Iec ts 62282 7 1 2017

This doc ment s ould b u ed by comp nent man facturers or stac man facturers who as emble comp nents in order to evaluate the p rforman e of cel comp nents, in lu in membrane-electrode a

IEC T S 62282-7-1

Editio 2.0 2 17-01

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IEC T S 62282-7-1

Editio 2.0 2 17-01

INT ERNAT IONAL

ELECT ROT ECHNICAL

FOREWORD 7

INTRODUCTION 9

1 Sco e 10 2 Normative referen es 10 3 Terms an definition 10 4 General safety con ideration 14 5 Cel comp nents 14 5.1 General 14 5.2 Membrane electrode as embly (MEA) 14 5.3 Gas et 14 5.4 Flow plate 14 5.5 Cur ent col ector 15 5.6 Clampin plate (or pres ure plate) 15 5.7 Clampin hardware 15 5.8 Temp rature-control device 15 6 Cel as embly 16 6.1 As embly proced re 16 6.2 Cel orientation an gas con ection 16 6.3 L ak c ec 16 7 Test station setup 16 7.1 Minimum eq ipment req irement 16 7.2 Sc ematic diagram 17 7.3 Maximum variation in test station controls (inputs to test 18 8 Me s rin in truments 18 8.1 In trument u certainty 18 8.2 Me s rin in truments an me s rin method 18 8.2.1 General 18 8.2.2 Voltage 18 8.2.3 Cur ent 18 8.2.4 Internal resistan e (IR) 19 8.2.5 Fuel an oxidant flow rates 19 8.2.6 Fuel an oxidant temp rature 19 8.2.7 Cel temp rature 19 8.2.8 Fuel an oxidant pres ures 19 8.2.9 Fuel an oxidant h midity 2

8.2.10 Ambient con ition 2

8.3 Me s rement u its 2

9 Gas comp sition 21

9.1 Fuel comp sition 21

9.1.1 Hy rogen 21

9.1.2 Reformed gases 21

9.2 Oxidant comp sition 21

10 Test pre aration 21

10.1 Stan ard test con ition 21

10.2 Ambient con ition 2

10.4 Re e ta i ty an re rod cibi ty 2

10.5 Numb r of test samples 2

10.6 L ak c ec of gas circ it with inert or test gas 2

10.7 Initial con itionin an sta le state c ec 2

10.8 Sh tdown 2

10.9 Recon itionin 2

1 Basic p rforman e test method 2

1 1 General 2

1 2 Polarization c rve tests 2

1 2.1 General 2

1 2.2 Polarization c rves at con tant gas stoic iometries 2

1 2.3 Polarization c rves at con tant flow rate 2

1 3 Ste d -state test 2

1 3.1 General 2

1 3.2 Test method 2

1 4 L n - erm o eration test 2

1 4.1 General 2

1 4.2 Test method 2

1 5 Voltammetry 2

1 5.1 General 2

1 5.2 Hy rogen cros over test 2

1 5.3 Electroc emical s rface are (ECA) me s rement 2

1 6 Internal resistan e (IR) me s rement 3

1 6.1 General 3

1 6.2 Test method 31

1 7 Electroc emical imp dan e sp ctros o y (EIS) 3

1 7.1 General 3

1 7.2 Test con ition 3

1 7.3 Test method 3

1 7.4 Analy is of EIS data 3

1 7.5 IR me s rement by EIS 3

12 Ap l ed p rforman e test method 3

13 Test re ort 3

13.1 General 3

13.2 Re ort items 3

13.3 Test data des ription 3

13.4 Des ription of me s rement con ition 3

13.5 Test cel p rameter des ription 3

An ex A (informative) Flow plate 3

An ex B (informative) Cel comp nent al g ment 3

An ex C (informative) L ak test 4

C.1 Purp se 4

C.2 Test proced res 4

An ex D (informative) Initial con itionin 4

An ex E (informative) Sh tdown 4

An ex F (informative) Recon itionin protocols 4

An ex G (informative) Polarization c rve test s p lement 4

H.1 Gain tests 4

H.1.1 Hy rogen gain test 4

H.1.2 Ox gen gain test 4

H.2 Gas stoic iometry tests 4

H.2.1 Fuel stoic iometry test 4

H.2.2 Oxidant stoic iometry test 4

H.3 Temp rature efect test 4

H.3.1 General 4

H.3.2 Test method 4

H.4 Pres ure ef ect test 4

H.4.1 General 4

H.4.2 Test method 4

H.5 Humidity ef ect tests 4

H.5.1 Fuel h midity ef ect test 4

H.5.2 Oxidant h midity ef ect test 5

H.6 Limitin c r ent test 5

H.6.1 General 5

H.6.2 Test method 5

H.7 Overlo d test 51

H.7.1 General 51

H.7.2 Test method 51

H.8 Subzero storage test 51

H.8.1 General 51

H.8.2 Test method 51

H.9 Subzero start test 5

H.9.1 General 5

H.9.2 Test method 5

H.10 Membrane swel n test (h midity c cle test 5

H.10.1 General 5

H.10.2 Test con ition 5

H.10.3 Test method 5

H.1 Op n circ it voltage (OCV) test 5

H.1 1 General 5

H.1 2 Test con ition 5

H.1 3 Test method 5

H.12 Ox gen red ction re ction (ORR) activity test 5

H.12.1 General 5

H.12.2 Test con ition 5

H.12.3 Test method 5

H.13 Fuel comp sition test 5

H.13.1 General 5

H.13.2 Test method 5

H.14 Cy l n tests 5

H.14.1 Startsto c cl n test 5

H.14.2 L ad c cl n test 5

H.14.3 Potential c cle test (start sto d ra i ty) 5

H.14.4 Potential c cle test (lo d c cle d ra i ty) 5

H.15 Impurity influen e tests 5

H.15.2 Influen e on p larization c rves 6

H.15.3 L ng- erm impurity influen e test 61

An ex I (informative) Test re ort for p larization c rve tests 6

I 1 General 6

I 2 General information 6

I 2.1 General information on the test re ort 6

I 2.2 General information con ernin the test 6

I 3 Introd ctory remark 6

I 4 Objective an s o e of the test 6

I 5 Des ription of cel comp nents 6

I 6 Bac grou d 6

I 7 Des ription of the test setup 6

I 8 Des ription of o eratin con ition , inputs an outputs 6

I 9 Test proced re an res lts 6

I 9.1 Des ription of startup an con itionin 6

I 9.2 Des ription of s utdown (when relevant 6

I 9.3 Des ription of me s rement an res lts 6

I 9.4 Deviation from test proced res 6

I 10 Data p st proces in 6

I 1 Con lu ion an ac e tan e criteria 6

An ex J (informative) Polarization c rves in helox 6

An ex K (informative) Test re ort for s bzero start test 6

An ex L (informative) Start sto c cln test s p lement 7

An ex M (informative) L ad c cl n test s p lement 71

Biblogra h 7

Fig re 1 – Test station s hematic diagram for sin le cel testin 17 Fig re 2 – Typical testin flowc art 2

Fig re 3 – Hy rogen cros over test 2

Fig re 4 – Determination of ad orption/desorption c arge (q ) 2

Fig re 5 – Determination of CO desorption c arge (q o ) 3

Fig re 6 – Me s rement of ΔV CI 31

Fig re 7 – Typical diagram of a complex imp dan e plot 3

Fig re A.1 – Desig for flow plate (sin le-serp ntine flow c an el) 3

Fig re A.2 – Desig for flow plate ( riple-serp ntine flow c an el) 3

Fig re B.1 – Sin le cel as embly u in typical comp nents 3

Fig re H.1 – ORR activity test proced re 5

Fig re H.2 – Example of Tafel plot 5

Fig re H.3 – Potential c cle test (start sto d ra i ty) proced re 5

Fig re H.4 – Potential c cle test (lo d c cle d ra i ty) proced re 5

Fig re J.1 – Il u tration of los es identified by comp rison of p larization c rves in ox gen, helox an air 6

Fig re M.1 – Dy amic lo d c cl n profi e 71

Fig re M.2 – Secon dy amic lo d c cl n profi e 71

Fig re M.3 – Dy amic lo d c cl n b sed on ro d vehicle drivin 7

Ta le 1 – Parameters an u its 21

Ta le 2 – Ap l ed p rforman e tests 3

Ta le G.1 – Cur ent den ity in rements if maximum c r ent den ity is k own 4

Ta le G.2 – Cur ent den ity in rements if maximum c r ent den ity is u k own 4

Ta le I 1 – Test input p rameters 6

Ta le I 2 – Test output p rameters 6

Ta le I 3 – Cel p rforman e d rin startup an con itionin 6

Ta le I 4 – Cel p rforman e d rin test 6

Ta le K.1 – Energ con umption, gas con umption an he t b lan e data d rin s bzero startup 6

Ta le K.2 – Cel c aracteristic comp rison b fore an af er s bzero testin 6

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Sp cification when

• the req ired s p ort can ot b o tained for the publ cation of an International Stan ard,

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• the s bject is sti u der tec nical develo ment or where, for any other re son, there is the

future but no immediate p s ibi ty of an agre ment on an International Stan ard

Tec nical Sp cification are s bject to review within thre ye rs of publ cation to decide

whether they can b tran formed into International Stan ard

IEC TS 6 2 2-7-1, whic is a Tec nical Sp cification, has b en pre ared by IEC tec nical

commit e 10 : Fuel cel tec nologies

This secon edition can els an re laces the first edition publs ed in 2 10 This edition

con titutes a tec nical revision

This edition in lu es the folowin sig ificant tec nical c an es with resp ct to the previou

edition:

a) addition of new tests, mainly regardin tran p rtation a pl cation ; an ,

b) restru turin of the format: b sic an a pl ed p rforman e test method

The text of this Tec nical Sp cification is b sed on the fol owin doc ments:

Ful information on the votin for the a proval of this tec nical sp cification can b fou d in

the re ort on votin in icated in the a ove ta le

This doc ment has b en draf ed in ac ordan e with the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2

A lst of al p rts of the IEC 6 2 2 series, publs ed u der the general title: Fu el cel

te c hn lo g ies, can b fou d on the IEC we site

The commit e has decided that the contents of this publcation wi remain u c an ed u ti

the sta i ty date in icated on the IEC we site u der "ht p:/webstore.iec.c " in the data

related to the sp cific publ cation At this date, the publ cation wi b

• tran formed into an International stan ard,

th t it c ntains c lours whic are c nsidere to be us ful for the c r e t

und rsta ding of its c nte ts Us rs s ould therefore print this doc me t using a

c lo r printer

This p rt of IEC 6 2 2 des rib s stan ard sin le-cel test method for polymer electrolyte fuel

cel s (PEFCs) This doc ment provides con istent an re e ta le method to test the

p rforman e of sin le cel s This doc ment s ould b u ed by comp nent man facturers or

stac man facturers who as emble comp nents in order to evaluate the p rforman e of cel

comp nents, in lu in membrane-electrode as embl es (MEAs) an flow plates This

doc ment is also avai a le for fuel s p l ers to determine the maximum alowa le impurities in

fuels

Users of this doc ment can selectively exec te test items s ita le for their purp ses from

those des rib d in this doc ment This doc ment is not inten ed to ex lu e an other

method

FUEL CELL TECHNOLOGIES –

Part 7-1: Test methods – Single cel performance tests

for polymer electrolyte fuel cel s (PEFC)

This doc ment covers cel as embl es, test station setup, me s rin in truments an

me s rin method , p rforman e test method , an test re orts for PEFC sin le cel s

This doc ment is u ed for evaluatin :

a) the p rforman e of membrane electrode as embl es (MEAs) for PEFCs in a sin le cel

config ration;

b) materials or stru tures of PEFCs in a sin le cel config ration; or,

c) the influen e of impurities in fuel an /or in air on the fuel cel p rforman e

The fol owin doc ments are refer ed to in the text in s c a way that some or al of their

content con titutes req irements of this doc ment For dated referen es, only the edition

cited a ples For u dated referen es, the latest edition of the referen ed doc ment (in lu in

an amen ments) a pl es

ISO 14 8 -2, Hydro e fu el – Pro duct spe c ificato n – Part 2: Proto e xchan e membran

(PEM) fu el c el ap plc ato s fo r ro ad v hic les

3 Terms and definitions

For the purp ses of this doc ment, the fol owin terms an definition a ply

ISO an IEC maintain terminological data ases for u e in stan ardization at the fol owin

ad res es:

• IEC Electro edia: avai a le at ht p:/ www.electro edia.org/

• ISO Onl ne browsin plat orm: avai a le at htp:/ www.iso.org/o p

s bstan e that ac elerates (in re ses the rate of a re ction without b in con umed itself

Note 1 to e try: Th c taly t lowers th a tiv tio e erg of th re ctio , alowin for a in re s in th re ctio

con u tive material in a fuel cel (3.12) that col ects electron from the anode (3.1) side or

con u ts electron to the cathode (3.5) side

3.8

ele tro e

electronic con u tor (or semi-con u tor) throu h whic an electric c r ent enters or le ves

the electroc emical cel as the res lt of an electroc emical re ction

Note 1 to e try: An ele tro e ma b eith r a a o e (3.1) or a c th d (3.5)

[SOURCE: IEC TS 6 2 2-1:2 13, 3.3 ]

3.9

ele trolyte

l q id or sol d s bstan e containin mo i e ion that ren er it ionical y con u tive

Note 1 to e try: Th ele trolyte is th main distin tiv fe ture of th difere t fu l c l te h olo ie (e.g a lq id,

p lymer, molte s lt, s ld o id ) a d d termin s th u a le o eratin temp rature ra g

[SOURCE: IEC 6 05 -4 2:2 0 , 4 2-0 -2 , modified — the note has b en modified]

3.10

flow plate

con u tive plate made of metal, a material s c as gra hite, or a con u tive p lymer that

may b a carb n- i ed comp site, whic is in orp rated with flow c an els for fuel (3.1 ) or

an oxidant (3.2 ) gas fe d an has an electrical contact with an electrode (3.8)

electroc emical device that con erts the c emical energ of a fuel (3.1 ) an an oxidant

(3.2 ) to electrical energ (DC p wer), he t an re ction prod cts

Note 1 to e try: Th fu l a d o id nt are ty ic ly store o tsid of th fu l c l a d tra sfere into th fu l c l

[SOURCE: IEC/TS 6 2 2-1:2 13, 3.4 ]

3.13

ga dif usio ele tro e

GDE

comp nent on the anode (3.1) or cathode (3.5) side comprisin al electronic con u tive

elements of the electrode (3.8), i.e gas dif u ion layer (3.14) an cataly t layer (3.4)

3.14

ga dif usio la er

GDL

p rou s bstrate placed b twe n the cataly t layer (3.4) an the flow plate (3.10) to serve as

electric contact an alow the ac es of re ctants to the cataly t layer and the removal of

re ction prod cts

Note 1 to e try: Th g s difu io la er is als c le a p ro s tra s ort la er (P L)

[SOURCE: IEC T 6 2 2-1:2 13, 3.5 , modified — "flow plate" re laces "bip lar plate" an

ohmic resistan e in ide a fuel cel (3.12), me s red b twe n c r ent col ectors (3.7), cau ed

by the electronic an ionic resistan es of the dif erent comp nents (electrodes (3.8),

electrolyte (3.9), flow plates (3.10) an c r ent col ectors)

Note 1 to e try: Th term o mic refers to th fa t th t th relatio b twe n v lta e dro a d c re t is ln ar a d

o e s Ohm’s L w

[SOURCE: IEC TS 6 2 2-1:2 13, 3.6 , modified — "flow plates" re laces "bip lar plates"]

3.17

l mitin c r e t d nsity

maximum c r ent den ity that can b atained by the cel u der a given set of test con ition

where the cel voltage s arply decre ses to ne r zero

Note 1 to e try: Th o e circ it v lta e is e pre s d in V.

Note 2 to e try: Als k own a "n -lo d v lta e"

fuel cel (3.12) that employ a p lymer with ionic ex han e ca a i ty as the electrolyte (3.9)

Note 1 to e try: Th p lymer ele trolyte fu l c l is als c le a proto e c a g membra e fu l c l (P MFC)

me s re calc lated by dividin the p wer by the ge metric electrode are

Note 1 to e try: Power d n ity is e pre s d in W/cm

2

3.2

rate c r e t de sity

maximum c r ent den ity sp cified by the man facturer of the MEA (3.19) or sin le cel (3.2 )

for contin ou o eration

stoic iometry

molar ratio of the fuel (3.1 ) or oxidant (3.2 ) gas flow rate s p l ed to the cel to that req ired

by the c emical re ction, as calc lated from the c r ent

Note 1 to e try: This is th in ers v lu of fu l (or o id nt uti z tio a d fin d in IEC T 6 2 2-1:2 13

4 General s fety considerations

An o eratin fuel cel u es oxidizin an red cin gases Typical y, these gases are stored in

hig -pres ure containers The fuel cel itself may or may not b o erated at pres ures gre ter

than atmospheric pres ure

Those who car y out sin le cel testin s ould b trained an exp rien ed in the o eration of

sin le cel test s stems an sp cifical y in safety proced res in olvin electrical eq ipment

an re ctive, compres ed gases Safely o eratin a sin le cel test station req ires

a pro riate tec nical trainin an exp rien e as wel as safe faci ties an eq ipment, al of

c) an anode-side flow plate an a cathode-side flow plate,

d) an anode-side c r ent col ector an a cathode-side c r ent col ector,

e) an anode-side clampin plate an a cathode-side clampin plate,

f electrical y in ulatin s e ts,

g) clampin or axial lo d hardware whic may in lu e b lts, was ers, sprin s, etc an ,

h) temp rature control devices

5.2 Membra e ele trode a s mbly (MEA)

The electrode are s al b as large as ne ded to me s re desired p rameters A s g ested

electrode size s ould b a proximately 2 cm

2

, thou h cels havin larger electrodes may

give more relevant data for practical a plcation The active electrode are s al b recorded

The a proximate u certainty in the are meas rement s al also b recorded

NOT For a larg r a tiv are , h tero e eitie in p rameters s c a temp rature, flow rate, a d/or c mpre sio

c n b c me sig ific nt

The gas et material s al b comp tible with fuel cel re ctants, comp nents, re ction

prod cts an cel o eratin temp rature It s al minimize gas le kage

5.4 Flow plate

Flow plates s al b made of materials that have negl gible gas p rme bi ty an hig

electrical con u tivity Resin-impreg ated, hig -den ity, s nthetic gra hite, p lymer/carb n

comp sites, or cor osion-resistant metals, s c as titanium or stainles ste l, are

recommen ed If metal is u ed, the plate s rface may b co ted/plated (e.g with gold) in

order to red ce contact resistan e The flow plate s ould b cor osion-resistant an provide a

A serp ntine flow c an el is s g ested Further information a out a s g ested desig is

given in An ex A The flow field config ration s al b doc mented in the test re ort

The flow plates for testin s al al ow the ac urate me s rement of cel o eratin temp rature

For example, flow plates may have a smal hole on an ed ewise face in order to

ac ommodate a temp rature sen or In this case, the hole s al re c the centre of the flow

plate

If the o jective of testin is to evaluate the desig of a p rtic lar flow c an el, it is not

neces ary to u e the s g ested flow plate desig

5.5 Cur e t c l e tor

Cur ent col ectors s al b made of materials that have hig electrical con u tivity, s c as

metal Metal col ectors may b plated with contact resistan e-red cin materials, s c as gold

or si ver However, care s ould b taken in c o sin the co tin material It s al b

comp tible with the cel comp nents an re ctants an prod cts

Cur ent col ectors s al b thic enou h to minimize voltage dro over their s rface are

They s ould provide an output terminal for wire con ection

If metal flow plates act as c r ent col ectors, in e en ent c r ent colectors are not req ired

5.6 Clamping plate (or pre s re plate)

Clampin plates (or pres ure plates) s al b flat an smo th-s rfaced, with their mec anical

pro erties stron enou h to with tan the b n in force b in a pl ed when clamp d with

b lts

If the clampin plates are con u tive, they s al b in ulated from the c r ent col ectors in

order to prevent s ort circ itin

5.7 Clamping h rdware

Clampin hardware s al have hig mec anical stren th in order to with tan the stres es

generated d rin in tal ation an o eration Was ers an sprin s may b u ed to maintain

con tant, u iform pres ure on the sin le cel A calbrated torq e wren h or other me s rin

device s al b u ed to set exact pres ure on the cel

The clampin pres ure s ould b tested an noted b fore an af er e c exp riment The

sp tial variation s ould not b hig er than 10 % If p s ible, the clampin pres ure

(mag itu e, distribution) s ould b control ed contin ou ly

It is recommen ed to electrical y in ulate the clampin hardware

5.8 Temperature-c ntrol d vic

The sin le cel s al b provided with a temp rature-control device ( or he tin /co ln ) in

order to maintain it at a targeted temp rature or temp rature profi e alon the flow plate an

acros the cel The temp rature-control device may b programma le to fol ow a fixed

temp rature profi e The temp rature-control device s al have a me n to prevent

over-temp rature

There are multiple way of ac ievin this req irement

One simple way is to con ectively co l an /or electrical y he t the clampin (pres ure) plates

The he tin can b ac ieved by at ac in a s in resistan e he ter to the external s rface of

the plate An alternative method is to in ert a cartrid e he ter into a hole in the plate

In either case, care is req ired to maintain in ulation for electrical safety.

6.1 As embly proc dure

Cel as embly proced res have a large imp ct on the re e ta i ty of fuel cel data Sp cific

proced res s al b doc mented for the folowin as embly o eration :

a) CCM al g ment, in lu ing identification of anode an cathode sides,

b) dif u ion media (i.e GDL) alg ment, in lu in identification of anode an cathode p rts,

as wel as the sides to b placed facin the membrane an flow field,

c) gas et se l placement,

d) al g ment fixtures or j g to b u ed, if an ,

e) compres ion proced res an sp cification , s c as difu ion media compres ion values,

b lt tig tenin order, compres ion sprin s, an final torq e sp cification

Pres ure may b c ec ed by pres ure-sen itive p p r/i m

Typical al g ment of cel comp nents is s own in An ex B

Afer as embly, the isolation b twe n the clampin plates an c r ent colectors s al b

c ec ed

6.2 Cel orie tation a d g s c nn ctio s

A cel s al b o erated in an orientation whic faci tates prod ct water removal The cel

orientation s al b doc mented

6.3 Le k c e k

The cel s al have minimal external an internal le kage Examples of le k-c ec proced res

are given in An ex C In prin iple, the le k-c ec proced res con ist of injectin an inert or

test gas into b th the anode an cathode sides By u in a s ita le pres ure dif eren e, the

nature an direction of the le k can b as ertained The maximum pres ures, the nature of

the test gas an le kage rates s al b doc mented If a le k is detected, other tests, s c as

a bub le test, may b p rformed to further del ne te the typ an nature of the le k

The dif erential pres ure on the membrane is critical The maximum diferential pres ure

sp cified by the man facturer s ould not b ex e ded

7 Test station s tup

7.1 Minimum e uipme t re uireme t

A fuel cel test station is req ired to con u t the testin of a sin le cel The minimum test

eq ipment fu ctionalty in order to me t the intention of the sin le cel test proced re in lu es

the fol owin test p rameters:

a) re ctant gas flow rate control to meter an control the flow rates of fuel an oxidant gases

to the fuel cel at a desired stoic iometric ratio;

b) re ctant gas h midification control to h midify the re ctant gases to a sp cified dew p int

prior to del very to the fuel cel The recommen ed water resistivity is at le st 0,1 MΩ･cm

(or at most a con u tivity of 10

−

S･cm

−1

The gas tran fer l nes b twe n the h midifiers

an the cel s ould b he ted to at le st 5 °C a ove the dew p int temp rature to

minimize con en ation The l nes s ould b in ulated to minimize he t los For some

c) re ctant gas pres ure control to reg late the reactant gas pres ure within the fuel cel ;

d) lo d control: lo d b n to draw a sp cified c r ent from the cel It s ould b ca a le of

o eratin in either con tant c r ent or con tant voltage mode;

e) cel he tin /co l n control to he t or co l the sin le cel to the desired o eratin

temp rature;

f cel voltage monitorin an data ac uisition in trumentation to me s re an record the

cel voltage throu hout the test;

g) test station control: test station ca a le of control n the a ove p rameters;

h) automatic s utdown safety fe tures are recommen ed when testin large active are cel s

They are to alow the testin s stem to recog ize u desira le o eratin con ition an

resp n by s utin down to prevent any damage to the fuel cel an /or sto an

p tential y u safe event

7.2 Sc ematic dia ram

Fig re 1 is a s hematic bloc re resentation of the major s b-s stems req ired in a test

station to con u t fuel cel testin

Figure 1 – Te t station s h matic dia ram for sin le c l te tin

Materials u ed for an comp nent that wi b in contact with h midified gas or h midifier

water s al b comp tible with the gas or water to prevent the extraction of impurities from the

material Example materials in lu e stainles ste l an fluoro-plastic

Beware of le c in of metal cation from stainles ste l in pure water at elevated temp rature

an the ne d to drain h midifiers p riodical y if not in con tant u e

In the case of impurity testin , the gas h midification s stem s al b desig ed to avoid

removin the test impurities from the gas stre m prior to the gas enterin the cel

Fu l c l

temp rature

cntrol

e h u t

If this test is not to b exec ted, a bub ler saturator can b u ed for fuel h midification.

Variation to this config ration are ac e ta le provided that the fu ctional req irements of

this doc ment are met

7.3 Ma imum v riation in te t station c ntrols (inputs to te t

The fuel cel test station s al have the fol owin maximum variation in its controls:

a) c r ent control ±1 % relative to set p int;

b) voltage control ±1 % relative to set p int;

c) cel temp rature control ±1 °C at set p int (in ste dy state);

d) h midity dew p int control ± °C at set p int (in ste dy state), if a pl ca le;

e) flow rate control ± % relative to set p int;

f pres ure control ±3 % relative to set p int

e) flow rate ± % of maximum exp cted value; an

f pres ure ± % of maximum exp cted value

NOT At low c re t, v lta e a d flow rate , th u c rtaintie c n b v ry larg with re p ct to th me s re

v lu s

8.2 Me s ring instrume ts a d me s ring metho s

Me s rin in truments s al b selected in ac ordan e with the ran e of values to b

me s red The in truments s al b cal brated reg larly in order to maintain the level of

ac urac des rib d in 8.1 Al me s rin devices s al b cal brated ac ordin to the

man facturer’s in tru tion or relevant national or international stan ard

8.2.2 Volta e

A voltage meter s al b con ected to the anode an cathode flow plates or c r ent col ectors,

minimizin the influen e of electrical contact resistan es The electrical contact resistan es

b twe n the con ection of the voltage meter, either anode an cathode flow plates or output

terminals of anode an cathode c r ent col ectors s al b me s red an recorded, if not

negl gible

8.2.3 Cur e t

A c r ent me s rin device s al b located in the c r ent car yin circ it of the cel The

c r ent me s rin device may con ist of a low-imp dan e ammeter or a cal brated s u t

resistor, whic develo s a precisely k own voltage in pro ortion to the c r ent flowin The

8.2.4 Internal re ista c (IR)

Recommen ed IR me s rin method are the c r ent inter upt method (se 1 6.2.1) an the

electroc emical imp dan e sp ctros o y (EIS) method (se 1 7.5) An AC resistan e

method at a fixed freq en y ( ypical y 1 kHz), s c as the u e of an AC mi iohm meter, is

also ac e ta le (se 1 6.2.2) Care s ould b taken in the selection of a freq en y to en ure

the imp dan e contain no imaginary comp nent The freq en y of the mi iohm meter s ould

b recorded

Care s ould be taken when u in an external AC sig al in p ral el with the lo d in order to

avoid interferen e

Plu /min s sen e le d of these me s rin in truments s al b con ected to the output

terminals of the cathode an anode c r ent col ectors, resp ctively

8.2.5 Fuel a d oxid nt flow rate

Fuel an oxidant flow rates s al b me s red by me n of a volumetric meter, a mas flow

meter, or a turbine- yp flow meter If s c a method is not practical, flow me s rement by a

noz le, orifices or Venturi meter is recommen ed The location of a flow meter s al b

upstre m of the h midifier

If the flow meter req ires pres ure comp n ation, a static pres ure me s rin p rt s al b

located immediately upstre m of the flow meter to b cor ected

8.2.6 Fu l a d oxid nt temperature

The recommen ed sen or for direct temp rature me s rement is a thermocouple, a

resistan e thermometer with a tran d cer or a thermistor

The temp rature sen or s al b located immediately upstre m of the sin le cel It is

recommen ed to p sition another sen or immediately down tre m of the sin le cel

If the fuel an /or oxidant flow meter req ires temp rature comp n ation, the sen or for s c

cor ection s al b located immediately upstre m of the flow meter

8.2.7 Cel temperature

The recommen ed sen or for direct temp rature me s rement is a thermocouple, a

resistan e thermometer with a tran d cer or a thermistor

The temp rature sen or s ould b located as close as p s ible to the centre of the cathode

active are Ide l y, it s ould b at the centre of b th anode an cathode flow plates (se 5.4

an An ex A for more detai s)

8.2.8 Fu l a d oxida t pre s re

For me s rin fuel an oxidant pres ures, cal brated pres ure tran d cers are the prefer ed

method Other ac e ta le method in lu e cal brated manometers, dead-weig t gau es,

b urdon tub s or other elastic- yp gau es

Static pres ure-me s rin p rts s al be located immediately upstre m or immediately

down tre m of the sin le cel Fuel an oxidant pres ures may b control ed either upstre m

of the cel (inlet pres ure mode) or down tre m of the cel (b c pres ure mode)

Con ectin pipin s al b c ec ed to verify that it is le k- re u der workin con ition in

ad an e of the p rforman e tests Liq id water in the pipin s ould b avoided

If pres ure flu tuation oc ur, a s ita le me n of dampin s al b in tal ed in an ef ective

p sition

Pres ures s al b me s red as static pres ures with the ef ect of velocity con idered an

el minated

8.2.9 Fu l a d oxid nt humidity

To me s re fuel an oxidant h midity, a c i ed mir or, alumin m oxide, bulk p lymer resistive

or ca acitan e- yp h grometer can b u ed to o tain h midity values, de en in on the fuel

an oxidant temp ratures

Humidity s al b expres ed as a dew-p int temp rature or as relative h midity in %

calc lated at the cel temp rature

A h midity me s rin p rt s al b located upstre m of the sin le cel , or the h midity sen or

can b in the re ctant gas b fore testin commen es In the case of u in ambient or

s nthetic air as oxidant, the dew p int s al b me s red an recorded

8.2.10 Ambie t c nditions

It is recommen ed that the ambient temp rature, pres ure an h midity b me s red an

recorded

For the direct me s rement of ambient temp rature, thermocouples with a tran d cer or a

resistan e thermometer with a tran d cer is recommen ed

For the direct me s rement of ambient pres ure, a b rometer is recommen ed

For direct me s rement of ambient h midity, a h grometer is recommen ed

8.3 Me s reme t units

Ta le 1 identifies the p rameters an their me s rement u its for the tests

Table 1 – Parameters a d u its

S P = sta d rd temp rature a d pre s re: 0 °C a d 101,3 5 kPa (a s lute) Unle s state oth rwis , S P

is u e for th flow rate

The simulated reformed gas may b sp cified by the cel or comp nent man facturer The

purity an comp sition of the reformed gas s al b determined by c emical analy is The

res lts of the c emical analy is s al b recorded

9.2 Oxida t c mpositio

If air is u ed as an oxidant, then either atmospheric or s nthetic air may b u ed In the case

of atmospheric air, it is recommen ed that the air b oi - an p rtic late- re The oxidant

comp sition, in lu in the con entration of impurities, s al b recorded

10 Test preparation

10.1 Sta dard te t c nditio s

The fol owin s al b sp cified by the cel an / or cel comp nent man facturer as the stan ard

test con ition b fore commen in a test If no sp cification are given, the con ition wi

de en on the stu y to b p rformed These con ition s al b recorded:

a) cel temp rature (recommen ed location: centre of cathode flow plate);

b) fuel o eratin pres ure;

c) oxidant o eratin pres ure;

d) fuel h midity at fuel cel o eratin temp rature;

e) oxidant h midity at fuel cel o eratin temp rature;

Performan e tests s al b car ied out u der stan ard testin con ition u les otherwise

sp cified in the des ription of the resp ctive test method A typical testin flowc art is given

in Fig re 2

Figure 2 – Typic l te ting flowc art

10.2 Ambie t c nditions

For e c test ru , it is recommen ed that the fol owin ambient con ition b me s red:

a) temp rature,

b) a solute pres ure; an

c) relative h midity

NOT Altitu e c n h v a influ n e o th air c mp sitio

10.3 Data s mpl n rate

The recommen ed data sampl n rate is 1 Hz If the s stem is at a ste d state, it is

a pro riate to take one me s rement value as an average value over 1 min (i.e me n value

of 6 sin le me s rements)

10.4 Repe tabi ity a d reprod cibi ity

It is recommen ed to verify the re e ta i ty an re rod cibi ty of the me s rements at an

a pro riate interval in ac ordan e with ISO/IEC Guide 9 -3

10.5 Number of te t s mple

Tests can b con u ted either in sequen e with one sample or in p ral el with multiple

samples The re e ta i ty an re rod cibi ty sp cification are lmited to p larization c rves

only The me s rements s al b p rformed con ec tively Betwe n me s rements, the fuel

cel s al b s ut down an re-con itioned from ambient startup con ition

10.6 Le k c e k of ga circ it with inert or te t g s

Al materials u ed for le k c ec in the gas circ it s al b comp tible with the gas pipin an

cel comp nents Af er mou tin the sin le cel in the stan , c ec for gas le k u in inert or

test gas an u in a l q id le k detector test on al con ection

10.7 Initial c n itionin a d stable state c e k

Initial con itionin s al b a pl ed to a newly as embled cel The main purp se of initial

con itionin is to brin the cel to a sta le state in p rforman e for s bseq ent testin

Initial con itionin s al b :

a) car ied out in ac ordan e with the MEA or comp nent man facturer’s in tru tion;

b) as pro osed by the man facturer of the test o ject; or

c) one that is common practice at the testin organization

Re resentative initial con itionin proced res are provided for information in An ex D

A b sel ne p larization c rve s al b esta l s ed by me s rin it thre times u der the

referen e con ition an the average cel voltage values s al b calc lated at e c c r ent

den ity The sta i ty of p rforman e is verified by a maximum al owa le deviation of 5 %

amon the thre p larization c rves

10.8 Shutdown

The s utdown proced re s al b car ied out to brin a cel to a storage state (cold state)

The general purp se of the s utdown proced re is to co l the cel to ambient temp rature

whi e avoidin le vin l q id water in the cel at ambient temp rature

The s utdown proced re s al b car ied out in ac ordan e with the MEA or comp nent

man facturer’s in tru tion

A re resentative s utdown proced re is provided for information in An ex E

10.9 Re onditionin

Recon itioning proced res s al b u ed up n restartin a cel af er s utdown to en ure that

the MEA is pro erly h midified

Recon itionin s al b car ied out in ac ordan e with the MEA or the comp nent

man facturer’s in tru tion

Re resentative recon itionin proced res are provided for referen e in An ex F

11 Basic performance test methods

The fol owin tests or me s rements provide the fu damental tec niq es for testin PEFCs

u in sin le cel s:

• p larization c rve tests (1 2);

• ste dy-state test (1 3);

• lon - erm o eration test (1 4);

• internal resistan e (IR) me s rement (1 6);

• electroc emical imp dan e sp ctros o y (EIS) (1 7)

1 2 Polarization c rv te ts

The objective of this test is to me s re p larization c rves u der defined cel con ition in the

tests given in Ta le 2

NOT Polariz tio c rv s are s metime refere to a I-V or V-I c rv s

For the me s rement of p larization c rves, there are two method : me s rement at con tant

gas stoic iometries an me s rement at con tant gas flow rates

For the con tant gas stoic iometry method, the fuel an oxidant stoic iometries are held

con tant in the c r ent ran e of 0 to I

ma, an b th fuel an oxidant flow rates are varied as

the c r ent c an es ex e t for values b low I

min This is simi ar to the actual con ition of

fuel cel o eration For the minimum c r ent den ity, a con tant minimum flow rate sp cified

by the cel man facturer is u ual y a pl ed in order to avoid u sta le cel voltages If not

sp cified, I

min

can b as umed to b 10 % of I

ma

NOT Du to a difere t flow rate at e c c re t le el lo al h at a d water b la c s are c a g d a th c re t

v rie It re uire a s b ta tial amo nt of time to re c a n w ste d -state p int afer e c c re t c a g

Sp cific ly, at low c re t v lu s in lu in 0 A, th c l v lta e b c me u sta le d e to low g s flow rate

For the con tant gas flow rate method, the fuel an oxidant flow rates are con tant in the

c r ent ran e of 0 to I

ma, an b th fuel an oxidant stoic iometries wi c an e as the c r ent

c an es Althou h this may b diferent from the actual con ition of fuel cel o eration, cel

con ition s c as temp rature, pres ure an h midity are maintained sta le even u der

varia le c r ent at a con tant flow rate

The test method of p larization c rves at con tant gas stoic iometries an at con tant gas

flow rates are provided in 1 2.2 an 1 2.3 resp ctively

1 2.2 Polarizatio c rv s at c n ta t ga stoic iometrie

1 2.2.1 Ge eral

The o jective of this test is to determine the evolution of cel voltage (an , in p ralel, of

p wer den ity) when varyin the c r ent den ity u der con tant gas stoic iometry con ition

at s ita le intervals, whie maintainin the fuel an oxidant stoic iometries

con tant at e c c r ent level a ove I

min

to b sp cified The direction of c r ent c an e s al

b recorded

The minimum req irement for cel voltage sta i zation is ±5 mV for 5 min at e c c r ent

den ity value Typical c r ent den ity in rements are given in An ex G

This test can also b p rformed by varyin the cel voltage in the ran e of OCV to minimum

It is recommen ed that internal resistan e me s rement (1 6) is car ied out d rin this

p larization c rve test

As the c r ent is in re sed, the c an e in gas flow rate s ould precede the c an e in c r ent

As the c r ent is decre sed, the c an e in gas flow rate s ould fol ow the c an e in c r ent

At low stoic iometry, care s ould b taken that the eq ipment is ca a le of control n the

desired gas flow rate within the l mit sp cified in 7.3 ) an I

min

s ould b c osen ac ordin ly

1 2.3 Polarizatio c rv s at c nsta t flow rate

1 2.3.1 Ge eral

The o jective of this test is to determine the evolution of cel voltage (an , in p ralel, of

p wer den ity) when varyin the c r ent den ity u der con tant gas flow rate con ition

1 2.3.2 Te t method

Set the fuel an oxidant flow rates to cor esp n to the stan ard stoic iometries at the

maximum c r ent den ity, I

ma

a s ita le interval, whi e maintainin the fuel an oxidant flow rates con tant

The minimum req irement for cel voltage sta i zation is ± mV for 5 min at e c c r ent

den ity value The exact proced re s al b recorded Typical c r ent den ity in rements are

given in An ex G

This test can also b p rformed by varyin the cel voltage in the ran e of OCV to minimum

cel voltage an al owin the c r ent to sta i ze to within ±2 % for 5 min

It is recommen ed that internal resistan e me s rement (1 6) is car ied out d rin this

p larization c rve test

1 3 Ste dy-state te t

1 3.1 Ge eral

The o jective of this test is to verify the output from the cel u der con tant c r ent con ition

with al test input p rameters set to desired values This test can also b car ied out u der

con tant voltage con ition

1 3.2 Te t methods

There are two simi ar method to p rform this test

a) Con tant c r ent method

Set al test input p rameters to the desired values

Set the c r ent at a level cor esp n in to the rated c r ent den ity (I

Power output u der the stan ard test con ition (P

st

is calc lated from the test res lts

Set al test input p rameters to the desired values.

Set the cel voltage (V

stcor esp n in to the desired value an maintain it u ti the cel

c r ent is sta i zed within ± % for an al ocated time

Record the cel c r ent (I

st

Power output u der the stan ard test con ition (P

st

is calc lated from the test res lts

1 4 Lo g- erm operation te t

The o jective of this test is to determine the evolution of voltage of a cel o eratin for a lon

p riod of time u der the sp cified con tant c r ent con ition

The cel s ould b s bjected to diag ostic b fore an afer the test, also d rin the test if

desired, an to a te rdown analy is afer the test, althou h this is out of the s o e of this

doc ment

The diag ostic may in lu e the fol owin :

• electroc emical s rface are (ECA) me s rement for the anode an the cathode (1 5.3),

• h drogen cros over (11.5.2),

• p larization c rves (1 2),

• IR me s rement (1 6),

• electroc emical imp dan e sp ctros o y (1 7)

Comp rison of the res lts of these diag ostic is u eful to in estigate the cau e of an

p rforman e degradation

1 4.2 Te t method

Perform ste d -state test (1 3) an , if desired, ad itional diag ostic tests

Then ru the cel at the c r ent sp cified by the man facturer for an exten ed p riod of time,

a s g ested minimum of 1 0 0 h, u der the stan ard test con ition in ac ordan e with the

al owa le o eratin time sp cified by the cel man facturer

Monitor the cel voltage d rin o eration If desired, p rform diag ostic The s g ested

n mb r of these diag ostic tests is b twe n 1 an 10 every 1 0 0 h

At the en of the test p riod, p rform ste d -state test (1 3), an if desired, p rform

ad itional diag ostic tests

The p rforman e decay, expres ed in µV/h, is evaluated by the voltage dro b twe n two

ste d -state tests (1 3) p rformed at the b gin in an en of the test p riod divided by the

o eration time b twe n the two ste d -state tests (1 3)

Decoupl n of temp rary an p rmanent degradation can b ac ieved by implementin

a pro riate recovery proced res b fore ste d -state tests an other diag ostic

1 5 Voltammetry

1 5.1 Ge eral

Voltammetry may b used as a diag ostic tec niq e to q antify the rate of h drogen

cros over an the electroc emical s rface are (ECA) of the platin m cataly t on e c

coverage by the ad orption of contaminants A p tentiostat s al b u ed to control the

a pl ed p tential d rin the me s rement

1 5.2 Hy roge cros ov r te t

1 5.2.1 Ge eral

The o jective of this test is to me s re the p rme tion rate of h drogen from the anode to the

cathode throu h the membrane (cros over rate)

An in re sed h drogen cros over rate le d to a decre se in p rforman e It is cau ed by the

deterioration of the membrane an can le d to ad itional deterioration of the MEA, in lu in

the membrane an p rtic larly the cathode active layer materials

Hy rogen p rme bi ty de en s not only on the ph sical pro erties of the membrane, but also

on the h midity, temp rature an pres ure of gas It is recommen ed to car y out the test

u der a ran e of o eratin con ition

active are ), p rform a

l ne r p tential swe p from 0,1 V to 0,5 V vers s RHE at a swe p rate of no more than

5 mV/s

Hy rogen evolution s ould b avoided If it a p ars, the minimum p tential s ould b raised

For the voltammetry, con ect cel terminals to a p tentiostat with the cou ter an referen e

electrode le d con ected to the anode an the workin electrode le d con ected to the

cathode

The h drogen cros over rate, ν

c, (mol·s

This test also provides the resistan e of a s ort circ it b twe n the anode an cathode sides,

from the slo e of the lne r p rtion of Fig re 3 A cel s al b con itioned for the test at the

relevant temp rature an pres ure

To comp re res lts, the temp rature s al b control ed at a fixed value The test con ition

s al b recorded

Fig re 3 – Hy roge cros ov r te t

1 5.3 Ele troc emic l s rfa e are (ECA) me s reme t

1 5.3.1 Ge eral

The o jective of this test is to determine the active electroc emical s rface are (ECA) of the

anode an cathode electrodes The test is sp cific to a platin m cataly t; it determines the

electroc emical are of platin m

Both cathode an anode electroc emical are s can b me s red In electroc emical

voltammetry method , the test electrode wi b the workin electrode, where s the other

electrode wi b the referen e an cou ter electrode

Con ect the cel terminals to a p tentiostat: con ect the workin electrode le d to the test

electrode, an the cou ter an the referen e electrode le d to the other electrode

1 5.3.2 Te t methods

Two proced res may b u ed

a) Me s ring h drogen u derp tential ad orption (desorption) c arge

Con ition an ke p the cel in the con ition s g ested by the man facturer for this test If

none are avai a le, the s g ested con ition are 10 °C to 8 °C at a pres ure b twe n

atmospheric pres ure an 15 kPa, an 10 % gas h midification To comp re res lts, al

con ition s al b control ed at a fixed value The test con ition s al b recorded

Ru a nitrogen stre m (4 ml/min/cm

2

active are ) throu h b th electrodes for 3 min in

ad an e of the test to purge ox gen from the cel

referen e/cou ter electrode for 15 min

Perform voltammetry with nitrogen at the selected flow rate or no flow, varyin p tential

b twe n a proximately 0,0 V an at le st 0,6 V at diferent swe p rates an take the

From the voltammetry, determine the h drogen desorption or ad orption c arge (q

h) by

integratin the relevant are u der the c rve as s own in the example in Fig re 4 Either

the ad orption or desorption p ak may b u ed Use the most ac e ted eq ivalent factor

Figure 4 – Determination of a s rption/de orption c arge (q )

b) Carb n monoxide strip in voltammetry

Con ition an ke p the cel in the con ition s g ested by the man facturer for this test If

no con ition are sp cified, s g ested con ition are 10 °C to 8 °C at a pres ure

b twe n atmospheric pres ure an 15 kPa, an 10 % gas h midification To comp re

res lts, al con ition s al b control ed at a fixed value The test con ition s al b

recorded

Ru a nitrogen stre m (4 ml/min/cm

2

active are ) throu h b th electrodes for 3 min in

ad an e of the test to purge the ox gen from the cel

Perform voltammetry with nitrogen at the selected flow rate or no flow, varyin the

p tential from a proximately 0,0 V to 1,0 V, at a swe p rate from 10 mV/s to 5 mV/s

When it is neces ary to minimize the efect of these me s rements on the ECA, the

maximum p tential s ould b lmited to a lower value in order to avoid ex es ive oxidation

of the materials comp sin the active layer

Me s re the carb n monoxide desorption c arge (q

c) by integratin the relevant are

u der the c rve as s own in the example in Fig re 5 Use the most ac e ted eq ivalent

factor to calc late the ECA:

A

e-Pt

= q

c/ ( σ

1 6 Internal re ista c (IR) me s reme t

1 6.1 Ge eral

The o jective of this test is to determine the internal resistan e, R

int

of the cel at diferent

c r ent den ities in order to faci tate IR cor ection of p tential me s rements The me s rin

tec niq es des rib d in 8.2.4 s al b u ed for internal resistan e me s rement If internal

resistan e me s rements are con u ted in p ral el with p larization c rve me s rements, the

me s rin tec niq e s ould not disturb the ste d state If the me s rement disturbs the

ste d state, record the cel voltage an c r ent den ity values then p rform the internal

resistan e me s rement Polarization c rve me s rements s al b made ac ordin to 11.2

Set the c r ent den ity to the desired value an al ow the cel voltage to re c a ste d value

(minimum req irement ±5 mV for 5 min)

Switc the cel c r ent to zero an monitor the evolution of the cel voltage over time u in an

is the in tantane u c an e of cel voltage up n c r ent inter upt (V);

I is the cel c r ent (A)

Are -sp cific resistan e, R

ASR, is calc lated by the fol owin eq ation:

is the cel resistan e (Ω);

A is the ge metric are of the electrode (cm

2

)

IETime

1 6.2.2 Single-fre ue c AC re ista c mea ureme t

Set the c r ent den ity to the desired value an al ow the cel voltage to re c a ste d value

(minimum req irement ± mV for 5 min)

Con ect an AC resistan e meter to the cel an record the re din whic is cel resistan e R

int

(Ω)

Me s rin con ition s al b in icated, in lu in AC ampl tu e an freq en y of the

me s rement, c r ent den ity, cel voltage, cel temp rature, an gas fe d con ition in the

anode an cathode (comp sition, h midity, temp rature, pres ure, an flow rates)

The are -sp cific resistan e R

ASR (Ω cm2

) s al b calc lated by the eq ation in 1 6.2.1

1 7 Ele troc emic l impe a c spe tros opy (EIS)

1 7.1 Ge eral

EIS is an electroc emical tec niq e that al ows the imp dan e sp ctrum of a cel to b

recorded as a fu ction of the freq en y of a pl ed AC sig als, an the sp ctrum th s o tained

is to b analy ed by tran fer fu ction analy is

1 7.2 Te t c nditions

The fol owin test con ition s al b determined in ad an e by con u tin prelminary tests:

a) me s rin ran e of freq en ies,

2, H

2/N

2,H

2/Air, H

2/O

2, etc.), an

f o eratin con ition ( emp rature, pres ure, h midity etc.)

Con ernin the n mb r of me s rement p ints, it is prefera le to plot five to twenty p ints p r

decade of freq en y in order to distribute them evenly as logarithms so that the ge metry of

imp dan e plots is cle rly identified, an also to avoid the fu damental electrical grid

freq en y an its harmonic

1 7.3 Te t method

The test s al b con u ted as fol ows:

a) esta l s the test con ition ,

b) verify that the sta le state of the cel has b en re c ed,

c) s p rimp se AC sin soidal waves on DC c r ent or voltage an start me s rements, an

d) swe p the AC sin soidal waves within the pres rib d freq en y ran e an me s re the

imp dan e at e c freq en y

The ampl tu e of the AC sig al for the me s rement s al b smal enou h not to p rturb the

o eration of the cel

The val dity of the imp dan e me s rement s al b verified, for example, by u in the

Kramers-Kronig (KK) relation hips

1 7.4 Analy is of EIS data

The test res lts s al b expres ed as a complex imp dan e (Ny uist Cole-Cole) plot or a

Bode plot (a plot of imp dan e again t the logarithm of me s red freq en y) The imp dan e

p r u it active are s al b ploted A typical complex imp dan e plot is s own in Fig re 7

The interce t A gives the IR dro in the cel Other p rameters may b extracted via the

con tru tion of an eq ivalent circ it for the cel , con istin of circ it elements (e.g resistors,

ca acitors, con tant phase elements) re resentin dif erent c arge tran fer an mas tran fer

proces es Caution s ould b taken in the u e of s c eq ivalent circ its an complementary

c aracterization tec niq es s al b a pl ed to esta l s their val dity

1 7.5 IR me s reme t by EIS

Fig re 7 s ows a typical diagram of complex imp dan e plotin

The interce t of the re l imp dan e axis, general y oc urin b twe n1 kHz an 2 kHz,

identifies p int A The imp dan e me s red or interp lated at p int A re resents the IR,

con istin of a purely resistive imp dan e

The tests an me s rements des rib d in Clau e 1 are b sic p rforman e test method that

can b a pl ed to a variety of tests for sp cific purp ses

Ap led p rforman e tests b sed on the b sic p rforman e test method des rib d in 1 2 to

1 7 are s mmarized in Ta le 2 an des rib d in An ex H

The ap l ed p rforman e tests des rib d in Ta le 2 can b selectively exec ted de en in on

the o jectives of the u ers of this doc ment

IEZ’

Table 2 – Appl e performa c te ts

1 Fu lstoic iometry te t Ev lu te th difu io c p bi ty of th a o e H.2.1

2 Oxid nt stoic iometry te t Ev lu te th difu io c p bi ty of th c th d H.2.2

3 Temp rature efe t te t Me s re th efe t of c l temp rature o c l

8 Su z ro stora e te t In e tig te th efe t of stora e at s b ero

temp rature o p rforma c

1 Startsto c cln te t Determin th e olutio of th p rforma c of a

c l o eratin u d r th s e ifie c n itio s a a

fu ctio of startsto profie c u t

H.14.1

2 L a c cln te t Determin th e olutio of th v lta e of a fu l

c l o eratin u d r th s e ifie c n itio s a a

fu ctio of c re t d n ity folowin a d n mic

H.14.2

3 Pote tial c cle te t

(startsto d ra i ty)

Voltammetry: v ltammetry ( 1.5)

IR: intern l re ista c (IR) me s reme t ( 1.6)

EIS: ele tro h mic l imp d n e s e tro c p (EIS) ( 1.7)

13 Test report

13.1 Ge eral

Test re orts s al ac urately, cle rly an general y present s f icient information to

demon trate that al the o jectives of the tests have b en atained A s g ested template for

the test re ort for the p larization c rve test is given in An ex I

e) ambient con ition ,

f name an q alfication of p rson(s) con u tin the test s), an

g) test cel p rameters (se 13.5 for detai s)

13.4 De cription of me s reme t c nditions

The me s rement con ition des ription s al in lu e at le st the fol owin information:

a) cel temp rature,

b) fuel an oxidant pres ures,

c) dew p ints of fuel an oxidant,

d) fuel an oxidant comp sition ,

e) fuel an oxidant stoic iometries, an

f flow rates of fuel an oxidant

13.5 Te t c l parameter d s riptio

Test cel p rameters s ould in lu e the fol owin information:

a) active electrode are ,

b) prod ct name an bran name of MEA (o tional),

Annex A

(informative)

Flow plate

Fig re A.1 s ows an example desig for the flow plate ac ordin to this doc ment The

example desig is inten ed for an active are of 2 cm

2

Both anode an cathode flow plates

have a horizontal serp ntine sin le-gro ve as the gas flow c an el on the faces that contact

the MEA The recommen ed c an el config ration is as fol ows:

• width: 1,0 mm,

• de th: 1,0 mm,

• interval: ~1,0 mm

The are covered with flow field c an els s ould b sl g tly smal er than the active are of

the electrodes to prevent the membrane from b in damaged by the ed e of the c an el Use

an as embly proced re that avoid direct contact of the membrane an the ed e of the

c an el

The anode an cathode flow plates normal y have the same c an el config ration but their

orientation can dif er in the cel Diferent p s ibi ties may b u ed in this resp ct:

• co- low: when the anode an the cathode gas p th are p ral el;

• cou ter- low: when the anode an cathode gas p th are p ral el but the flow is in

o p site direction ;

• cros - low: when the anode an cathode gas p th are at a certain an le, normal y 9 °

Fig re A.2 s ows another example desig for the flow plate whic is also u ed in this

doc ment The example desig is inten ed for an active are of 2 cm