Theo tdc gid, nhdng dgc triing cd bdn cua cdng cugc ddi mdi d Viet Nam Id: Boi mdi dUdc tie'n hdnh theo dinh hUdng xd hgi chu nghla; ddi mdi todn dien nhiing cd trgng tdm, trgng diem, du
Trang 1TRIET HOC, SO 3 (226), T H A N G 3-2010
«' CONG CUOC OOl MOn 0 VIET NAM:
BAG TRIMG VA TRI^N VGNG
Trong bdi viet ndy, tdc gid dd chi ra vd phdn tich nhiing ddc triing chu ye'u vd trien vgng cua cdng cudc doi mdi d Viet Nam Theo tdc gid, nhdng dgc triing cd bdn cua cdng cugc ddi mdi d Viet Nam Id: Boi mdi dUdc tie'n hdnh theo dinh hUdng xd hgi chu nghla; ddi mdi todn dien nhiing cd trgng tdm, trgng diem, dugc tien hdnh mdt cdch tudn tU, tiing bUdc; ddi mdi kinh ti gdn lien vdi ddi mdi he thd'ng chinh tri; ddi mdi de phdt trien trong dn dinh; ddi mdi gdn lien vdi md cda vdi the gidi ben ngodi Trien vgng cua cdng cugc doi mdi d Viet Nam Id tdt dep, bdi
nd dugc dgt dudi sU ldnh dgo cua Ddng Cgng sdn Viet Nam, xudt phdt tU thiic tien xd hgi Viet Nam vd ludn gdn ke't thiic tien vdi khdi qudt ly lugn
I iet N a m budc vao sfl nghiep ddi mdi
toan dien d i t nfldc va tien b a n b nhfl
mgt cugc each m a n g thiic sfl cbi b i t
d i u tfl n a m 1986 Nhflng trfldc dd D a n g
Cgng san va N b a nfldc Viet N a m da co
nhieu c h i trfldng, c h m h sach p h a t trien
kinh te m a n g t i n h c h a t ddi mdi Nhflng doi
mdi nay vfla dap flng ddi hoi cua thflc tien,
vfla la nhflng bflde tim tdi, thfl nghiem con
dfldng p h a t trien cua Viet N a m Mac dfl,
ngay tfl Dai hgi D a n g t o a n qud'c l i n thfl III
(nam 1960), D a n g Cgng s i n Viet N a m da
chu trgng den v i n de p h a t trien k i n h te va
xay dflng cd sd vat chat - ky t h u a t cho c h i
nghia xa hgi Nhflng luc dd va ca s a u nay,
khi ca nUdc di vao xay dflng c h i nghia xa
hgi thi v a n de p h a t t r i e n k i n h te c i a Viet
N a m cd ngi d u n g cdt loi la thflc b i e n cdng
nghiep hda xa hgi c h i nghia va t r e n cd sd
d6, xay dflng cd sd v a t c h a t - ky t h u a t cho
c h i nghia xa hgi G h i trfldng n a y la phfl
hdp vdi dieu kien cu t h e c i a Viet N a m lflc
do nhflng cang ve sau, n h a t la khi c i nfldc
di vao xay dflng c h i nghia xa hgi thi nd
cang bgc lg sfl yeu k e m trong n h a n thflc va
van d u n g mgt each s a n g tao ly l u a n c i a c h i
nghia Mac - L e n i n v a tfl tfldng Hd Ghi
M i n h vao tflng giai d o a n p h a t t r i e n cu the
c i a each m a n g Viet N a m Dd la v a n de ndng nghiep, n o n g d a n k h i d a t nUde chuyen giai doan nhUng t r e n thflc te lai k h d r ^ dfldc coi trgng, k h d n g n h i n tha'y t a m chien Ifldc
c i a n6 t r o n g sfl p h a t t r i e n n e n k i n h t e - xa hgi d mgt nfldc s i n xua't n d n g nghiep Sfl keo dai c h i trfldng dd, h d n nfla lai cd sai
l i m t r o n g thflc h i e n da l a m cbo n e n k i n h te Viet N a m thflc sfl rdi vao mgt cugc k h i n g hoang Vi vay, cdng cugc ddi mdi c i a Viet
N a m CO x u i t p h a t diem trfldc b e t tfl chinh yeu c i u p h a t t r i e n ngi t a i c i a d a t nfldc No dfldc b i t n g u d n tfl n h u c i u thflc t i i n p h a t
t r i e n d a t nfldc, tfl t a m tfl, n g u y e n vgng c i a
n h a n d a n lao dgng, tfl k i n h n g h i e m s a n g tao cua mgt sd cd sd, dia phfldng T r e n cd sd
n h a n thflc lai c h u n g h i a xa hgi va con dUdng xay dflng c h i n g h i a xa hgi d Viet
N a m , D a n g Cgng s a n v a n h a n d a n Vidt
N a m da t i e n h a n h cdng cugc ddi mdi toan dien d i t nUde t h e o d i n h h u d n g xa hgi c h i
(*) Tien si, Pho tnidng phong Triet hpc Mac - Lenin, Vien Triet hpc, Vien Khoa hoc xa hoi Viet Nam
Trang 2nghla tfl n a m 1986
Den nay, sfl nghiep ddi mdi b Viet N a m
da tien h a n h dfldc t r e n 20 n a m Qua mdi
giai doan ddi mdi (5, 10, 15, 20 n a m ) Dang
Cgng s i n va n h a n d a n Viet N a m ludn co sfl
tdng ket ca ve m a t ly l u a n l a n thflc tien
nham r u t r a nhflng bai hgc va k i n h nghiem
cho nhflng giai doan p h a t t r i e n tiep theo
CO the ndi, con dfldng ddi mdi d Viet N a m
vfla the hien sfl t r u n g t h a n h , vfla la sfl tim
toi va van d u n g mgt each s a n g tao ly l u a n
cua chu nghia Mac - Lenin va tU tudng Hd
Chl Minh ve xay dflng c b i ngbia xa hgi
Nhin lai con dfldng p h a t t r i e n cua Viet
Nam trUdc va tfl k h i ddi mdi den nay dudi
goc do p h a t trien k i n h te - xa hgi, c6 the
noi, Viet N a m da t r a i qua nhiing thdi ky
quan trgng nhfl sau:
- Giai doan 1979 - 1985 la thdi ky ma
khung hoang kinh te - xa hgi ngay cang
tram trgng, n h i t la sau k h i thflc hien chinh
sach gia - Ifldng - tien n a m 1985 ma h a u
qua cua n6 lam cho cugc k h u n g hoang dat
de'n diem dinh vao d i u n a m 1986 Day
cur^g la thdi ky x u i t hien nhflng sang tao
ve phfldng thflc q u a n ly k i n h te ca trong
san xuat ndng nghiep l i n cdng nghiep b
mgt so' dia phfldng trong ca nfldc
- Giai doan 1986 - 1990: Bflde d i u giai
quyet dfldc nhflng h a u qua c i a cugc k h u n g
hoang kinh te - xa hgi nhd thflc hien nhflng
chu trfldng va chinh sach ddi mdi toan dien
cua Dang va N h a nfldc Viet N a m
- Giai doan 1991 - 1996: Viet Nam ra
khdi k h i n g h o a n g va lien tuc p h a t trien dn
dinh vdi td'c do t a n g trfldng G D P khoang
tren 8%
- Giai doan 1997 - 1999: Do a n h hfldng
ciia cugc k h u n g hoang tai chinh b chau A
nen tdc do t a n g trfldng G D P giam xuong
con khoang 5%
- Giai doan n a m 2000 - 2007: Viet Nam
chinh thflc r a khdi k h i n g hoang kinh te
-xa bgi va d a t sfl p h a t trien dn dinh t r e n tat
ca cac mat, cac h n h vflc cua ddi sd'ng kinh
te - xa hgi vdi toe do t a n g trudng h e n tuc dat khoang 8%, ty le l a m p h a t luon gifl d mgt con so' (khoang 5 — 6%)
- Giai doan tfl n a m 2008 den nay: Do
a n h hfldng cua cugc k h i n g boang kinh te -tai cbinh t h e gidi, k i n h te Viet Nam gap nhieu khd k h a n , td'c do t a n g trfldng giam xud'ng cdn k h o a n g t r e n 6% (thang 9/2009)
T r e n thflc te, tien t r i n h thflc hien cong cugc doi mdi d Viet N a m luon dien r a trong boi canh t h e gidi vfla t h u a n ldi, vfla phai doi phd vdi khong it kho k h a n do tac dgng chung tfl sfl sup do cua he tho'ng xa hgi chu nghla den sfl cam v a n ve k i n h te cua My va sau nay la h a i cugc k h i n g hoang tai chinh
t h e gidi Tuy nhien, cho den nay, sfl p h a t trien dn dinh ve k i n h te, xa hgi da ngay cang chflng to sfl nghiep doi mdi d Viet
N a m da di dung hudng va p h u hdp vdi thflc
t i i n xa hgi Viet Nam Nhflng bai hgc chinh
cua cong cugc ddi mdi b Viet Nam dUdc
Dang Cgng s a n Viet N a m tdng ket lai la: Kien tri chu nghia xa hgi; ket hdp chat che ddi mdi k i n h te vdi ddi mdi chinh tri; p h a t trien kinh te gan lien vdi thflc hien tien bg
va cdng b i n g xa hgi va thflc hien doi mdi trong nfldc vdi viec md c i a q u a n he vdi t i t
ca cac nUdc t r e n t h e gidi t r e n tinh t h i n gifl vflng c h i quyen, dgc lap dan tgc Day la nhflng bai hgc cd t i n h chat k h a i q u a t chung
cho sfl nghiep ddi mdi toan dien b Viet
Nam, cdn xet tiing linh vflc ddi mdi, nhfl doi mdi kinh te, xa hgi, van boa, chinh tri, doi ngoai, qud'c phdng thi deu cd nhflng bai hgc
cu the ca ve budc di, td'c do p h a t trien lan trgng tam, trgng diem trong p h a t trien Trong dd, cai gifl vai trd dae biet quan trgng la nhflng bai hgc ve xay dflng mo
h i n h p h a t trien kinh te d Viet Nam
Trang 3NGUYEN HUU DE
1 Ddc trUng cua sU nghiep ddi mdi
6 Viet Nam
Nhin lai hch s i tien trinh ddi mdi c i a
Viet Nam, chung ta cd the rut ra mgt so' dae
trflng c h i yeu c i a sfl nghiep ddi mdi d Viet
Nam b nhflng v i n de sau:
1.1 Su nghiep dot mdi dUdc tien hdnh
theo dinh hUdng xd hdi chu nghla
Viet Nam tien hanh sfl nghiep ddi mdi la
ddi mdi ve phfldng thflc va md hinh xay
dflng c h i nghia xa hgi cho phu hdp vdi thflc
tien c i a xa hgi Viet Nam, chfl khdng xa rdi
muc tieu c h i nghia xa hgi Trong qua trinh
ddi mdi Dang Cgng s i n Viet Nam luon
kien dinh muc tieu g i n viec gifl vflng dgc
lap dan tgc vdi xay dflng c h i nghia xa hgi
tren nen tang c h i nghia Mac - Lenin va tfl
tfldng Hd Chl Minh Sfl nghiep ddi mdi toan
dien b Viet Nam ludn hfldng tdi muc tieu
xay dflng thanh cdng c h i nghia xa hgi b
Viet Nam Vi vay, ddi mdi theo dinh hfldng
xa hgi c h i nghia d Viet Nam da dfldc the
hien tren ca phfldng dien muc tieu l i n
trong tiing giai doan cu the, trong ca ket
qua dat dUdc lan phfldng thflc de dat ket
qua do Chinh sfl dinh hfldng xa hgi c h i
nghia nay da lam cho cdng cugc ddi mdi d
Viet Nam the hien dUdc tinh dae thfl c i a ly
luan chung ve con dfldng di len c h i nghia
xa hgi d Viet Nam
Ngay tfl diu, khi tie'n hanh sfl nghiep
ddi mdi Dang Cgng s i n Viet Nam da xac
dinh doi mdi tfl duy ve md hinh xay dflng
chu nghia xa hgi d Viet Nam la v i n de gifl
vi tri quan trgng, mang tinh dot pha trong
viec tfl bd tren thflc tiin md hinh xay dflng
chu nghia xa hgi rap khudn theo Lien Xd
Viec ddi mdi tU duy nay trfldc het dfldc the
hien c h i yeu trong sfl nhan thflc lai c i a
Ding Cgng s i n Viet Nam ve c h i nghia xa
hgi va con dfldng xay dflng c h i ngbia xa bgi
b Viet Nam Ddi mdi tfl duy ma Dang Cgng
s i n Viet Nam c h i trfldng la nhan thflc dung ve ban c h i t c i a c h i nghia xa hgi ma trfldc kia hieu chfla dung, nhan thflc lai ve hinh thflc, bflde di cu the c i a Viet Nam trong giai doan qua do len c h i nghia xa hgi
de lam sao xay dflng d Viet Nam mgt xa hgi dan giau, nfldc manh, cdng bang, dan chi, van minh Xa hgi ma Viet Nam xay dflng phai la xa hgi do nhan dan lam c h i ; cd nen kinh te phat trien cao, dn dinh, bdn vflng;
cd nen van hda tien tidn, dam da ban sac dan tgc; con ngfldi cd cugc sd'ng dm no, tfl
do, hanh phuc, dUdc phat trien toan dien;
CO Nha nfldc phap quyen xa hgi c h i nghia
c i a nhan dan, do nhan dan, vi nhan dan do Dang Cgng san lanh dao; cac dan tgc doan ket giup nhau cflng phat trien; co quan he hflu nghi, hdp tac vdi tat ca cac nfldc tren the gidi nhfl trong cac Nghi quyet c i a Dang Cgng s i n Viet Nam dd xac dinh Vi vay ma cdng cugc ddi mdi d Vidt Nam khdng the xa rdi muc tieu c h i nghia xa hgi
Gdng cugc ddi mdi d Viet Nam dfldc tien hanh theo muc tieu c h i nghia xa hgi tren hai phfldng dien Ve phfldng dien ly luan la xac lap dUdc he thd'ng quan diem dung ve
c h i nghia xa hgi va con dfldng xay dflng
c h i nghia xa hgi phu hdp vdi Viet Nam; ve phfldng dien thflc t i i n la lam cho c h i nghia
xa hgi tflng bflde xuat hien va hinh thanh mgt each vflng chac d Viet Nam Day cung chinh la each ma Viet Nam va Trung Qudc tien hanh ddi mdi va cai each md c i a khac hoan toan vdi cdng cugc cai td c i a Lien X6
va cai each md c i a d cac nfldc Ddng Au Viet Nam tien hanh ddi mdi nhflng khdng
"ddi mau", cdn Trung Qud'c cii each nhflng vdn kien tri, khdng lay chuyen ddi vdi che
do xa hgi c h i nghia Chinb sfl thanh cdng
c i a cdng cugc ddi mdi d Viet Nam va cai each md c i a d Trung Qud'c da khang dinh tinh dung d i n c i a md hinb xay diing xa hgi
Trang 4xa hgi chu nghia ma hai nfldc da Ifla chgn
Dae trflng nay the hien dfldc thflc chat cua
cong cugc ddi mdi d Viet Nam va xuyen sudt
toan bg tien trinh thflc hien ddi mdi cho den
khi chi nghia xa hgi dfldc xay dflng thanh
cong b Viet Nam
1.2 Boi mdi todn dien nhUng cd trgng
tdm, trgng diem dUdc tie'n hdnh mgt cdch
tuan tu, tiing bUdc phu hdp vdi mdi thdi ky,
moi giai dogn
Viet Nam tien hanh ddi mdi mgt each
toan dien tren t i t ca cac linh vflc kinh te,
van hoa, chinh tri, xa hgi Nhflng, do dae
diem khi tien hanh ddi mdi Viet Nam dang
cl trinh do phat trien t h i p va nhat la dang
rdi vao mgt cugc k h i n g boang kinh te - xa
hgi trim trgng, nen tien hanh doi mdi
khong the lam ddng bg tat ca cac linh vflc,
cac khau trong qua trinh doi mdi Vi the
Dang Cgng san Viet Nam da xac dinh tren
cd scl doi mdi toan dien dat nfldc phai liy
doi mdi kinh te la trgng tam, xay dflng
Dang la then chot, lay sfl dn dinh chinh tri
lam cd sd cho ddi mdi kinh te va cac linh
vflc khac Trong qua trinh ddi mdi Dang
Cong san va nhan dan Viet Nam da tap
trung toan bg sflc lflc, cua cai va tri tue cbo
viec xay dflng mgt nen kinh te phat trien
nham trfldc bet nang cao ddi sd'ng cia
ngfldi dan lao dgng Dd'i mdi phai mang lai
trfldc het nhflng ldi ich thiet thflc cho ngfldi
dan, dae biet la ndng dan vd'n van chiem da
sd trong dan so'Viet Nam (luc tien hanh ddi
mdi chiem khoang 80% dan sd'ca nfldc) Chi
khi lam dfldc dieu dd thi Dang Cgng san
Viet Nam mdi tao ra dUdc mgt dgng lflc
manh me cho viec tien hanh ddi mdi toan
dien dit nfldc Trong ddi mdi kinh te thi
viec xay dflng mo hinh phat trien kinh te
thi trfldng dinh hfldng xa hgi c h i nghia
phai nhim vao trgng diem la giai phong sflc
san xuit, giai phong mgi tiem nang c i a d i t
nfldc cho viec thflc hien cong cudc ddi mdi Xay dflng nen kinh te thi trfldng dinh hfldng xa hgi c h i nghia chinh la lam cho quan he s i n xuat phfl hdp vdi trinh do phat trien c i a lflc Ifldng s i n xuat, tao ra mgt nen kinh te cd sflc canb tranh cao Mgt nen kinh te nhfl the se khdi day dfldc mgi tiem nang sang tao c i a ngfldi lao dgng, cua cac doanh nghiep trong va ngoai quo'c doanh NhUng, nen kinh te ma Viet Nam xay dflng nay van duy tri vai trd chu dao cia kinh te nha nfldc, ke ca nhflng nam gin day, khi Viet Nam thflc hien cd p h i n boa cac doanh nghiep nha nfldc • , i Trong cai each kinh te, neu luc dau dfldc tien hanh theo hfldng giai quyet nhiing nhu ciu thiet yeu ve ddi song cho ngfldi dan, cdn sfl nghiep cdng nghiep boa chi dfldc tien hanh tren cd sd cho phep va phuc vu cho muc tieu noi tren thi sau nay, cdng nghiep hoa, hien dai hda lai dfldc coi trgng hdn tren cd sd nhflng thanh tiiu kinh te da dat dUdc Dang Cgng san Viet Nam xac dinh den nam 2020, Viet Nam phai hoan thanh
ve cd ban sfl nghiep cong nghiep hda, hien dai hoa d i t nfldc Vi the, trong nhflng nam gin day, Viet Nam da tap trung nhieu sflc lflc cho sfl nghiep nay Vi chi co hoan thanh dfldc sfl nghiep nay thi nen kinh te Viet Nam mdi phat trien dfldc va mdi co vi tri cao tren trfldng qud'c te Dae biet, den Dai hgi X (nam 2006), Dang Cgng san Viet Nam lai dfla them c h i trfldng phat trien nen kinh te tri thflc de tranh thu tdi da nhflng tien bg khoa hgc, cdng nghe tien tien tren the gidi n h i m dUa nen kinh te nUdc ta hgi nhap dUdc vdi nen kinh te the gidi
Nhu vay, nhin vao tien trinh doi m6i cua
Viet Nam, cd the thay, b mdi giai doan
Dang Cgng s i n Viet Nam deu xac dinh ro nhflng nhiem vu trgng tam, trgng diem va quyet tam hoan thanh nhiem vu do Mac
Trang 5NGUYEN HUU DE
du trong dfldng Idi xay dflng c h i nghia xa
hgi trfldc kia va trong thdi ky ddi mdi, Dang
Cgng san Viet Nam ludn coi cdng nghiep
hoa la nhiem vu trgng tam, nhflng mdi thdi
ky, giai doan nd lai dfldc tien hanh theo
nhflng phfldng thflc khac nhau va sfl d i u tfl
cho phat trien cflng khac nhau Hdn nfla,
nd cdn dfldc bd sung them nhflng yeu ciu
mdi cho phu hdp vdi tinh hinh phat trien
mdi ca trong nfldc va thdi dai
1.3 Boi mdi kinh tegdn liin vdi ddi mdi
he thdng chinh tri
Trong sfl nghiep ddi mdi dat nfldc Dang
Cgng s i n Viet Nam ludn coi trgng ddi mdi
he tho'ng chinh tri cho tUdng flng vdi sfl
phat trien c i a kinh te, tflc la tfly theo
thanh qua va yeu ciu ddi mdi kinh te ma
tflng bflde cd sfl ddi mdi ve chinh tri va he
thd'ng chinh tri Ndi mgt each chinh xac hdn
thi dd la qua trinh ddi mdi ve the che chinh
tri trong sfl tfldng thich vdi ddi mdi the che
kinh te Ddi mdi he thd'ng chinh tri d Viet
Nam da dfldc Dang Cgng s i n Viet Nam xac
dinh trong Nghi quyet Trung Udng 6 khda
VI (nam 1989) chinh la ddi mdi td chflc va
phfldng thflc boat dgng c i a he thd'ng chinh
tri theo hfldng tang cfldng vai trd lanh dao
cua Dang Cgng sin, hieu lflc quan ly cua
Nha nudc, phat huy quyen lam c h i c i a
nhan dan Vi vay, ddi mdi trong linh vflc
chinh tri trfldc bet la lam trong sach Dang,
xay dflng Dang viing manh hdn de Dang
lam td't vai trd lanh dao c i a minh chfl
khdng phai thflc hien da nguyen, da dang
Khi xa hgi Viet Nam xay dflng mgt nen
kinh te phat trien theo cd che thi trfldng thi
de lanh dao dfldc xa hgi dd, ddi hoi Dang
Cgng s i n Viet Nam cang p h i i ddi mdi
khdng ngflng phfldng thflc lanh dao c i a
minh, gifl vflng sfl lanh dao duy nhat c i a
Dang Sfl ddi mdi nay dfldc the hien ro nhat
trong nhflng thay ddi nhan thflc c i a Dang
ve ddng liic c i a sfl phat trien, ve vai trd cua Nha nfldc va kinh te tfl nhan, de tfl dd, co nhflng c h i trfldng, dfldng ldi chi dao dung dan sfl phat trien kinh te - xa hgi Viet Nam theo xu hfldng cua cdng cugc ddi mdi toan dien d i t nUdc Gd the thay, tfl khi tien hanh cdng cugc ddi mdi den nay, Dang Cgng san Viet Nam da khdng ngiing ddi mdi ca ve quan niem cflng nhfl phfldng thflc lanh dao sfl nghiep xay dflng c h i nghia xa hgi d Viet Nam va de dam nhiem dfldc vai trd lanh dao c i a minh Dang da ludn tfl ddi mdi ca ve cd ciu, td chflc ciing nhfl khdng ngflng nang cao chat Ifldng dang vien trong Dang cho phu hdp vdi tinh hinh mdi De ddi mdi he thd'ng chinh tri, Viet Nam cdn tflng budc tien hanh xay dflng Nha nfldc phap quyen xa hgi c h i nghia c i a dan, do dan, vi dan va thflc hien md rgng dan c h i trong nhan dan de ngfldi dan phat huy dfldc quyen lam c h i c i a minh thong qua viec nang cao va phat huy vai trd c i a cac td chflc trong Mat tran To qud'c Viet Nam Cbinh nhd cd sfl ddi mdi he thd'ng chinh tri mgt cdch thfldng xuyen ma nhflng ddi mdi trong kinh te, van hda, xa hgi d Viet Nam ludn di dung hUdng, khdng chech khdi muc tieu c h i nghia xa hgi c i a cdng cugc ddi mdi
1.4 Bdi mdi dephdt trien trong dn dinh
Nhfl da phan tich d tren, Viet Nam tien hanh ddi mdi la mgt cugc each mang ve mo hinh xay dflng c h i nghia xa hgi Vi vay, cdng cugc ddi mdi dfldc tien hanh tao ra sfl phat trien toan dien dat nfldc, tao ra sfl tang trfldng manh ve kinh te Nhflng, trong qua trinh phat trien, Viet Nam ludn dam bao sfl dn dinh ve chinh tri, xa hgi ciing nhfl tranh sfl tang trfldng ndng trong kinh
te Duy tri sfl dn dinh trong phat trien la dae trflng quan trgng c i a sfl nghiep ddi mdi
b Viet Nam Nd vfla dam bao sfl tang
trfldng ve kinh te lai vfla dam bao cuoc
Trang 6sdng on dinh c i a da so' ngfldi d a n lao ddng
Vi the, trong qua t r i n h ddi mdi D a n g Cgng
san Viet N a m ludn giai quyet tdt mdi q u a n
he gifla chinb sach p h a t t r i e n k i n h te vdi
chinh sach xa hgi, gifla p h a t trien kinh te
v6i viec thflc hien tien bg va cdng b i n g xa
hgi Nghia la, nguyen t i c tien bg va cdng
bang luon dUdc thflc hien trong tflng bflde
phat trien va ca trong sud't tien t r i n h thflc
hien ddi mdi Kbi p h a t trien k i n h te theo cd
che thi trfldng thi sfl p h a n hda giau ngheo
ta't yeu se xay ra N e u khdng giai quyet td't
v i n de nay se d a n den nhflng sfl b a t cdng
qua dang trong xa hgi Trong xa hgi, neu co
khoang each qua ldn gifla ngfldi giau va
ngflSi ngheo, hdn nfla ngfldi ngheo lai
chiem da so', thi xa hgi do d a u cdn dam bao
dfldc sfl tien bg nfla ^^ v^y, co the thay,
thanh tich ndi b a t c i a cong cugc ddi mdi b
Viet Nam la trong luc k i n h te c6 sfl t a n g
trfldng khong ngflng thi ddi sd'ng cua da so'
ngfldi dan deu dfldc cai thien va n a n g cao
Khoang each gifla ngfldi giau va ngUdi
ngheo trong xa hgi tuy chfla giai quyet dfldc
theo yeu cau c i a dinh hUdng xa hgi c h i
nghia, nhflng cung khong de qua ldn Tren
tinh than la xay dflng mgt xa hgi dan giau,
nfldc manh, nen da so' ngfldi dan lao dgng
Viet Nam deu dUdc hfldng Idi tfl nhflng
thanh tflu cua cong cugc ddi mdi O Viet
Nam, doi mdi la de dap flng nhflng yeu c i u ,
nguyen vgng chinh d a n g c i a ngUdi dan
Muo'n CO p h a t trien thi mgi c h i trUdng,
chinh sach ddi mdi deu p h a i dfla vao dan,
xuat phat tfl dan va phuc vu cho dan
Chinh dieu dd tao r a khdng chi dgng lflc
manh me cho cdng cugc ddi mdi, ma cdn la
va can ban la lam cho long d a n dfldc yen va
tuyet doi tin tfldng vao sfl l a n h dao c i a
Dang Cgng s i n , tin vao sfl d u n g d i n c i a
con dfldng ddi mdi da dfldc Ifla chgn Muc
dich cua ddi mdi b Viet N a m la vi sfl p h a t
trien cua con ngUdi, l a m cho con ngUdi Viet
N a m trd t b a n b dgng lUc m a n h me cua cong cugc ddi mdi d a t nfldc Vi vay, Viet Nam ludn gan p h a t t r i e n k i n h te - xa hgi vdi giao due va dao tao con ngfldi n h a m bao dam ngudn lflc p h a t trien dn dinh va ben vflng cho dat nfldc Giao due va dao tao con ngUdi dap flng dfldc yeu c i u cua d i t nUdc chinb la tao r a sfl on dinh trong p h a t trien
Viet N a m ddi mdi de p h a t trien, p h a t trien de d a m bao sfl dn dinh dat nfldc va
t r e n cd sd dn dinh, ngay cang ddi mdi va
p h a t trien hdn nfla Do chinh la moi q u a n
he gifla on dinb va p h a t trien dUdc Dang Cgng s a n Viet N a m giai quyet tot trong thflc t i i n ddi mdi d i t nfldc t r e n con dfldng tien len chu nghia xa hgi Tuy nhien Dang Cgng s i n Viet N a m luon lay dn dinh ve chmh tri la cd b a n va tien de cua ddi mdi va
p h a t trien kinh te
1.5 Bdi mdi ddt nUdc gdn lien md eita vdi the gidi bin ngodi
Ngay tfl khi bflde vao cong cugc ddi mdi Dang Cgng s i n Viet N a m da xac dinh con dudng ddi mdi c i a Viet N a m phai ket hdp dUdc sflc m a n h trong nfldc vdi sflc manh thdi dai Vi t h e , tai Dai hgi toan quo'c l i n thfl VI, D a n g Cgng s a n Viet N a m da de ra nhiem vu ddi ngoai la: "Ra sflc ket hdp sflc
m a n h cua d a n tgc vdi sflc m a n h cua thdi dai"(l) Sud't qua t r i n h tfl khi ddi mdi den nay D a n g Cgng s i n Viet N a m da luon chu trgng giai quyet td't n h i e m vu nay Neu nhU thdi ky d i u c i a cdng cugc ddi mdi, Viet
N a m chl mdi chu trgng den viec md c i a va
q u a n h e vdi cac nfldc trong k h u vUc va chu yeu la Lien Xd va cac nfldc trong he thoiig
xa hgi c h i nghia thi nay Dang Cgng san Viet N a m da c h i trfldng md rgng quan he
(1) Dang Cpng san Viet Nam Vdn kien Dgi hpi dgi
bieu todn qudc ldn thii VI Nxb Sii that Ha Npi,
1987, tr.99
Trang 7NGUYEN HUU DE
vdi tat ca cac nfldc tren the gidi tren
nguyen t i c gifl vflng ddc lap va tfl cfldng
dan tgc Cdng cugc ddi mdi d Viet Nam
khdng the dat dfldc nhflng thanh tflu nhfl
ngay nay neu khdng cd sfl md rgng quan he
hdp tac qud'c te, khdng cd hgi nhap kinh te
qudc te Nhd chinh sach md c i a ma Viet
Nam da tranh t h i dfldc sfl giflp dd tfl ben
ngoai, dae biet la trong viec tbu hut va s i
dung ngudn vd'n d i u tfl tfl cac nfldc phat
trien Trfldc khi he thd'ng xa hgi c h i nghia
sup dd, Viet Nam ludn nhan dfldc sfl vien
trd toan dien va to ldn c i a Lien Xd va cac
nfldc khac trong he tho'ng xa hgi c h i nghia
Sau khi he thd'ng nay sup dd, Viet Nam
khong con ngudn vien trd do nfla, nhflng
nhd sfl ddi mdi trong chinh sach ddi ngoai,
Viet Nam da thu hut dfldc nhieu ngudn
vo'n, nhfl ngudn ODA (hd trd phat trien
chinh thflc) c i a cac nfldc phat trien, ngudn
vd'n diu tU trflc tiep nfldc ngoai (FDI)
Chinh sfl hdp tac nay ludn dfldc duy tri va
md rgng da giflp cho nen kinh te Viet Nam
ngay cang phat trien manh me, giflp cho
cac doanh nghiep Viet Nam cd nhieu cd hgi
va tren thflc te, da vfldn ra thi trfldng the
gidi Qua trinh ddi mdi d Viet Nam ludn lay
doi mdi trong nfldc la cd sd de phat trien
quan he vdi ben ngoai, phat huy sflc manh
trong nfldc la chinh trong sfl tiep thu va s i
dung sflc manh c i a thdi dai Day cung cd
the coi la tinh t i t yeu trong sfl nghiep ddi
mdi c i a Viet Nam Sfl thanh cdng c i a sfl
nghiep ddi mdi b Viet Nam khdng chi la ve
mat phat trien kinh te, gifl vflng dgc lap
c h i quyen dan tgc, ma cdn la sfl thanh cdng
trong linh vflc quan he ddi ngoai c i a Ding
Cgng san Viet Nam Dfla tren nhiing thanh
cong dd, den Dai hgi IX (nam 2006), Ding
Cgng s i n Viet Nam da n h i n manh viec
"chd ddng hdi nhgp kinh ti'qudc te vd khu
vUc theo tinh t h i n phat huy tdi da ngi Iflc,
nang cao hieu qua hdp tac qud'c te, bao dam dgc lap tfl chu va dinh hfldng xa hgi chu nghia, bao ve ldi ich dan tgc, an ninh qud'c gia, gifl gin ban s i c van hda dan tgc, bao ve mdi trfldng"(2) Gd the t h i y , day ciing la muc dich, yeu ciu va ngi dung cua viec md
c i a hgi nhap kinh te qud'c te c i a Viet Nam
va tinh t h i n nay ciing dUde tiep tuc nhan manh d Dai hgi l i n thfl X cua Dang Cgng san Viet Nam va gifl vflng de'n nay
2 Trien vpng cda sU nghiep doi mdi
d Viet Nam
Den nay, cdng cugc ddi mdi c i a Viet Nam da dat dfldc nhflng thanh tflu vo cung
to Idn va vflng chic Dung nhfl danh gia ghi trong Bao cao chinh tri c i a Ban Chap hanh Trung Udng Dang khda IX tai Dai hgi dai bieu toan qud'c l i n thfl X c i a Dang: "Dit nfldc da ra khdi k h i n g hoang kinh te - xa hgi, cd sfl thay ddi cd ban vd toan dien Kinh te tang trfldng kha nhanh, sfl nghiep cdng nghiep hda, hien dai hda, phat trien kinh te thi trfldng dinh hfldng xa hgi chu nghia dfldc day manh Ddi sd'ng nhan dan dfldc cai thien ro ret He tho'ng chmh tri va khdi dai doan ket toan dan tgc dfldc cing cd
va tang cfldng Cbinh tri - xa hgi dn dinh Qud'c phdng vd an ninh dfldc gifl viing Vi the nfldc ta tren trfldng qud'c te khdng ngflng nang cao Sflc manh tdng hdp c i a qud'c gia
da tang Ien rat nhieu, tao ra the va Iflc mdi cho d i t nfldc tiep tuc di Ien vdi trien vgng tdt dep"(3) Nhfl vay, cd the khang dinh trien vgng c i a sfl nghiep ddi mdi d Viet Nam nhat dinh se tien trien td't dep, nhat dinh se thanh cdng vi nhiing Iy do sau day:
(2) Dang Cpng san Viet N a m Vdn kien Bgi hpi dgi
bieu todn qud'c ldn thi2 IX Nxb Chinh tri Quoc gia,
Ha Npi, 2001, t r l 2 0
(3) Dang Cpng san Viet Nam Vdn kien Dgi hpi dgi
bieu todn qudc ldn thii X Nxb Chi'nh tri Quoc gia,
Ha Npi, 2006, tr.67-68
Trang 82.1 Su nghiep ddi mdi dUdc ddt dUdi sU
lanh dtgo tdi tinh cua mgt ddng duy nhdt:
Bdng Cgng sdn Viet Nam
Dang Cgng s i n Viet Nam tfl khi tien
hanh sfl nghiep ddi mdi den nay luon gifl
vflng ban chit each mang c i a giai cip cong
nhan, Iiy c h i nghia Mac — Lenin, tfl tfldng
Hd Chi Minh la nen tang tfl tfldng, la kim
chi nam cho hanh dgng cua minh Sfl
nghidp ddi mdi b Viet Nam chinh la the
hien sfl van dung mgt each sang tao ly luan
cua chi nghia Mac - Lenin ve c h i nghia xa
hgi va xay dflng c h i ngbia xa hgi vao hoan
canh cu the c i a Viet Nam Trong dfldng Idi
lanh dao cung nhfl thflc hien doi mdi Dang
Cgng san Viet Nam luon x u i t phat tfl thflc
tiin cua xa hgi Viet Nam Ca khi trfldc ddi
m6i va trong ddi mdi Dang cung c6 nhiing
sai lim trong nhan thflc ciing nhfl chi dao
each mang, nhflng Dang luon chu trfldng
nhin thang vao sfl that, dam nhan nhflng
sai lim de s i a chfla nham nang cao nang
lflc lanh dao cua Dang Vi the, cung vdi
nhflng thanh cong c i a ddi mdi thi uy tin
cua Dang cung ngay cang dfldc nang cao
Dieu chu yeu dam bao sfl thanh cong trong
lanh dao cong cugc doi mdi c i a Dang chinh
la b cho, Dang da c6 bflde phat trien ve tfl
duy, nhit la tfl duy ve c h i nghia xa hgi va
con dfldng xay dflng chu nghia xa hgi b Viet
Nam va nhd do, da de ra va lanh dao thflc
hien dfldng loi doi mdi mgt each dung din,
phu hdp vdi thflc tiin Viet Nam qua mdi giai
doan va thdi ky cu the Vi the, nhiing chu
trfldng, chinh sach c i a Dang da phan anh
dung yeu ciu phat trien c i a dat nfldc, hdp
vdi long dan nen chung ludn di vao cugc
sdng va khong ngiing phat huy tac dung
2.2 Su nghiep ddi mdi d Viet Nam xudt
phdt tic thUc te'cua chinh xd hgi Viet Nam
Viet Nam di len c h i nghia xa hgi tfl mgt
nfldc nong nghiep kem phat trien va co
truyen thoiig van hda, lich sfl rieng Vi the
mo hinh xay dflng c h i nghia xa hgi d Viet Nam khdng the sao chep bat cfl ndi nao tren the gidi Con dfldng hinh thanh sfl nghiep ddi mdi d Viet Nam trfldc bet xuat phat tfl thflc tien c i a Viet Nam, tfl nhiing sang kien trong phong trao thflc tiin cia nhan dan lao ddng Tren cd sd thflc tiin do Dang Cgng s i n Viet Nam mdi rut ra, due ket thanh ly luan xay dflng c h i nghia xa hgi
b Viet Nam thdng qua con dfldng ddi mdi dat
nfldc Nhiing thanh tflu dat dfldc cia sfl nghiep ddi mdi da chflng minh rang, con dfldng ddi mdi da di dflng hfldng va phan anh dung quy luat phat trien khach quan cia Viet Nam va vi the, no la t i t yeu, khdng the dao ngflde va luon tien ve phia trUdc
2.3 ThUc tien ddi mdi d Viet Nam luon dUdc tien hdnh tdng ket, khdi qudt thdnh ly ludn chung vi xdy dUng chu nghla xd hgi d Viet Nam
Sfl nghiep ddi mdi cua Viet Nam khong phai ngay tfl diu da hinh thanh mgt he tho'ng quan diem tUdng ddi ro va diy d i nhfl bay gid, ma nd phai trai qua qua trinh due ket kinh nghiem ca nhflng cai lam dfldc
va chfla lam dfldc trong suo't ca tien trinh
va qua mdi mgt giai doan cu the mdi hinh thanh nen Mo hinh xay dflng c h i nghia xa
hgi b Viet Nam (d Trung Quo'c la theo mo
hinh c i a Trung Qud'c va dUdc bat diu trUdc Viet Nam) dang dfldc tien hanh la chfla co tien le trong lich s i Vi the, con dfldng dan den thanh cong va dn dinh lau dai chinh la vfla lam, vfla bd sung ve mat ly luan de co sfl hoan chinh ve dfldng loi cung nhfl cac bflde phat trien tiep theo c i a cdng cugc doi mdi C) Viet Nam, qua mdi ky Dai hgi Dang deu cd sfl nhin nhan, danh gia lai tien trinh ddi mdi theo cac mo'c thdi gian 5 nam, 10 nam, 15 nam, 20 nam va tren cd sd do, hinh thanh Iy luan chung ve con dUdng ddi mdi cua Viet Nam Cbinb sfl bd sung ngay cang diy du va hoan chinh ve mat ly luan se dam
Trang 9NGUYEN HUU DE
bao cho sfl nghiep ddi mdi c i a Viet Nam
ngay cang di dflng theo tie'n trinh phat trien
ta't yeu khach quan c i a xa hgi Viet Nam
Dd'i mdi c i a Viet Nam da va dang phat trien
td't dep thi tfldng lai va trien vgng c i a nd
cung khdng the khac dUdc
Nhiing dieu trinh bay tren la ndi ve trien
vgng chung c i a sfl nghiep ddi mdi d Viet
Nam Tren thflc te, con dfldng dd khdng dien
ra mgt each sudn se, khdng gap nhiing trd
ngai, khd khan Tfl khi tien hanh cdng cugc
ddi mdi den nay, Viet Nam da gap nhieu khd
khan ca ve khach quan lan c h i quan lam
cham tien trinh ddi mdi Dd la nhiing nhan
thflc sai lim trong chi dao thflc hien, sfl bao
t h i cia cd che cu, nhiing thien tai lu lut,
nhiing bien dgng c i a the gidi theo chieu
hfldng bat ldi cho cong cugc ddi mdi c i a Viet
Nam Viet Nam da gap phai khd khan, nhU
sfl cim van cua My, sfl sup dd c i a be thd'ng
xa hgi chu nghia, quan he cang thang vdi
Trung Qudc, trong nhflng nam d i u tien
hanh dd'i mdi NhUng, tflng bflde mgt, Viet
Nam da vfldt qua nhiing khd khan dd bang
chinh ngi lflc phat trien c i a minh Dae biet,
c6 hai sfl kien c6 anh hfldng ldn den tien
trinh ddi mdi c i a Viet Nam la sfl khing
hoang tai chinh chau A nam 1997 va cugc
khung hoang kinh te, tai chinh the gidi nam
2008 Neu cugc khung hoang tai chinh nam
1997 cdn tac dgng it den sfl phat trien kinh
te cua Viet Nam do Viet Nam chfla hgi nhap
sau vao nen kinh te the gidi, thi cugc k h i n g
hoang kinh te, tai chinh nam 2008 da thflc
sfl la mgt thfl thach ddi vdi trien vgng c i a sfl
nghiep ddi mdi c i a Viet Nam Gd the thay,
neu Viet Nam khdng vUdt qua dfldc sfl suy
thoai kinh te do cugc k h i n g hoang nay gay
ra thi thanh tiiu c i a bao nhieu nam tien
hanh ddi mdi se trd ve con so' khdng, ndi gi
den trien vgng c i a nd nfla The nhflng, den
nay, tat ca deu dien ra mgt each td't dep Ghe
do chinh tri - xa hgi Viet Nam v i n dn dinh
kinh te v i n tang trfldng Neu cudi nam 2008
va d i u nam 2009, kinh te Viet Nam cung rdi vao suy thoai do tac dgng c i a k h i n g hoang tai cbinh toan ciu thi nhd nhiing bien phap tich cflc nham cho'ng suy giam kinh te' do Cbinb p h i Viet Nam dUa ra, den nay, Viet Nam da cbinh thflc ngan chan dfldc sfl suy thoai nay va nen kinh te dang tren dfldng phuc bdi va phat trien Viec Chinh p h i Viet Nam dfla ra Nghi quye't sd 30/2008/NQ-GP
ve nhiJng giai phap cip bach ngan chan suy giam kinh te, duy tri tang trUdng va dam bao an sinh xa hdi (trgng tam c i a Nghi quyet nay Id 3 hnh vUc: Thflc day san xuat kinh doanh va x u i t khau; kich ciu diu tfl
va tieu dung; dieu hanh linh boat chinh sach tien te) da chflng td kha nang nhay ben
c i a Dang va Nha nfldc Viet Nam trong van
de khac pbuc khd khan trong ddi mdi cung nhfl khang dinh tfldng lai sang sua c i a con dUdng ddi mdi cua Viet Nam Vi the, trien vgng gin c i a sfl ngbiep ddi mdi d Viet Nam, theo nhieu chuyen gia dfl bao, se la phuc hdi nen kinh te trong nam 2010 va tiep tuc duy tri mflc tang trfldng nhfl cu bat d i u tfl nam
2011 De'n lflc dd, cdng cugc ddi mdi d Viet Nam se lam tiep nhiing viec hi gian doan do
k h i n g hoang tai chinh toan ciu dem lai, nhu day manh cdng nghiep hda, hien dai hda de hoan thanh vao nam 2020 nhfl da de ra; hoan thien the che kinh te thi trfldng, dae biet la thflc hien td't chinh sach phat trien ndng nghiep, nong thdn, lam cho ddi sd'ng ngfldi ndng dan dfldc nang cao, Nhin vao trien vgng va tfldng lai c i a sfl nghiep ddi mdi, mdi ngfldi dan Viet Nam deu lac quan va tin tfldng vao sfl tien trien td't dep
c i a nd Vi muc tieu c i a nd la xay dflng mgt
xa hgi Viet Nam dan giau, nUde manh, xa hgi cdng bang, dan c h i , van minh, la lam cho mgi ngfldi dan Viet Nam deu dfldc hfldng mgt cugc sd'ng diy d i ca ve vat chit lan tinh t h i n Q