Iec ts 62578 2015

4 6 Characteristic of a PWM active infe d con erter of voltage source typ an two level to olog... 5 7 Characteristic of a PWM active infe d con erter of voltage source typ an thre level

Syst èmes et équipement s élect roniques de puissance – Conditions de

fonct ionnement et caract érist iques des convert isseurs à al ment at ion act ive

(AIC), y compris les recommandat ions de concept ion pour leurs valeurs

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Syst èmes et équipement s élect roniques de puiss nce – Conditions de

fonct ionnement et caract érist iques des convert isseurs à al ment at ion act ive

(AIC), y compris les recommandat ions de concept ion pour leurs valeurs

d'émis ion inférieure à 150 kHz

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FOREWORD 9

INTRODUCTION 1

1 Sco e 12 2 Normative ref eren es 12 3 Terms an def i ition 13 4 General s stem c aracteristic of PWM active infe d con erters con ected to the p wer s p ly network 18 4.1 General 18 4.2 Basic to ologies an o eratin prin iples 18 4.2.1 General 18 4.2.2 Op ratin prin iples 18 4.2.3 Eq ivalent circ it of an AIC 2

4.2.4 Fi ters 21

4.2.5 Pulse p tern 21

4.2.6 Control method 2

4.2.7 Control of c r ent comp nents 2

4.2.8 Active p wer f actor cor ection 2

4.3 AIC ratin 2

4.3.1 General 2

4.3.2 Con erter ratin u der sin soidal con ition 2

4.3.3 Con erter ratin in case of harmonic c r ents 2

4.3.4 Con erter ratin u der d namic con ition 2

5 Electromag etic comp tibi ty (EMC) con ideration for the u e of AICs 2

5.1 General 2

5.2 L w-f req en y phenomena (<15 kHz) 2

5.2.1 General 2

5.2.2 Emergin con erter to ologies an their ad antages for the p wer s p ly network 2

5.2.3 Active eq al zin of the p wer s p ly network 2

5.2.4 Me s red p wer s p ly network imp dan es in the ran e b twe n 2 kHz to 2 kHz 3

5.2.5 Pro osal of an a pro riate l ne imp dan e sta i sation network (LISN) f rom 2 kHz to 9 kHz 3

5.2.6 Ef fects on in u trial eq ipment in the f req en y b n 2 kHz to 9 kHz 41

5.3 Hig -req en y phenomena (> 15 kHz) 4

5.3.1 General 4

5.3.2 Mitigation of distortion 4

5.3.3 Immu ity 4

5.3.4 EMI f ilters 4

5.4 Au ible noise ef fects 4

5.5 L akage c r ents 4

5.6 Asp cts of s stem integration an dedicated tests 4

6 Characteristic of a PWM active infe d con erter of voltage source typ an two level to olog 4

6.1 General 4

6.3 Power control 4

6.4 Dy amic p rorman e 5

6.5 Desired non-sin soidal l ne c r ents 5

6.6 Un esired non-sin soidal l ne c r ents 5

6.7 Avai a i ty an s stem asp cts 51

6.8 Op ration in active fiter mode 5

7 Characteristic of a PWM active infe d con erter of voltage source typ an thre level to olog 5

7.1 General f un tion, b sic circ it to ologies 5

7.2 Power control 5

7.3 Dy amic p rorman e 5

7.4 Un esired non-sin soidal l ne c r ents 5

7.5 Avai a i ty an s stem asp cts 5

8 Characteristic of a PWM Active Infe d Con erter of Voltage Source Typ an Multi L vel To olog 5

8.1 General f un tion, b sic circ it to ologies 5

8.2 Power control 5

8.3 Dy amic p rorman e 5

8.4 Power s p ly network distortion 5

8.5 Avai a i ty an s stem asp cts 5

9 Characteristic of a F3E AIC of the Voltage Source Typ 5

9.1 General f un tion, b sic circ it to ologies 5

9.2 Power control an l ne side f ilter 5

9.3 Dy amic p rorman e 61

9.4 Harmonic c r ent 61

10 Characteristic of an AIC of Voltage Source Type in Pulse Cho p r To olog 6

10.1 General 6

10.2 General f un tion, b sic circ it to ologies 6

10.3 Desired non-sin soidal l ne c r ent 6

10.4 Un esired non-sin soidal l ne c r ent 6

10.5 Rel a i ty 6

10.6 Per orman e 6

10.7 Avai a i ty an s stem asp cts 6

1 Characteristic of a two level PWM AIC of c r ent source typ (CSC) 6

1 1 General 6

1 2 General f un tion, b sic con erter con ection 6

1 3 Power control 6

1 4 Dy amic p rorman e 6

1 5 Line c r ent distortion 6

1 6 Op ration in active fiter mode 6

1 7 Avai a i ty an s stem asp cts 6

An ex A (informative) 6

A.1 Control method for AICs in VSC (Voltage Source Con erter) to ology 6

A.1.1 General 6

A.1.2 Con ideration of control method 6

A.1.3 Short-circ it ride throu h fu ctional ty for decentral zed p wer infe d with AIC 7

A.1.4 F ult ride throu h mode 7

A.2 Examples of practical re l zed AIC a pl cation 7

A.2.1 AIC of c r ent source type (CSC) 7

A.2.2 Active infe d con erter with commutation on the d.c side (re ctive p wer con erter) 7

A.3 Detais con ernin two level an multi-level AICs in VSC To olog 7

A.3.1 Pro erties of active inf eed con erters (PWM) with dif ferent n mb r of levels 7

A.3.2 Examples of typical waveforms of AICs 7

A.3.3 Con tru tion an re l zation 7

A.4 Basic tran fer rules b twe n voltage an c r ent distortion of an AIC 7

A.5 Examples of the influen e of AICs to the voltage q al ty 7

A.6 With tan ca a i ty of p wer ca acitors toward distortion in the ran e of 2 kHz to 9 kHz 8

A.6.1 General 8

A.6.2 Catalog e inf ormation a out p rmis ible harmonic lo d 8

A.6.3 Freq en y b u daries for p rmis ible distortion levels 8

A.6.4 Freq en y sp ctrum of active inf eed con erters 8

A.6.5 Con lu ion 8

A.7 Imp ct of ad itional AIC fi ter me s res in the ran e of 2 kHz to 9 kHz 8

A.7.1 General 8

A.7.2 Example of a PDS con tel ation (AIC an CSI) 8

A.7.3 Con lu ion 8

A.8 Example of the p wer s p ly network imp dan e me s rement 8

A.8.1 General 8

A.8.2 Basic prin iple of me s rement 8

A.8.3 Harmonic comp nent injection method f or me s rement 9

A.8.4 Harmonic c r ent generation by disturbin device 9

A.8.5 Ref eren es b sed on c r ent injection by disturb n e (Method A) 9

A.8.6 Ref eren es b sed on sin soidal sin le f req en y injection (Method B) 9

An ex B (informative) 9

B.1 Basic con ideration for desig recommen ation of AICs in the ran e of 2 kHz to 9 kHz 9

B.1.1 Overview 9

B.1.2 General 9

B.1.3 With tan ca a i ty of p wer ca acitors con ected to the p wer s p ly network an recommen ation for the comp tibi ty in the f req en y ran e 2 kHz to 9 kHz 9

B.1.4 Basic con ition f or set in the ca acitor with tan ca a i ty c rve 9

B.1.5 Matc in of AIC con erters (2-L vel PWM) to diff erent p wer s p ly network con ition without overlo din the p wer ca acitor burden 9

B.1.6 Con ideration in regard to medium voltage p wer s p ly network 9

B.1.7 AIC fi terin con ideration 10

B.1.8 AIC a pro riate tec nical an economical amou t 10

B.1.9 Freq en y ran e f rom 2 kHz to 9 kHz 101

B.2 Desig recommen ation for con u ted emis ion of low voltage AICs in the

re sona le context of hig er f req en ies b twe n 9 kHz an 15 kHz 10

B.2.1 General 10

B.2.2 Data colection res lts 10

B.2.3 Con lu ion 10

Fig re 1 – AIC in VSC to ology, b sic stru ture 19

Fig re 2 – AIC in CSC to olog , b sic stru ture 19

Fig re 3 – Eq ivalent circ it f or the interaction of the p wer s p ly network with an AIC 2

Fig re 4 – Voltage an c r ent vectors of l ne and con erter at fu damental f equen y f or diff erent lo d con ition 2

Fig re 5 – The b sic is ues of EMC as to ls of economic 2

Fig re 6 – Typical p wer s p ly network c r ent i L ( ) an voltage u LN ( ) of a phase control ed con erter with d.c output an in u tive smo thin 2

Fig re 7 – Typical p wer s p ly network c r ent i L ( ) an voltage u LN ( ) of an u control ed con erter with d.c output an ca acitive smo thin 2

Fig re 8 – Typical p wer s p ly network c r ent i L ( ) an voltage u LN ( ) of an AIC re lzed by a PWM Con erter with ca acitive smo thin without ad itional f ilters 2

Fig re 9 – Example of at aina le active an re ctive p wer of the AIC (VSC-typ ) at diff erent l ne to l ne voltages in p r u it (with 10 % combined tran former an f ilter in u tor s ort-circ it voltage, X/R ratio = 10/1, d.c voltage = 6,5 kV) 2

Fig re 10 – Prin iple of comp n atin given harmonic in the p wer s p ly s stem by u in an AIC an s ita le control simultane u ly 2

Fig re 1 – Typical Voltage Distortion in the Line-to-Line an Line-to-Neutral Voltage generated by an AIC without ad itional fi ters (u in % an t in degre s) 2

Fig re 12 – Basic c aracteristic of the relative voltage distortion (5 th harmonic) of one AIC o erated at a pulse feq en y of 3 kHz vers s R SCe with the l ne imp dan e ac ordin to 5.2.4 3

Fig re 13 – Basic c aracteristic of the relative c r ent emis ion (5 th harmonic) of one AIC at a pulse f eq en y of 3 kHz vers s R Ce with the l ne imp dan e ac ordin to 5.2.4 31

Fig re 14 – Sin le phase electric circ it of the thre commonly u ed diff erential mode p s ive l ne fi ter to ologies for VSC an one example for p s ive dampin 31

Fig re 15 – Example of the at en ation of the VSC l ne to l ne voltage to the l ne to l ne voltage at the IPC with state of the art dif ferential mode p s ive l ne fiter to ologies 3

Fig re 16 – Con ection of the p wer s p ly network imp dan e me s rement eq ipment 3

Fig re 17 – Example of the me s red imp dan e of a low-voltage tran former u der no lo d con ition S = 6 0 kVA, u = 6,0 % 3

Fig re 18 – Me s red variation of the p wer s p ly network imp dan e over the course of a day at one location 3

Fig re 19 – Power s p ly network imp dan e with p rtly negative imaginary p rt 3

Fig re 2 – Distribution of p wer s stem imp dan e (me s red b twe n phase an neutral con u tor) in low-voltage s stems vers s f req en y 3

Fig re 21 – Statistical distribution of p sitive-seq en e imp dan e vers s f req en y in low-voltage p wer s p ly network 3

Fig re 2 – Eq ivalent circ it des ribin the p wer s p ly network imp dan e 3

Fig re 2 – Circ it to olog f or p wer s stem simulation 3

Fig re 2 – Ap roximated an me s red 5 % imp dan e c rve 3

Fig re 2 – Sin le phase circ it to olog ac ordin to IEC 610 0-4-7 u ed for l ne imp dan e sta i sation network 4

Fig re 2 – Thre -phase circ it to olog for the lne imp dan e sta i sation network 41

Fig re 2 – Imp dan e variation in the 9 % c rve of the LISN des rib d in Fig re 2 41

Fig re 2 – PDS with large d.c ca acitan e 4

Fig re 2 – PDS with large ca acitan e an lne in u tor 4

Fig re 3 – PDS with a large d.c ca acitan e an in u tors in the d.c l n 4

Fig re 31 – Basic EMI fi ter to olog 4

Fig re 3 – Bloc diagram of a PDS with hig f req en y EMI f ilter s stem 4

Fig re 3 – Basic i u tration of a to olog of a two level PWM voltage source AIC 4

Fig re 3 – Typical wavef orms of voltages u S1N / U LN, 1 an voltage u S12 / U LN, 1 at pulse f req en y of 4 kHz 4

Fig re 3 – Typical wavef orms of the common mode voltage u CM / U LN,1 at pulse f req en y of 4 kHz Power s p ly f eq en y is 5 Hz 4

Fig re 3 – Waveform of the c r ent i L1 / I eq at pulse feq en y of 4 kHz, relative imp dan e of u SCV,eq = 6 % 4

Fig re 3 – Bloc diagram of a two level PWM AIC 4

Fig re 3 – Distortion of the c r ent i L1 of re ctan e X eq , pulse f req en y: 4 kHz, relative re ctan e of u SCV,eq = 6 % 51

Fig re 3 – Typical voltages u L1N / U LN, 1 an u L12 / U LN, 1 at pulse feq en y of 4 kHz, relative re ctan e u SCV,eq = 6 %, R SCe 10 51

Fig re 4 – Basic to ology of a thre level AIC For a Power Drive Sy tem (PDS) the same to olog may b u ed also on the lo d side 5

Fig re 41 – Typical c rve s a e of the phase-to-phase voltage of a thre level PWM con erter 5

Fig re 4 – Example of a s d en lo d c an e of a 13 MW thre level con erter where the c r ent control ac ieves a resp n e time within 5 ms 5

Fig re 4 – Typical to olog of a flyin ca acitor (FC) four level AIC u in IGBTs 5

Fig re 4 – Typical c rve s a e of the phase-to-phase voltage of a multi-(f ou r)-level AIC 5

Fig re 4 – Distortin f eq en ies an ampl tu es in the lne voltage (me s red directly at the brid e terminals in Fig re 2 an the l ne c r ent of a multi evel (four) AIC ( ran former with 10 % s ort-circ it voltage) 5

Fig re 4 – To olog of a F E AIC 5

Fig re 4 – Line side fi ter an eq ivalent circ it for the F3E-con erter b haviour for the p wer s p ly network 5

Fig re 4 – Cur ent tran f er fu ction together with R SCe = 10 an R SCe = 7 0 an a l ne side fi ter: G(f) = i L1 / i con 5

Fig re 4 – PWM – voltage distortion over power s p ly network imp dan e f or F 3E-infe d in lu in p wer s p ly network side fi ter 6

Fig re 5 – Input c r ent sp ctrum of a 7 kW-F3E-con erter 61

Fig re 51 – Harmonic sp ctrum of the input c r ent of an F3E-con erter with R SCe = 10 61

Fig re 5 – An i u tration of a distortion eff ect cau ed by a sin le phase con erter with ca acitive lo d 6

Fig re 5 – a.c to a.c AIC pulse c o p r, b sic circ it 6

Fig re 5 – Il u tration of a con erter to olog for a c r ent source AIC 6

Fig re 5 – Typical wavef orms of c r ents an voltages of a c r ent source AIC with hig switc in f eq en y 6

Fig re 5 – Typical bloc diagram of a c r ent source PWM AIC 6

Fig re 5 – Cur ent source AIC u ed as an active f ilter to comp n ate the harmonic c r ents generated by a nonl ne r lo d 6

Fig re A.1 – Prin iple s etc for combined voltage- an c r ent-injectin mod lation

example f or phase leg R 71

Fig re A.2 – Example f or control ed phase c r ent d rin a voltage dip at the p wer s p ly network u in h steresis plu PWM control 7

Fig re A.3 – Typical wavef orms of electrical p wer s p ly network c r ent an voltage f or a c r ent source AIC with low switc in f req en y [3 ] 7

Fig re A.4 – Cur ents an voltages in a (semicon u tor) valve device of an AIC an a mac ine side con erter b th of the c r ent source with low pulse feq en y [3 ] 7

Fig re A.5 – Total harmonic distortion of electrical p wer s p ly network an motor c r ent [3 ] remain alway b low 8 % ( rian les in straig t l ne) in this a plcation 7

Fig re A.6 – Basic to olog of an AIC with commutation on the d.c side (six pulse variant 7

Fig re A.7 – Dy amic p rf orman e of a re ctive p wer con erter 7

Fig re A.8 – Line side c r ent f or a twelve pulse Re ctive Power Con erter in a ca acitive an in u tive o eration mode (u SCV,eq = 15 %) 7

Fig re A.9 – The origin of the c r ent waveform of a RPC by the l ne voltage (sin soidal) an the con erter voltage (rectan ular) 7

Fig re A.10 – Two level to olog with nominal voltage of maximum 1 2 0 V an times ale of 5 ms/div 7

Fig re A.1 – Thre level to olog with nominal voltage of maximum 2 4 0 V an times ale of 5 ms/div 7

Fig re A.12 – F ur level to olog with nominal voltage of maximum 3 3 0 V an times ale of 5 ms/div 7

Fig re A.13 – General influen e of sig ificant c aracteristic to the voltage distortion an c r ent distortion 7

Fig re A.14 – Me s red red ction of voltage distortion when f our AICs are con ected to the p wer s p ly network 8

Fig re A.15 – Ex erpts f rom a catalog e information of a p wer ca acitor man facturer; 7 0 V AC; (rated voltage: 6 0 V AC) f or temp rature calc lation 81

Fig re A.16 – Re ctive p wer an los es of a p wer ca acitor s p l ed by a source with con tant ref eren e voltage an varia le f eq en y (R cp = f(h) 8

Fig re A.17 – Ap arent p wer an los es of a typical p wer ca acitor at dif ferent voltage distortion levels an the critical f req en y b u daries (at sin ular feq en y) where the temp rature rise re c es s bstantial values (vertical ar ows) 8

Fig re A.18 – Voltage sp ctrum of an AIC an the imp ct of a l ne imp dan e red ction to the temp rature of the ca acitor (f om 10 K to 0,4 K) an the comp sition of the sp ctrum 8

Fig re A.19 – A win turbine plant an a mine win er drive con ected on the same p wer l ne 8

Fig re A.2 – Power s p ly network config ration for the plant of Fig re A.19 with al ocated me s rement p ints 8

Fig re A.21 – Reg lar c r ent of the CSI (AIC-i ter disa led) an ampl f i ation of the c r ent in case of resonan e cau ed by the AIC-i ter circ it (when AIC fi ter is ena led) 8

Fig re A.2 – Basic prin iple of imp dan e me s rement 8

Fig re A.2 – Harmonic c r ent generation by disturbin device 9

Fig re A.2 – Me s rement by switc in a resistor 91

Fig re A.2 – Me s rement by a ca acitor b n 91

Fig re A.2 – A 6,6 kV p wer s p ly network imp dan e me s rement s stem for islan in detection by injectin interharmonic 9

Fig re B.1 – With tan ca a i ty level toward harmonic voltages in the p wer s p ly

network in view of p rmis ible temp rature rise within ca acitors if the voltage

distortion is determined either by one predominatin feq en y (up er l ne) or if the

distortion is predominantly determined by a harmonic sp ctrum, cau ed by several

p ral el o erated AICs (2-L vel PWM) (lower l ne) 9

Fig re B.2 – Harmonic voltage sp ctrum of one 2-L vel PWM AIC with ac e ta le

temp rature in re se of a p wer ca acitor not ex e din 10 K 9

Fig re B.3 – Maximum voltage distortion of a sp ctrum, cau ed by several AICs

(sin le phase to ologies) 9

Fig re B.4 – Maximum voltage distortion of a sp ctrum, cau ed by several AICs ( hre

phases to ologies) 9

Fig re B.5 – Spre d he t of matc in sin le phase AICs (2-level) to diff erent p wer

s p ly network con ition in order to a ply the p wer ca acitor l mit c rves 9

Fig re B.6 – Spre d he t of matc in thre phases AICs (2-level) to diff erent p wer

s p ly network con ition in order to a ply the p wer ca acitor l mit c rves 9

Fig re B.7 – Ilu tration of the typical p wer s p ly network resonan e f eq en y by

in re sin AIC fi terin p pulation, vers s the voltage distortion level 10

Fig re B.8 – Sketc of the typical size/cost of an AIC a pl cation vers s switc in

f req en y of the AIC .101

Fig re B.9 – Ilu tration of the pro a i ty of overlo d an stres pro lems for the

p wer s p ly network an the eq ipment con ected thereto, de en in on stipulated

distortion levels fixed in mis el ane u as umption 101

Fig re B.10 – Res lts of the data col ection vers s the maximum values pro osed in

the IEC TS 6 5 8 f or prod cts rated a ove 7 kVA 10

Fig re B.1 – Res lts of the data col ection vers s the maximum values pro osed in

the IEC TS 6 5 8 f or prod cts rated b low 7 kVA 10

Fig re B.12 – Res lts of the data col ection vers s the maximum values pro osed in

the IEC TS 6 5 8 f or prod cts rated a ove 7 kVA 10

Fig re B.13 – Recommen ed maximum emis ion values for AIC of dif ferent categories

Ta le A.3 – Con ition state 0: c r ent in phase R within toleran e range, pure voltage

injection active (e.g with PWM) 71

Ta le A.4 – Comp rison of diff erent PWM AICs of VSC to olog 7

Ta le A.5 – Voltage distortion on b th p wer l nes (I an I I) without an with fiter circ it

( he fi ter had b en desig ed to ac ieve 0,2 % distortion level on the MV-p wer l ne) 8

Ta le A.6 – Cur ent distribution within the network des rib d for sp cific feq en ies

an on al ocated me s rement p ints as p inted out in Fig re A.2 8

Ta le B.1 – AIC desig recommen ation f or a maximum distortion f actor in the

f req en y ran e f rom 2 to 9 kHz 10

Ta le B.2 – Recommen ed maximum emis ion values f or AIC of dif ferent categories in

the ran e f om 9 kHz up to 15 kHz 10

INTERNATIONAL ELECTROTECHNICAL COMMISSION

_

Operation conditions and characteristics of active

infeed converter (A IC) appl cations including design

recommendations f or their emission values below 150 kHz

1 Th Intern tio al Ele trote h ic l Commis io (IEC) is a worldwid org niz tio for sta d rdiz tio c mprisin

al n tio al ele trote h ic l c mmite s (IEC Natio al Commite s) Th o je t of IEC is to promote

intern tio al c -o eratio o al q e tio s c n ernin sta d rdiz tio in th ele tric l a d ele tro ic f i ld To

this e d a d in a ditio to oth r a tivitie , IEC p bls e Intern tio al Sta d rd , Te h ic l Sp cif i atio s,

Te h ic l Re orts, Pu lcly Av ia le Sp cif i atio s (P S) a d Guid s (h re f ter refer e to a “IEC

Pu lc tio (s)”) Th ir pre aratio is e tru te to te h ic l c mmite s; a y IEC Natio al Commite intere te

in th s bje t d alt with ma p rticip te in this pre aratory work Intern tio al g v rnme tal a d n n

-g v rnme tal org niz tio s laisin with th IEC als p rticip te in this pre aratio IEC c la orate clo ely

with th Intern tio al Org niz tio f or Sta d rdiz tio (ISO) in a c rd n e with c n itio s d termin d b

a re me t b twe n th two org niz tio s

2) Th f ormal d cisio s or a re me ts of IEC o te h ic l maters e pre s, a n arly a p s ible, a intern tio al

c n e s s of o inio o th rele a t s bje ts sin e e c te h ic l c mmite h s re re e tatio fom al

intere te IEC Natio al Commite s

3) IEC Pu lc tio s h v th form of re omme d tio s f or intern tio al u e a d are a c pte b IEC Natio al

Commite s in th t s n e Whie al re s n ble ef forts are ma e to e s re th t th te h ic l c nte t of IEC

Pu lc tio s is a c rate, IEC c n ot b h ld re p n ible for th wa in whic th y are u e or f or a y

misinterpretatio b a y e d u er

4) In ord r to promote intern tio al u if ormity, IEC Natio al Commite s u d rta e to a ply IEC Pu lc tio s

tra s are tly to th ma imum e te t p s ible in th ir n tio al a d re io al p blc tio s An div rg n e

b twe n a y IEC Pu lc tio a d th c re p n in n tio al or re io al p blc tio s al b cle rly in ic te in

th later

5) IEC its lf d e n t pro id a y ate tatio of c nf ormity In e e d nt c rtific tio b die pro id c nformity

a s s me t s rvic s a d, in s me are s, a c s to IEC mark of c nformity IEC is n t re p n ible for a y

s rvic s c rie o t b in e e d nt c rtific tio b die

6) Al u ers s o lde s re th t th y h v th late t e itio of this p blc tio

7) No la i ty s al ata h to IEC or its dire tors, emplo e s, s rv nts or a e ts in lu in in ivid al e p rts a d

memb rs of its te h ic l c mmite s a d IEC Natio al Commite s f or a y p rs n l injury, pro erty d ma e or

oth r d ma e of a y n ture wh ts e er, wh th r dire t or in ire t, or for c sts (in lu in le al f ee ) a d

e p n e arisin o t of th p blc tio , u e of, or rela c u o , this IEC Pu lc tio or a y oth r IEC

Pu lc tio s

8) Ate tio is drawn to th Normativ refere c s cite in this p blc tio Us of th refere c d p blc tio s is

in is e s ble for th c r e t a plc tio of this p blc tio

9) Ate tio is drawn to th p s ibi ty th t s me of th eleme ts of this IEC Pu lc tio ma b th s bje t of

p te t rig ts IEC s al n t b h ld re p n ible f or id ntif yin a y or al s c p te t rig ts

The main tas of IEC tec nical commite s is to pre are International Stan ard In

ex e tional circ mstan es, a tec nical commit e may pro ose the publ cation of a tec nical

sp cification when

• the req ired s p ort can ot b o tained for the publ cation of an International Stan ard,

despite re e ted ef forts, or

• The s bject is sti u der tec nical develo ment or where, for an other re son, there is

the future but no immediate p s ibi ty of an agre ment on an International Stan ard

Tec nical sp cif i ation are s bject to review within thre ye rs of publ cation to decide

whether they can b tran formed into International Stan ard

IEC TS 6 5 8, whic is a tec nical sp cification, has b en pre ared by IEC tec nical

commit e TC 2 : Power electronic s stems an eq ipment

This secon edition can els an re laces the f irst edition publs ed in 2 0 This edition

con titutes a tec nical revision

This edition in lu es the f ol owin sig if i ant tec nical c an es with resp ct to the previou

edition:

a) IEC TS 6 5 8, in its revised version in lu es o served values out of practical a pl cation

for emis ion values b low 15 kHz

b) Therefore the doc ment has b en exten ed comp red to the f irst edition, several detai ed

analy is res lts are given in the exten ed An exes

c) Desig recommen ation have b en derived f om the international workin group by an

as es ment of the p wer s p ly imp dan es b twe n 2 kHz an 9 kHz, a comprehen ive

analy is of the with tan ca a i ty of p wer ca acitors again t harmonic c r ents injected

by AIC, immu ity tests of eq ipment an con ideration a out s ifted resonan es in the

p wer s p ly network with in re sed p pulation of u damp d fi ter ca acitors

The text of this tec nical sp cification is b sed on the fol owin doc ments:

En uiry draft Re ort o v tin

Ful information on the votin for the a proval of this tec nical sp cification can b f ou d in

the re ort on votin in icated in the a ove ta le

The Fren h version of this tec nical sp cif i ation has not b en voted up n

This publ cation has b en draf ted in ac ordan e with the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2

The commit e has decided that the contents of this publ cation wi remain u c an ed u ti

the sta i ty date in icated on the IEC we site u der "ht p:/we store.iec.c " in the data

related to the sp cific publ cation At this date, the publ cation wi b

• tran formed into an International stan ard,

• reconfirmed,

• with rawn,

• re laced by a revised edition, or

• amen ed

IMPORTANT – Th 'colour inside' logo on the cover pa e of this publ c tion indic te

that it contains colours whic are consid re to be us f ul f or the cor e t

und rsta din of its conte ts Us rs s ould theref ore print this doc me t usin a

colour printer

This revision of the tec nical sp cification IEC TS 6 5 8 is neces ary b cau e active infe d

con erters (AIC) are a state of the art tec nolog in p wer electronic prod cts an wi b of

major imp rtan e in order to re lze the "smart grid" an the "energ eff i ien y" initiatives

AICs in in u trial an domestic u e are neces ary to f eedb c energ fom an energy source

(e.g solar p nels, fuel cel s or win turbines) or f om a motor lo d to the p wer s p ly

network an make it avai a le f or other con umers in te d of dis ip tin it as a waste-he t to

the en ironment

Disp rsed p wer generatin eq ipment u es AICs to s n hronise their voltages an c r ents

to the p wer s p ly network or to ex han e electrical energ b twe n energ storage devices

s c as b teries an con umers

Uti ties wi req ire information on how to cor ectly a ply the AICs in order to mitigate

harmonic in the p wer s p ly network

AICs can also b u ed to mitigate pre-existin harmonic in the s p ly s stem – inf ormation

on this is of interest to uti ties

Diff erent p s ible to ologies of AICs are des rib d together with their sp cific ad antages

Warnin : The recommen ation of maximum emis ion values for con u ted emis ion

<15 kHz def i ed in this doc ment are b sed on o servation an exp rien e gained f rom

state of the art AICs o eratin today in most p wer s p ly network together with other

eq ipment without cre tin intolera le intereren e an s ould le d to an in re sed

ac e tan e of u in AICs

Nevertheles it has to b hig l g ted that electromag etic en ironment is s bject to c an es

e.g b cau e of smart grid de loyment an that emis ion lmits that are c r ently u der

develo ment by the IEC EMC Commite s may b diff erent to the maximum emis ion values

recommen ed in this doc ment

This doc ment is b in is ued in the Tec nical Sp cification series of publ cation (ac ordin

to the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1, 3.1.1.1) as a “prosp ctive stan ard for provisional

a pl cation” in the field of p wer electronic b cau e there is an urgent ne d for g idan e on

the desig an u e of active infe d con erters (AIC) today an in “smart grid en ironments”

It remain u cle r d rin revision of this doc ment, how an when the smart grid vision wi

b re l zed an to what extent in the f uture AICs wi b the "key l n comp nents" if several

electrical energ storage devices or storage tec nologies an energ u ers are to b

con ected together an wi interact u der "smart grid b haviour condition The p wer

s p ly network may ada t its future c aracteristic comp red to the state of the art whie

in re sin the in tal ed den ity of AIC

POWER ELECTRONICS SYSTEMS A ND EQUIPMENT –

Operation conditions and characteristics of active

infeed converter (A IC) appl cations including design

recommendations f or their emission values below 150 kHz

This Tec nical Sp cification IEC TS 6 5 8 des rib s the o eration con ition an typical

c aracteristic of active inf eed con erters (AIC) of al tec nologies an to ologies whic can

b con ected b twe n the electrical p wer s p ly network (lnes) a.c side an a con tant

c r ent or voltage typ d.c side an whic can con ert electrical p wer (active an re ctive)

in b th direction (generative or regenerative)

Ap lcation with active inf eed con erters are commonly u ed with the d.c sides of adju ta le

sp ed p wer drive s stems (PDS), u inter uptible p wer s stems (UPS), active f ilters,

photovoltaic s stems, win turbine s stems, b t ery b c ed p wer management s stems etc

of al voltages an p wer ratin s

Active infe d con erters are general y con ected b twe n the electrical p wer s p ly network

(a.c side) an a c r ent or voltage d.c side, with the o jective to avoid emit in low

f req en y harmonic (e.g les than 1 kHz) by s nthesizin a sin soidal a.c c r ent Some of

them can ad itional y comp n ate the pre-existin harmonic distortion of a given s p ly side

voltage They are more ver a le to control the p wer factor of a p w er s p ly network sect ion

by movin the electrical p wer (active an re ctive) in b th direction (generative or

regenerative), whic ena les energ savin in the s stem an sta i zes the p wer s p ly

voltage or ena les coupl n of renewa le energ sources or electrical energy storage devices

to the s p ly

A practical an analytical a pro c for emis ion values f or AICs in p wer s p ly network is

given, whic is b sed on the latest res lts f or l ne imp dan e values b twe n 2 kHz an

9 kHz an with tand ca a i ty of ca acitors con ected directly to the s p ly

This res lts in desig recommen ation f or emis ion values b low 15 kHz

The fol owin is ex lu ed f rom the s o e

• Req irements f or the desig , develo ment or f urther fu ctional ty of active infe d

a pl cation

• Pro a i ty of interaction or influen es of the AIC with other eq ipment cau ed by

p rasitic elements in an in tal ation or cau ed by p or electronic desig as wel as their

mitigation

• "Overhe d l ne" p wer s p ly network b cau e of lac of inf ormation (me s rements) of

their thre phase imp dan es This could b the s bject for f uture edition

The f ol owin doc ments, in whole or in p rt, are normatively ref eren ed in this doc ment an

are in isp n a le f or its a pl cation For dated ref eren es, only the edition cited a ples For

u dated referen es, the latest edition of the referen ed doc ment (in lu in an

amen ments) a pl es

IEC 6 0 0 (al p rts), Intern tion l Electrotec nic l Vo a ulary (avaiable at

IEC TR 6 7 5:2 12, Co sid eration of refere c imp d an es a d p bl ic su ply n twork

imp da c s for use in det erminin t he d isturb n e c ara teristics of el ectric l e uipme t

h ving a rated c r e t ≤7 5 A p r p ase

IEC 618 0-3, Ad just able sp ed ele tric l p wer driv systems – Part 3: EMC re uireme ts

a d sp cific t est meth ds

IEC 618 0-5-1, Adjusta le sp ed ele tric l p wer driv syst ems – Part 5-1: Safety

re uireme ts – Ele tric l, thermal a d e erg

IEC 6 0 0-1, Uninteru tibl e p wer systems (UPS) – Part 1: Ge eral a d safety re uirements

for UPS

IEC 6 10 , Ele tro ic e uipme t for use in p wer install ations

IEC 610 0-4-7:2 0 , Electroma n t ic c mp tibil ity (EMC) – Part 4-7: Test ing a d

me sureme t te h iq es – Ge eral g ide o h rmo ics a d int erh rmo ics me sureme ts

a d instrume t at ion, for p wer su ply systems a d e uipme t c n e t ed t hereto

Note 1 to e try: Sp cific main a plc tio s in lu e:

• re u e or a oid emitin low f re u n y h rmo ic (e.g le s th n 2 kHz) fom th p wer s p ly n twork b

s nth sizin a sin s id l ln c re t

• c ntrib te to c ntrol n th re ctiv p wer of a p wer s p ly n twork

• e c a gin th ele tric lp wer (a tiv a d re ctiv ) in g n rativ or re e erativ mo e

• sta i z tio of th p wer s p ly v lta e a d e erg s vin in th s p ly s stem

• e c a gin ele tric l e erg b twe n p wer s p ly n twork or oth r p wer g n ratio s a plc tio s lk fu l

c ls a d ele tric l e erg stora e d vic s

• c u ln of d c ntralz d p wer s urc s (e.g f rom re ewa le e erg ) to th p wer s p ly n twork

3.2

a.c f ilter

f ilter con istin of p s ive comp nents, s c as in u tors, ca acitors an resistors con ected

to the a.c side of a con erter, desig ed to red ce the circ lation of harmonic c r ents in the

as ociated s stem

3.3

a tiv f ilter

AIC o eratin as a f ilter to control the sp cif i a.c side harmonic an interharmonic voltages

or c r ents u ual y without active p wer f low

selfcommutated electronic p wer con erters of al tec nologies, to ologies, voltages an

sizes whic are con ected b twe n to the a.c p wer s p ly network (l nes) an u ual y a stif

d.c side (c r ent source or voltage source) an whic can con ert electric p wer in b th

direction (generative or regenerative) an whic can control the re ctive p wer or the p wer

Note 3 to e try: In IEC 6 0 0-5 1 th s terms (VSC a d CSC) are d f i e a v lta e stif f a.c./d.c c n erter

(5 1 12-0 ) a d c re t stif f a.c./d.c c n erter (5 1 12-0 ) Mo t of th AICs are bi-dire tio al c n erters a d

h v s urc s o th d.c sid So, th y are k own a v lta e s urc c n erters a d c re t s urc c n erters in

control able harmonic or interh rmonic

set of harmonic or interharmonic whic can b influen ed directly by the control strateg of

the AIC

3.8

con e tional conv rter

con erter b sed on lne commutation tec nolog , that can ot control p wer factor or

harmonic

3.9

con erter topology

dif ferent p s ible ar an ements of semicon u tor valves an their con ection

ef fe tiv s p ly-side f ilter impe a c

eff ective imp dan e of the s p ly-side f ilter of the AIC f or f eq en ies in the ran e of the

control a le harmonic or interharmonic

3.13

e id ntial per unit s pply side impe a c of the AIC

u

s v,eq

p r u it s ort-circ it voltage drop value of the hardware in u tan e whic is con ected

b twe n the AIC an the p wer s p ly network

u

s v,e u

= Z

c o e / (U

LN/ I

q)

3.14

f un ame tal a d harmonic comp ne ts

defined in IEC 6 0 0:101, IEC 6 0 0:161 an IEC 6 0 0:5 1, resp ctively an are dedicated

for the AIC in this doc ment

3.15

F3E-inf ee

f undame tal f re ue c f ront e d infe d

fu damental f req en y font en voltage source con erter with its commutation ca acitor on

the a.c side whic u es l ne-f req en y switc ed semicon u tor valve devices an has

regenerative ca a i ty

Note 1 to e try: Th d.c.-ln c p citor whic is n rmaly a ele trolytic c p citor is b sic ly re la e b a a.c

ln sid f ilter, d sig e to lmit th v lta e distortio c u e b th PWM c re ts of th in erter sta e

3.16

ge erate harmonic or interharmonic

set of harmonic or interharmonic whic res lt f om the pulse f eq en y an the pulse

p tern

3.17

in-pla t point of coupl ng

IPC

p int on a network in ide a s stem or an in tal ation, electrical y ne rest to the AIC, at whic

other a p ratu are, or could b , con ected

Note 1 to e try: Th IP is u u ly th p int for whic ele troma n tic c mp tibi ty is to b c n id re In c s

of c n e tio to th p blc s p ly s stem th IP is e uiv le t to th P C (Point of Commo Co pln )

3.18

k

zred

ratio of the p wer s p ly imp dan e ac ordin to 5.2.4 (9 % values) related to the f req en y

pro ortional extra olated referen e imp dan e ac ordin IEC 6 7 5

3.19

l n impe a c of ph s x

Z

L , h

l ne imp dan e of phase x at harmonic order h

Note 1 to e try: Th imp d n e at a h rmo ic f re u n y b twe n th star p int of th e uiv le t p wer s p ly

a d o e of th p a e termin ls at a d f i e p int o a n twork Th p int o a n twork c uld b d f i e to b f or

e ample th termin ls of th AIC or th in-pla t p int of c u ln

3.2

lon - ime e ergy stora e de ic

device con ected to the d.c.-l n directly or by a semicon u tor valve device, or a c n erter,

providin rated p wer f or typical y secon s to min tes

PWM control e conv rter

con erter u in a pulse-width mod lation tec niq e in order to control the switc in of its

semicon u tor valve devices

3.2

puls fre ue c

f req en y, res ltin fom the switc in f req en y an the con erter to olog , whic

c aracterizes, together with the selected pulse p t ern, the lowest feq en y of non

-control a le harmonic or interharmonic at the IPC (in-plant p int of coupl n )

Note 1 to e try: Th switc in f re u n y its lf ma n t b pre e t a a h rmo ic or interh rmo ic

3.2

puls pat ern

p tern of the switc ed voltages or c r ents, me s ra le at the terminal of the con erter,

res ltin fom pulse f eq en y an mod lation s hemes u ed

rea tiv power conv rter

c n erter f or re ctiv p wer c mp nsatio th t g n rates or c nsumes re ctiv p wer with ut th f low

of a tiv p wer e c pt f or th p wer los es in th c n erter

/ Z

Lx,1

wh re

s ort circ it ratio

R

SCe

c aracteristic value for the a plcation of a sin le eq ipment derived f om the Ratio of s

ort-circ it p wer of the s p ly to the rated a p rent p wer of the AIC of the sin le eq ipment

(S

e u)

R

SCe

= S

SC / S

e u) f or interphase eq ipment

R

SCe

= S

SC / 3* S

e u) f or sin le p ase e uipme t

3.2

s ort time e ergy stora e de ic

one or more in u tors or ca acitors providin rated p wer for a out 1 ms to 10 ms an

directly con ected to the d.c side

Note 1 to e try: Sh rt time e erg stora e is u e to h v a stif f v lta e or c r e t c ara teristic or o erate th

AIC c ntin aly in s ort time a.c v lta e dip, a d time c uld b more th n 10 ms

Note 2 to e try: L n -time e erg stora e is u e to pro id e erg to a.c p wer s stem

3.3

switc ing fre ue c

f req en y with whic the semicon u tor valve devices of a PWM con erter are o erated

Note 1 to e try: In s me c n erters th switc in fe u n y ma n t b th s me for al s mic n u tor v lv

LN, 1

relative voltage (l ne to neutral voltage) at order h

Note 1 to e try: ratio of a h rmo ic ln to n utral v lta e ampltu e to th fu d me tal fe u n y ln to n utral

v lta e ampltu e

3.3

U

L , h/ U

actual res ltin re ctan e of the p wer s p ly network at the IPC

Note 1 to e try: Th in e “h” me n in a y c s th t th d dic te re cta c is c n id re at a c rtain h rmo ic

ord r

Z

L, h

actual res ltin imp dan e of the p wer s p ly network at the IPC

Note 1 to e try: For h rmo ic c lc latio for a sin le p a e lo d: Z

L

= Z

Lx+ Z

Active Inf eed Ap l cation are mainly avaia le with ca acitive (VSC) or in u tive (CSC)

smo thin on the d.c side Some con erter con e ts u e no or ne rly no d.c.-side smo thin

The majority of in tal ed u its uti ze ca acitive smo thin

De en in on the rated p wer an the p wer s p ly network avai a i ty the con ection to the

p wer s p ly network may b sin le-phase or thre -phase The thre -phase version is

selected f or the examples

4.2.2 Operatin principle

The main o eratin prin iple is to switc the d.c.-side p tentials or the d.c.-side c r ents to

the a.c side con u tors with a pulse f req en y of normal y b twe n 3 0 Hz an 2 kHz In

this way the desired voltages or c r ents on the a.c side are re l sed as me n values The

pulse f req en y is normal y hig comp red to the l ne f req en y an al ows q ic an

ac urate control of the voltages an c r ents on the a.c side However, switc in b twe n

f i ed p tentials or c r ents generates u desira le distortion in the high f req en y ran e

Pas ive a.c-side fiters mig t b req ired to mitigate those

A control s stem al ows a precise control of the f un amental an ad itional harmonic

comp nents The feq en y up to whic harmonic can b control ed is determined by the

pulse feq en y of the con erter

The u ual stru ture of VSC an CSC s stems is s own in Fig re 1 an Fig re 2, resp ctively:

NOT Th v lv d vic s mb ls are u e merely for i u tratio

Figure 1 – AIC in VSC topology, ba ic structure

NOT Th v lv d vic s mb ls are u e merely for i u tratio

Figure 2 – AIC in CSC to ology, ba ic stru ture

Fig re 1 an Fig re 2 s ow that the stru ture of voltage an c r ent source con erter s stems

is very simi ar The main diff eren es can b fou d on the d.c side, the a.c side f ilters an in

the typ of semicon u tors u ed for the valve device p rt of the converter Detai s can b

fou d in the section coverin the diff erent to ologies

The stru ture can b se arated into thre p rts

• Sup ly imp dan e at the internal p int of coupl n (IPC) (se Fig re 2) whic is mainly

in u tive

• Con erter an control up to the d.c side This p rt u ual y contain an a.c side fiter,

IEC

IE C

tran f ormer, if u ed, is p rt of (or desig ed to b u ed as) the s p ly-side f ilter c oke

Next in the c ain is the valve device p rt, whic may vary in stru ture – se the f olowin

s bclau e on diff erent to ologies as wel as on the d.c.-side lo d c aracteristic (ca acitive

smo thin or in u tive smo thin ) The control typical y u es pulse width mod lation

prin iples lke sp ce vector modulation, o timised s n hronou pulse p tern or

h steresis or sl ding mode control for pulse p tern generation In case of sp ce vector

mod lation the pulse feq en y is f i ed In case of o timised s n hronou pulse p t ern

the pulse pat ern normal y has a fixed s a e an is s n hronou with resp ct to the l ne

feq en y

• L ad side The majority of eq ipment con ected are variou energy sources or PWM

-con erter fed mac ines Another typical a pl cation are con erters to fe d p s ive or

mixed lo d , as for example in u inter uptible p wer s stems (UPS) If the AIC is u ed f or

p wer f actor comp n ation or harmonic control the lo d is not req ired, but can b

in luded In case of voltage source con erters lon -term energ storage u its may easiy

b con ected in p ral el with the d.c.-side smo thin ca acitor In typical a pl cation the

d.c.-side smo thin ca acitor s p les the rated p wer for a out 1 ms to 10 ms without

trip in of the con erter The lon -term storage may typical y provide rated p wer for

secon s to min tes

4.2.3 Equiv le t circ it of a AIC

The stationary b haviour of AICs is b st des rib d u in the eq ivalent circ it con istin of

eq ivalent sources an imp dan es given in Fig re 3

Figure 3 – Equiv le t circ it f or the intera tion of the power s p ly n twork with a AIC

For b t er u derstan in it is ad antage u to se arate the p wer s p ly network voltages

an the con erter voltages into their f un amentals an the remainin harmonic For the

con erter voltages, two sets of harmonic voltages may b distin uis ed

• One set of harmonic whic can b control ed directly This set is defined as control a le

or desired harmonic an c aracterised by the in ex ν

• One set of harmonic res lts f rom the pulse f req en y an the pulse p tern This set is

defined as u desired (generated) harmonic an c aracterised by the in ex µ

The voltage U

s, h

is the s p rp sition of al (desired an u desired) harmonic cau ed by al

IEC

NOT Simiar c n lu io s c n b drawn c n ernin c r e t s urc AICs In this c s th s t of v lta e in

Fig re 3 h s to b re la e b a s t of c re ts

4.2.4 Fi ters

The s p ly side fi ter is u ual y desig ed to let the desired harmonic p s throu h the fi ter

an to mitigate the u desired harmonic to a value pres rib d by the EMC sp cification of

the en ironment If neces ary, ad itional fiter me s res may b a pl ed

Ad itional desig criteria may res lt f rom the p wer s p ly s stem con ition at the IPC as

wel as f rom economic con traints

It s ould b noted that the f req en y of the u desired harmonic is mainly f rom pulse

f req en y on upward The sp cification of the con erter side fi ter in u tor has to take these

hig f eq en ies into ac ou t, otherwise the in u tor wi overhe t

The d.c.-side fi ter, if u ed, has to at en ate the rip le of the d.c voltage or c r ent so that the

con erter an the p s ibly con ected devices fu ction pro erly The sp cification of the d.c

-l n fiter has to take the amou t of harmonic into ac ou t, otherwise it may overhe t

In some cases the energ -storage ca a i ty of the d.c.-side fi ter is ada ted to the dy amic

req irements of the a pl cation One a pl cation is the ride-throu h (contin e o eration d rin

an af ter a s ort inter uption of the p wer s p ly network) Ra id c an es of the energ flow

in the p wer s pply network or the lo d d rin p wer tran ients also ne d larger d.c side

energ storage elements otherwise the c aracterisin d.c.-l n q antity (voltage or c r ent

may le ve the toleran e b n in whic pro er o eration of the PWM con erter is g arante d

An overs o t of voltage or c r ent, even for a very s ort time, may destroy the semicon u tor

valve devices of the con erter

For the fu damental f req en y an the control a le harmonic , the s p ly-side fi ter may b

regarded as purely in u tive De en in on the to olog an the c osen control prin iple, the

voltage dro acros the total imp dan e drives the s p ly-side c r ent

The total imp dan e s ould b l mited to al ow pro er d namic control of the s p ly side

c r ent

4.2.5 Puls pat erns

The selected pulse p tern generation s heme gre tly in uen es the c aracteristic of the

con erter The thre main b sic p tern generation s hemes are sp ce vector mod lation,

o timized s n hronou pulse-width mod lation an l ne f l x g idan e

NOT Sp c v ctor mo ulatio a d s mmetric p ls width mo ulatio le dto id ntic l p ls p tern

In case of sp ce-vector mod lation a seq en e of zero states an non-zero voltage sp ce

vectors is selected in s c a way that the voltage sp ce vector req ested by the control

res lts as a me n value of the seq en e The zero states selected have to b of eq al

d ration

In case of s mmetric pulse-width mod lation, a set-p int c rve is comp red to a trian ular

ref eren e f un tion Two way of tre tin the set-p int c rve are k own:

• natural sampl n directly comp res the (analog e) c rve to the trian ular ref eren e

fu ction;

• reg lar sampl n samples values of the set p int c rve at the extreme values of the

trian ular f un tion an comp res these sampled values to the ref eren e fu ction

Digital control ers normal y u e reg lar samplng The dif feren e b twe n the two method is

smal but le d to sl g tly diff erent generated harmonic

A s ita le in tantane u ly defined zero-seq en e comp nent ad ed to the ref eren e values

as ures eq al zero-state d ration This is sometimes cal ed “ad ition of multiple of third order

harmonic" If the half value of the me n of the thre phase sig al is ad ed to al sig als, the

res lt is identical to sp ce vector mod lation

4.2.6 Control methods

A b sic introd ction into control method is des rib d in Clau e A.1 More detai ed

des ription can b f ou d in the referen es

4.2.7 Control of c r e t comp ne ts

The AIC gives the p s ibi ty to adju t the fu damental an controla le harmonic comp nents

f ed into or taken fom the l ne This f eature ef fectively can b u ed f or mitigation purp ses As

a secon ary ef fect, hig f req en y distortion is generated, whic mig t have to b mitigated

by a s ita le fiter

The lne voltage given by Fig re 3 is normal y u k own, as is the l ne imp dan e that may

c an e without notice, de en in on the actual l ne config ration, in lu in other lo d

atac ed Theref ore, control s hemes are u ual y b sed on the me s ra le voltage at the IPC

(se Fig re 1 an Fig re 2) In ad ition, d.c l n q antities are me s red

The flexibi ty of AICs an as ociated control s hemes off er a large variety of a pl cation an

as ociated control s hemes The main o jectives are, however, control of active p wer an

control of re ctive p wer or non-active (vector s m of re ctive plu harmonic ) p wer The

desired b haviour can b ac ieved by control n the c r ents cau ed by the AIC Referen es

for the active, re ctive, non-active an purely harmonic c r ents have to b derived fom the

l ne voltages

One p s ibi ty to define the referen e f or the c r ent is to u e resistive lo d emulation

Energ is then f ed to the d.c l n f rom every avai a le s p ly voltage comp nent, th s ad in

dampin f or u desira le comp nents If the voltages at the IPC are non-sin soidal, the lne

c r ents wi b con eq ently non-sin soidal, to

The drawb c of resistive lo d emulation is that it may b come un ta le an in re se

harmonic if an at empt is made to fe d energ to the s p ly f rom the d.c l n In this case

energ s ould b del vered to the s p ly only via the fu damental comp nent of the c r ent

4.2.8 A ctiv power fa tor cor e tion

This con ideration is b sed on f un amental f req en y comp nents des rib d by vectors

Adeq ate control of the lne-side con erter voltage U

C

al ows the voltage U

Lacros the

eff ective s p ly-side fi ter imp dan e to b adju ted to a desired value This voltage then

cau es the desired l ne c r ent I

L

to f low In this way the AIC is a le to impres an desired

amou t of re ctive c r ent, in lu in zero – an cau e an desired amou t of re ctive p wer,

in lu in zero – in ide its sp cif i ation The con erter can th s b u ed as a comp n ator to

maintain a certain voltage level in the a.c side s p ly by ad itional y impres in ca acitive or

in u tive c r ents

For an ide l active p wer factor cor ection the c r ents of the fi ter in u tan es are orthogonal

( hey lag or le d by 9 ˚ to the resp ctive s p ly voltages Examples of vector diagrams are

s own in Fig re 4

NOT P C in this c s c n als b re la e b IP

Figure 4 – Volta e a d c r e t v ctors of l ne a d con erter

at fun ame tal fre ue c f or dif fere t loa condition

It is o viou that the l ne-side con erter voltage has to b larger than the voltage at the IPC in

man cases, de en in on the o eration p int This has to b taken into ac ou t when

sp cifyin rated values f or the con erter As mentioned a ove, f urther reserves are ne ded

for d namic

4.3 AIC rating

The req ired AIC ratin s are an ac umulation of req irements of several origin lke

sin soidal con ition , harmonic c r ents an d namic con ition

4.3.2 Conv rter ratin und r sinusoidal condition

The worst-case con ition f or o eration is with rated c r ent, purely ca acitive, at the

maximum alowed level of the voltage at the IPC In this case the con erter sti has to del ver

the p ak value of lne-side con erter voltage req ired in tantaneou ly Otherwise the amou t

of ca acitive c r ent has to b l mited or the lne c r ents wi not b as desired

4.3.3 Conv rter rating in c s of harmonic c r e ts

In ad ition to the ratin dis u sed for sin soidal con ition in the precedin section, further

req irements f ol ow f rom harmonic c r ents control The eq ivalent circ it diagram (Fig re 4)

remain vald

Eac desired c r ent harmonic req ires an ad itional voltage at the ef fective s p ly-side f ilter

imp dan e The s p rp sition prin iple is a plca le Therefore, al req ired voltages can b

IE C

ad ed De en in on the phase an le of the harmonic c r ent, the in tantane u ly req ired

p ak value of the con erter voltage varies As a worst-case ratin , al p ak values of voltage

res ltin f rom the f un amental an al desired harmonic have to b ad ed to the p ak value

of the voltage at the IPC f or maximal in tantane u con erter voltage If the ratin of the

con erter do s not al ow han ln this voltage, lne c r ents wi not b generated as desired

In sp cial cases, where the voltage at the IPC contain many harmonic , the p ak value of

the voltage at the IPC in lu in worst-case s p rp sition of harmonic has to b u ed for the

ratin of the con erter

4.3.4 Conv rter ratin un er d namic conditions

The eq ivalent circ it (Fig re 4) sti remain val d However, now the c r ents in the eff ective

s p ly-side imp dan es have to b c an ed dy amical y This req ires a certain amou t of

voltage acros these imp dan es This voltage has to b s p led by the con erter

De en in on the desired d namic p rf orman e the ratin of the con erter has to b matc ed

to alow large enou h in tantane u values of the AIC voltages

5 Ele tromagnetic compatibi ity (EMC) considerations f or the use of AICs

In this clau e a selection of EMC asp cts is covered The selection is done in order to c o se

the a pro riate AIC f un tional ty with the provision that there s ould b no disturbin

intereren e at the p wer s p ly network with other eq ipment

More ver the active eq al zation of the p wer s p ly network by u in an AIC wi b

des rib d as wel as the typical side eff ects by u in an AIC

The determination of the p wer s p ly imp dan e in the ran e b twe n 2 kHz an 2 kHz,

the typical with tan ca a i ty of p wer ca acitors an other eq ipment an the displacement

of resonan e f req en ies in the p wer s p ly network are con idered This le d to the

recommen ation of desig g idel nes f or emis ion values of AICs in the ran e of 2 kHz up to

15 kHz

Emis ion an immu ity are given in the relevant prod ct stan ard e.g IEC 618 0-3 in the

case of Power Drive Sy tems or IEC 6 0 0-2 for Uninter uptible Power Sy tems

Fig re 5 – Th ba ic is ue of EMC a tools of e onomic

The minimum req ired immu ity of electric a p ratu , the comp tibi ty levels in the p wer

s p ly network an the maximum al owed emis ion of disturb n es are directly related to

IE C

The ac e tan e of the recommen ed desig g idel nes for emis ion values b twe n 2 kHz

an 15 kHz wi al ow widespread u e of AICs in multiple a plcation f or the control of

electrical energ in the context of the Smart Grid an Energ Ef ficien y initiatives

In the f req en y ran e b twe n 2 kHz to 9 kHz a s stem of multiple AICs can b desig ed to

me t the emis ion values at the PCC This al ows the u e of can el ation tec niq es when

multiple AICs are u ed together

This a pro c mig t also b con idered a ove 9 kHz However, it may b les val d ne r

15 kHz, d e to radiated eff ects

5.2 Low-f re ue c phe ome a (<15 kHz)

L w- req en y EMC phenomena mainly oc ur d e to con u tive, in u tive an ca acitive

coupl n of the p wer s p ly network to the neig b urin network an also d e to

intereren e b twe n devices con ected to the s p ly network

Harmonic , voltage f l ctuation , voltage dips an commutation notc es are p rt of the l

ow-f req en y p wer s p ly related phenomena However, voltage flu tuation an commutation

notc es are sig if i antly red ced comp red to con entional con erters

AICs generate distortion with f eq en ies originatin f om the switc in of the semicon u tor

valve devices whic have to b s ff i iently mitigated by the s p ly-side fi ter of the AIC (se

Fig re B.2)

The p wer s p ly network’s imp dan e an s ort-circ it ratio R

SCe

have a decisive imp ct

(se 5.2.3.2) on the fi ter p r orman e The s p ly s stem, its config ration an the lo d have

to b con idered together in the evaluation Th s tec nical p s ibi ties for the l mitation of

emis ion have to b analy ed in ivid al y for e c a pl cation

If several AICs are con ected to the same s p ly s stem it has to b noted that the res ltin

voltage distortion wi b lower or eq al to the distortion cau ed by one big eq ivalent AIC d e

to the ran om s p rp sition

It has to b noted that non-sin soidal input c r ent is not only generated by distortion of the

AIC, but as wel by non-sin soidal s p ly voltage, cau in p rasitic c r ents flowin throu h

a pl ed ca acitive input f ilters

Me s rin q antities at the d.c.-side con ection an /or at the s p ly-side fi ter is a

c al en in tas Me s rin eq ipment with a b n width of ten to twenty times the pulse

f req en y is req ired in case harmonic ne d to b me s red

Se ad itional inf ormation in An ex B

5.2.2 Emerging conv rter top logie a d th ir a v nta e f or th power s pply

network

Fig re 7 an Fig re 8 s ow the tec nological progres an the main miestones of diff erent

to ologies (se Fig re 6) with imp ct on the p wer s p ly network by presentin their typical

wave s a es for p wer s p ly c r ent distortion an voltages

Figure 6 – Typic l power s p ly n twork c r e t i

L(t) a d volta e u

LN(t) of a pha e

control e conv rter with d.c output a d inductiv smoothing

Figure 7 – Typic l power s pply network c r e t i

L(t) a d volta e u

LN(t) of a

un ontrol e conv rter with d.c output a d c pa itiv smo thing

Figure 8 – Typic l power s pply network c r e t i

L(t) a d volta e u

LN(t) of a AIC

re l ze by a PWM Conv rter with c pa itiv smoothing without a ditional fi ters

With the emergin tec nolog develo ment, the a pro c toward an ide l sin soidal wave

s a e of the eq ipment input c r ent (whic had b en a go l sin e lon time) has b en more

closely ac ieved

IEC

IE C IEC

5.2.3 Activ e ual zing of the p wer s pply network

An AIC is a le to s p ly active an re ctive p wer (ca acitive or in u tive) in b th direction

(4-q adrant o eration) Th s if the AIC is cor ectly rated the u er can a ply a d namic

re ctive p wer comp n ation without ad itional comp n ator f aci ties Fig re 9 s ows an

example of at aina le active an re ctive p wer of the AIC at diff erent l ne voltages

Figure 9 – Ex mple of at ainable a tiv a d re ctive power of the AIC (VSC- ype) at

dif fere t l ne to l ne volta e in per unit (with 10 % combine tra sformer a d fi ter

ind ctor s ort circ it volta e, X/R ratio = 10/1, d.c volta e = 6,5 kV)

For an AIC b sed on PWM tec nology, virtual y no harmonic c r ent distortion oc urs b low

the pulse f req en y u les they are generated intentional y f or the purp se of el minatin

p rtic lar harmonic comp nents (se 4.2.7)

In this case the con erter wi general y improve the q alty of the p wer s p ly network

(active eq al zin of the p wer s p ly network) by comp n atin low f eq en y harmonic to

a desired extent Further, pre-existin disturb n es may b even mitigated by s c con erters

eq ip ed with an a pro riate control s stem an /or hig er order f ilters A sig ificant p rtion of

harmonic c r ents at the IPC may b cau ed by the b c grou d distortion of the p wer s p ly

network voltage

The dif ferent harmonic can b calc lated u in Fourier analy is an red ced or

comp n ated by se arate controlers An example of a so cal ed active f ilter is s own in

Fig re 1 f or thre phase lo d but the method is also a pl ca le to sin le phase cases

IE C

-2.5-2-1.5-1-0.500.51

1.522.5

p wer t o grid <- P [MW] -> p wer t o d b s

0.8

cs(ϕ)=

0.9

cs(ϕ)=

0.9

-2.5-2-1.5-1-0.500.51

1.522.5

p wer t o grid <- P [MW] -> p wer t o d b s

0.8

cs(ϕ)=

0.9

cs(ϕ)=

0.9

Figure 10 – Principle of compe s ting giv n harmonic in the p wer s pply

s stem by using a AIC a d s itable control simulta eously

5.2.3.2 Typic l side ef fe ts

As a typical side ef fect of the active comp n ation with the switc in action of the

semicon u tor valves in the AIC, harmonic distortion may oc ur ne r the pulse f req en y an

at integer multiples of it

NOT 1 Th f olowin te t refers to two-le el to olo y a c rdin to Cla s 6 In c s of th a plc tio of thre

-le el or multie el te h olo y, th v lta e distortio s are s b ta tialy lower

Contrary to a phase control ed brid e with c r ent source c aracteristic (con entional

con erters), the voltage wavef orm of an AIC (VSC) on the s p ly side of the brid e is

determined by the switc in action of the semicon u tor valves an the voltage of the d.c

l n ca acitor, se Fig re 10 Furthermore, the pulse p tern is f airly in e en ent of the lo d

of the con erter

Due to this c aracteristic the voltage distortion cau ed in the p wer s p ly network de en s

on the pulse p tern a pled an the voltage s arin b twe n the imp dan e of the p wer

s p ly network an the imp dan e of the s p ly-side f ilter of the AIC When a simple L-i ter

is u ed an the ca acitan es an resistan es of the s p ly s stem are ig ored, this cau es

the hig est distortion Fig re 1 an f ormula (1), (2) an (3) s ow the formation prin iple of

the distortion in the l ne-to-l ne an l ne-to-neutral voltage generated by an AIC with an L-f ilter

an as umin that the s p ly imp dan e is in u tive

IE C

Fig re 1 – Typic l Volta e Distortion in the Line- o-Line a d Line- o-Ne tral Volta e

g nerate by a AIC without a ditional f ilters (u in % a d t in d gre s)

e uLL

L1Nd

L1NL1N

ˆ

31

ˆ

2

XXX

UU

UU

L12d

L12L12

ˆ

21

ˆ

2

XXX

UU

UU

ˆan1,1

ˆ

L1Nd

L12d

⋅

≈

≈

UU

UU

(3)

Takin into ac ou t the feq en y de en en y of the network imp dan e ac ordin to

Fig re 2 , Formula (2) c an es to Formula (4) In order to evaluate the exp cted distortion in

the s p ly s stem, it is ad isa le to u e the s ort-circ it p wer ratio R

SCefor calc lation

L1

sc e

e u

sc v ,h

h

)LL1(

)LL1(

1,1

21

X

ÛU

⋅

⋅

⋅+

Zre

XhX

k

⋅

IE C

The f ormula c anges to:

Zreh

sc e

e u

sc v ,h

h

)LL1(

)LL1(

1,1

21

2

kX

Ru

X

X

ÛU

⋅

⋅+

LL1(

)LL1(

kRu

kf

kRu

k

ÛU

=

⋅+

omin l/S

e u, th s X

e u

= 0,0 R

SCeX

L)

With these values the ampltu e of the 3 kHz- ip le in the l ne-to-lne voltage is a proximately

1,3 % Fig re 12 s ows the typical pulse f req en y voltage distortion in the p wer s p ly

network de en in on R

SCe

C ,e u

f or an AIC (PWM typ ; 2-L vel) with a pulse

f eq en y of 3 kHz an p s ive mitigation provided by an L-f ilter

Figure 12 – Ba ic c ara teristic of the relativ volta e distortion (5 th h rmonic)

of one AIC operate at a puls fre ue c of 3 kHz v rs s R

SCewith the l ne

impe a c a cordin to 5.2.4

Regardin the side ef fects on the p wer s p ly network it is f urthermore remarka le for AICs

that the s p ly imp dan e play a more imp rtant role in the harmonic c r ent distortion than

it do s with the con entional con erters The imp ct is gre ter with smal er fiter re ctan es

An example of this is s own in Fig re 13 for the L-i ter case

The con eq en e of this c aracteristic is that harmonic c r ent distortion of the eq ipment is

lower with a we k p wer s p ly network than with a stron er one Therefore calc lation

b sed on the c r ent distortion of the eq ipment me s red in a stron p wer s p ly network

may exag erate the estimated voltage distortion in a we k p wer s p ly network

IEC 0

12345

L

%

Figure 13 – Ba ic c ara teristic of the relativ c r e t emis ion (5 th harmonic)

of one AIC at a puls fre ue c of 3 kHz v rs s R

SCe

with the l ne

impe a c a cording to 5.2.4

However, in spite of the fact that the harmonic c r ent distortion decre ses with hig er s p ly

imp dan e the imp ct of the more u f avoura le voltage s arin ratio predominates an may

res lt in an ex es ive voltage distortion level Theref ore ad itional fi ter me s res mig t b

ne ded when AICs are con ected in p rtic lar to the publc p wer s p ly network

Several dif ferent f ilter config ration can b a pl ed, al with the aim to red ce the voltage

distortion at the pulse f eq en y an its side b n s Fig re 14 s ows the thre most u ed

state of the art dif ferential mode l ne fi ter solution for VSC The simplest f ilter is the L- i ter,

as des rib d b f ore An alternative with b ter fi ter eff i ien y an les l ne f eq en y voltage

dro is the LCL fi ter As a p wer s p ly network side in u tor L

2, the stray in u tan e of a

tran f ormer may b u ed If no active dampin in the control is implemented, a p s ive

dampin as s own in the damp d tra p d LCL- iter to olog of Fig re 14 mig t b

neces ary To in re se the dampin of a con tant pulse f req en y rip le f urther, a tra p d

LCL fi ter may b u ed With a third in u tor a series resonant circ it f or the pulse feq en y

is buit A decre se of the f ilter p rorman e for pulse f eq en y multiples s ould b

con idered

Fig re 14 – Single pha e ele tric circ it of the thre commonly us d dif f ere tial mode

pa siv l ne fi ter topologie f or VSC a d one e ample for pa siv damping

5

10

152233

L1(%)

As an example, Fig re 15 s ows the at en ation of the VSC l ne to l ne voltage to the l ne to

l ne voltage at the IPC The p wer s p ly network is here y as umed to b resistive-in u tive

volta e at the IPC with state of the art dif ere tial mode pa siv l ne fi ter to ologie

NOT 2 Es e ialy f or L-iters th a ro s th ln s (X- c p citors of a y a ditio al EMI f ilters mig t b ta e into

a c u t in th fiter d sig , b c u e th y ma h v a c n id ra le ef fe t o th fiter p rorma c

The desig of fi ter circ its for an AIC has to take into con ideration that an u desira le

resonan e with the p wer s p ly network’s imp dan e may a p ar b low the tu ed

resonan e f req en y of the f ilter ar an ement whic may le d to an u intentional in re se of

the s p ly imp dan e in the lower f req en y ran e An example of this can b se n in

Fig re 15 arou d 2 kHz As a res lt of this ef fect, resonan es may arise if con entional

con erters with sig if i ant harmonic distortion at lower f req en y are connected on the same

p wer s p ly network with an AIC

A practical example is s own in Clau e A.7

In s c cases it may b neces ary to ad dampin circ its to the ad itional f ilter

ar an ements In this way the eff ect of this resonan e is red ced, se Fig re 15, gre n c rve

In te d of p s ive dampin circ its, that in re se los es an decre se the f ilter eff ect, a

dampin fu ction may b in lu ed in the AIC control However, this kin of active dampin

req ires that the fi ter resonan e f req en ies are les than half of the pulse f eq en y

5.2.4 Me s re power s pply network impe a c s in the ra g betwe n 2 kHz to

The values of the p wer s p ly network imp dan es in the ran e of the pulse feq en y of an

AIC an its harmonic mig t have sig ificant influen e on the con u ted emis ion of an

electric or electronic device

In a dedicated rese rc project, the p wer s p ly network imp dan es at the IPC in variou

IE C

UIP

UV SCdB

On the one han this wi help to desig ro u t an aff orda le s p ly side fi ters for the AIC

an on the other han the res lts are u eful f or the definition of emis ion levels of AICs

The stu ies were p rormed at several sites in North, Central an South German an

Northern Fran e over thre ye rs At e c me s rement location, the p wer s p ly network

imp dan es were determined in intervals of one hour In general, e c determination req ired

a whole day me s rement (se [1]

1

For explanation of dif ferent p s ible method se A.8

Al examined network had a rated voltage of 4 0 V an al were ca le network The

fol owin res lts are not val d f or overhe d l nes

Figure 16 – Conne tion of the power s pply network

impe a c me s reme t e uipme t

Fig re 17 s ows the imp dan e c aracteristic of a low-voltage tran former u der no lo d

con ition This b sical y cor esp n s to the le kage re ctan e

_ _ _ _ _ _ _

1

Numb rs ins u re bra k ts refer to th biblo ra h

IEC

Figure 17 – Ex mple of the me s re impe a c of a low-volta e tra sf ormer

und r no loa condition S = 6 0 kVA, u

k

= 6,0 %

ne rly half of al the me s red s p ly s stems The diff eren es are more sig if i ant at hig er

f req en ies ( > 6 kHz ) than at lower f req en ies

Figure 18 – Me s re v riation of the p wer s pply network impe a c

ov r the cours of a da at one loc tion

Esp cial y lo d with p wer electronic circ its on the s p ly side an cor esp n in

IEC

IE C

negative imaginary p rt is s own i.e the p wer s p ly network b haves ca acitive for a

certain feq en y ran e

Fig re 19 – Power s pply network impe a c with partly ne ative ima inary part

Ap roximately 2 % of the me s red p wer s p ly network s owed a ca acitive (negative)

imaginary p rt of the p wer s p ly network imp dan e for the in p cted f eq en y ran e

The imp dan es s own in Fig re 18 an Fig re 19 were me s red b twe n the phase an

the neutral con u tor an are re resentative examples only Therefore an evaluation of the

statistical distribution of the p wer s stem imp dan e f or the resp ctive feq en y is

presented in Fig re 2 For this purp se, me s rements have b en car ied out at 2 dif ferent

me s rement location (North, Central an South German an Northern Fran e) an , fom

them, over 1 3 0 gra h were recorded

Figure 2 – Distribution of power s stem impe a c (me s re betwe n pha e

a d ne tral conductor) in low-volta e s stems v rs s fre ue c

IE C IEC

The displayed 10 % c rve in Fig re 2 is the en elo e over al p wer s stem imp dan e

c rves It is comp sed of al maximum values f or e c f eq en y control p int The 0 % c rve

is comp sed of al minimum values f or e c feq en y The 5 % c rve, f or example, s ows

the imp dan e value f or every f eq en y; where y 5 % of the me s red p wer s stems

have hig er imp dan e an 5 % lower imp dan e

The impedan e c rve of the LISN (Line Imp dan e Sta i zation Network) derived f rom

IEC 610 0-4-7 for harmonic an interharmonic me s rement is also s own in Fig re 2

Ac ordin to Fig re 2 , the me s red imp dan es are con idera ly b low the imp dan e

c rve given in IEC 610 0-4-7:2 0 whic demon trates that u in this imp dan e c rve for

f req en ies up to 9 kHz would le d to overestimation of distortion

Ab ve 9 kHz the stan ardized imp dan e ac ordin to CISPR 16-1-1 a pl es

The imp dan e b twe n phase an neutral con u tor is mainly imp rtant for sin le-phase

lo d , where s f or b lan ed thre -phase lo d , without a con ected neutral con u tor, the

imp dan e at the in ivid al phases is relevant

A me s re of this is the imp dan e in the p sitive-seq en e s stem This p sitive-seq en e

s stem an the negative seq en e s stem are identical in most p wer s stems This had

b en con rmed by [2] as wel as by the me s rements car ied out

The p sitive-seq en e imp dan e is the ratio of voltage to c r ent in the p sitive-seq en e

s stem

The imp dan e in the zero s stem is ir elevant f or these sp cific analy es an in the case of

thre -phase devices without a con ected neutral con u tor

In the case of s mmetrical imp dan e values, the folowin a pl es:

ωω

ωω

jZ

LL

LL1

NOT 1 In th c s of a ymmetric l imp d n e v lu s, th imp d n e matrix c ntain s c n ary eleme ts [2] In

ty ic l s p ly s stems th s eleme ts c n b ig ore , b c u e th y are mu h lower th n th dia o al eleme ts,

a d o ly th dia o al eleme ts c n b u e to c lc late th p sitiv s q e c imp d n e

The statistical evaluation of the p sitive-seq en e imp dan e values res lted in the fol owin

Figure 21 – Statistic l distribution of p sitiv -s q e c impe a c v rs s

f re ue c in low-volta e power s p ly n twork

Fig re 2 an Fig re 21 s ow, that on the average, the levels in the p sitive-seq en e

s stem |Z

p s

| are a out 5 % lower than the imp dan e |Z

L N

| b twe n phase an neutral

In IEC 610 0-4-7 , the imp dan e of the neutral con u tor has b en set to zero, whic would

than al me s red imp dan e levels b twe n a phase an the neutral con u tor an are also

con idera ly hig er than al me s red levels of the p sitive seq en e imp dan e

There are also sig ificant dif feren es of the p wer s stem imp dan e with resp ct to publ c

an in u trial p wer s p ly network

In ad ition, it s al b noted that resonan es oc ur more f eq ently in the ran e b low

10 kHz Due to the network imp dan e most resonan es are exp cted in the ran e b twe n

1 kHz an 4 kHz

As the me s rin res lts s ow, the s stem imp dan e c rves do not have a pro ortional

in re se with the f req en y where s they display a ste p in re se in the ran e b low 2 kHz

Ab ve 2 kHz, the slo e decre ses con idera ly The p wer s stem imp dan e in the

f req en y ran e f rom 2 kHz to 9 kHz is therefore not to b a proximated by me n of l ne r

extra olation with the 5 Hz imp dan e

NOT 2 As a e ample: Th 5 Hz imp d n e v lu of th 9 % c rv in Fig re 21 is a o t 0,7 Ω Th

imp d n e v lu at 9 kHz is a o t 3,1 Ω or 4,2 time 0,7 Ω A former ln ar a pro imatio of th 5 Hz

imp d n e to 9 kHz wo ld h v le to a v lu of 0 Ω whic is in d q ately to hig

5.2.5 Prop s l of a appropriate l ne impe a c stabi s tion network (LISN) f rom

2 kHz to 9 kHz

In order to predict s stem p rturb tion by me n of simulation , analytical models of p wer

s stem imp dan e are neces ary In this s bclau e a model that can b u ed for simulation is

s own in Fig re 2

IE C

Figure 2 – Equiv le t circ it de cribin the power s p ly network impe a c

The imp dan e values Z ne d to b e c simulated by comp nents The more comp nents

are u ed f or Z, the more ac urately the imp dan e may b simulated but the gre ter the

computin p wer ne ded f or the simulation an the les practical is the re l zation of s c a

network

As a con eq en e, a u ef ul compromise b twe n ac urate simulation of the me s red c rves

an the computin p wer ne ded f or this has b en fou d in the to olog ac ordin to

Fig re 2

Figure 2 – Circ it topology f or power s stem simulation

The imp dan e Z is calc lated as fol ows:

22

11

2211

11

jR

LRLRZ

ωω

ω

++

+

=

(9)

Formula (9) re resents the trial f un tion in the sen e of regres ion analy is It can b se n

that the trial fu ction is non-l ne r an complex

IE C

R 1Z

AIC