MS THU – FRIENDLY ENGLISH CLASS MS THU FRIENDLY ENGLISH CLASS 09 DOAN PHU TU LIEN CHIEU DA NANG Contact number 038 8855406 READING B1 VSTEP TOGETHER I CHANGE YOUR LIFE 2 KỸ NĂNG ĐỌC HIỂU CẦN THIẾT 2 k.
Trang 109 DOAN PHU TU- LIEN CHIEU- DA NANG
Contact number: 038.8855406
READING B1 VSTEP
-TOGETHER I CHANGE YOUR
Trang 2LIFE -2 KỸ NĂNG ĐỌC HIỂU CẦN THIẾT
2 kỹ năng cần thiết trong đọc hiểu là: Skimming và Scanning Điểm giống nhau của hai kỹ năng này đều là đọc lướt để lấy thông tin Tuy nhiên, trong khi skimming là kỹ năng đọc lướt để lấy thông tin tổng quan thì scanning lại nhằm mục đích lấy thông tin chi tiết, chẳng hạn như một con số, ngày tháng, lí do…
o Các bước Skimming
Đọc tiêu đề bài đọc
Đọc đoạn đầu tiên
Đọc câu đầu tiên của các đoạn sau
Đọc đoạn cuối cùng
o Các bước Scanning
Đọc trước câu hỏi để biết được thông tin cần tìm
Phỏng đoán dạng thông tin có thể phải tìm như con số, danh từ riêng…
Phân tích cấu trúc bài đọc trước khi bắt đầu scan Bài thi Vstep thường
là bài đọc khá dài, vì vậy cần dùng kĩ năng Skimming trước để xác định được đoạn văn bản nào có thể chứa thông tin cần tìm Sau đó đọc toàn bộ đoạn văn đó để lấy thông tin chi tiết.
Lưu ý, khi scan, có thể bạn sẽ phải bỏ qua nhiều nội dung mà không cần hiểu chúng.
Để làm tốt phần thi Đọc hiểu, đầu tiên, các bạn cần xác định được rõ câu hỏi thuộc loại nào và áp dụng kỹ năng Đọc gì Ngoài ra, các bạn nên biết rằng từ vựng là yếu tố then chốt để thành công trong phần đọc hiểu nên các bạn luyện tập nhiều để tích lũy thêm từ
Trang 3PARAPHRASING PRACTICE IN VSTEP READING EXAM.
(THỰC HÀNH KỸ NĂNG “PARAPHRASING” TRONG BÀI THI ĐỌC
Bước 2: Đọc đoạn văn bản, tìm phần văn bản có chứa những từ khóa vừa tìm được.
Bước 3: Đọc kỹ phần văn bản đó, lọc thông tin để trả lời câu hỏi.
48, including International Falls, Minnesota and Grand Forks, North Dakota, have recorded a freeze in every month of the year.
-> When does the first freeze often arrive in the South?
A Early September B Mid September
C November D Before November
Bài tập 1: Read the following passage and answer the question:
Two neighboring high schools had a huge sports rivalry At the big football game Friday night, the Eastern Eagles were ahead in the first quarter They had scored a touchdown and the Trenton Tigers had only scored a field goal In the second quarter, both teams scored a field goal The third quarter was fought by defense and there was no score for either team Then came the most exciting quarter of all, the fourth quarter The Tigers took the lead after scoring a touchdown With one minute left in the game, the Eagles scored another field goal, and the game ended in a tie.
–> According to the recount of the game, which quarter was scoreless?
A The first quarter B The second quarter
C The third quarter D The fourth quarter
Bài tập 2: Read the following passage and answer the question:
Trang 4Dinosaurs roamed the earth millions of years ago The rise of the dinosaurs began during the Triassic Period The Jurassic Period was known as the age of the ruling and huge dinosaurs The Cretaceous Period was when there were more dinosaurs than ever before, including, Tyrannosaurus rex and triceratops By the end of this period, dinosaurs became extinct Then came the Tertiary Period, when mammals were present in great numbers.
-> According to the time line in this paragraph, when might you expect to see the most
dinosaurs?
A The Triassic Period B The Jurassic Period
C The Cretaceous Period D The Tertiary Period
Dạng 2: Câu hỏi yêu cầu tìm từ đồng nghĩa với từ cho trước.
Bước 1: Đọc kỹ câu hỏi và từ cho trước.
Bước 2: Xác định vị trí của từ đó trong văn bản.
Bước 3: Đọc những câu văn chứa từ đó, và cả những câu xung quanh để hiểu chính xác nghĩa
của từ Lưu ý: kể cả khi từ cho trước là một từ mà các bạn đã biết, các bạn vẫn nên đọc lại văn bản để xác thực sự lựa chọn của mình.
my clients almost went flying – I had to catch them They can make some strange requests, too At a black-tie gala at the White House, two clients hated the dinner and insisted that
we circle around Washington DC to find a KFC open at 1a.m I had to go in wearing a gown
and order so they could eat it in the car.
-> The word ‘circle’ could be best replaced by
Bài tập 3: Read the passage and answer the questions
Modern tourism began with the transition form a rural to an industrial society, the rise of the automobile, and the expansion of road and highway systems Before the Second World War, travel for pleasure was limited to the wealthy, but since then, improved standards of living and the availability of transportation have allowed more people to indulge In the 1960s, improvements in aircraft technology and the development of commercial jet airlines enabled fast international travel The tourism industry exploded Today, airports in nearly every country can accommodate jumbo jets full of tourists seeking exotic destinations.
Trang 51 The word indulge in the passage is closest in meaning to
A Participate B Migrate
C Survive D Change
2 The word exploded in the passage is closest in meaning to
A was competitive B expanded rapidly
C was expensive D became dangerous
Dạng 3: Đề bài đưa ra một câu trong văn bản, yêu cầu chọn câu có nghĩa tương đương (chọn
paraphrase)
Bước 1: Đọc kỹ câu mà đề bài đưa ra và các lựa chọn trong phần trả lời.
Bước 2: Nhận diện các phương pháp paraphrasing được áp dụng ở các lựa chọn trong phần
trả lời VD: Dùng từ đồng nghĩa, trái nghĩa, thay đổi cấu trúc câu,…
Bước 3: So sánh nghĩa của câu gốc với nghĩa của các câu trong phần trả lời để chọn đáp án
đúng Các lựa chọn là sai khi:
+ Có nghĩa khác với câu gốc.
+ Thiếu/ thêm ý so với câu gốc.
–> What best paraphrases the sentence ‘My day typically starts with a business person going to the airport, and nearly always ends with a drunk’?
A.Normally, I will take a business person and a drunk at the airport.
B.Normally, I will go to the airport in the morning and come back with a drunk.
C Normally, my first passenger will be a businessman and my last one a drunk.
D Normally, I will drive a businessman to the airport and come back almost drunk.
Bài tập 4: Read the passage and answer the question:
Because they absorb heat from the environment rather than generate much of their own, reptiles are said to be ectotherms, a term in identifying their major source of body heat as being external Ectotherms heat directly with solar energy by basking in the sun, rather than through the metabolic breakdown of food, as in mammals and birds This means that a reptile can survive on less than 10 percent of the calories required by a mammal of equivalent size.
-> Which sentence below best expresses the essential information in the underlined
Trang 6obtains the rest by basking in the sun.
C Some reptiles and mammals are equal in size, but they require vastly different quantities of calories for survival.
D Reptiles need to spend only 10 percent of their time eating because they do not need as many calories as mammals of equal size.
Dạng 4 Câu hỏi tìm vị trí cho câu (Insert Text)
Có một tips hay để làm bài này Tương tự như câu hỏi mục đích, trước hết, hãy tìm ra vai trò của câu cần đặt vào, nó mang ý nghĩa là một dẫn chứng, hay là một nút thắt cả đoạn, hoặc
là một câu thêm thắt ý cho câu đứng trước….
Bước 1: ta nhận ra câu trong đề mang vai trò là một câu thêm thông tin.
Bước 2: xem kĩ các câu xung quanh các khoảng trống, tìm xem có mối liên hệ giữa chúng Bước 3: thế câu trong câu hỏi vào, đọc lại xem có thấy suông không
Trang 7Martin Luther King, Jr., is well known for his work in civil rights and for his many famous speeches, among them is his moving "I Have A Dream" speech But fewer people know much about King's childhood M.L., as he was called, was born in 1929 in Atlanta, Georgia,
at the home of his maternal grandfather M.L.'s grandfather, the ReverendA.D Williams, purchased their home on Auburn Avenue in 1909, twenty years before M.L was born The
Reverend Williams, an eloquent speaker, played an important role in the community since so
many people's lives centered around the church He allowed his church and his home to be used as a meeting place for a number of organizations dedicated to the education and social advancement of blacks M.L grew up in this atmosphere, with his home being used as a
community gathering place, and was no doubt influenced by it.
M.L.'s childhood was not especially eventful His father was a minister and his mother was a
musician He was the second of three children, and he attended all- black schools in a black neighborhood The neighborhood was not poor, however Auburn Avenue was the main artery through a prosperous neighborhood that had come to symbolize achievement for
Atlanta's black people It was an area of banks, insurance companies, builders, jewelers,
tailors, doctors, lawyers, and other black-owner black-operated businesses and services Even
in the face of Atlanta's segregation, the district thrived Dr King never forgot the community spirit he had known as a child, nor did he forget the racial prejudice that was a seemingly insurmountable barrier that kept black Atlantans from mingling with whites.
1 What is this passage mainly about?
(A) the prejudice that existed in Atlanta
(B) Martin Luther King's childhood
(C) M.L.'s grandfather
(D) the neighborhood King grew up in
2 The word "eloquent" in line 6 means most nearly
Trang 88 According to the author, King was influenced by
(A) community spirit
(B) black lawyers
Trang 912 According to the author, M.L
(A) had a difficult childhood
(B) was a good musician as a child
(C) loved to listen to his grandfather speak
(D) grew up in a relatively rich area of Atlanta
ĐỀ THI MẪU
PASSAGE 1
Trang 10Look at the stars in the night sky Do some of them seem to form patterns or designs? Can you see animals, people, or objects? These patterns are called constellations.
Constellations are not real animals, people, or objects We imagine them to help us make a map of the sky On a dark night, you can see almost 1,500 stars Trying to distinguish which
is which can be difficult Constellations make it easier for us to identify stars.
People began seeing patterns in the stars about 6,000 years ago Three of the first
constellations they imagined were a lion, a bull, and a scorpion In ancient times, farmers used constellations to know which month it was We can see some constellations only one season each year Farmers knew it was time to plant when they saw a certain constellation They knew it was time to harvest when they saw a different one.
People in different countries can look at the same constellation and imagine different things Someone in China might think a constellation looks like a dragon Someone in Australia might think the same pattern is a horse Each country has its own ideas Many constellations get their names from the myths of ancient Greece and Rome A constellation called Aquarius
is named after a Greek boy who carried water A constellation called Taurus is named after a god who came to earth as a bull.
Constellations are not stationary The stars in them are gradually moving It is difficult to know the boundaries of many constellations In 1929, international astronomers, scientists who study stars, agreed on official boundaries for the 88 constellations that exist today However, by the time your children grow up, these boundaries could change We might also find new constellations We will always use our imaginations to help understand the world around us.
1 According to the passage, about how many constellations exist today?
A 90
B 100
C 1,500
D 6,000
2 All of the following are true EXCEPT that
A Constellations have a long history
B Scientists agree on constellation boundaries
C Constellations are groups of stars
D Constellations never change
3 This passage mainly discusses
A The names of constellations
B The history of constellations
Trang 11C How to see constellations
D Greek and Roman myths
4 What does the word “which” in paragraph 2 refer to?
6 Based on information in paragraph 2, we can infer that
A There are only 1,500 stars
B We can see different numbers of stars depending on how bright the moon is
C All constellations are animals
D We need a map of the sky to see the stars
7 Based on the information in paragraph 3, what can we infer about ancient farmers?
A They were not very intelligent.
B They did not have calendars.
C They worked very hard.
D They grew food.
8 Which of the following could best replace the word “identify” as used in paragraph 2?
Trang 13PASSAGE 2
Lost in the Rocky Mountains
Fifty-four-year-old scientist Bob Rigsby was lost for five days in Canada's Rocky mountains, and was only rescued after a mobile phone call to his wife, Shirley, over 8000 km away in England.
Bob, a British wildlife expert, had been in Vancouver, Canada, giving a talk at a conference
on the environment When it was over, he travelled to the Rocky Mountains and checked into the Maple Leaf hotel He then set off on a shot walk to look at the local plant and animal life After a couple of hours, he realized he had taken a wrong turning on the mountain path, but was sure he could easily get back to the hotel Even when night fell, he remained confident But, after walking for several hours the next day, it became clear to Bob that he was in
trouble ‘I had my mobile phone with me, but the battery was almost dead I thought I could probably make just one call but I didn't know the number of my hotel and I didn't want to worry my family unless I really had to' Bob carried on walking for three more days He knew which wild plants he could safely eat and he had little trouble finding them When he was thirsty he drank from streams.
On the fourth day, he reached a forest that he knew he had walked through the previous day His heart sank He realized it was hopeless and decided to call his family in England ‘He was quite calm when he spoke to me on the phone', say Shirley 'He appeared to be control of the situation, in spite of everything He'd been lost a few times before, but never for so many days-that's why this time was different' She immediately contacted The Maple Leaf Hotel, after a quick call to the Canadian embassy in London to get its phone number ‘We’re always anxious if our guests are away for a long time', says Greg McCaffrey, the hotel's owner 'But that week several of our English visitors had gone to the city for a few days to watch the hockey games, and we thought Mr Rigsby had gone too' As soon as Shirley phoned, hotel staff called the rescue service, who sent out a search party for the scientist They found in a cave some hours later, very tired, but, apart from some cuts and scratches, quite unhurt 'I've learnt my lesson ' says Bob ‘I admit I was stupid to set off like that without a guide I never want an experience like that again'
1.The word “it” paragraph 2 refers to:
A A talk B A conference C Canada D The environment
2 Bob Rigsby comes from:
A Canada B England C The Rocky Mountains D The United States
3 Bob Rigsby was in Canada in order to:
A study its wildlife B Talk at a conference
Trang 14C look at the local plants D Study the mountain path
4 On the first day of getting lost:
A Bob was hungry and thirsty B Bob realized how serious his situation was
C Bob did not think he was in trouble D Bob was not confident until the night fell
5 Why did he not make a phone call when he realized he was in trouble?
A He did not have a mobile phone B He thought the hotel staff knew where he was
C He forgot the number of his home D He did not want to worry his family
6 What did the wife say about him?
A He usually lost his control easily B He had never been lost before
C He tended to be calm in any situation D He had never been in a forest before
7 On hearing the news, the first call that Shirley made was to:
A The Maple Leaf Hotel B The Canadian embassy
C The rescue service D The scientist
8 What was true about the hotel staff?
A They immediately contacted the rescue service after Bod Rigsby’s wife called
B They sent a searching team to help Bod Rigsby after his wife called
C Before Bod Rigsby’s wife called, they thought he was playing hockey
D Before Bod Rigsby’s wife called, they thought he had gone back home
9 Bod Rigsby was found when he was:
A Calling the rescue service B Watching hockey games
C in a cave D in a cave, very tired
10 What did he say about this experience of getting lost?
A He has already had lessons about it
B He should have been with a guide
C He would like to have this experience again
D It is stupid to go to such a place
Trang 15PASSAGE 3
FERNDIG ISLANDS
Three miles across the water from the town of Blascottlies the group of islands known as the Ferndigs.The main island is St Michael Separated by a narrow channel of water is St Michael's little sister, St Margaret People first lived on these islands 1,500 years ago By the 1950s the population had gone down to below twenty, and in 1960 the last person left the islands But in 1991 two families moved back, and since then more people have followed Tourists now visit regularly to enjoy the beautiful scenery
Visit the one shop on the islands which sell butter, cheese and bread produced by the families who livethere The produce is also taken by boat to restaurants in Blascott, where it can be enjoyed by visitors
to the area Perhaps more interestingly, a range of perfumes is made from the wild flowers and herbs
which grow on the island and can be bought in the shop They are produced mainly for export and are very special So a visit to the shop is a must!
St Michael Island is easily explored on foot but, in the interests of safety, visitors are requested to
keep to the main footpaths From where the boat lands, walk along the cliff until you reach a steep path signposted to the church When you get there, it is worth spending a moment in this lovely old building Carry on along the same path which continues to climb to the highest point on the island There is a wonderful view from here along the coastline If it is warm, you may like to finish your day relaxing on the beach Priory Beach on the eastern side of the island is safe for swimming Sandtop Bay on the western side is the other sandy beach, but swimming is not advised here
It is possible to hire a boat to cross to the islands, or you can take one of the boat trips which depart from Blascott harbour in summer, Monday to Friday The islands are always open to visitors apart
from on Sundays Buy a ticket for a boat trip from the kiosk in Blascott harbour The charge for
landing on the islands is included in the ticket but, if you take your own boat, remember to take some money The crossing takes thirty minutes, and boats run every fifteen minutes Before you set off on a trip, visit the exhibition centre which tells the history of the islands and gives information about birds and wildlife you may see when you get there
1 According to the first paragraph, which is TRUE about St Magaret Island?
A St Magaret Island is the main island of the Ferndigs
B St Magaret Island is smaller than St Michael Island
C St Magaret Island is bigger than St Michael Island
D St Magaret Island is the smallest island among the Ferndigs
2 According to the first paragraph, in which year was there no one living on the islands?
A 1950
B 1959
Trang 16C 1980
D 1991
3 According to the second paragraph, which things are for sale in the island shops?
A butter, cheese and flowers
B cheese, bread and flowers
C bread, perfumes and flowers
D butter, cheese and perfumes
4 The word ‘they’ in line 10 refers to
A perfumes
B wild flowers
C herbs
D wild flowers and herbs
5 In lines 11, what does the author mean when he says, ‘a visit to the shop is a must’?
A visiting the shop is a duty
B visiting the shop is unmissable
C visiting the shop is the most important thing to do in the trip
D visiting the shop is unnecessary
6 The phrase ‘in the interests of’ in line 12 could be best replaced by
A because of
B on the purpose of
C in spite of
D for the sake of
7 According to the third paragraph, where is it safe for swimming on St Michael Island?
A Priory Beach
B the eastern beach of the island
C the western beach of the island
D Sandtop Bay
8 According to the last paragraph, on what days are the islands open to visitors?
A Monday to Friday
B Monday to Saturday
Trang 1710 What is the purpose of this passage?
A to introduce the history of the Ferndig Islands
B to advertise the products made in the Ferndig Islands
C to make a report about the Ferndig Islands
D to give a brief description of the Ferndig Islands and some advice to visitors
PASSAGE 4
BUNGEE-JUMPING
1 Bungee-jumping is not new Millions of people have jumped from high places, but until recently, not me There are plenty of places to try a jump, some no great distance from my home Unlike my friends, however, I was looking for a better view, so I chose one of the world's classic bungee
locations: I jumped from the bridge which crosses the Victoria Falls in central Africa [A]
2 At the Falls, one of the world’s top bungee operators arranges for a steady stream of tourists to throw themselves off the bridge They even have to queue for the privilege This queue, you might imagine, would be a good place to build up your confidence, as you watch the brave people ahead of you successfully complete the challenge In practice, it gives you time to lose your nerve [B]
3 The jumper in front of me, a young girl, was obviously terrified Two employees helped her towardsthe jump point, but while her feet were edging forwards, the rest of her body was saying, “no way” In
the end, shaking like a leaf, she chickened out and sat down to get her legs untied Although her
refusal had been recorded on video camera, she didn't appear ashamed - more relieved as far as I couldsee
4 My sympathy for her increased as my turn got closer All loose possessions were removed from my pockets, and a harness was tightened around my body “This is just for your security,” I was told, but Ididn't feel greatly reassured Then it was my turn to sit down The waiting, at least, was over, and for that I was grateful Helpers on either side led me to the edge [C]
5 The waters of the River Zambezi were far below, one hundred meters below according to the
brochure Although I never once let go of the grab rails, my helpers encouraged me to gradually
move my feet forward until I reached the edge of the metal step that stood between me and the drop
Trang 18At this point, if I’d had the courage, I might have backed out There were only 30 people watching, none of whom I was likely to see again I could live with the disappointment - and I knew the
employees weren’t allowed to push me But my rational mind talked me round Thousands of people had done this jump and survived to tell the tale I took a deep breath, spread out my arms and toppled forwards
6 [D] I found myself dropping face forwards into space Strangely, the fear hadn’t gone when a man
on a rope pulled me back towards the bridge, and what’s more, it stayed with me Not a moment too
soon, I was pulled up onto the safety of solid ground
1 Why hadn't the writer tried bungee-jumping before?
A He had a fear of high places
B It's not possible in his home area
C He wanted it to be in a special place
D It didn’t appeal to his friends
2 In which space (marked A, B, C and D in the passage) will the following sentence fit?
And I learned something from the experience: I discovered that I am scared of heights.
A [A]
B [B]
C [C]
D [D]
3 According to the writer, what was the disadvantage of the queue?
A You could see how people felt after they'd jumped
B It meant that other people were waiting for you to jump
C You could see how confident the other jumpers were
D It meant you had the chance to change your mind
4 The word “chickened out” in paragraph 3 is closest in meaning to
A hesitated
B became surprised
C felt dizzy
D decided not to do something because she was so frightened
5.According to the writer, how did the young girl seem to feel about her experience?
A embarrassed by her lack of courage
Trang 19B glad that the whole thing was over
C pleased that her attempt had been filmed
D disappointed to have wasted an opportunity
6 How did the writer feel while the equipment was being fitted?
A relieved that his turn had come
B impressed by the safety procedures
C grateful for the help he was given
D concerned about his possessions
7 What are the “grab rails” paragraph 5 designed to do?
A stop your feet slipping
B keep you moving forwards
C provide you with support
D stop you looking down
8 What made the writer jump in the end?
A It was better than being pushed
B He realized that he had no real choice
C It was better than looking silly
D He realized there was no great danger
9.“ It” in paragraph 6 refers to
A a feeling of fear
B the bridge
C a feeling of safety
D the rope
10 Which of the following would be the best title for this article?
A Getting close to the nature
B Living dangerously
C Keeping fit
D How to bungee-jump
PASSAGE 5
Trang 20My mother then took over my education and brought up my two sisters and me rather in the way
of an educated English lady The emphasis was on languages and reading rather than sciences andmathematics Sometimes she taught us herself, but we also had other teachers and we were kept
to a strict routine About once a week we walked to Golden Gate Park which led down to the sea and on our walks my mother taught me to read music One day I noticed a small windmill in the
window of a shop we passed on our way back to the park and I remember now how my heart
yearned for it I couldn't roll my 'r's when I was small and my mother who was a perfectionist
regarding pronunciation, said if I could pronounce an 'r' well I'd have the windmill
I practiced and practiced and one morning woke everyone up with my r's I got the windmill I usually get the things I want in life-but I work for them and dream of them [D]
1 When the writer was twelve he was living in
A San Francisco
B London
C Los Gatos
D A place unknown to the reader
2 In which space (marked [A], [B], [C], [D] in the passage) will the following sentence fit?
Even though I have since lived in Switzerland and settled in London over 25 years ago, I have kept properly in California for sentimental reasons
A [D] B [C] C [B] D [A]
Trang 213 During the war, the writer
A Left the United States
B Went camping all over the country
C Became an American solider
D Was present in every town and army camp
4 The writer did not attend school in America because
A His parents did not think he was suited to formal education
B He could not get on well with the other children
C His mother preferred him to play outdoors in the parks
D His mother wanted him to go to school in England
5 He was educated at home by:
A His mother and sisters
B His mother and other teachers
C An educated English lady
D Teachers of languages and science
6 Which of the following would best describe the meaning of the phrase: “ my heart yearned for it” in paragraph 4?
A Wished very strongly to have it
B Became surprised of it
C Felt tired of it
D Felt happy with it
7 The writer managed to obtain the little windmill he wanted by
A Borrowing the money for it
B Succeeding in speaking properly
C Working hard at his lessons
D Learning to read music
8 According to the passage, what is NOT TRUE about the writer?
A He would love to choose London as his permanent settlement
B His parents chose homeschooling to educate him
C His parents could not afford to send him to school
Trang 22D He has lived in different countries but still maintained his American root
9 Which of the following best describes the tone of the author in this passage?
A Emotional B indifferent C pessimistic D concerned
10 What is the author’s purpose when recounting the story of “ the little wind mill”
A To show his strong will for achieving the goals in life
B To describe his beautiful childhood
C To introduce the idea of wind mill
D To show the way how his mother taught music to him
Trang 23
In the United States in the early 1800's, individual state governments had more effect on the
economy than did the federal government States chartered manufacturing, banking, mining, and transportation firms and participated in the construction of various internal improvements such as canals, turnpikes, and railroads The states encouraged internal improvements in two
distinct ways; first, by actually establishing state companies to build such improvement;
second, by providing part of the capital for mixed public-private companies setting out to make a profit In the early nineteenth century, state governments also engaged in a surprisingly large amount of direct regulatory activity, including extensive licensing and inspection programs Licensing targets reflected both similarities in and differences between the economy of the nineteenth century and that of today: in the nineteenth century, state regulation through licensing fell especially on peddlers, innkeepers, and retail merchants of various kinds The perishable commodities of trade generally came under state inspection, and such important frontier staples as lumber and gunpowder were also subject to state control Finally, state governments experimented with direct labor and business regulation
designed to help the individual laborer or consumer, including setting maximum limits on
hours of work and restrictions on price-fixing by businesses Although the states dominated economic activity during this period, the federal government was not inactive Its goals were the facilitation of western settlement and the development of native industries Toward these
ends the federal government pursued several courses of action It established a national bank
to stabilize banking activities in the country and, in part, to provide a supply of relatively easy money to the frontier, where it was greatly needed for settlement It permitted access to public western lands on increasingly easy terms, culminating in the Homestead Act of 1862, by which title to land could be claimed on the basis of residence alone Finally, it set up a system
of tariffs that was basically protectionist in effect, although maneuvering for position by various regional interests produced frequent changes in tariff rates throughout the nineteenth century.
1 What does the passage mainly discuss?
A States' rights versus federal rights
B The participation of state governments in railroad, canal, and turnpike construction
C The roles of state and federal governments in the economy of the nineteenth century
D Regulatory activity by state governments
2 The word “effect” in line 1 is closest in meaning to
A value B argument C influence D restraint
3 All of the following are mentioned in the passage as areas that involved state governments in the nineteenth century EXCEPT
A mining B banking C manufacturing D higher education
4 The word “distinct” in line 5 is closest in meaning to
A separate B innovative C alarming D provocative