a0090 oracle database 11g administrators guide b28310 morebook vn 1253

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Oracle® Database

Administrator's Guide

11g Release 1 (11.1)

B28310-03

October 2007

Oracle Database Administrator’s Guide, 11g Release 1 (11.1)

B28310-03

Copyright © 2001, 2007, Oracle All rights reserved.

Primary Author: Steve Fogel

Contributing Author: Tony Morales, Padmaja Potineni, Sheila Moore

Contributors: David Austin, Bharat Baddepudi, Prasad Bagal, Cathy Baird, Mark Bauer, Eric Belden, Allen Brumm, Atif Chaudhry, Sudip Datta, Mark Dilman, Jacco Draaijer, Harvey Eneman, Marcus Fallen, Amit Ganesh, GP Gongloor, Vira Goorah, Carolyn Gray, Joan Gregoire, Shivani Gupta, Daniela Hansell, Lilian Hobbs, Bill Hodak, Wei Huang, Pat Huey, Robert Jenkins, Bhushan Khaladkar, Balaji Krishnan, Srinath Krishnaswamy, Vasudha Krishnaswamy, Bala Kuchibhotla, Sushil Kumar, Vikram Kumar, Paul Lane, Adam Lee, Bill Lee, Sue K Lee, Chon Lei, Yunrui Li, Ilya Listvinsky, Bryn Llewellyn, Catherine Luu, Scott Lynn, Raghu Mani, Vineet Marwah, Colin McGregor, Mughees Minhas, Krishna Mohan, Sheila Moore, Valarie Moore, Niloy Mukherjee, Sujatha Muthulingam, Gary Ngai, Waleed Ojeil, Rod Payne, Hanlin Qian, Ananth Raghavan, Mark Ramacher, Ravi Ramkissoon, Ann Rhee, Yair Sarig, Vikram Shukla, Bipul Sinha, Anupam Singh, Wayne Smith, Jags Srinivasan, Deborah Steiner, Janet Stern, Michael Stewart, Mahesh Subramaniam, Nick Taylor, Anh-Tuan Tran, Alex Tsukerman, Kothanda Umamageswaran, Guhan

Viswanathan, Eric Voss, Daniel M Wong, Wanli Yang, Paul Youn, Wei Zhang

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Contents

Preface xxvii

Audience xxvii

Documentation Accessibility xxvii

Related Documents xxviii

Conventions xxviii

What's New in Oracle Database Administrator's Guide? xxix

Oracle Database 11g Release 1 (11.1) New Features in the Administrator's Guide xxix

Part I Basic Database Administration

1 Getting Started with Database Administration

Types of Oracle Database Users 1-1 Database Administrators 1-1 Security Officers 1-2 Network Administrators 1-2 Application Developers 1-2 Application Administrators 1-3 Database Users 1-3

Tasks of a Database Administrator 1-3 Task 1: Evaluate the Database Server Hardware 1-3 Task 2: Install the Oracle Database Software 1-4 Task 3: Plan the Database 1-4 Task 4: Create and Open the Database 1-5 Task 5: Back Up the Database 1-5 Task 6: Enroll System Users 1-5 Task 7: Implement the Database Design 1-5 Task 8: Back Up the Fully Functional Database 1-5 Task 9: Tune Database Performance 1-5 Task 10: Download and Install Patches 1-6 Task 11: Roll Out to Additional Hosts 1-6

Submitting Commands and SQL to the Database 1-6 About SQL*Plus 1-7 Connecting to the Database with SQL*Plus 1-7

Identifying Your Oracle Database Software Release 1-11

Release Number Format 1-11 Checking Your Current Release Number 1-12

About Database Administrator Security and Privileges 1-13 The Database Administrator's Operating System Account 1-13 Administrative User Accounts 1-13

Database Administrator Authentication 1-14 Administrative Privileges 1-15 Selecting an Authentication Method for Database Administrators 1-16 Using Operating System Authentication 1-18 Using Password File Authentication 1-19

Creating and Maintaining a Password File 1-21 Using ORAPWD 1-21 Setting REMOTE_LOGIN_ PASSWORDFILE 1-23 Adding Users to a Password File 1-23 Maintaining a Password File 1-25

Data Utilities 1-25

2 Creating and Configuring an Oracle Database

About Creating an Oracle Database 2-1 Considerations Before Creating the Database 2-2

Creating a Database with DBCA 2-4

Creating a Database with the CREATE DATABASE Statement 2-4 Step 1: Specify an Instance Identifier (SID) 2-5 Step 2: Ensure That the Required Environment Variables Are Set 2-6 Step 3: Choose a Database Administrator Authentication Method 2-6 Step 4: Create the Initialization Parameter File 2-7 Step 5: (Windows Only) Create an Instance 2-7 Step 6: Connect to the Instance 2-8 Step 7: Create a Server Parameter File 2-8 Step 8: Start the Instance 2-9 Step 9: Issue the CREATE DATABASE Statement 2-9 Step 10: Create Additional Tablespaces 2-13 Step 11: Run Scripts to Build Data Dictionary Views 2-13 Step 12: Run Scripts to Install Additional Options (Optional) 2-13 Step 13: Back Up the Database 2-14 Step 14: (Optional) Enable Automatic Instance Startup 2-14

Understanding the CREATE DATABASE Statement 2-14 Protecting Your Database: Specifying Passwords for Users SYS and SYSTEM 2-15 Creating a Locally Managed SYSTEM Tablespace 2-15 About the SYSAUX Tablespace 2-16 Using Automatic Undo Management: Creating an Undo Tablespace 2-17 Creating a Default Permanent Tablespace 2-18 Creating a Default Temporary Tablespace 2-18 Specifying Oracle-Managed Files at Database Creation 2-18 Supporting Bigfile Tablespaces During Database Creation 2-20 Specifying the Database Time Zone and Time Zone File 2-21 Specifying FORCE LOGGING Mode 2-22

Understanding Initialization Parameters 2-23 Determining the Global Database Name 2-25 Specifying a Flash Recovery Area 2-26 Specifying Control Files 2-26 Specifying Database Block Sizes 2-27 Specifying the Maximum Number of Processes 2-28 Specifying the DDL Lock Timeout 2-28 Specifying the Method of Undo Space Management 2-28 AboutThe COMPATIBLE Initialization Parameter 2-29 Setting the License Parameter 2-30

Troubleshooting Database Creation 2-30

Dropping a Database 2-30

Managing Initialization Parameters Using a Server Parameter File 2-31 What Is a Server Parameter File? 2-31 Migrating to a Server Parameter File 2-32 Creating a Server Parameter File 2-32 Storing the Server Parameter File on HARD-Enabled Storage 2-34 The SPFILE Initialization Parameter 2-36 Changing Initialization Parameter Values 2-36 Clearing Initialization Parameter Values 2-38 Exporting the Server Parameter File 2-38 Backing Up the Server Parameter File 2-38 Recovering a Lost or Damaged Server Parameter File 2-39 Viewing Parameter Settings 2-39

Defining Database Services 2-40 Deploying Services 2-41 Configuring Services 2-42 Using Services 2-42

Considerations After Creating a Database 2-43 Some Security Considerations 2-43 Enabling Transparent Data Encryption 2-44 Creating a Secure External Password Store 2-44 Installing the Oracle Database Sample Schemas 2-45

Database Data Dictionary Views 2-45

3 Starting Up and Shutting Down

Starting Up a Database 3-1 Options for Starting Up a Database 3-1 Understanding Initialization Parameter Files 3-2 Preparing to Start Up an Instance 3-4 Starting Up an Instance 3-4

Altering Database Availability 3-7 Mounting a Database to an Instance 3-7 Opening a Closed Database 3-7 Opening a Database in Read-Only Mode 3-8 Restricting Access to an Open Database 3-8

Shutting Down a Database 3-8

dropping, 22-12

file mapping views, 13-22

FOR UPDATE clause and, 22-2

invalid, 22-5

join See join views.

location transparency in distributed

databases, 30-19

managing, 22-1, 22-4

managing privileges with, 30-20

name resolution in distributed databases, 29-29

ORDER BY clause and, 22-2

remote object security, 30-20

restrictions, 22-5

USER_RESUMABLE, 17-12

using, 22-4

V$ARCHIVE, 11-14

V$ARCHIVE_DEST, 11-8

V$DATABASE, 11-15

V$LOG, 11-14

V$LOGFILE, 10-12

V$OBJECT_USAGE, 19-14

wildcards in, 22-3

WITH CHECK OPTION, 22-2

virtual columns, 18-2

indexing, 19-3

W

wallet, Oracle, 12-8, 18-6

wildcards

in views, 22-3

window groups

creating, 27-30

disabling, 27-32

dropping, 27-31

dropping a member from, 27-32

enabling, 27-32

overview, 26-10

using, 27-30

window logs, 27-23

windows (Scheduler)

altering, 27-25

closing, 27-26

creating, 27-23

disabling, 27-27

dropping, 27-26

enabling, 27-27

opening, 27-25

overlapping, 27-28

overview, 26-9

using, 27-22

WORM devices

and read-only tablespaces, 12-19

WRH$_UNDOSTAT view, 14-12

X

XMLTypes

in transportable tablespaces, 12-32

Index-28