u e of inf ormation an ad eren e to in tru tion L c

of cle r information, in tru tion an warnin s are also imp rtant f actors As a con eq en e,

prop r in tru tion by the man facturer an contin ed f olow-ups by the u er are cru ial

The man facturer has the prerogative to minimise the in erent ris s of the eq ipment by

tec nical me n , without disa l n the inten ed proces or u a i ty of the eq ipment He

s al comp re the imp rtan e an detaied sp cification of an s c me n with the

en e vours to minimise the overal ris s by pro er information an in tru tion to the u er

The b lan in of u a i ty an overal safety is a mater of agre ment b twe n the

man facturer an the u er of the eq ipment emitin ma netic ne rfields It is, however, the

resp n ibi ty of the man facturer to pre-as es the comp ten e of the u er an his a i ty

an wi in nes to ad ere to al saf ety in tru tion by the man f acturer, in con ideration of the

complexity of the p rtic lar EH an EPM in tal ation

A me n for the man f acturer to red ce the in erent eq ipment ris s is to employ variou

“fo l-pro f” me s res, s c as proximity sen ors/switc es whic de-energise the p tential y

res ltin in the o erator b in s bjected to p tential y hazardou ma n tic n arf ield

emis ion The u er s al b sp cifical y inf ormed on s c me n for inter upted proces in ,

an they s al b specified in the man facturer’s doc mentation, with their implcation

8.2 The C v lue variation with B field c rv ture

is the radiu of the os ulatin circle determined by the direction of the B

vector of eq al ampl tu e in two ne rby location If rel a le n merical model n is car ied

out, this alows relaxation regardin either the al owed a pro c distan e of a p rt of the

b d to the emis ion source, or hig er c r ents in it; also se Fig re G.2 f or an example

If the field decay rate f rom the source is stron in relation to the c rvature of this p rt of the

b d , or stron d e to the emis ion source c aracteristic of e.g a c r ent lo p (se

Formula B.4), the in situ c r ent p th wi b come l mited to only a smal region of the p rt of

the b d , th s typical y getin a mu h smal er coupl ng v lue C than in the non-ne r ield

case The extent of this we kenin of the coupl n can in practice b q antified only by

n merical model n , as i u trated in An exes E, F an G f or some typical cases

8.3 Loc tion of parts of the b dy, instrume tation a d me s reme t is ue

A coi -typ sen or is u ef ul in a homogene u mag etic (B) flu , sin e the coi are is not

imp rtant As ad res ed in Clau e A.2, the region over whic the in u ed E f ield BRs a ply is

in the order of some f ew mi imetres, an 10 cm

3

or les for the SAR BRs This me n that

the distan e betwe n the b d p rt where maximum E is in u ed an a c r ent-car yin

con u tor within some decimetres s al b very wel k own/sp cified, an /or the B values b

me s red q ite precisely where the b d p rt is s p osed to b present F r example, 10 mm

distan e diff eren e at 3 mm average distan e f rom a lon c r ent-car yin con u tor

the retical y res lts in a B flu q otient of 1,4, i.e 4 % This ge metric u certainty factor

b comes even hig er ne r coi s; se Formula (B.4), an examples in F.2.2

Another con eq en e of the location is ue is that coi -typ B flu sen ors have a sig ificant

sp tial exten ion, res ltin in an averagin of the B f l x over the me s rement coi are This

average wi of course b lower than the maximum closest to the c r ent-car yin con u tor

These is ues wi in man cases b in urmou ta le As a con eq en e, a proced re of

source c aracterisation an c r ents (CGCR) an an alternative method of volu te r tests are

a pl ed in this Tec nical Sp cif i ation

8.4 Ha dl ng of ina c ra ie of in situ E f ield a d SAR numeric l v lue

These q antities can ot b determined by actual me s rements, sin e they have to b non

-in asive As a con eq en e of the res ltin analy is of the overal hazard dis u sed in 7.1,

several of the n merical un ertainty f actors in c r ent me s rements an ge metric as wel

as tis ue pro erty relevan ies, n merical model n of the emis ion an other calc lation

s al initial y b set to low values in the overal ris as es ment proced re This s al b

f ol owed by re e ted statistical analy es with in ertion of the l kel ho d of the dominatin

in ivid al ris levels with modified u certainties of them, for fin in out the few most l kely

onerou ris factor combination

NOT As a e ample for u ers of h n h ld d vic s, IEC 6 2 9-2:2 10 state th t SAR o ere timate are to b

a smal a p s ible a d v lu s in th ord r of 2 % or le s are d eme re s n ble It is furth rmore state th t

tis u c n u tivitie are n t to b s le te to b arbitrariy larg Howe er, s c a stateme t is a plc ble b

lmitin th f i ure to o ly th o tc me of th n meric l mo el n a s c , f or a pre-s e if i d s e ario

8.5 Approa he to compl a c

It is p s ible to make as es ments b sed on diff erent method de en in on the ac urac

requirements an how close the actual in u ed E field stren th is in relation to the

requirement Se arate as es ment proced res are a plca le also to dif ferent p rts an

o eration of the eq ipment

NOT Re uireme t a d ris gro p cla sif i atio s are d alt with in Cla s 9

8.5.2 Ca e where v rific tion of le els being below the RL is s f icie t

NOT 1 Some RL d ta are giv n in An e A

The ma netic n arf ield c rveform an ampl tu e in a relevant POI in the region of l kely or

p s ible b dyp rts presen e are me s red, an the RL data in 6.3.4 are fou d to b

sig ificantly hig er No further ela oration are ne ded if there is a s ff i ient me s rement

8.5.3 Ca e where only B f lu me s reme ts are s f f icie t

Me s rements are car ied out, an it is fou d that levels ex e d or can ex e d the RL data in

an a plca le stan ard or national reg lation

NOT Se Note 2 in th d f i itio of RL (3.1.10): th B f i ld c rv ture p rameter for mag etic ne rfields is n t

c n id re in s me sta d rd s e if yin RLs, re ultin in th RL v lu s b in to low f or s c c s s

The f ield stru ture of the emis ion is as es ed an comp red with relevant data in

An exes B, E, F an G If a re sona le simiarity is then fou d, calc lation are made to

determine if immediate nerve an mu cle re ction or tis ue he tin is the typ of hazard In

the lat er case, the d ration an f req en y or reg larity of b d p rt presen e is u ed, with the

sp cification in Clau e 7 an An ex B

Further an f i al as es ments are then made iteratively, af ter modification of ac es or other

protection me n , if ne ded

8.5.4 Ca e where th volunte r te t method is ap l c ble

This method has the imp rtant ad antage of b in direct in the sen e that most computation

an calc lation er ors are in erently el minated It is a pl ca le b twe n 1 Hz an 10 kHz for

nerve an mu cle re ction (se 6.3) an for intermit ent con ition in fin ers an han s with

s orter integration times for hig er f req en ies (se 7.3)

Detai ed record containin information on the in ivid als, wetmoist con ition , an

ge metric factors s al b pre ared

The method is a pl ca le in cases where there are cle r sp cif i ation on minimum distan e

of the fin er, han or extremity to the c r ent-car yin source, an the source is wel

-sp cified It is p rtic larly s ita le when fin ers or han s are not straig t as sp cified in

An ex C Grip ed to ls, if an , are also in lu ed in the tests

8.5.5 Ca e where th CGCR method is appl c ble

This method has the imp rtant ad antage that mag etic field me s rements are typical y

The method is p rtic larly a plca le in cases where the source f eq en y an c r ents vary,

an the b dyp rts in the ne rf ield are wel defined but their closest distan es to the source

can vary

8.5.6 Ca e where numeric l model in is car ie out

This is a pled in situation where there are re son not to a ply an of the method in 8.5.4

an 8.5.5, f or example by the presen e of disturbin o jects whic can alter the mag etic

f ield data, or with compl cated source ge metries Cur ent an f req en y me s rements,

in lu in the c rveform, are however car ied out for s al n purp ses Resources an

s f ficient k owled e s al b avai a le Data in An exes A to G s al b u ed as b sic

referen es for verif i ation an /or comp rison ; other verif ied ref eren es are also al owed

NOT If n meric l mo el n is n t a c s ible a d th meth d in 8.5.4 or 8.5.5 are n t a plc ble, 8.5.2 or 8.5.3

are a ple , with intro u tio of larg r o eral s fety margin a c rdin to Cla s 9

A ge metric model of the relevant p rts of the eq ipment is con tru ted Then u in the

me s red con u tor c r ent s) or mag etic f ield(s) in some c aracteristic location , the

complete s enario is con tru ted, in lu in tis ue con u tivities f om An ex C Res lts are

then u ed, with relevant safety factors

Freq en y ups al n is recommen ed with finite diff eren e time domain (FDTD) method

This is ad res ed in An ex H

8.6 Summary of ina c ra y/unc rtainty fa tors to be considere

The items de lt with in Clau e 8 an to b con idered are s mmarised as fol ows:

a) Basic is ues:

– The extent of relevan e of stan ardised s enarios (se An exes D to G) for n merical

model n ;

– Computation inac uracies an sen itivities (e.g n merical er ors, resolution lmits of

smal sp tial distan es, non-l ne rities in f eq en y ups aled s enarios)

b) Tec nical an b d p rt varia i ties:

– Sen or inac uracies;

– B f l x me s rement u certainties (man al han l n , location of sp tial inac uracies,

in trument sen or integration are );

– Source varia i ties (source energisin data an f eq en y, in lu in its sp ctrum);

– Varia i ties of the relevant p rts of the b d ( is ue electromag etic pro erties an

ge metries, most onerou location )

c) Op rator an u er b haviour f actors:

– Time varia i ties in o erator a pro c es to an with rawals fom the emis ion source

region;

– Overal influen es by o erator k owled e an awarenes /sen in ;

– Influen es by q alty of in tru tion an warnin s;

– Imp rtan e of contin ed inf ormation to existin an new staff

9 Risk group classif ication and warning marking

Due to the typical lac of p rson el exp rien e of p s ible hazard by in uc d ele tric

s oc , an the l kel ho d of the maximum in u ed electric field not oc ur in in the s in

region, ris group set in s s al b more severe than for con entional electric s oc A f urther

The safety clas ification s heme for exp s re ris s in Ta le 3 in IEC 6 519-1:2 15 is

a pl ca le as stated in the f ol owin 9.2 to 9.6 The a pl cation of ris groups 2 an 3

req ires sp cial restriction an hin erin of ac es an are al owed only in s c cases

where the oc ur en es of harm are de med very u l kely after a thorou h doc mentation

proced re an in tru tion work has b en car ied out an the p rtic lar typ of eq ipment an

proces can re sona ly not b u ed without the very stron mag etic flu es

NOT Ris a s s me t a d c te oris tio is d alt with in IEC 6 519- :2 15 Es e ialy th c n e ts pro id d in

its Cla s 4 are rele a t als f or in uc d ele tric sh ck

9.2 In uc d ele tric fields from 1 Hz to 1 kHz

The al owed field stren th oc urs with ma netic ne rfields only with mag etic materials in

the circ it Due to the as ociated general calc lation an computation diff i ulties, ris group 0

or 1 a pl es, with warnin sig s if group 0 an also in tru tion if group 1

9.3 In uc d ele tric fields from 1 kHz to 10 kHz

Ris group 0 a pl es if the a pl ca le RL value comples with 6.3.4 an 8.5.2

Ris group 0 sti a pl es if the B f ield me s rements an f ol owin calc lation in 8.5.3, with

an a pl ed saf ety factor 2 to those given in 6.2 is fulf il ed Without this safety factor, ris group

1 a pl es

The same prin iple as a ove a pl es with the volu te r test method: ris group 0 when a

safety factor 2 is a pl ed to the ind c d ele tric field, otherwise ris group 1

In cases where n merical model n is car ied out, the same prin iple as a ove is a pl ed,

with ris group setin s de en in on how wel the s enario re resents the actual situation

As a con eq en e, ris group 0 or 1 a pl es

9.4 In uc d ele tric fields from 10 kHz to 6 MHz

Ris group 0 a pl es if 7.1.2 (lon term) is fulf il ed Normaly, no warnin sig is ne ded

Ris group 0 also a ples with 7.2; a warnin sig s al b u ed

Ris group 0 or 1 a pl es with 7.3; me s res are sp cified in 7.3.7

9.5 Ma n tic flux fields f rom 1 Hz to 6 MHz

Sin e only RL values of s c field are sp cified in this Tec nical Sp cification, ris level 0

a pl es u der the con ition that ac es is hin ered at le st 2 mm fom the ne rest p rt of

the source If not, other method en urin safety a ply; se 6.2, 6.3 an 8

9.6 Warning marking

Warnin markin s al b ac ordin to 19.4 an An ex F of IEC 6 519-1:2 15

Symb l IEC 6 417-6 0 :2 13-0 “Caution, static mag etic f ield hazard”, s own on the rig t

in Fig re 1, s al b u ed in cases where the B field source contain mag etic materials an

there is a ris of f orces on o jects Symb l IEC 6 417-6 0 :2 14-0 “Caution, alternatin

ma n tic ne rfield hazard”, s own on the lef t in Fig re 1, s al b u ed in cases with stron

in u in c r ents Both sig s s al b u ed simultane u ly, if a pl ca le

Figure 1 – Ex mple of warning marking

IE C

A 1 Basic restrictions – general and deviations

The main updated original sources on whic l mits an reg lation are b sed are develo ed

by ICNIRP an by IEEE IEEE C9 1:2 0 u es the in sit u E f ield of very s ort d ration as

b sic u it for hazardou nerve an mu cle re ction , where s ICNIRP c an ed the

u derlyin phy ical eff ect u ed in their g idel nes f rom in sit u c r ent den ity to in sit u E f ield,

b twe n 19 8 an 2 10

The ICNIRP, IEEE an EU BR sp cification are outl ned in Fig re A.1 These, or those by

the relevant national authority, con titute ref eren e data for as es in the immediate nerve

an mu cle reaction as wel as tis ue he tin ex e t in cases de lt with in Clau e 6 an

s ort term intermit ent con ition in Clau e 7

Formula (2) in 6.2 can b comp red with the data i u trated in Figure A.1 As an example, the

However, that formula is stated to b val d u der al circ mstan es where s F rmula (2) in

6.2 a pl es only with the CGCR method an n merical model n Rationales f or Formula (2)

are given in Clau e F.8 on volu te r stu ies, an in Clau e F.9 by comp rison with

con entional electric s oc ef fects by contact c r ent u in the imp dan e data in

IEC TS 6 9 6

Sp tial averagin sp cification ac ordin to ICNIRP, IEEE an EU are given in Clau e A.3

They do, however, not con ider the p rtic lar pro erty of the in situ electric f ield direction

in u ed by a ma netic n arfield to b p ral el to the b d p rt s rf ace an by that es ential y

p rp n ic lar to the nerve f ibres in the s in region so that no c r ents are in u ed in them;

se Clau es F.8 an F.9

NOT 1 In th Dire tiv 2 13/3 /EU it is state th t th BR/RL s stem c n b in c n ict with s e if i c n itio s

whic s o ld th n b ta e into a c u t; th t emplo ers are e title wh re rele a t to ta e e p s re le els a d

oth r a pro riate s f ety- elate d ta pro id d b th ma uf acturer into a c u t; th t ame dme ts s o ld b

p s ible ta in into a c u t te h ic l pro re s, c a g s in th mo t rele a t sta d rd or s e ific tio s, a d n w

s ie tif i f i din s c n ernin ele troma n tic f i ld It is f urth rmore state in th Dire tiv th t e id n e f or s c

d viatio s mu t th n b a aia le

NOT 2 In th IE E sta d rd C9 1:2 0 it is state th t its e iste c d e n t imply th t th re are n oth r

wa s to pro u e, te t, me s re, p rc a e, mark t, or pro id oth r g o s a d s rvic s relate to its s o e It is

als state th t wh n a d c me t is more th n f i e y ars old a d h s n t b e re ff irme , it is re s n ble to

c n lu e th t its c nte ts, alth u h sti of s me v lu , d n t wh ly re e t th pre e t state of th art Th

C9 1a Ame dme t (2 10) d e n t d al with ma n tic f i ld ema atin fom a altern tin c re t s urc

A 2 The coupl ng values C in ICNIRP guidel nes a d IEEE standards

NOT 1 Both IC IRP a dIE Eh v lmite th ir c n id ratio s to c s s with a sig if i a tly lo g r dista c f rom

th s urc to th n are t p rts of th b d th n in this Te h ic l Sp cific tio Th p rts are th n als a s me to

NOT 2 IC IRP:19 8 dis u s s a simple first ord r formula for c lc latio of th ma imum c u ln f rom a

h mo e e u ma n tic f i ld (in its s ctio 4, o ref erenc levels) whic c n b e pre s d a C = πR, with R b in

th ra iu of th o je t In ertin th re lstic ly larg st lo g c ln er a pro imately re re e tin a h a h vin

2 0 mm diameter, in a h mo e e u B f i ld, in Formula ( ) giv s C = 0,314 m

Fig re A.1 – ICNIRP, IEEE a d 2 13/3 /EU ba ic re trictions (RMS)

NOT 3 Fig re A.1 d ta in re are for th rmal ef fe ts, d alt with in 7.1 Th IE E, EU a d IC IRP BR v lu s are

e s ntialy th s me

NOT 4 Th s e ific tio s in 2 13/3 /EU f or in u e ele tric field is e s ntialy id ntic l to th s in ICNIRP

2 10 for al h a a d b d , b t a ple to al tis u s Th o ly dif fere c is th t p a v lu in te d of R S are

s e ifie Th v lu s are id ntic l f or sin s id l c rv form

NOT 5 Sin e th in u e ele tric f i ld is virtu ly in e e d nt of th ele tric c n u tivitie of ty ic l h ma

tis u s within th fe u n y ra g a d s o e of this Te h ic l Sp cif i atio , th c a g b IC IRP b twe n 2 0

a d 2 10 ( om c re t d n itie to ele tric f i ld ) re ults in a impro eme t of a c ra ie or c lc late or

c mp te d ta for c mp ris n with th E f i ld BR

NOT 6 IE E sta d rd a d ICNIRP g id ln s d viate c n id ra ly b twe n th m with re ard to th ele tric

f i ld BR, a s own in th gra h in Fig re A.1 At 10 kHz, th BR q otie t f or e tremitie is a o t 2 b twe n IE E

a d ICNIRP 2 10 Betwe n IE E a d IC IRP 19 8 (e o firme in 19 9) th q otie t is a o t 10, for tis u

c n u tivity 0,2 Sm

–1

IC IRP h s n t pro id d a y dis u sio of th s dif fere c s, e c pt stateme ts th t s fety

f actors a d worst c n itio s are c n id re IE E sta d rd in lu e dis u sio of s fety fa tors, whic are state

n t to b larg b t s f ficie t

A 3 Basic restrictions – immediate nerve and muscle re ctions

Ac ordin to the ICNIRP g idel nes an IEEE stan ard , in situ electric field values s al b

sp tial y integrated over q ite smal volumes ICNIRP sp cifies a smal contig ou volume of

2 mm × 2 mm × 2 mm, an IEEE the arithmetic average determined over a straig t l ne

segment of 5 mm len th oriented in an direction within the tis ue The Directive 2 13/3 /EU

The a ove withb sic p wer

den ity restriction 10 W/k

Basic restriction for con u tivity 0,2 S/m,

With regard to the immediate nerve an mu cle re ction , an agent s c as a ma netic

ne rfield at kHz f req en ies cau es the same kin of p rce tion as do s a contact c r ent in

the same f eq en y ran e, with the only ex e tion that:

• in the contact c r ent case there is a tin l n sen ation in the contactin region as wel as

in other b d p rts, in prin iple al the way to the secon ary contact are ;

• with ma netic ne rf ield emis ion the tin l n ef fect oc urs only in a l mited region of

tis ue where the in u ed electric field is stron est; this region is in prin iple q ite ne r the

b d p rt s r ace

There is a general y ac e ted b sic u derstan in that p rce tion of tou h- or contact

c r ents is “not p r se hazardou but could b con idered as annoyan e” as stated by e.g

ICNIRP As a con eq en e, there is no b sic re son to tre t the immediate nerve an mu cle

re ction by tou h/contact dif ferently f rom in u ed E field in tis ues

A 4 Basic restrictions – specif ic absorption rates (SA R)

The main updated sources are the same as in Clau e A.2 They are in go d agre ment an

in icated in red in Fig re A.1 It is to b o served that the publs ed SAR levels are averages

over 6 min tes, an that no s ort time cei n values are provided The ICNIRP 19 8 an

2 10 g idel nes, IEEE C9 1:20 5 stan ard an EU Directive 2 13/3 /EU al sp cify SAR

averagin over any 10 g of contig ou tis ue

NOT 1 Inf ormatio o th re ultin temp rature ris is giv n in7.1.2 , Note 1

NOT 2 Mo if i d re uireme ts f or in u trial microwa e e uipme t, b s d o b d p rt h atin rate , etc are

s e if i d in IEC 6 519-6

A 5 Ref erenc le els – external ma netic B f ield

ICNIRP:2 10 sp cifies B

ma

= 10 µT for al p rts of the b d , in the f req en y interval

b twe n 3 kHz an 10 MHz, whic is of main interest for this Tec nical Sp cif i ation

ICNIRP:2 10 states that this a ples f or con ition where the field variation over the sp ce

oc upied by the b d is relatively smal , i.e non-ne r ield cases

IEEE C9 1:2 0 specifies B

a

= 615 µT f or the head an torso an 1 13 µT f or the lmbs,

in the f req en y interval 3 3 0 Hz to 5 MHz IEEE C95.1:2 0 states that if the f ield is not

con tant in mag itu e or direction over the p rt of the b d , the lower RL a pl es but it is then

p rmited to rely on BR compl an e

2 13/3 /EU sp cif ies B

a

= 3 0 µT for “exp s re of l mbs to a local sed mag etic f ield”, an

10 µT f or al other al p rts of the b dy, in the f req en y interval b twe n 3 kHz an 10 MHz

For f req en ies 1 Hz to 3 kHz, B

ma

= 0,9/fT, with fin Hz

Al sources declare that compl an e with the b sic restriction is en ured if there is

compl an e with their RL data, an that lac of compl an e with the RL data do s not

neces ari y in icate lac of compl an e with their BR data

In con lu ion, the RL sp cif i ation dif fer by a f actor six to ten b twe n the IEEE stan ard

an ICNIRP g idel nes This q otient is larger than the one b twe n their BR values in the

same f req en y interval, whic dif fer by a factor 2,3 ; se Fig re A.1

Annex B

(nor mativ )

Analytical calculations of magnetical y induced

internal E field phenomena

B.1 Some basic f ormulas – magnetic f ields and Laws of Nature

Analytical calc lation of the mag etic f ield at straig t con u tors an circ lar coi s are

straig tf orward an are o tained fom the Biot-Savart law by integration For a s ort straig t

z-directed con u tor section, whic oc urs in e.g a rectan ular lo p, the mag etic flu

den ity (B) value outside the centre z = 0 (in c l n rical co-ordinates ρφz) of the con u tor with

len th ± L (i.e total len th 2 L) an car yin a c r ent I b comes

22

ϕ0

(B.2)

With two p ral el con u tor section with p ral el or antip ral el c r ent direction , simple

vectorial ad ition or s btraction of the φ-directed field comp nents a ples

The f ield in an arbitrary p int f rom the centre of a mag etic dip le is again o tained fom the

Biot-Savart law by integration It can b s own that the B value at a p int z on the z axis

(θ = 0; spherical co-ordinates rθ ) of a φ- directed lo p with radiu b car ying the c r ent I is

02

bz

an at the p lar an le θ f rom the centre of the mag etic dip le s c as a

circ lar lo p with axis in the z (θ = 0) direction an with radiu b, an in spherical co-ordinates

rθ , the B value b comes

θµ

cos2

432

RIb

B

r0

RIb

B0

The in u ed electric (E) field in an o ject ne rby de en s on its ge metry and location in

relation to the B f ield, an on the field c aracteristic of the source What ha p n in the

the retical/analytical sen e is determined by F raday’s law, ln in the vector E an B force

f ield by the f olowin vector formula:

tB

In the case of a homogene u B field s c as in the central region of a Helmholtz coi , or at a

very lon distan e f om the source, the c aracteristic E f ield inten ity is hig est at the o ject

p riphery an zero in the centre region In cases with smal R

o c

of the B f ield, the E f ield

inten ity is hig est in smal s rf ace region ; se An exes E an F

B.2 Induced f ield deposition in tis ues by ma netic nearf ields

In the f req en y ran e within the s o e of this Tec nical Sp cification, an in con ideration

of the electromag etic pro erties of tis ues in this ran e, there is no sig ificant cou ter

in u ed mag etic field by action of the generalsed Amp re’s law ∇×H= J+∂D ∂t

f or the

source field This is d e to the wavelen th an p netration de th data as dis u sed

in An ex H

The in u ed E field p tern in a homogene u o ject with tis ue pro erties is th s

in e en ent of the electromag etic pro erties, an f ol ows a n mb r of criteria, deriva le

f rom Faraday’s law in Formula (B.5)

The in u ed c r ent in the o ject b haves as if sourceles , sin e there are no displacement

a pl es, where J is the c r ent den ity vector It is an expres ion of Kirc hof f’s c r ent law

The c r ent p t ern in the o ject wi th s have a lo pl ke s a e with a zero an the overal

c r ent arou d it b comin contin ou , but with varia le c r ent den ity The overal E field

p t ern wi th s to a large extent b determined by the c r ent contin ity In p rtic lar, the

s in region (se Clau e C.2 f or data) wi p rtial y b s orted out by the hig er con u tivity of

mu cle an other interior tis ue, d e to the c r ent mainly b in p ral el to the b d p rt

s r ace, where s it is p rp n ic lar in the tou h c r ent cases Further i u tration are in

Fig re D.2, Fig re F.6, Fig re F.9, an in p rtic lar Fig re F.10 whic s ows the eff ect of the

formula of c r ent contin ity In general:

a) the stron est coupl n is to a tis ue o ject with its major axis p ralel with the direction of

a homogene u B flu , se Fig re D.3;

b) to the f irst order, the maximum in u ed E field ampltu e coupl n is in ersely pro ortional

to the circ mferen e of a simple rou d o ject located as in a) a ove;

c) the coupl n is red ced with smaler c rvature of the B f l x an stron er decay rate of it

away f om the source;

d) there is in aria ly a minimum in u ed E field in the central region of a tis ue o ject an

alway a maximum in the s rf ace region of a re sona ly homogene u o ject

NOT 1 A h mo e e u B f i ld is in prin iple n t a n arield a d fin d in this Te h ic l Sp cific tio , b t is

• the con u tivity is so low that wave energ p netration de th eff ects do not oc ur – i.e

there is no secon ary (cou teractin ) internal B f ield by any c r ents cau ed by the

• the con u tivity is so hig , an the size of the b d p rt is so large, that an ef ficient

ref lection away of the impin in external E f ield f rom the source oc urs, with no sig if i ant

internal p wer a sorption ex e t in extreme situation

• the relation hip E = πR·f·B in erted into F rmula (1) hold for a lon circ lar c l n er with

radiu R in a homogene u axial B f ield if this B field is not influen ed by the o ject

The coupl ng v lue C th s then b comes πR an is f req en y in e en ent

NOT As a e ample fom th n meric l c mp tatio s d s rib d in Cla s D.1, C b c me 0,3 2 f or a 2 0 mm

diameter s h re, u in Formula ( ) Th q otie t th s b c me 0,3 2/0,1π = 0,9 Th d viatio is d e to th

s h re h vin a c rv ture in al thre dime sio s It is th s e p cte th t th c u ln fa tor to a lo g circ lar

c ln er with th s me diameter is a o t 4 % hig er

When the flu decay over the o ject, C typical y b comes smal er than in a homogene u

f l x, sin e it in uen es the b c side more we kly, red cin the overal circ latin c r ent

ampl tu e However, con ition res ltin in an in re se of C can oc ur u der certain

con ition ; se Clau e E.5 an Ta le E.1 It s al then b o served that the main direction if

the flu can c an e in relation to the main s rf ace of the object if moved l ne rly away f rom

the flu source There is then also a pro lem with determination of the actual C sin e the flu

ampl tu e varies For a straig t con u tor an a coi , it b comes neces ary to in te d u e the

source c r ent an ge metry, an then calc late or model the f l x in the region of interest;

se An ex F

B.4 Starting points f or numerical model ing

B.4.1 Rele a t bodyparts

Sin e the c rvature R

o c

of a homogene u mag etic field is infinite an the mag etic field

inten ity decay as the radial distan e f om a lon straig t con u tor (Formula B.2) an the

c b of the radial distan e f rom a lo p at a distan e (Formula B.3), whole od exp s re f rom

a ma netic ne rf ield can in practice b ex lu ed, th s l mitin the sig if i ant ne r ield

influen es to only p rts of the he d an tru k, an to arms, han s an fin ers

NOT Refere c o je ts for n meric l mo el n , re re e tin ty ic l b d p rts, are giv n in An e C

B.4.2 The us of e tern l B f ield a d intern l power de sity in numeric l model ng

Formulas (1), (B.4) an (B.5) s ow that there is a l ne r pro ortional ty b twe n the in u in

B f ield stren th an the in u ed E f ield stren th, with f eq en y as a lne r p rameter Rather

than u in the con u tor c r ent an its circ it ge metry as a start f or the s stem analy is,

u in me s red B values is pref er ed in cases with complcated an large source ge metries

as wel as with o jects ne rby whic disturb the B field p t ern This is also sin e s c values

are in practice not influen ed by the presen e of b d p rts However, if these con u tivities

res lt in a p wer de osition cau ed by external displacement c r ent sources b in en an ed

by f req en y ups al n in n merical model n , q antifyin an se aratin those ef fects f rom

the mag etical y in u ed eff ects b comes neces ary This can b by method des rib d in

An ex H

Direct extraction of the internal |E| f ield is typical y not prefer ed, sin e there is a ne d to

in lu e the con u tivity p rameter, an the external E field is in aria ly mag itu es hig er

than the internal Obtainin the in sit u E values by model n is in te d typical y by selectin

the p wer den ity p (p r volume u it an averaged over a c cle or taken as ampltu e), an

then in the res lt u in the relation hip, u der con ition of a sin le f req en y time-harmonic

p t ern:

2

ma x

ma x2

ma x

ef

2

Ep

Annex C

(nor mativ )

Reference objects representing parts of the body:

tissue conductivities

Five total y re l stic overal model ge metries are u ed, re resentin a f i ger, a wristarm, an

a han No he d model is sp cified, sin e it is as umed that l mbs wi in aria ly b closer to

the source an stron er in situ E field may b in u ed by mag etic non-ne rield

The con u tivites of the test lo d are set as to not res lt in an energ p netration de th

is ues; se An ex H

Dielectric data an their u certainties s al b in lu ed in the overal as es ments de lt with

in Clau e 8 It s al b sp cified what overal tis ue combination is u ed in the n merical

model n

C.1.2 The wrist/arm models

The s a e is simply a 3 0 mm lon 5 mm (wrist or 8 mm diameter (arm) circ lar c l n er

Its primary u e is for b sic in estigation s c as in An ex E

C.1.3 The ha d model with tight fingers

The s a e con ists of an in er rectan ular bloc with dimen ion 14 mm × 8 mm × 2 mm,

plu semi-el ptical en s with the same thic nes an radi 4 mm an 2 mm There are outer

semicirc lar ed e region protru in 10 mm out f rom al sides The outl ne is s own in e.g

Fig re E.4 an Fig re E.5

C.1.4 The ha d model with spre d-out f ing rs

The s a e is a combination of a s ortened han model an five f i ger models as in C.1.5 c t

by the han model The han model is as in C.1.3 but with a 6 mm in te d of 12 mm in er

rectan ular bloc an f i e f i gers with the mid one en in 2 mm f rom the red ced han

model centre The axis of rotation is 3 mm on the other side of this centre, an the an les of

rotation f rom that p int is 15° The outl ne is s own in Fig re F.10

C.1.5 The fin er model

This con ists of a diameter 17 mm an 10 mm lon circ lar c l n er, with ad ed

hemispherical en s The overal len th is th s 1 7 mm

C.2 Diele tric properties of human tissues

C.2.1 Ge eral data for a s s me ts

The electromag etic pro erties of the tis ues of the s bjected p rts of the b dy are imp rtant

f or the as es ments an calc lation of SA R values The average values of electrical

is

a pl ca le b twe n these feq en ies These average values are recommen ed only for

as es ment proced res u in very simpl fied b dy models with homogene u electrical

con u tivity an it is to b noted that the cor esp n in con u tivities for nerves are half or

C.2.2 Inner parts of the body

Table C.1 – Ex mple of diele tric data of h ma tis u s

at normal body temperature

Tis ue ty e Re l relative permitivity

ε ′

E uivalent co d ctivity

σ

[Sm–1

E uivalent diele tric los

The set of data fom the Camela Ga riel group are u iversal y u ed as b sic referen e So

some s c selected data are given in Table C.1 Freq en ies are in Hz k = 1 0 0;

M = 1 0 0 0 0

NOT 1 Data e ist in An e B of EN 5 4 4:2 0 , b t are o ly for th c n u tivity a d refer to a US we s urc

n lo g r a aia le

NOT 2 Th re is ty ic ly a n e for fe u n y u s aln In FDTD n meric l mo el n Th fa tors th n to

c n id r f or th c oic of pro er e uiv le t diele tric d ta are d alt with in An e H

C.2.3 Skin data

Data (also for the s bstan es in Ta le C.1) are avai a le f rom the Italan National Rese rc

Cou ci In titute of Ap l ed Ph sic “Nel o Car ara”, Floren e Italy, an s al b u ed

As a first example dry s in at 10 kHz has σ = 0,0 0 2 Sm

–1

an ε′ = 1 13 Usin ε = σ/2 fε

one o tain ε ≈ 3 0 and an ef fective ε ≈ 1 2 0 These data cle rly in icate that the s in is

s orted-out by the adjacent tis ue havin σ hig er than 0,0 even for nerves

As a secon example wet s in at 10 kHz has σ = 0,0 3 0 Sm

–1

an ε′ = 2 0 0 One o tain

ε ≈ 5 4 0 an an ef fective ε ≈ 2 5 0 This cor esp n s to an eq ivalent con u tivity 0,17

These data again in icate that the s in is es entialy s orted-out by the adjacent tis ue

Annex D

(inf ormativ )

Results of numerical model ing with objects in a Helmholtz coi

and at a long straight conductor

D.1 Ge eral and a large Helmholtz coi scenario with a diameter 200 mm

sphere – FDTD 3D model ing

A homogene u mag etic f ield provides res lts whic can also b calc lated by analytical

method The solution for a lon circ lar c ln er with radiu R an axis p ral el with the

mag etic B field at feq en y fb comes very simple: the maximal internal E field is at the

p riphery an b comes π·R·B·f

NOT 1 This f act is u e a refere c for th 2D mo el c lc latio s in IEC 6 2 6-2- :2 0 , wh re a 2D

dime sio le s c u ln fa tor K (c le K

2D

in this Te h ic l Sp cif i atio ) is intro u e a d d fin d a C divid d

b π·R Th 2D mo el in IEC 6 2 6-2- :2 0 is re re e te b tru 3D s e ario with a in nitely lo g

math matic ly c ln ric l o je t in a B f i ld h vin o ly a c mp n nt in its a ial dire tio v ryin with p sitio in

th pla e p rp n ic lar to th a is A 3D wire is th s re re e te b a a ialy infinitely lo g c n u tor s e th

with c re t f l win o ly p rp n ic larly to th o je t a is In s ite of this pra tic l d f i ie c , s c 2D mo els

pro id v lu ble in ig ts into th b h vio r of th in u e E field b a e tern l B f i ld

The Helmholtz coi p ir con ists of two horizontal large circ lar con u tors with cros section

6 mm × 6 mm with 1 19 mm centre diameters, with centres located 5 5 mm vertical y fom

e c other at the same axis Eac lo p is fed f rom a smal co xial p c et, with an eq al

receivin p c et b c to b c There is of course an imp dan e mismatc at the f eed , but

the “actual” mag etic field are extracted The o eratin f req en y is 6 MHz, for red cin the

ru time of the large s enario (2 mi ion voxels with 2 mm × 2 mm × 2 mm resolution in the

critical region in lu in the mid p rts of the sphere) Its con u tivity is set to 1,0 5 Sm

–1

This is hig er than for normal tis ue an c osen d e to the f eq en y ups al n (se

An ex H), but wi typical y res lt also in a ca acitively coupled s rf ace p wer de osition

However, that ef fect b comes in ig if i ant in a Helmholtz coi Res lts were o tained with the

commercial y avaia le Quic Wave

2

FDTD sof tware

Fig re D.1 s ows the stron ly dominatin z-directed mag etic field ampl tu e in a large

volume in the central vertical y plane As exp cted, it is quite con tant in the region of the

sphere, whic is marked by the blac circle The extracted B field ampltu e is 4 1 nT

Fig re D.2 s ows the p wer den ity p t ern The rin -s a ed maximal p wer den ity in the

o tain C ≈ 0,3 2 m The C value u certainty is les than ±1 %, d e to the smal voxels

NOT 2 Th oretic l a p cts o this s e ario are dis u s d in Cla s B.2

_ _ _ _ _ _

2

Quic Wa e FDTD s f tware b QWED Sp z o o (ww qwe e ) is a e ample of a s ita le n meric l

mo el n s f tware a aia le c mmercialy This informatio is giv n for th c n e ie c of u ers of this

d c me t a d d e n t c n titute a e d rs me t b IEC of this pro u t Al c lo r f i ure in this a d th