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Howard began his career with Microsoft in 1992 at the company’s New Zealand office, working for the first two years with Windows and compilers on the Product Support Services team and th

C# 4.0: The Complete Reference

About the Author

Herbert Schildt is a leading authority on C#, C++, C, and Java

His programming books have sold millions of copies worldwide and have been translated into all major foreign languages He is

the author of numerous bestsellers, including Java: The Complete

Reference, C++: The Complete Reference, and C: The Complete Reference,

among many others Although interested in all facets of computing,

his primary focus is computer languages, including compilers, interpreters, and robotic control languages He also has an active interest in the standardization of languages Schildt holds both graduate and undergraduate degrees from the University of Illinois He can be reached at his consulting office at (217) 586-4683

His web site is www.HerbSchildt.com.

About the Technical Editor

Michael Howard is a principal security program manager on

the Trustworthy Computing (TwC) Group’s Security Engineering team at Microsoft, where he is responsible for managing secure design, programming, and testing techniques across the company Howard is an architect of the Security Development Lifecycle (SDL), a process for improving the security of Microsoft’s software Howard began his career with Microsoft in 1992 at the company’s New Zealand office, working for the first two years with Windows and compilers on the Product Support Services team and then with Microsoft Consulting Services, where he provided security infrastructure support to customers and assisted in the design of custom solutions and development of software In 1997, Howard moved to the United States to work for the Windows division on Internet Information Services, Microsoft’s next-generation web server, before moving to his current role in 2000.

Howard is an editor of IEEE Security & Privacy, a frequent

speaker at security-related conferences, and he regularly pub-lishes articles on secure coding and design Howard is the co-author of six security books, including the award-winning

Writing Secure Code, 24 Deadly Sins of Software Security, The Security Development Lifecycle, and his most recent release, Writing Secure Code for Windows Vista.

C# 4.0: The Complete Reference

Herbert Schildt

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in contract, tort or otherwise

948 C # 4 0 : T h e C o m p l e t e R e f e r e n c e

Value type(s), 37–38, 117

boxing and unboxing,

315–317

and call-by-reference,

178–183

constraints, 516, 529, 531

default value of, 129, 534

new and, 132–133

null and, 530

and nullable types, 618

passed to methods, 176–177

simple type category of,

37, 38

structures as, 319, 334,

338, 339

structures corresponding to

the built-in numeric, NET,

406–407, 646–664

table of C#, 38

Values property, 822, 832, 834,

846, 858, 860, 862

Values<TValue> property, 846

var keyword, 53, 153, 155

used with queries, 567, 568,

570, 591

Variable(s)

captured, 424–425, 428

const, 632

declaration, 25, 26, 29, 51, 55

definition of, 24

dynamic initialization of,

52–53

implicitly typed, 7, 26, 53–54,

567, 568, 589, 591

initializing, 52–53, 55–56

instance See Instance

variables

local, 51, 54–55

member, 12

names, rules governing,

34–35

outer, 424–425, 428

pointer See Pointer(s)

query, 567, 568, 569, 570

reference See Reference

variable(s) scope and lifetime of, 54–56 static, 213, 214–217

volatile, 632 virtual keyword, 302, 305, 309 Virtual

methods, 299, 302–309, 313, 552–553

properties, 305 Visual Studio IDE (Integrated Development Environment),

14, 15–21, 921, 923 void, 22, 118 methods, returning from, 121–122

volatile modifier, 632 vsvars32.bat file, 15

W

Wait( ), 755–759, 779, 789–791, 792 WaitAll( ), 791

WaitAny( ), 791 WaitForExit( ), 782 WaitForFullGCApproach( ), 684 WaitForFullGCComplete( ), 684 WaitForPendingFinalizers( ), 684 WaitHandle class, 763, 767 WaitOne( ), 763, 766, 767,

770, 772

#warning directive, 463, 468 warning #pragma option, 469 Warth, Chris, 4

Web crawler definition of, 913 example program, 913–916

WebClient class, 896, 897, 916–920

methods, table of synchronous, 918–919 properties, table of, 917

WebException, 905, 917 WebExceptionStatus enumeration, 905 WebHeaderCollection collection, 908 WebRequest class, 897, 898, 899–900, 901–904, 913,

917, 920 methods, table of commonly used synchronous

communication, 899 properties, table of, 900 WebResponse class, 897, 898,

899, 900–904, 905, 908, 913,

917, 920 methods, table of commonly used, 901

properties, table of, 901 where clause, 516, 517, 518, 524,

529, 532, 533

in a LINQ query, 567–568, 571–572

Where( ) extension method, 594, 595–596

while loop, 87, 101–103, 107 Widening conversion, 57–58 Windows, 6, 8, 9, 402 WithCancellation( ), 814 WithDegreeOfParallelism( ), 816 WithExecutionMode( ), 816 Write( ), 26, 372, 374, 379,

385, 393 WriteByte( ), 372, 384, 385 WriteLine( ), 23, 26, 27, 43, 50,

315, 359, 374, 379, 402, 403, 404,

406, 662 and bool values, 45 formatted output version of, 45–48, 715, 716, 723–725 and string objects, 159 using a method within, 124 WriteTimeout property, 373

I n d e x 949

X

XML, 565

XML comment, 921

tags, table of, 922

XML file containing,

923–924

XOR (exclusive OR) operator (^)

bitwise, 75, 79–80

logical, 69, 70

Xor( ), 921

Y

yield break statement, 889 contextual keyword, 34, 888 return statement, 888 statements, multiple, 890 Yield( ), 781

Z

Zero field, 657